the dark ages
TRANSCRIPT
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - EnglandWilliam The Conqueror – •Through war he attained the crown of England.•Extended firm control –
Domesday Book - CensusGranted fiefs to the Church and LordsBuilt several castlesRequired allegiance from all serfsCreated a Treasury (Royal Exchequer)Tax SystemLegal and Financial Codes
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - EnglandHenry II – •Inherited the throne – energetic and well educated•Used customs and traditions to broaden power•Created a Common Law, Early Jury System, and a Royal Law code•Conflict with Thomas Becket over trying members of the clergy in court – Archbishop was eventually murdered•Becket was honored as a martyr and later declared a saint.
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - EnglandJohn – son of Henry, greedy, cruel, many enemies•King Philip II of France – lost land after a war•Pope Innocent III – John rejects Pope’s selection for Archbishop, Innocent excommunicates him and place England under a interdict, forced to accept England as a fief of the papacy and pay a yearly fine•Nobles – due to high taxes/abuses of power, Nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta: •recognized legal rights•provided due process•no taxation without representation•monarch must obey the law
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - EnglandEdward I – •Used Parliament for their own gain (advice, $$)•Parliament used the principles of Checks & Balances, and representative government•Two houses of Parliament
House of Lords – nobles and high clergyHouse of Commons – knights and middle classPower of the purse
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - FranceHugh Capet (Capetians) – •Chosen by the Nobles because he was weak•Gained a massive amount of power by making the throne hereditary, acquiring lands by playing nobles against each other, won support of the Church, created an effective bureaucracy, imposed taxes, created a Royal Law Code, gained backing of the middle class
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - FrancePhilip Augustus (Philip II) – shrewd and able ruler•Appointed and paid middle class officials who were loyal to him•Granted many charters to towns•Organized a standing army•Created a national tax•Gained extra land and support of the Church by defeating heretics in what is called the Albigensian Crusade
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - FranceLouis IX – •Beloved ruler, very religious, declared a saint•Persecuted heretics•Expanded the court system•Outlawed private wars•Uses a system of checks and balances on local officials•Ended serfdom•Created a strong centralized monarchy•Heard trials himself
The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - FrancePhilip IV – grandson of Saint Louis•Ruthless ruler•Raised and collected new taxes from the clergy•Angered the Church and nobles•Clash with Pope Boniface VIII – Pope dies in an assault and the Papal Court was moved to Avignon which allowed future French rulers to control religion within the kingdom•Established the Estates General – clergy, nobles, and townspeople
The Holy Roman Empire and The ChurchConflict # 1 – Duke Otto I vs. The Church
• Closely worked with the Church – Helped out the Church in conflict•Given title Emperor*(added Holy Roman)•Too involved in Church affairs•Desired the wealth of Italy•Conflict over appointments of Church officials•Results: Cluniac Reforms – Separate the two powers
The Holy Roman Empire and The ChurchConflict # 2 – Pope Gregory vs. Henry IV
• Pope Gregory was reforming the Church and hated by monarchs•Separated the Church and secular•Banned Lay Investiture – Major point of conflict•Results: Henry IV was excommunicated and the land faced an interdict•Concordat of Worms - only the Church had the power to elect officials
The Holy Roman Empire and The ChurchConflict # 3 – Frederick I & Frederick II vs. many
Popes•Both had desires to conquer the wealthy cities of Italy and Sicily•Frederick II – well educated and determined•Results: unsuccessful clashes with popes – nobles at home gain too much power – split the German Empire into smaller feudal states
The Holy Roman Empire and The ChurchConflict # 4 – Pope Innocent III vs. Everyone
•During his reign, the church was at the height of power•Clashed with many emperors and won•Excommunicated John and Philip II•Led a brutal crusade with Philip II to defeat the Albigensians
The Holy Roman Empire and The ChurchConflict # 5 – Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII
•Philip IV successfully challenged and killed the Pope•Moved the Papal Court to Avignon
Causes and Effects – The CrusadesPrimary Causes•1050’S – Seljuk Turks invaded Byzantine Empire and took over lands.•Emperor Alexius I sends a message to Pope Urban II requesting help.Secondary Causes•Religion – Council of Clermont – Pope rallies people to prepare for a “Holy War.”•Wealth & land – Increase Church/King power•Escape troubles, adventure, outlet for growing population•Heal split between the Roman & Byzantine Church
Causes and Effects – The CrusadesMajor Effects•1ST Crusade – only victory, Christians capture Palestine in 1099 and massacred many Muslims-the land was divided into 4 parts.•Saladin – recaptures it in 1187.•3RD Crusade failed.•4TH Crusade – Christians fought each other over wealth and land. Muslims defeated them at Acre in 1291.•Increased trade, increased Papal and Feudal Kings power – Taxes•Money economy – undermined serfdom•Cultural Diffusion – Marco Polo
Causes and Effects – The CrusadesMajor Effects – •Commercial Revolution - $$•Age of Exploration•Reconquista –
Slowly drive Muslims from SpainFerdinand & Isabella desired ONE unified stateDefeated Muslim forces in GranadaEnded the policy of religious toleration – InquisitionLegacy of religious hatred as Jews, Muslims and other were persecuted for heresy
The Reconquista of Spain
The Upper Middle Ages - New Learning•Need for education expanded – Better Clergy, Businesses, Jobs, Etc.•Academic Guilds led to the 1st Universities (Salerno, Bologna, Paris, Oxford); Very strict standards and academic training.•Women were not allowed to attend – Exception Christine de Pizan (City of Ladies)• The knowledge of Ancient Greece spread to Europe via Muslim traders and later translated from Arabic to Latin.•Faced with a challenge of dealing with Reason and Faith – Scholasticism
Use of reason to support Christian beliefsThomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica
The Upper Middle Ages – Art & Architecture•Romanesque – thick walls and towers, minimal windows, dark and gloomy•Gothic – flying buttresses, high walls, stained-glass windows•Stained-glass•Carved sculptures•Illumination or artistic decoration of books – color and detail
The Upper Middle Ages – Science & Math•No real progress in either discipline.•Relied on the achievements of Greek and Muslim thinkers.•Conflict between knowledge and Church teachings – Relied on the Church too much.•Eventually replaced Roman numerals with Arabic numerals.
The Upper Middle Ages – Medieval Literature•Writing in the Vernacular•Use of Epics – feudal warriors, battles, common people, spirit of the time
Poem of the Cid – battle against Muslims in Spain
•Divine Comedy – Dante – Humor, tragedy, quest for understanding, summary of Christian ethics•Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales
The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of CrisisApproximately 1347 – •By 1348, the Bubonic Plague reached Spain and France.•Due to unsanitary conditions, the disease had the potential to kill millions. The process was agonizing.•People were confused because they did not understand its origins or preventative medical treatment – Many viewed it as God’s punishment•Production down - Wages high•Land was converted to raising sheep.•Riots
The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of Crisis1300’S-EARLY 1400’S - •Black death –Crisis, scandal, and division• Lacked strong leadership• Babylonian Captivity• Lavish life-styles• Multiple Pope’s•John Wycliffe – translated the Bible to English and claimed it was the source of truth.•Jan Hus (Hussites) - tried for heresy and burned.
The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of Crisis1337 – 1453•Fought between England & France•England wanted to hold onto lands in France. French kings wanted to extend power.•Edward III claims French crown – war erupts.•England was winning – used new weapons such as the longbow.•Joan of Arc – sent by God to crush the English – led French to many victories; Caught and burned at the stake.•French took the offensive with help from the cannon.