The Research Process Continued…Avoiding Plagiarism: Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Wendy Waller, Wicomico County Public Schools 2012

Preparing for Mr. Garlock’s Paper on Ethics in Research Practices

Let’s revisit your assignment…What Key Skills Do You Need to Do Well?

Locating and documenting sources Organizing information Comprehending research Analyzing and synthesizing information Writing cohesively PARAPHRASING, SUMMARIZING,

and USING CITATIONS EFFECTIVELY

Plagiarism Defined

“the uncredited use (both intentional and unintentional) of somebody else's words or ideas.”

– Council of Writing Program Administrators (WPA)

Choosing When to Give Credit

Need to Document

When you are using or referring to somebody else’s words or ideas from ANY medium or situation.

NO Need to Document

Your own experiences and thoughts

Common knowledge within a field or culture

Generally accepted facts

When is Information Common Knowledge?

Found it in five credible sources

Information readers most likely know

Information found in general reference sources

When in doubt, CITE IT!

It’s common knowledge…Now what?

You STILL need to put the information in your own words.

Do NOT copy from one of the five sources in which you found

the information.

Is It Plagiarism?

WHY?

Original Passage:

At the start of the Great Depression, many Americans wanted to believe that the hard times would be only temporary.

Plagiarism or Not?

At the beginning of the Great Depression, a lot of Americans wanted to think that the hard times would be only temporary.

*See notes in editing format for further explanation.

Practice 1

ReadWriteThink. (2012). Identifying plagiarism [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson1062/plagiarismexa mples.pdf.

Original Passage:

Devices in the iPod range are primarily digital audio players, designed around a central click wheel — although the iPod shuffle has buttons also. Plagiarism or Not?

An iPod is an MP3 player that lets you choose and play songs to listen to using a click wheel (or on older versions, buttons).

*See notes in editing format for further explanation.

Practice 2

ReadWriteThink. (2012). Identifying plagiarism [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson1062/plagiarismexa mples.pdf.

Original Passage:

He was a very silent man by custom.

Plagiarism or Not?

He was usually a quiet person.

*See notes in editing format for further explanation.

Practice 3

ReadWriteThink. (2012). Identifying plagiarism [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson1062/plagiarismexa mples.pdf.

Writers’ ChallengesAssimilating others’ words accurately

Documenting others’ words preciselyTaking concise, fully-documented notes

What is the difference between paraphrasing and summarizing?

I get direct quotes, but……

Summarizing …involves putting the main

idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). It is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Paraphrasing …involves putting a passage

from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

The Purdue OWL Says…

(2012). What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing? Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/1/

When to Paraphrase, Summarize, and Directly Quote Information

Paraphrase when you need most of the information to make your point. Paraphrase when explaining.

Summarize when you need only key points to make connections between and among research findings, differing viewpoints, similar thinking, etc.

Quote when the authors’ words are controversial, when they add interest, or when they provide clarity.

Hints for Paraphrasing and SummarizingConsider the following advice from Laura Hennessey DeSena's book Preventing Plagiarism: Tips and Techniques:

After reading, put the text aside for a few minutes. Try to remember what the writer said – the ideas and

insights. Write down these ideas. Compare your writing to the original text. The ideas

must remain similar. If you change the ideas, you need to try again.

If you unintentionally use the exact language of the author, you need to try again.

If you are unable to get the main ideas down, re-read and try again!

Make sure to put the main points in your own words and adjust the sentence structure, word choices, and diction, if necessary.DeSena, Laura Hennessey.  2007. Preventing Plagiarism: Tips and Techniques. (Chapter 3)

IL:  NCTE.

Paraphrasing Practice 1

Pick up a pencil or pen and paraphrase the following sentence:

Preparations for the ceremony were elaborate.

*See notes in editing format for an acceptable response.

Paraphrasing Practice 2

1.01 Misuse of Psychologists’ WorkIf psychologists learn of misuse of or misrepresentation of their work, they take reasonable steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation.

*See notes in editing format for an acceptable response.

Summarizing Practice 1 1.05 Reporting Ethical Violations

If an apparent ethical violation has substantially harmed or is likely to substantially harm a person or organization and is not appropriate for informal resolution under Standard 1.04, Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations, or is not resolved properly in that fashion, psychologists take further action appropriate to the situation. Such action might include referral to state or national committees on professional ethics, to state licensing boards, or to the appropriate institutional authorities. This standard does not apply when an intervention would violate confidentiality rights or when psychologists have been retained to review the work of another psychologist whose professional conduct is in question. (See also Standard 1.02, Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority.)

Notes for Summarizing 1An acceptable response:

Psychologists should report ethics violations to appropriate governing bodies when participants' confidentiality is violated or when discovering ethical violations in colleagues' work upon review. This should be done whenever harm to an individual or institution is likely.

Giving Credit References in the Text References at the End of Your Paper

The following examples are from

Hey! What about me?

Alleghany college: writing in psychology (2012). Retrieved from http://webpub.allegheny.edu/dept/psych/SeniorProject/Comp2.html#WritPsy.

Using Parenthetical Citations for Paraphrased and/or Summarized Information

Information from notes:

Jones was on of the first researchers to study carefully the annual spring migration of college students to southern beaches.

Date of publication: 1983

Option 1Begin with the author and date

Jones (1983) was on of the first researchers to study carefully the annual spring migration of college students to southern beaches.

OR

In 1983 Jones first began to carefully study the annual spring migration of college students to southern beaches.

Option 2End with the author and date

One recent study examined the annual spring migration of college students to southern beaches (Jones, 1983).

Link the reference to a sentence or a paragraph, so long as the source of the material is clear.

Multiple Authors Use an ampersand (&) to connect the

last names of authors. Use a semicolon to separate different

studies for the same referenced materials.

Example: Several early studies (Good & John, 1955); James & Stevens, 1962) collected data on student sleeping habits.

Citing a Reference in Your Paper More than Once With two or more authors…

First citation of study:

Perhaps the most comprehensive study of “walkman” listening behavior was done by Johnson, Jones, & James (1982).

Citing the same study again…

One of the most interesting conclusions of Johnson et. al (1982)…

Citing Secondary Sources Example:

Pavlov (cited in Hilgard & Bower, 1966) was the first to study…

Whenever possible, locate the original source material.

Citing Quotations To add emphasis Longer than 40

words should be set in an indented block

Same format BUT YOU MUST ADD THE PAGE NUMBER!

Two options

Where should we place (1978) and (p. 363)?- Fewer than 40 words)

An important issue is raised by Walker who indicates “the unusual habit of compulsive and repetitive running back and forth in confined space while attempting to force a large ball through a metal hoop high above the ground” requires more careful study by behavioral scientists.

Complete Citation for Quotation

An important issue is raised by Walker (1978) who indicates “the unusual habit of compulsive and repetitive running back and forth in confined space while attempting to force a large ball through a metal hoop high above the ground” (p. 363) requires more careful study by behavioral scientists.

Where should we place (1973) and (p. 18)?- More than 40 words

Miller has also studied these behaviors and draws the following conclusion:

It is clear that the individuals who engage in this activity are often above average height and lanky in physical build. This common characteristic adds credibility to the hypothesis that the compulsion to engage in such behavior is biologically based.

Where should we place (1978) and (p. 18)? Notice the indented block!

Miller (1978) has also studied these behaviors and draws the following conclusion:

It is clear that the individuals who engage in this activity are often above average height and lanky in physical build. This common characteristic adds credibility to the hypothesis that the compulsion to engage in such behavior is biologically based. (p. 18)

And finally…Citing a Short Quote

Where should this info go?- Doe, the author

- Date of study 1982- Page number 343

One author dismissed the conjecture about basketball as “a case of behavioral scientists failing to see ‘the forest through the trees’”.

Complete Citation for a Short Quote

One author dismissed the conjecture about basketball as “a case of behavioral scientists failing to see ‘the forest through the trees’” (Doe, 1982, p. 343).

Your Reference PagesFollow the tips on Purdue’s OWL for success!

Odds and Ends

Singular Plural

criterion criteria

phenomenon phenomena

apparatus apparatus or apparatuses

stimulus stimuli

analysis analyses

datum data

appendix appendixes or appendices

Use the language of science

Allegheny College. (2012). [Table of singular and plural forms for a number of words. Writing in psychology. Retrieved from http://webpub.allegheny.edu/dept/psych/Writing.html