research continued
TRANSCRIPT
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
METHODS OF OBSERVATION Testing Method – several types of tests
measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests, and personality
Case-study Method – researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or small groups
Section 3: Methods of Observation
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Longitudinal Method – a group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time
Cross-Sectional Method – researchers compare the differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time
Section 3: Methods of Observation
METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Naturalistic-Observation Method – researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habitats
Laboratory-Observation Method – participants are observed in a laboratory setting
Section 3: Methods of Observation
METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
CORRELATION Correlation measures how closely one thing is
related to another
Section 3: Methods of Observation
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Examples: Correlations
1. Positive Correlation= one variable increases as the other variable increases
As height goes up, weight goes up.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Examples: Correlations
1. Negative Correlation= one variable increases as the other variable decreases
The older the car, the lower the price.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Experimental Method
&
Ethical Issues
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
1. Preliminary screeningof participants
3. Treatment phase 4. Post-treatmentphase
2. Random assignmentto conditions
Participants areinterviewed bythe researcher,and their baselineanxiety isestablished.
Experimentalgroup
Receivestreatment
Reports on anxiety
Reports on anxietyControl groupDoes not receive the treatment
Example: Testing for Anxiety
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Question: What are the purposes and elements of experiments?
PURPOSES AND ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTS
Researchers conduct experiments to learn about cause and effect.
Elements of experiments include: independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and the placebo effect.
Section 4: The Experimental Method
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Experiments
Direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause-effect relationship between factors
Factors are called variables One variable is controlled by the
experimenter Ex, democratic vs. authoritarian classroom
The other is observed and measured Ex, cooperative behavior among students
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Experimental Variables
Independent variable the controlled factor in an experiment hypothesized to cause an effect on another
variable Dependent variable
the measured facts hypothesized to be affected
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Experimental Variables
Study predicting that pedestrians will walk faster on hot days versus cold days.
IV: temperature (hot vs. cold) DV: speed of pedestrian walking
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Try it on your own Identify the Independent & Dependent Variables
Are younger siblings treated better by their parents than older siblings?
IV: Sibling status (younger/older) DV: treatment by parents
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH
Protect study participants from harm Maintain the scientific integrity of the study Promote the dignity of the individual Foster human welfare Confidentiality Informed Consent
Section 5: Ethical Issues
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Psychologists also have certain rules and codes they must follow in regards to the protection of the public as well as the protection of their clients.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Ethical Issues in Psychological Research
Right to privacy Animal rights
Is there justification for discomfort or harm a research procedure may produce?
APA publishes ethical guidelinesAmerican Psychological Association (APA)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Animal Rights Harlow Monkey Study
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrNBEhzjg8I
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Ethical Issues How far is too far?
The Milgram Experiment Aim: Milgram (1963) was interested in researching
how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. Stanley Milgram was interested in how easily ordinary people could be influenced into committing atrocities for example, Germans in WWII.
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/videos/the-milgram-experiment.htm20
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Ethical Issues https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W147ybOdgpE