the progressive era chapter nine. chapters in brief – questions 1. describe the four areas of...
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The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era
Chapter NineChapter Nine
Chapters in Brief – Questions
1. Describe the four areas of Progressive reform.
2. How did women’s lives change in the early twentieth century?
3. What policies did Teddy Roosevelt pursue?
4. Why did the Republican Party split, and what was the result?
5. What progressive reforms did Woodrow Wilsonadvance, and which did he do little or nothing to achieve?
Chapters in Brief – Answers
1. Describe the four areas of Progressive reform.> protecting social welfare
> promoting moral reform (such as Prohibition)
> reforming the economy (busting trusts) (reforming business practices)
> making businesses more efficient (scientific management / assembly
line)
Chapters in Brief – Answers
2. How did women’s lives change in the early twentieth century?
> In the early 1900s, more women entered the
workforce. Many middle and upper-class women joined groups to promote culture and reform movements, including the effort to improve the lives of African-American
women and to win suffrage for women.
3. What policies did Teddy Roosevelt pursue?> Roosevelt pushed for a strong national government through government
intervention in regulating business and conserving
wilderness.
Chapters in Brief – Answers
4. Why did the Republican Party split, and what was the result?
> the Republican Party split when Roosevelt and progressives objected to Taft’s slow
pace on reform. The result was that Wilson won the White House and Democrats won Congress.
5. What progressive reforms did Woodrow Wilsonadvance, and which did he do little or nothing to achieve?
> Wilson pushed for reforms in business and banking, but did little or nothing to aid
women and African Americans to win equal rights.
Chapters in Brief Overview
In the first two decades of the 1900s, Americans embrace the Progressive movement and many of its reforms.
Progressivism Objective
Explain how the progressive movement increased
government regulations of business and protected
society from the injustices of big business
THE ORIGINS OF
PROGRESSIVISM
CHAPTER 9 – SECTION 1
Chapters in Brief As the 1900s opened, reformers pushed for a range of charges to society in a movement called Progressivism, which had four major goals:
1.Protecting social welfare by easing the ills of urban society. The YMCA built libraries and exercise facilities while the Salvation Army offered the urban poor food and nursery car.
2. Promoting moral improvement, especially by working to ban alcoholic beverages. Prohibitionists – many of whom were members of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) – often came into conflict with immigrant groups. The saloons reformers served vital functions such as offering cheap meals in immigrant communities
Chapters in Brief 3. Reforming the economy. Some criticized the vast wealth amassed by industrialist and the treatment of workers Journalists called “muckrakers” published stories about business corruption and unfair practices.
4.Making businesses more efficient and profitable. Scientific management and the adoption of goods enabled factories to increase production.
Progressives also reformed politics at the local and state levels. Reform mayors routed corruption out of Detroit and Cleveland, among other cities. Wisconsin Governor Robert M. LaFollette took steps to regulate businesses in his state. Reformers managed to pass laws in almost every state to ban child labor and limited the number of hours women could work. Reformers passed laws requiring the use of secret ballots in elections and allowing voters to remove elected officials from office. The Seventeenth Amendment allowed for voters to elect senators directly.
Muckrackers
Temperance
Suffragettes
Populists
Labor
Unions
Civil
Rights
The Origins of Progressivism
Overview of Progressivism Video
http://www.hippocampus.org/homework-help/US-History/
Reform_Origins%20of%20Progressivism.html
• Reformers struggled to make government more responsive to the people
• they sought to restore economic opportunities to ALL Americans
• they wanted to correct injustices in American life
• these ideas fueled progressivism
Progressivism: a local and national movement by reformers in America to make
the government respond to the needs of the people.
The Origins of Progressivism
Four Goals of Progressivism • the Progressive Era lasted from 1890 to 1920
• at the dawn of the new century, middle class reformers addressed many of the problems that had contributed to the social upheavals of the 1890s by:– exposing unsafe factory conditions– questioning the dominant role of big business– struggling to make government more responsive
to the people
• together, these reform efforts formed the Progressive Movement
progressive movement: the aim to restore economic opportunities and to correct injustices in American life
1. Protecting social welfare2. Promoting moral improvement3. Creating economic reform4. Fostering efficiency
Four Goals of Progressivism
Reformers worked to soften harsh conditions and help the poor
• the YMCA opened libraries, sponsored classes, and built swimming pools, and handball courts
• the Salvation Army fed poor people (soup kitchens)
• many women were inspired by the settlement houses
Florence Kelley - advocate for improving the lives of women and children - she was appointed chief inspector of factories for Illinois - helped to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act of 1893
Illinois Factory Act: prohibited child labor, limited women’s
workinghours, and
became a model for other
states
Protecting Social Welfare
Promoting Moral Improvement• other reformers felt morality
was more important than the workplace; morality held the key to improving the lives of poor people
• many of these reformers favored prohibition
Prohibition: the banning of alcoholic beverages
• prohibitionist groups feared that alcohol was undermining American morals
• the Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTM) led the crusade of prohibition
• the prohibition movement caused tension with many of the immigrant groups over the closure of local saloons
•the panic of 1893 caused many people to question capitalist system
•Eugene V. Debs, a union leader, saw an uneven balance of wealth among big business, government, and ordinary people, and embraced socialism
•most people did not favor socialism, but did believe in Deb’s criticisms
•he criticized business for receiving favorable treatment from government
•Muckrakers wrote about corrupt business and public life
Creating Economic Reform
•many progressive leaders used scientific principles to make the workplace more efficient
•Henry Ford created an assembly line to speed up production
• people worked like machines.
• there was high turnover due to injuries
•Ford paid $5 a day for eight hours of work – great pay for the time
Fostering Efficiency
Assembly Line Activity
1. Teacher will have students count off in fives.
2. Get in your designated group number.
3. Teacher will hand out assembly line worker sign-up sheet.
4. Students, per group, will sign up for job description.
5. Teacher will hand out description of assignment.
Assembly Line Activity
Note: There are people in your group that
are injured – figure out how to run the assembly line
• Window Person: lost right arm– can only complete the task with left hand (right hand needs to be behind your back)
• Tire Person: lost left leg– has to stand the entire time on right leg only
Cleaning Up State GovernmentReforming at the State Level
• progressive governors passed state laws to regulate railroads, mines, mills, telephone companies, and large businesses.
• protected working children- legislation passed to ban child labor
• limits on working hours– no more than ten hours a day
• provided workers’ compensation- help for families of workers killed or hurt on the job
• reforming elections– Initiatives = a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers– Referendums = vote on the initiative– Recall = enabled voters to remove public officials from elected
positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it
• direct election of Senators (17th Amendment)- Senators no longer appointed by state legislature
Mueller v. Oregon 1908 - Mueller v. Oregon
– Louis D. Brandeis (assisted by Florence Kelley and Josephine Goldmark) argued poor working women were much more economically insecure than large corporations.
– they asserted that women’s protection is required by the state against powerful employers.
– Mueller v. Oregon confirmed that labor laws designed to protect women specifically are constitutional, even while ruling that similar laws for men are not.
– Supreme Court rationale that was used to rule
that the Oregon state law limiting women’s working hours was legal because women are the only gender able to have children (hence the state is justified in creating laws to protect them).
– other states used this to limit women’s working hours to ten a day.
Positive Results •Women empowered to organize into unions
– increased job training for women
– gave legal focus and direction (renewed women’s liberation movement)
Effects of Mueller v. Oregon
Essential Question
How did Prohibition fit into the reformation movement?
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section
WOMEN IN
PUBLIC LIFE
CHAPTER 9 – SECTION 2
Chapters in Brief On the nation’s farms, women continued to play the vital roles they had filled earlier. They helped with the farm’s crops and animals as well as cooking, cleaning, sewing, and child rearing. Many urban women who lacked education joined the work force by becoming servants. African-Americans and unmarried immigrant women often used this route to employment. At the turn of the century, one in five American women held jobs outside the home; 25 percent worked in manufacturing. Half of them toiled in the garment industry. With the growth of business, more and more women worked in offices as stenographers and typists. As a result, more women sought high school educations to train for these jobs.
Chapters in Brief Many middle- and upper-class women joined groups aiming to promote culture. The number of women’s colleges grew, and many who graduated from these colleges joined the reform movements. Major goals of these movements were making workplace and home safer. The National Association of Colored Women helped African Americans by creating nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens.
Many women joined in the efforts to seek the right to vote, or suffrage. Spearheading the effort was the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Wyoming in 1869, became the first state to grant this right to women. Some other western states followed suit. Another effort failed when the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not guaranteed women the right to vote. Women pushed for an amendment to the Constitution granting suffrage, but for the first two decades of the 1900s, it did not pass.
Women in the Work ForceWomen’s Role in the Work Force•pre-Civil War many middle-class women stayed home (expectation to be mothers)
•farm women took care of household duties and farm work
•Industry Women – 20% of women worked in 1900– textile jobs (clothing production) were the most
common factory jobs for women– most women who held these jobs were single
•women also began to fill jobs that required a high school education (offices, classrooms, stores)
•many women without education did domestic work, such as cleaning for other families.
• Dangerous conditions, low wages, and long hours led many female industrial workers to push for reform
Women Lead Reform
Women and Reform
• uneducated laborers started efforts to reform workplace health and safety
• women were not allowed to vote or run for office - female reformers strove to improve conditions at work and home
• Susan B. Anthony was one of the leading proponents of woman suffrage
Suffrage: the right to vote
Women and Reform
• Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Women Suffrage Associate (NWSA)
• Women suffrage faced constant opposition:
– liquor industry feared women would vote for prohibition
– textile industry worried women would vote for stopping child labor
– men feared the new roles of women
Three-Part Strategy forSuffrage
1. try to convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote
2. pursue court cases to test the 14th Amendment
– tried to vote over 150
times in ten states
3. push for a national constitutional amendment to grant women the vote
– constantly introduced and voted down
Essential Question
How did Susan B. Anthony help the cause of women?
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section
TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL
CHAPTER 9 – SECTION 3
Chapters in Brief When President William McKinley was killed in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became president. He showed great energy and bold decision making and won publicity. He launched a program of reforms called the “Square Deal.” With his vigorous leadership, he changed the presidency. Roosevelt thought that a more complex American society needed a powerful federal government. He intervened in a bitter 1902 coal strike to lead both sides to an agreement. He had the government sue business trusts to improve competition. He pushed through laws increasing government’s power to regulate railroads. His actions during a Pennsylvania coal strike set a precedent of government intervention when a strike threatened public welfare. After reading a book, The Jungle, that exposed poor sanitary practices in the meatpacking industry, Roosevelt gained passage of the Meat Inspection Act. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food processors from adding dangerous chemicals to food or from making false claims regarding medicines. Roosevelt also took steps to
Chapters in Brief preserve the nation’s wild natural areas. Roosevelt, though, did not back civil rights for African Americans. So black leaders, plus some white reformers, formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 to push for full racial equality.
Getting To Know “Teddy”
• image is on Mt. Rushmore
• became famous at the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba
• signed treaty to build the Panama Canal
• 1st American to receive the Nobel Peace Prize
• shot in 1912 while campaigning (saved by a book in his pocket)
• 1st President to visit a foreign country while in office
• wrote several books
A Rough-Riding President
1. leader in New York politics
2. New York City Police Commissioner
3. Assistant Secretary of the Navy
4. Rough Rider = volunteer cavalry brigade acclaimed for his role in the battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba
5. Governor of New York
6. Vice President of the United States
7. became president after President McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo
A Rough-Riding President
A Rough-Riding Presidentsome biographical facts about
Teddy Roosevelt
– at the time of his election, Roosevelt was the youngest President of the United States
– he was 42 at the time of his inauguration
– he was an active President, and enjoyed boxing (blinded in left eye), and horseback riding (galloped 100 miles just to show he could)
– he thought that the federal government was responsible for the national welfare
– he though the common people should get a “Square Deal”
Election of 1904
Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” was his program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business
Using Federal PowerRoosevelt was convinced that modern America required a powerful federal government•Roosevelt had a renewed focus on trust-busting•Roosevelt did not see all trusts as bad•many trusts lowered their prices to drive competitors out of the market and then took advantage of the lack of competition to jack prices higher•Roosevelt wanted to stop trust actions that hurt the people
1. What do the lions stand for?1. What do the lions stand for?
Answer: the lions represent Answer: the lions represent the powerful business men the powerful business men who run the trusts.who run the trusts.
2. Why are all the lions coming out 2. Why are all the lions coming out ofof
a door labeled “Wall Street”?a door labeled “Wall Street”?
Answer: Wall Street stands for Answer: Wall Street stands for the location of the New York the location of the New York Stock Exchange and the power Stock Exchange and the power of big corporations.of big corporations.
3. What do you think the cartoonist3. What do you think the cartoonist
thinks about trust-busting? thinks about trust-busting?
Answer: The positive image of Answer: The positive image of Roosevelt suggests that the Roosevelt suggests that the cartoonist admires Roosevelt’s cartoonist admires Roosevelt’s efforts at trust-busting. efforts at trust-busting. Roosevelt is not afraid and Roosevelt is not afraid and welcomes the chance to bring welcomes the chance to bring over and curb the power of big over and curb the power of big business. business.
Using Federal Power
• 1902 Coal Strike– 140,000 coal miners in PA went on
strike– demanded 20% pay raise, nine hour work day, and the right to organize a union
– the mine operators refused to bargain
– five months into the strike, coal reserves ran low, and Roosevelt was forced to intervene and called both sides to the White House to negotiate
– Roosevelt’s actions demonstrated a new principle that government could intervene if a strike hurt the public interest
• Railroad Regulations– Roosevelt’s real goal was federal
regulation– there were new federal regulations
to limited railroads (rates, limited distribution of free railroad passes. etc.)
Using Federal Power
• the Jungle, by Upton Sinclair, led to the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food & Drug Act
• the Meat Inspection Act was a law enacted in 1906 that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a meat-inspection program
• Pure Food & Drug Act- if people had accurate information about products they would make good choices- many children’s products contained opium, cocaine, and/or alcohol- products made ridiculous and untrue claims- it halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicine and called for truth in labeling
Health and the Environment
1. After reading this, what do you think the public would be the most upset about?
2. Give at least three examples of the terrible working conditions?
3. Infer what some of the sights, sounds, and smells that one might hear in this meat packing plant?
4. Predict what might happen once the public reads about the meat packing industry?
Upton Sinclair – “The Jungle”
Welcome to the Jungle Have an Appetite for Destruction?
Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle”Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle”
(5:54)
http://www.schooltube.com/video/31d956fd9ef6737cd887/Upton-Sinclairs-The-Jungle
Sir Paul McCartney / Michael Jackson, Sir Paul McCartney / Michael Jackson,
“ “Say Say Say” Say Say Say”
(5:19)(5:19)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVpnng-rK1U
Health and the EnvironmentConservation Natural Resources
•many Americans were exploiting natural resources
•Progressives believed in using experts to solve problems
•Gifford Pinchot headed the U.S. Forest Service
•he believed some areas should be exempt from sale in order to keep them natural
•other areas would be developed for the common good
Roosevelt and Civil Rights• Progressives were mostly
concerned with middle-class whites
• W. E. Du Bois and others were upset by this indifference to racial injustice
• Roosevelt did work with some African-Americans (appointed an African American as head of the South Carolina Customhouse, Booker T. Washington was invited to the White House, etc.)
• In response to the indifference of the Progressives, the NAACP was formed in 1909
“Extra, Extra…Read All About It
1. Create five problem-solution diagrams to show how the following problems were addressed during Roosevelt’s presidency:
a. 1902 coal strike b. unsafe meat processing
c. racial injustices d. exploitation of environment
e. Northern Securities Company Monopoly
2. Create newspaper headings announcing the solutions.
3. Pick one heading and solution.
4. Create a visual illustration to represent the solution.
5. Write a “news article” about the solution. (3 – 5 sentences)
Problems Solutions
Essential Question
What scandalous practices did Upton Sinclair expose in his novel “The Jungle”? How did the American public and President Roosevelt respond?
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section
PROGRESSIVISM UNDER TAFT
CHAPTER 9 – SECTION 4
Chapters in Brief William Howard Taft became president in 1909. He pursued many Progressive policies but more cautiously – and with less publicity – than Roosevelt. And he divided his own party. One issue was the tariff. Taft wished to lower the tariffs. When conservatives in the Senate passed a weakened version of the measure, Taft signed it anyway and Progressives complained. He also angered conservationists by appointing officials who favored development of wild lands rather than preservation of them.
With the Republican Party split between reformers and conservatives, Democrats won control of the House for the first time in almost two decades. In 1912, Roosevelt tried to regain the Republican nomination for president. Failing that, Roosevelt formed a third party – the Bull Moose party – and ran on a platform of reform. The Democrats nominated reformer Woodrow Wilson, the governor of New Jersey. As Taft and Roosevelt bitterly denounced each other, Wilson won the election – and a Democratic majority in Congress. About three-quarters of the vote went to candidates in favor of economic reform.
WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM
CHAPTER 9 – SECTION 5
Chapters in Brief A religious and scholarly man, Wilson stayed independent of party bosses and pursued his policies of reform called the “New Freedom.” With the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914, the government strengthened laws against business trusts and workers’ rights. The Federal Trade Act created the Federal Trade Commission to investigate unfair business practices. Another law lowered tariffs. With decreased tariff revenues, the government began collecting taxes on workers’ income. Wilson also secured passage of a law creating the Federal Reserve System to improve the nation’s banking practices. Meanwhile, women continued in their drive to win the right to vote. As of 1910, women’s suffrage was approved in five states. Defeats in other states, though, led some women to try more militant tactics. Alice Paul organized a group that picketed the White House and the Democratic Party. Finally, the Nineteenth Amendment, ratified 1920, gave women the right to vote.
Wilson did not push social reform ideas. He did Wilson little to support women’s suffrage, nor did he help African Americans. In fact, he appointed southerners who took steps to extend segregation. Blacks who had voted for Wilson felt betrayed, and a meeting between Wilson and African American leaders ended in anger.
Wilson’s Background• he spent his youth in the
South during the Civil War and Reconstruction
• he had strict upbringing from his minister father
• before entering politics, he was lawyer, history professor, and president of Princeton University
• elected Governor of New Jersey 1910– supported progressive legislative programs
- direct primary - worker’s compensation - regulation of public utilities and
railroads
• like Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson claimed progressive ideals, but he had a different idea for federal government
• Wilson believed in attacking large concentrations of powers to give greater freedom to average citizens
• Wilson focused on his “New Freedom,” which was an attack on triple wall of privilege (trusts, tariffs, and high finance)
Wilson’s Wins Financial Reform
Two Key Antitrust Measures
1. Clayton Antitrust Act: prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another company if doing so would create a monopoly
2. Federal Trade Commission (FTC): investigated possible violations of regulatory statutes, required periodic reports from corporations, and put an end to a number of unfair business practices
1. New Tax System: lowered tariffs to curb the power of big business
2. Federal Income Tax: larger incomes were charged a higher tax rate than smaller incomes (graduated tax) 3. Federal Reserve System:
> established in 1913> a national banking system that
controls the United States’ money supply and the availability of credit in the country
Wilson’s and the Financial System
• Suffrage movement was given new strength by growing numbers of college-educated women
• Susan B. Anthony’s successor as president of NAWSA was Carrie Chapman Catt
• initial failures cause the women’s movement to try more radical tactics
• The 19th Amendmento granted women the right to voteo passed in 1919, ratified in August 1920o took 72 years from initial push
httphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGHGDO_b_q0://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGHGDO_b_q0
Women Win Suffrage!!!
Essential Question
What was the Nineteenth Amendment? How did women finally win the vote?
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section
Progressivism Objective
Explain how the progressive movement increased
government regulations of business and protected
society from the injustices of big business