Unit III: The Progressive Unit III: The Progressive MovementMovement

I: Social Reform: (Great Migration, Urban I: Social Reform: (Great Migration, Urban Poor, Women’s Rights, Workers Rights)Poor, Women’s Rights, Workers Rights)

II: Political & Economic ReformII: Political & Economic Reform

III: Presidential Reform Efforts (Environmental III: Presidential Reform Efforts (Environmental Reform)Reform)

I.The Great MigrationI.The Great Migration

A. What was the Great Migration?A. What was the Great Migration?

B. What were the causes of the GM?B. What were the causes of the GM?

C. What were the effects of the GM?C. What were the effects of the GM?

I. What was the Great Migration?

A. Description of Great Migration

1. 1st GM- the migration of 1.6 mil African-Americans from the South to the North b/t the years 1910-1940.

2. 2nd GM- over 5 mil. Afr. Amer. b/t 1940-1970.

Jacob Lawrence’s first in his Migration series (Whitney)

3. G.M created the first large, urban black communities in the North.

4. The North saw its black population rise about 20 percent between 1910 and 1930.

a. Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Cleveland -- biggest increases.

II. Causes of the G.MII. Causes of the G.M

A. Push: escape the problems of racism in the South

1. Legal & Social Discrimination

a. "Jim Crow" Laws: segregation, poll taxes, examinations, property qualifications, & grandfather clauses limiting the ability of blacks to vote.

b. Laws requiring separate public amenities (Plessy V. Ferguson)

c. Ku Klux Klan- Lynching & the social institutions of racism

d. Courts: blacks were not afforded the same legal protection as whites & they had little access to legal defense.

B. Pull: Economic Opportunities

1. Job Opportunities higher wages from railroads & factories.

2. The boll weevil infestation of Southern cotton fields in the late 1910s forced many sharecroppers to search for alternative employment opportunities.

3. war industries created new jobs in the service jobs that new factory workers vacated

4. Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 displaced hundreds of thousands of African-American farmers & farm workers

C. Chicago DefenderC. Chicago Defender

1. 1905 most influential of African American newspapers

2. printed photographs, cartoons & even poems about the advantages of moving north.

3. Writers generated "moving fever," by sending letters & money to family

D. Discrimination in the NorthD. Discrimination in the North

1. Restrictive housing, living, & working policies

2. Segregated into the most dilapidated (ruined) sections of the city

3. High prices for inferior housing

4. Discriminated against in the workplace.

E. E. Fight for Civil Rights Fight for Civil Rights African African American ideas on improving social & American ideas on improving social &

economic conditions of blacks.economic conditions of blacks.

Booker T. Washington W.E.B DuboisMarcus Garvey

1. Marcus Garvey

a. Born in Jamaica to an educated family

b. founded the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) at its zenith, the UNIA claimed over a million members.

"Our success educationally, industrially and politically is based upon the protection of a nation founded by ourselves. And the nation can be nowhere else but in Africa."

c. believed Blacks should have a permanent homeland in Africa, & sought to develop Liberia.

d. credited with creating the biggest pan-African movement (1920’s)

Booker T. Washington Views on Achieving racial equality

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

-believed that blacks -believed that blacks should not push too should not push too hard for equal rights hard for equal rights but to instead focus but to instead focus on learning vocational on learning vocational skills as a path to skills as a path to economic progress.economic progress.

W.E.B Dubois Views on Achieving racial equality

W.E.B DuboisW.E.B Dubois -believed that A.A should -believed that A.A should

fight to gain equal rights, fight to gain equal rights, especially voting rightsespecially voting rights

-Started the -Started the Niagara Niagara mov’tmov’t (1905) which was (1905) which was meeting of A.A leaders in meeting of A.A leaders in Niagara Falls, NYNiagara Falls, NY

-eventually began the -eventually began the NAACPNAACP (National (National Association for the Association for the Advancement of Colored Advancement of Colored People) whose goal was People) whose goal was to fight for rights $to fight for rights $