the origin of the universe massimiliano galeazzi miami, 20 november 2002mals 601
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Origin of the Universe
Massimiliano Galeazzi
Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601
![Page 2: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Summary
• The Scientific method• The view of the Universe before 1900:
•The Greeks•The Heliocentric system
• The view of the Universe after 1900:•Einstein Theory of relativity•Beyond the solar system•Hubble law
• The Big Bang theory
![Page 3: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Scientific Method
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Philosophy
![Page 4: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Observations
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
• Sun
![Page 5: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Observations
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
• Sun• Moon
![Page 6: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Observations
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
• Sun• Moon• Stars
![Page 7: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Observations
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
• Sun• Moon• Stars
![Page 8: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Theory 1 Theory 2
Philosophy
![Page 9: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Geocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
• Movement is not so simple
Philosophy
• The movement is not perfectly periodic
• There are monthly, annual, and longer term changes
![Page 10: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Geocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
• Movement is no so simple• Planets Mars
Philosophy
![Page 11: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Geocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
• Movement is no so simple• Planets• Distance to the objects
Philosophy
![Page 12: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Geocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Philosophy
Ptolemy, The Almagest,A.D. c.100-c.178
![Page 13: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Geocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Philosophy
![Page 14: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Geocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Philosophy
EARTH
SUN
Mercury
Venus
![Page 15: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Geocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Philosophy
EARTH
SUN
Mercury
Venus
Simplicity
![Page 16: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
“Simpler” theories
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Heliocentric system: the planets (including Earth) rotate around the Sun, and the Earth is also spinning around its axisPythagoreans, Aristarchus of Samos, Plato (?), Copernicus
“Hybrid” geocentric system: the Earth is not moving, the planets rotate around the Sun that rotates around the EarthHeraclides of Pontus, Tycho Brahe
![Page 17: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Heliocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres, 1473-1543
Johannes Kepler,Epitome of Copernican
Astronomy,The Harmonies of the World,
1571-1630Galileo Galilei,
Sidereus Nuncius, 1564-1642
![Page 18: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Heliocentric theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 19: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The phase of Venus
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 20: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The phase of Venus
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Galileo Galilei, c1610
![Page 21: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Parallax
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 22: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Parallaxwinter
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 23: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Parallaxsummer
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 24: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Parallaxsummer
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
1832Alpha Centauri (nearest star), Henderson
Vega, Friedrich von Struve 61 Cygni, Friedrich Bessel
![Page 25: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Beyond the solar system
1) High concentration of stars along the milky way The stars are distributed more in a disk than in as sphere
![Page 26: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Beyond the solar system
2) The star distribution in the milky way is asymmetric, with respect to the Earth, but is rather symmetric with respect to a
point in the constellation of Sagittarius (Shapley, 1915) The Sun is not at the center of the Galaxy
![Page 27: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Beyond the solar system
3) There are other galaxies in the Universe in addition to ours (Hubble)
![Page 28: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Beyond the solar system
4) There are billions of galaxies in the Universe
Solar System Galaxy Universe COSMOLOGY
![Page 29: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Doppler effect
![Page 30: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Doppler effect
![Page 31: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Doppler Effect in Galaxies
Earth
MovementFast
toward usSlow
toward us
Not moving
Slowaway from us
Fastaway from us
![Page 32: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hubble law (redshift)
Speed = H · distance (H = Hubble constant)
Edwin Hubble1929
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
ALL DISTANT GALAXIES ARE RECEDING FROM US
![Page 33: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Consequences of Hubble Law
If all the galaxies move away from us, does it mean that we are at the center of the Universe?
What happens if we rewind the tape of the Universe?
How old is the Universe?
![Page 34: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Expansion of the Universe
If all the galaxies move away from us, does it mean that we are at the center of the Universe?
Raisin Cake
Balloon
![Page 35: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Expansion of the Universe
What happens if we rewind the tape of the Universe?
REWIND
![Page 36: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Age of the Universe
speed = H · distance
AGE OF THE UNIVERSE IS APRROXIMATELY THE INVERSE OF THE HUBBLE CONSTANT:
T ~ 1/H
T ~ 2 1010 years = 20,000,000,000 years
![Page 37: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Evolution of the Universe
What happened at the beginning?
What will happen in the future?
• COLD BIG BANG
• HOT BIG BANG
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 38: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Big Bang Theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 39: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Big Bang Theory
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 40: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Big Bang Theory
Can we try to “see” the explosion?
YES!!!
Speed of light: 300,000 Km/s ~ 675,000,000 Miles/h
distance = 20,000,000,000 light years~100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Miles
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
![Page 41: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The cosmic microwave background
Observations
Theory
Predictions
Experimental verification
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, 1965(Nobel Prize in 1978)
![Page 42: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What will happed in the future?
![Page 43: The Origin of the Universe Massimiliano Galeazzi Miami, 20 November 2002MALS 601](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649dfe5503460f94ae683f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
What happened before the Big Bang?
?
Philosophy