the origin of concept mapping concept mapping was the outgrowth of a 12-year study of children’s...
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The Origin of Concept Mapping
Concept mapping was the outgrowth of a 12-year study of children’s learning of basic science concepts that began in 1971
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Children were interviewed periodically
Various props were used in the interviews to assess children’s understanding of basic concepts
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David Ausubel’s Theory was Our Foundation
Meaningful learning requires the learner to integrated new concepts and propositions with her / his existing concepts and propositions
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David Ausubel 1918-2008
This conference is in part a memorial to David Ausubel
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David Ausubel 1918-2008
In the epigraph to Ausubel’s 1968 book:
“The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows”
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David Ausubel 1918-2008
Remembering a happy time: David and his wife Gloria touring upstate New York wineries, 1989
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David Ausubel 1918-2008
1968, Page 133: “Cognitive structure variables refer to the
substantive and organizational properties of the learner’s existing knowledge structure in a particular subject-matter field”. (emphasis added)
The challenge: How can we ascertain a learner’s existing knowledge structure in a particular subject matter field?
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Piagetian-type Interviews were designed
We sought to probe the child’s existing subject matter knowledge
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The idea of concept maps was developed
We found that a 20 page interview transcript could be converted into a one page concept map
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Concept maps show explicit changes
By Grade 12, Amy had gained considerably in her understanding of molecules
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Amy was learning meaningfully!
Ausubel’s theory makes a clear distinction between rote learning and meaningful learning
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Martha was learning by Rote
Martha has more misconceptions in grade 12 than she had is grade two after our instruction!
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Learning How to Learn
We soon found that concept maps could also help students of all ages learn any kind of subject matter
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1984 – Learning How to Learn is Published
InIn English, Spanish and 7 other languages
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In its “Origins” years
Concept mapping becomes a popular tool in education
Concept maps are mainly done by hand, with some simple computer software available
Learning How to Learn becomes the main reference for concept mappers worldwide