the once and future computer: post-moore mechanical circuits matthew spencer bears symposium...
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The Once and Future Computer:Post-Moore Mechanical Circuits
Matthew SpencerBEARS Symposium Lightning Talk
2014-02-13
Difference Engine (1842)
ENIAC (1946)
Power Prediction vs. Time (c. 2000)
4004
8008
8080
8085
8086
286386
486
Pentium® proc
P6
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Pow
er
Den
sit
y (
W/c
m2)
Hot Plate
Nuclear Reactor
Rocket Nozzle
S. Borkar, Intel
Sun’s Surface
CMOS Minimum Energy/Op
Eleakage
Edynamic
Etotal
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
5
10
15
20
25
VDD (V)
Nor
mal
ized
Ene
rgy/
op
0 1 2 3 41/throughput
5 6
8
9
10
11
Nor
mal
ized
Ene
rgy/
op
1x
2x8x
More parallelism does not help
Transistor E/op vs. Supply Voltage
Processor E/op vs. Operating Frequency
Back to Mechanics: Improvement?Poly-SiGe
Tungsten
Measured I-V Curve
1 mVMeasurement Noise Floor
VS = VB = 0VD = 1
6.1210−14
VG (V)6.125 6.13
10−12
10−10
10−8
10−6
10−4
I DS (
A)
Energy vs. VDD
Etotal = Edynamic
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5VDD (V)
Nor
mal
ized
E/o
p5
10
15
20
25
Edynamic
Etotal
Circuit Design Covers Device Flaws
• Problem: Mechanical motion is slow• Solution: Arrange relay circuits w/ only 1 delay
1 mechanical delay
NEMS: 12 relays
4 gate delays
CMOS: 30 transistors
CLICKR6 (2013)
CLICKR2 (2010)
Mechanical Circuits Could Be In Your Computer In 10 Years.