The Medieval MachineThe Medieval Machine

The Medieval MachineThe Medieval Machine

I. Revival of TradeI. Revival of Trade

II. “Industrial Revolution” of the Middle AgesII. “Industrial Revolution” of the Middle Ages

III. Warfare of the Middle Ages (Metal Production)III. Warfare of the Middle Ages (Metal Production)

IV. Agricultural Revolution of the Middle AgesIV. Agricultural Revolution of the Middle Ages

I. Revival of TradeI. Revival of TradeA. VikingsA. Vikings

B. The Crusades (1095–1291)B. The Crusades (1095–1291)

C. Hanseatic League (13C. Hanseatic League (13thth to 16 to 16thth centuries) centuries)

D. Champagne Fair — TroyesD. Champagne Fair — Troyes

E. Pilgrimages (Tourism)E. Pilgrimages (Tourism)

A. VikingsA. Vikings

B. The Crusades (1095–1291)B. The Crusades (1095–1291)

B. The Crusades (1095–1291)B. The Crusades (1095–1291)

1. Europeans Viewed as Barbarous by Muslims1. Europeans Viewed as Barbarous by Muslims

2. Positive Effects in Western Europe2. Positive Effects in Western Europe

C. Hanseatic League (13C. Hanseatic League (13thth to 16 to 16thth centuries)centuries)

Hansa = associationHansa = association Leadership of LubeckLeadership of Lubeck Once 164 cities belonged to the HansaOnce 164 cities belonged to the Hansa 1447 − assembly met with representatives of 38 cities1447 − assembly met with representatives of 38 cities Main objectives: mutual security, trade privileges, monopolyMain objectives: mutual security, trade privileges, monopoly Methods: economic boycott, occasional military forceMethods: economic boycott, occasional military force Reasons for declineReasons for decline

D. Champagne Fair — TroyesD. Champagne Fair — Troyes

Strayer’s CircuitsStrayer’s Circuits

E. Pilgrimages (Tourism)E. Pilgrimages (Tourism)

Patterns of Long-Distance TradePatterns of Long-Distance Trade

Silk roadsSilk roads Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basinSea lanes of Indian Ocean basin Trans-Saharan caravan routesTrans-Saharan caravan routes Development of trading cities, emporiaDevelopment of trading cities, emporia Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade

networknetwork e.g. Mongols in China, 13e.g. Mongols in China, 13thth c. c.

Marco Polo (1253-1324)Marco Polo (1253-1324)

Example of long-distance travelExample of long-distance travel Travelled to China with merchant father, uncleTravelled to China with merchant father, uncle Enters service of Mongol Khubilai KhanEnters service of Mongol Khubilai Khan Returns to Venice after 17-year absenceReturns to Venice after 17-year absence Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice−Genoa Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice−Genoa

conflictconflict Great influence on European engagement with far eastGreat influence on European engagement with far east

Travel and trade from the Travel and trade from the twelfth to the fourteenth twelfth to the fourteenth

century.century.

Diplomatic TravellersDiplomatic Travellers

John of Plano CarpiniJohn of Plano Carpini

− − Franciscan monk, sent by Innocent IVFranciscan monk, sent by Innocent IV

− − 1245–1247 – Traveled to court of Mongol Khan Guyuk1245–1247 – Traveled to court of Mongol Khan Guyuk

William of RubruckWilliam of Rubruck

– – Franciscan monk, sent by Innocent IVFranciscan monk, sent by Innocent IV

– – 1253–1255 – traveled to Qaraqorum, court of Khan 1253–1255 – traveled to Qaraqorum, court of Khan MongkeMongke

Diplomatic TravellersDiplomatic Travellers

Rabban SaumaRabban Sauma−−Nestorian Christian Priest sent to Pope by Mongols in Nestorian Christian Priest sent to Pope by Mongols in Persia, 1287, regarding proposed attack on JerusalemPersia, 1287, regarding proposed attack on Jerusalem−−Did not win European supportDid not win European support−−1295 Khan Ghazan of Il-khanate accepted Islam1295 Khan Ghazan of Il-khanate accepted Islam

Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)−−Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travelIslamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel−−Strict punishment meted out according to Strict punishment meted out according to shariasharia

− − Lashes for drinking alcoholLashes for drinking alcohol− − hand amputations for thefthand amputations for theft

II. “Industrial Revolution” of the II. “Industrial Revolution” of the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

A. Energy Resources and Their DevelopmentA. Energy Resources and Their Development

B. WeavingB. Weaving

C. ClocksC. Clocks

D. Mining and the Mineral Wealth of EuropeD. Mining and the Mineral Wealth of Europe

E. Environment and PollutionE. Environment and Pollution

A. Energy Resources and Their A. Energy Resources and Their DevelopmentDevelopment

1. water mills (overshot and undershot)1. water mills (overshot and undershot)

a. Barbegal (3a. Barbegal (3rdrd cent.) cent.)

b. Malt-smashing mill at St. Gall (9b. Malt-smashing mill at St. Gall (9thth cent.) cent.)

c. Domesday Book (5624 mills)c. Domesday Book (5624 mills)

d. Venarfrod. Venarfro

e. Robec Bankse. Robec Banks

f. Department of lf. Department of l’’AubeAube

g. Liège, 1348, first water-powered bellowsg. Liège, 1348, first water-powered bellows

2. Dams and cams 2. Dams and cams

Barbegal mill (reconstruction)Barbegal mill (reconstruction)

Barbegal mill (reconstruction)Barbegal mill (reconstruction)

B. WeavingB. Weaving

1. loom1. loom

2. spinning wheel2. spinning wheel

C. ClocksC. Clocks

1. Water clock, mentioned by Jocelyn de Brakelond at Bury St. 1. Water clock, mentioned by Jocelyn de Brakelond at Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk, June 23, 1198Edmunds in Suffolk, June 23, 1198

2. Alarm clock (112. Alarm clock (11thth-cent. ms, Benedictine Monastery of Santa -cent. ms, Benedictine Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll)Maria de Ripoll)

3. Verge and foliot3. Verge and foliot

Verge escapement showing (c) crown Verge escapement showing (c) crown wheel, wheel,

(v) verge, (p,q) pallets(v) verge, (p,q) pallets

Verge and foliot escapement from De Verge and foliot escapement from De Vick clock, built Paris, 1379, by Henri Vick clock, built Paris, 1379, by Henri

de Vickde Vick

Verge and foliot designVerge and foliot design

Salisbury Cathedral clock (1386) –Salisbury Cathedral clock (1386) –oldest known working clock in the oldest known working clock in the

worldworld

III Warfare of the Middle Ages (Metal III Warfare of the Middle Ages (Metal Production)Production)

A. Heavy CavalryA. Heavy Cavalry

B. Unorganized B. Unorganized

C. InfantryC. Infantry

D. Siege WeaponsD. Siege Weapons

A. Heavy CavalryA. Heavy Cavalry

1. armored knight on horseback1. armored knight on horseback

2. long stirrup2. long stirrup

3. lance, shield, sword, chain mail3. lance, shield, sword, chain mail

D. Mining and the Mineral D. Mining and the Mineral Wealth of EuropeWealth of Europe

Rock quarry in Kunst, GermanyRock quarry in Kunst, Germany

E. Environment and Pollution E. Environment and Pollution

900 BC – 300 BC900 BC – 300 BC cold periodcold period

200 BC – AD 400200 BC – AD 400 warm periodwarm period

400 – 750400 – 750 cold periodcold period

750 – 1215750 – 1215 warm and dry / warm and dry / ““little climatic optimumlittle climatic optimum””

1215 – 13501215 – 1350 limited cold spelllimited cold spell

1350 – 15501350 – 1550 warm periodwarm period

1550 – 18501550 – 1850 cold spell / cold spell / ““Little Ice AgeLittle Ice Age””

1850 – 1930s1850 – 1930s warm periodwarm period

1940 – 19901940 – 1990 coldercolder

III Warfare of the Middle Ages III Warfare of the Middle Ages (Metal Production)(Metal Production)

A. Heavy CavalryA. Heavy Cavalry

B. Unorganized B. Unorganized

C. InfantryC. Infantry

D. Seige WeaponsD. Seige Weapons

A. Heavy CavalryA. Heavy Cavalry

1. armored knight on horseback1. armored knight on horseback

2. long stirrup2. long stirrup

3. lance, shield, sword, chain mail3. lance, shield, sword, chain mail

B. Unorganized WarfareB. Unorganized Warfare

— — Battle of Liegnitz (April 9, 1241)Battle of Liegnitz (April 9, 1241)

— — Battle of Mohí (April 13, 1241)Battle of Mohí (April 13, 1241)

C. InfantryC. Infantry

1. Pike1. Pike

2. crossbow2. crossbow

3. long bow — Battle of Crécy (1346)3. long bow — Battle of Crécy (1346)

Battle of Crécy (1346), 15Battle of Crécy (1346), 15thth-century -century miniature fromminiature from

Jean Froissart’s Jean Froissart’s ChroniclesChronicles

English English archer with archer with longbowlongbow

D. Siege WeaponsD. Siege Weapons

1. Ballista / Trebuchet1. Ballista / Trebuchet

2. Cannon2. Cannon

a. Gunpowder—combination of saltpeter, charcoal, a. Gunpowder—combination of saltpeter, charcoal, and and sulfursulfur

b. Chinese Invention (11th century)b. Chinese Invention (11th century)

c. Roger Bacon (ca. 1214–ca. 1292)c. Roger Bacon (ca. 1214–ca. 1292)

d. Siege of Constantinople (1453)d. Siege of Constantinople (1453)

Counterweight trebuchet at Château Counterweight trebuchet at Château des Baux, Francedes Baux, France

Roger BaconRoger Bacon(ca. 1214(ca. 1214−−ca. ca. 1292)1292)

Statue in the Oxford Statue in the Oxford University Museum of University Museum of Natural HistoryNatural History

Siege of Constantinople, 15Siege of Constantinople, 15thth-century -century miniatureminiature

(Biblioteque national ms. 9087, fol. (Biblioteque national ms. 9087, fol. 207v)207v)

Dardanelles gun, cast in 1464 and Dardanelles gun, cast in 1464 and based on the Orban bombardbased on the Orban bombard

IV . Agricultural Revolution of IV . Agricultural Revolution of the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages

A. Technological Innovations and BorrowingsA. Technological Innovations and Borrowings

1. heavy plow1. heavy plow

2. open fields2. open fields

3. modern harness3. modern harness

4. three-field system4. three-field system

5. nailed horse shoe5. nailed horse shoe

B. Development of HusbandryB. Development of Husbandry

Jean Gimpel, Jean Gimpel, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages of the Middle Ages (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976).1976).