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The Many Faces of

PovertyVolume 8

The Many Faces of Poverty: Volume 8Copyright © PEP-CBMS Network Office, 2017

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted in any form or by any means—whether virtual,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Acknowledgements

The publication of this volume has been made possible through the PEP-CBMSNetwork Office based at the Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studiesof De La Salle University-Manila with the aid of a grant from the InternationalDevelopment Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada and the Department for InternationalDevelopment (DFID) of United Kingdom.

Published by De La Salle University Publishing House for the CBMS International Network Coordinating Team

First printing, 2017

Published and distributed byDe La Salle University2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines 0922Tel. No: (632) 524-4611 loc. 271Telefax: (632) 523-4281Emails: [email protected]: http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/offices/publishing-house/default.asp

The De La Salle University Publishing House is the publications officeof De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

Printed in the Philippines

Prepared byCelia M. ReyesAnne Bernadette E. MandapJasminda A. QuilitisSteffie Joi I. CalubayanJezha Lee Z. NabiongRachelle Gladys M. AudarVincent Brylle W. BiñasEva Salve T. BacudJoshua D. Moreto

CONTENTS

Foreword

Introduction

Explanatory Text

The Many Faces of Poverty

Province of Albay

City of Balanga

City of Candon

Province of Marinduque

i

City of Marikina

City of Parañaque

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3

9

87

135

167

199

231

CONTENTS

City of Valenzuela263

FOREWORDThe official poverty monitoring system (PMS) in the Philippines relies mainly on family income and

expenditure surveys. Information on other aspects of well-being is generally obtained from demographicand health surveys, national population and housing censuses, labor force survey, and others. However,these surveys and censuses are (i) too costly to be replicated frequently; (ii) conducted at different timeperiods, making it impossible to get a comprehensive profile of the different socio-demographic groups ofinterest at a specific point in time; and (iii) have sampling designs that do not usually correspond to thegeographical disaggregation needed by local government units (LGUs). In addition, the implementation ofthe decentralization policy, which devolves to LGUs the function of delivering basic services, creates greaterdemand for data at the local level.

The Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) seeks to address these gaps by providing data atthe local level appropriate for diagnosing the cause and extent of local poverty, formulating appropriatepolicies and programs, identifying eligible beneficiaries for targeted programs, and assessing the impact ofpolicies and programs. It also supports the decentralization process by capacitating the LGUs to collect,analyze, and use the data in local planning, budgeting, and program implementation to achieve the sustainabledevelopment goals (SDGs).

This eighth volume of statistical tables and poverty maps of provinces and cities generated throughthe CBMS methodology represents part of a series of publications resulting from the collaboration betweenthe CBMS Network Coordinating Team and its partner-LGUs. These partnerships have been in place forseveral years now, and these partner-LGUs are finally enjoying the fruits of their hard labor.

The CBMS poverty maps will identify who and where the poor are as they provide a comprehensivepicture of the different faces of poverty in different parts of the country. They will also aid in identifying themost pressing needs of the community, assist in prioritizing interventions to address these needs, andfacilitate the targeting of programs for those who need the assistance most.

This volume features the provinces of Albay and Marinduque and the cities of Balanga, Candon,Marikina, Paranaque and Valenzuela. Since 2013, we have used mobile technology to fast-track thegeneration of CBMS results in order to serve as timely inputs in local development planning and budgeting.The CBMS Accelerated Poverty Profiling (APP) is an organized , systematic, and efficient use of the latestinformation and communication technology tools, and the standard CBMS instruments for data collection,processing, and poverty mapping and data management instruments.

The work leading to the publication of this book owes much to the unwavering support and commitmentof our partners both at the local and national levels. We have worked hand-in-hand with them in consolidatingdatabases and validating our survey findings. And now, with their consent, we are sharing their data to awide range of CBMS stakeholders all over the country – indeed a glowing testament of their dedication tomake their development planning processes more efficient and effective! We are grateful to all our partnerLGUs, national government agencies, non-government organizations, donors and other development partnersfor making this possible.

It is hoped that this publication will provide the necessary data to facilitate evidence-based decision-making toward improving local governance and reducing poverty and inequality in the country.

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The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 8)

CELIA M. REYESCBMS Network Team Leader

FOREWORD

INTRODUCTION


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1 Decentralization in the Philippines: Strengthening Local Government Financing and Resource Management in the Short-Term, 2005 (A joint document of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank).

Table 1. Internal Revenue Allotment of LocalGovernment Units, 2013–2016

Year2016

2015

2014

2013

TOTALAve. per yearSource: DBM

Amount(in P billion)

428.6

389.9

341.6

302.3

1,462.4365.6

INTRODUCTIONConsidered a foremost legislation that ushered in a new era of local governance, the Local Government

Code (LGC) of 1991 has paved the way not only for greater autonomy but also for increased expenditureresponsibility and revenue authority of local government units.

Since then, the local government units (LGUs) have assumed a greater role in local governmentmanagement and service delivery. The devolution is substantial not only in the magnitude of responsibilitiesthat were shifted to LGUs but also in the amount of resources at their disposal to effectively discharge thedevolved functions. Today, LGUs have access to multiple revenue sources, chief of which is their share in thenational internal revenues—the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA). For the period 2013-2016, the average IRAper year is P365.6 billion (see Table 1).

While experts agree that local governments are not awash with cash, the P1462.4 billion worth of IRAthat the LGUs have received over the 4-year period is certainly a big amount. This underscores the importanceof making sure that LGUs are equipped with the right tools, systems, and procedures to ensure the effective useof these public financial resources. One way to do this is by providing them access to comprehensivesocioeconomic data, on the basis of which they can craft their development plans and budgets.

Statistical Issues and Concerns at the Subnational Level

With decentralization, the types of data demanded by a wide range of users—policymakers, programimplementers, civil society, and others—are changing. Data disaggregated to correspond to the different levelsof government are needed by LGUs to adequately assess their local situation. Moreover, longitudinal data areneeded to track welfare changes over time. Household-level data are also needed to identify eligiblebeneficiaries of different programs.

In 2005, 14 years after the LGC enactment, the Asian Development Bank-World Bank released a reporthighlighting statistical issues and concerns at the subnational level. It said: "The most comprehensive andconsistent comparative subnational data is at the regional level although this is simply an administrative levelof government that has no responsibilities for delivery of social services. More data is gradually becomingavailable at the provincial level, but not at lower levels, which are at the frontline of efforts to reduce poverty.”1

Local Poverty Monitoring System Rise up to the Challenge

Owing to still unresolved statistical issues and concerns at the subnational level, an increasing number of LGUs allover the country have taken the initiative to adopt and establish the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS).National government agencies have likewise recognized the value of CBMS as a cost-effective tool for variousthematic concerns such as the Millenium Development Goals/Sustainable Development Goals, gender anddevelopment, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM), and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), Bottom-Up Budgeting (BUB), and migration and development, among others.

The CBMS was developed in 1993 to fill in the necessary information for more evidence-based planning andprogram implementation and for monitoring the micro-level impacts of macro policies and shocks particularly onthe most vulnerable groups of the population. CBMS is an organized process of collecting, processing, validatingand use of data for various development concerns. It was designed as a system that can be used and sustained byLGUs over time and facilitates information sharing at each geopolitical level for purposes of better policymakingand program implementation.

Since the early 2000, the implementation and use of CBMS has been supported by policy issuances at the localand national levels. Also, the inclusion of CBMS in the list of projects that can be funded through the BUB funds isa recognition that CBMS is important in facilitating evidence-based decision-making. Some of the policy issuancesare as follows:

o DILG Memorandum Circular 2001-105

Issued in August 2001, the circular enjoins all local chief executives to undertake local programs on povertyreduction and economic transformation and emphasized the need to designate Local Poverty Reduction ActionOfficers (LPRAOs) and to formulate a Local Poverty Reduction Action Plan (LPRAP).

o NAPC En Banc Resolution No. 7Issued in March 2003, the resolution directs LGUs to adopt the 13 core local poverty indicators as the minimum setof community-based information for poverty diagnosis and planning at the local levels and integrate such informationin their local poverty monitoring system and local level action plans and program.

o DILG Memorandum Circular 2003-92Issued in April 2003, it provides policy guidelines for the adoption of the 13 core local poverty indicators for planning.The guidelines shall aid the LGUs in assessing and understanding poverty and its dimensions at the barangays,municipalities, cities and provinces with the end view of formulating an LPRAP and implementing the plans andprograms to reduce poverty.

o DILG Memorandum Circular 2004-152Issued in November 2004, the circular encourages LGUs to intensify efforts in implementing programs, projects andactivities towards the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs).

o NSCB Resolution No. 6, Series of 2005Issued in January 24, 2005, the resolution recognizes the CBMS as a viable and cost efficient system that can be usedto generate the Core Local Poverty Indicators (CLPIs) and ensure uniformity and standardization of CLPI databases ofall LGUs. It further enjoined the NAPC, DILG, other government agencies and LGUs to coordinate with the CBMSInternational Network Coordinating Team towards the fastracking and full implementation of the CBMS.

o League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP) Memorandum Circular 027-2006Issued in June 2006, enjoining all CBMS-implementing municipalities to adopt/sustain the adoption of the CBMS asa tool for local poverty diagnosis and ensure the incorporation of the MDG targets and utilization of CBMS data in theformulation of local development plans.

o SDC Resolution No. 3, Series of 2006Issued on July 19, 2006, the resolution adopts the CBMS as the prescribed monitoring tool for the generation of theCore Local Poverty Indicator Database. It further enjoined the NAPC, DILG, other government agencies and LGUs tocoordinate with the CBMS Network Coordinating Team towards the fast-tracking and full implementation of the CBMS.

o PhilHealth Board Resolution No. 982, S.2007In March 2007, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) adopted the CBMS as the principal source ofdata in identifying indigent families to be enrolled under the sponsorship program of the National Health Insurance

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Program (NHIP). The Program is implemented in partnership with the local government units (LGUs) and PhilHealth.The LGU and the National Government through PhilHealth share the annual premium payment of P1,200 per indigenthousehold to get enrolled.

o League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP) Resolution No. 2011-01Issued in January 28, 2011, urging the Department of Social and Welfare Development (DSWD) and the Departmentof Health (DOH) to adopt the CBMS and other locally-developed poverty monitoring systems as its targeting system inidentifying beneficiaries to the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and the Philhealth Indigent SponsoredProgram

o DBM-DILG-DSWD-NAPC Joint Memorandum Circular No. 1, Series of 2012Issued on March 8, 2012, the joint memorandum circular identifies the collection of relevant economic and socialdata such as those that can be obtained from CBMS, as one of the main components in empowering poor LGUs and inthe bottom-up planning and budgeting approach.

o DILG Memorandum Circular 2012-73Issued on April 17, 2012, the circular provides that the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund can beutilized for disaster prevention and mitigation projects including the implementation of a CBMS with CCA/DRRMindicators.

o DILG Memorandum Circular 2012-142Issued in August 10, 2012, the circular enjoins all local chief executives to utilize the community-based monitoringsystem (CBMS) in planning and project development. It also recommends for the adoption of CBMS to coincide withthe synchronized local planning and budgeting calendar and with the bottom up planning and budgeting preparationcalendar.

o DILG Memorandum Circular 2016-69Issued in May 23, 2016, the circular provides policy guidelines for the implementation of CBMS and capacitydevelopment projects on GAD and DRR-CCA under the FY 2016 Bottom-Up Budgeting (BUB). The guidelines shall aid theLGUs for the efficient and effective execution of subproject components, monitoring, and reporting of projects underthe BUB program.

As of February 2, 2017, CBMS is being implemented in 77 provinces (32 of which are implementing the systemprovince-wide), 903 municipalities, and 79 cities, covering a total of 24,676 barangays. Data generated by CBMShave so far been used in diagnosing the nature and extent of poverty in their localities, identifying appropriateinterventions, identifying eligible beneficiaries of poverty reduction programs, and monitoring the impact of someof these programs.

Parallel with efforts to establish databanks at each geopolitical level, a national repository of CBMS data has alsobeen established at the CBMS Network Office, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) andthe National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC). The national repository aims to facilitate data sharing acrossgovernment agencies, the private sector, donor agencies, and other relevant stakeholders. Specifically, the nationalrepository will (i) facilitate the access and use of the integrated CBMS database by national entities in theiradvocacy work with key decision makers, (ii) support government and non-government funding sources instrengthening evidence-based planning and monitoring and in aligning their interventions to national priorities,and (iii) facilitate the implementation of targeted programs.

Concluding Remarks

Public statistics will increasingly shape public agenda at the local level as more and more LGUs establish their ownmonitoring systems to make their development planning processes more efficient and effective. In this scenario,local poverty monitoring systems such as the CBMS will have an extremely important role to play.

The country's experience with local-level poverty monitoring systems clearly demonstrates that there can be acomprehensive picture of the poverty situation. Very few, if any, national surveys collect information on the differentdimensions of poverty. There is a survey on income and expenditure, another on health, another on education,another on employment, another on nutrition, and others. As the samples and the reference periods are different,there is no comprehensive picture of the poverty status of the population at any point in time. This is where CBMScan make a difference as it addresses these gaps through its set of core indicators relating to the differentdimensions of poverty.

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EXPLANATORY TEXTA. CBMS Core Indicators

The statistical tables and poverty maps presented in this volume pertain to the CBMS Core Indicators(also known as Core Local Poverty Indicators1), which were generated using the CBMS methodology.

The CBMS Core Indicators are a set of carefully selected indicators that capture the multiple dimensionsof poverty. They define the basic criteria for attaining a decent quality of life and correspond to theminimum basic needs covering (a) health, (b) nutrition, (c) housing, (d) water and sanitation, (e) basiceducation, (f) income, (g) employment, and (h) peace and order. Together, these indicators provideinformation not only on how poor a community is, but also on who in the community is poor, and where.

The CBMS Core Indicators are presented in Table 1. Meanwhile, the poverty and food thresholds usedare presented in Table 2.

1 The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) has issued Memorandum Circular 2003-92 (April 2003) toset policy guidelines for the adoption of the 13 core local poverty indicators, for planning and Memoradum Circular 2004-152(November 2004) to encourage LGUs to intensify efforts toward the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs).The latter circular also enjoins LGUs to use monitoring systems such as MBN-CBIS, CBMS, IRAP, etc., to monitor and diagnosethe nature and extent of poverty in their respective localities. CBMS was adopted by the DILG as the data collection andprocessing system for the CLPIMS which was the tool adopted to monitor the MDGs for LGUs.

Box 1. Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS)

The CBMS is an organized way of collecting ongoing or recurring information at the locallevel to be used by local governments, national government agencies, non-governmentorganization (NGOs), and civil society for planning, budgeting, and implementing localdevelopment programs, as well as for monitoring and evaluating their performance. It is a toolfor improved local governance and democratic decision-making that promotes greatertransparency and accountability in resource allocation.

It involves the following steps:

CBMS APP Track

Step 1 Advocacy/organization

Step 2 Data collection, GPS reading, and data transmission

Step 3 Data consolidation, database-building, and poverty mapping

Step 4 Data validation and community consultation

Step 5 Knowledge (database) management

Step 6 Plan formulation

Step 7 Dissemination, implementation, and monitoring

EXPLANATORY TEXT


5

Table 1. CBMS Core Indicators, Formula, and CBMS Composite Index Using Simple Scoring

A. Hea lth 1 Proportion of children under 5 years old who died

Total number of children aged 0 to less than 5 years old who died divided by the sum of (i) total number of children aged 0 to less than 5 years old, and (ii) the total number of child deaths 0 to less than 5 years old

One (1) if the household has a member under 5 years old who died; zero (0) otherwise.

2 Proportion of women who died due to pregnancy related causes

Total number of women who died due to pregnancy related causes divided by the sum of (i) the total number of children less than one year old, and (ii) total number of women who died due to pregnancy related causes

One (1) if the household has a female member who died due to pregnancy-related causes; zero (0) otherwise.

B. Nutrition 3 Proportion of children 0-5 years old who are malnourished

Total number of children aged 0-5 years old who are moderately or severely underweight over total number of children aged 0-5 years old

One (1) if the household has a member 0-5 years old who is malnourished; zero (0) otherwise.

C. Housing 4 Proportion of households living in makeshift housing

Total number of households living in housing with makeshift roof and/or walls over total number of households

One (1) if the household lives in makeshift housing; zero (0) otherwise.

5 Proportion of households who are informal settlers

Total number of households occupying house and/or lots without permission of owner over total number of households

One (1) if the household is an informal settler; zero (0) otherwise.

D. Water and Sanitation

6 Proportion of households without access to safe water supply

Total number of households without access to safe water supply over total number of households

One (1) if the household does not have access to safe water supply; zero (0) otherwise.

7 Proportion of households without access to sanitary toilet facilities

Total number of households without access to water-sealed toilet or closed pit over total number of households

One (1) if the household does not have access to sanitary toilet facilities; zero (0) otherwise.

E. Education 8 Proportion of children 6-11 years old who are not attending elementary school

Total number of children 6-11 years old who are not attending elementary school over total number of children 6-11 years old

9 Proportion of children 12-15 years old who are not attending secondary school

Total number of children 12-15 years old who are not attending secondary school over total number of children 12-15 years old

8-9 Proportion of children 6-15 years old who are not attending school

Total number of children 6-15 years old who are not attending school over total number of children 6-15 years old

One (1) if the household has a member 6-15 years old not attending school; zero (0) otherwise.

F. Income 10 Proportion of households with income below the poverty threshold

Total number of households with income below the poverty threshold over total number of households

One (1) if the household has a per capita income below poverty threshold; zero (0) otherwise.

11 Proportion of households with income below the food threshold

Total number of households with income below the food (subsistence) threshold over total number of households

One (1) if the household has a per capita income below food threshold; zero (0) otherwise.

12 Proportion of households who experienced hunger due to food shortage

Total number of households who experienced food shortage over total number of households

One (1) if the household has experienced food shortage; zero (0) otherwise.

G. Employment 13 Proportion of persons in the labor force who are unemployed

Total number of persons aged 15 and above who are not working over total number of labor force*

One (1) if the household has unemployed member/s; zero (0) otherwise.

H. Peace and Order

14 Proportion of persons who are vict ims of crimes

Total number of persons who are victims of crimes over total population

One (1) if the household has victim/s of crime; zero (0) otherwise.

CBMS Composite Indicator

Average number of deprivations

Sum of deprivations of households over total number of households

Sum of the scores (number of deprivations) of the 13 indicators.

BASIC NEEDS CORE INDICATORS Computation/Formula Simple Scoring

B. CBMS Methodology

The CBMS is an organized processing of collecting, processing, validating and use of information and isbeing implemented using structured instruments and training modules. One of the primary objectives ofthe CBMS is to generate data to diagnose the extent and causes of poverty, formulate appropriate plansand programs,identify eligible beneficiaries and assess the impacts of policies and programs.

Data used in this report is a by-product of the CBMS implementation by the LGUs featured in this volume.In particular, primary data was generated using the CBMS Accelerated Poverty Profiling (APP)2 tools includingthe CBMS Scan and PORTAL (using android gadgets and ICT for data collection), the CBMS StatSim (dataprocessing) and Quantum GIS (QGIS)3 for poverty mapping.

Primary data collection was done through the conduct of a household census administered by trained localenumerators and field coordinators using the standard CBMS APP modules and instruments (householdprofile questionnaires and barangay profile questionnaires). Data from the census operations aretransmitted and stored in a CBMS PORTAL and are likewise established at the databanks at the LGU-level.

C. Authority of the CBMS Census

In 2005, the Philippine Statisical Authority (formerly National Statistical Coordination Board) has issuedResolution No. 6, which recognizes and enjoins support to the CBMS as a tool for strengthening thestatistical system at the local level. It also directs the PSA Technical Staff to initiate and coordinate an

Table 2. Poverty and Food Thresholds

2 See CBMS APP details from the CBMS Network website at https://www.pep-net.org/cbms-network-launches-cbms-app

3 Since 2013, the CBMS Mapping System under the CBMS PAPER and CBMS APP Tracks uses Quantum GIS (QGIS)

LGU Reference YearPoverty Threshold Food Threshold

ALBAY

2013201420152016

MARINDUQUE

2013201420152016

BALANGA

CANDON

MARIKINA

Urban Rural Urban Rural

2013201420152016

201420152016

20152016

PARAÑAQUE 20152016

VALENZUELA 20152016

20,31522,03723,10023,06018,64120,32720,77021,296

20,48621,83624,98225,787

23,54123,37523,962

22,13625,007

25,00725,945

22,13625,007

19,06920,68521,75221,71417,72419,32619,72220,221

19,38120,65923,63024,392

22,74922,53523,101

22,13625,007

25,00725,945

22,13625,007

14,18915,39216,13116,10713,02014,19714,50414,874

14,30815,25117,44518,011

16,44216,32316,736

15,46117,462

17,46218,121

15,46117,462

13,31914,44715,18915,16612,37913,49913,77214,123

13,53714,42916,50117,036

15,88915,73616,135

15,46117,462

17,46218,121

15,46117,462

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advocacy program for the adoption of the CBMS by the LGUs, through the Regional Statistical CoordinationCommittees (RSCCs), the technical arm of the Executive Board in the regions. The PSA has also approvedthe 2015 CBMS Questionnaire (PSA Approval No.DILG1540-01 and DILG-1540-02).

D. CBMS Census Operations

All census operations were undertaken under the supervision of the CBMS Technical Working Groups(TWGs) at the City Levels. They identified the local personnel who were trained as enumerators and fieldcoordinators. Technical assistance was provided by the PEP-CBMS Network Office and the Department ofthe Interior and Local Government (DILG).

Training is mainly conducted at two levels. The first level training (Training of Trainors) is conducted formembers of the TWGs. This is conducted by a pool of CBMS Accredited Trainers from the DILG . Meanwhile,a second level training (Training of Enumerators) is conducted for enumerators--usually composed ofbarangay health workers and students. Members of the TWG act as trainors in this training.

E. Data Processing System

The CBMS Statistics Simulator (CBMS STATSIM) was developed by the CBMS International NetworkCoordinating Team to process the data from the CBMS census. It is designed to automatically computeand generate tables containing the 13+1 core indicators of poverty, the MDG indicators, and DRRM-related indicators, among others.

Poverty maps are generated using the Quantum GIS (QGIS). QGIS is capable of creating and storing spatial(shapefiles) and non-spatial (texts and numbers) data as well as generating maps, reports and graphsideal for presentation and analysis of poverty attributes in the community. This has significantly addressedthe need for a simple yet powerful and free geographically-oriented database.

These systems can be accessed and are being provided by the CBMS Network for free to CBMS APPimplementing LGUs in the country.

E. CBMS Poverty Maps

The poverty map for each indicator is prepared at the province and/or city level. A simple color scheme isused for the poverty maps. Green, light green, pink and red represents the four ranges of data for eachindicator. Shades of green indicate performance better than the province and/or city average while shadesof red indicate performance worse than the province and/or city average. Each indicator, however, used adifferent range relative to the province and/or city data. Meanwhile, gray is used to indicate that the CBMSdata for the particular LGU is not included and/or available.

F. Dimensions of Poverty

There are ten (10) dimensions of poverty being considered in CBMS namely, health, nutrition, housing,tenure, water, sanitation, education, income, job, and security. From the 13 core indicators, one indicatoris selected to determine whether a household is poor in a particular dimension. The dimensions of povertyare presented in Table 3.

G. Limitations of the Data

Estimates on poverty and subsistence incidence may be affected by under-and/or over-reporting of incomeor reluctance on the part of the respondents to reveal their true levels of income. As in other censuses andsurveys, the CBMS enumerators may also have encountered interview non-response and item non-response.

Table 3. Dimensions of Poverty

Dimension Indicator Poverty Status

Health Proportion of children under 5 yearsold who died

If household has at least one child under 5years old who died, then the household isconsidered health poor

Nutrition Proportion of children 0-5 years oldwho are malnourished

If household has at least one child 0-5 yearsold who are malnourished, then thehousehold is considered nutrition poor

Housing Proportion of households living inmakeshift housing

If household is living in makeshifthousing, then the household isconsidered housing poor

Tenure Proportion of households who areinformal settlers

If household is an informal settler, then thehousehold is considered tenure poor

Water Proportion of households withoutaccess to safe water supply

If household has no access to safe watersupply, then the household is consideredwater poor

Sanitation Proportion of households withoutaccess to sanitary toilet facilities

If household has no access to sanitary toiletfacilities, then the household is consideredsanitation poor

Education Proportion of children 6-15 years oldwho are not attending school

If household has at least one child 6-15 yearsold who is not attending school, then thehousehold is considered education poor

Income Proportion of households withincome below the food threshold

If the per capita income of the household isbelow the the food threshold, then thehousehold is considered income poor

Job Proportion of persons in the laborforce who are unemployed

If household has at least one unemployedmember, then the household isconsidered job poor

Security Proportion of persons who arevictims of crime

If household has at least one member whohas been a victim of crime, then thehousehold is considered security poor

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Republic of the PhilippinesCITY OF MARIKINA

Message

Poverty alleviation is a common challenge confronted by local governmentunits, particularly in the urban centers. It is an age-old problem that requires criticaland comprehensive planning and decision-making.

The adoption of the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) as acensus tool has enabled our city to develop and pursue information-based povertyinterventions. It has given us a compass in identifying precisely who and where ourclientele are, and what their particular needs and even the complexities of theircircumstances are.

I am pleased to note the publication of poverty maps and statistical tablesby the CBMS generated by participating LGUs. I hope that this document will spurinterest of other towns and cities to adopt CBMS in their efforts to effectivelyaddress poverty. It needs no amplification to say that the best measure of successin community management is the improvement in the socio-economic status of the marginalized members of society.While poverty is an inevitable development concern for those in governance, I believe that given the correct approachand interventions, it can be licked.

The city is one with you in your meaningful endeavors.

Mabuhay po kayo!

MARCELINO TEODOROCity Mayor

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The Many Faces of Poverty inthe City of Marikina

POPULATION

The City of Marikina has a total population of 263,073 covering 54,141 householdsThe CBMS census in 2015 covered all 16 barangays in the city. It has a total population of 263,073 where 49.2 percentare male and 50.8 percent are female in 54,141 households. Barangay Malanday has the largest population with35,557 members (or 13.5 %) in 7,335 households, followed by Barangay Tumana with 33,086 members (or 12.6 %) in6,758 households.

HEALTH AND NUTRITIONOne in every 1000 children under the age of five diedAround 0.1 percent of children under the age of 5 died duringthe reference period. This corresponds to a total of 15 childdeaths among children, zero to four years old, in the city ofMarikina. Further, the estimate of child deaths among girlsand boys is equal at 0.1 percent. Barangay Santo Niñoreported the highest proportion of child deaths amongchildren zero to four years old at 0.4 percent, followed byBarangay Concepcion Dos at 0.2 percent. Meanwhile,Barangay Tumana, with 6 cases, placed second in terms ofthe number of child deaths.

No pregnant woman died due to pregnancy-related causesThe results of the CBMS census in Marikina revealed that no pregnant women aged 15-49 died due to pregnancy-related causes during the reference period.


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Three in every 1000 children aged zero to five yearswere malnourishedAbout 0.3 percent or 104 children zero to five yearsold were classified as moderately or severelyunderweight in the city. This corresponds to 3malnourished children for every 1000 children, fiveyears old and below. Malnutrition prevalence amongboys at 0.4 percent was higher than girls at 0.3 percent.Barangay Tañong recorded the highest prevalence ofmalnutrition at 1.1 percent, followed by Santo Niñoand Jesus De La Peña, both at 1 percent. On the otherhand, Barangay Nangka and Santo Niño recorded thehighest number of malnourished children at 16 caseseach. This is followed by Tumana at 15 cases andFortune at 11 cases.

HOUSINGAbout 2.3 percent of households were living in makeshift housing while 11.1 percent were informal settlersThe 2015 CBMS data showed that about 2 in every 100 households in the city were living in makeshift housing. Thehighest proportion of households living in makeshift housing was observed in Barangay Tumana at 6 percent which isequivalent to 404 households. This is followed by Kalumpang at 5.7 percent or 100 households and Santo Niño at 3.5percent or 121 households.

In terms of tenure status, 11 in every 100 households in the city were considered as informal settlers. This correspondsto 6,014 informal settler households. Barangay Tumana reported the highest proportion and number of informalsettlers at 69.2 percent or 4,674 households. In terms of proportion, Barangay Barangka placed second at 6.3 percentfollowed by Kalumpang at 4.6 percent.

WATER AND SANITATIONAround 0.1 percent of the households have no access to safe water supply and only 6 households have no access tosanitary toilet facilitiesBased on the results of the CBMS census, about 0.1 percent or 1 in every 1000 households in the city had no access tosafe water supply. Barangay Santo Niño had the worst condition in terms of water accessibility as 1.5 percent of itshouseholds were reported to have no access to safe water supply during the census period. This translates to 51households without access to safe water supply. Barangay San Roque ranked second in terms of the proportion of

202


households without access to safe water supply at 0.2 percent. Disaggregated data further revealed that no barangay inthe city was "waterless" . In fact, all households in 10 of the 16 barangays reported to have access to safe water supply.

Meanwhile, only 6 households in Marikina reported to have no access to sanitary toilet facilities. Barangay ConcepcionUno reported the highest number of sanitation-poor households with 3 cases. Meanwhile, Tumana, Malanday, andNangka reported one case each of household who have no access to sanitary toilet facilities. Moreover, all householdsin 12 barangays in Marikina reported to have access to sanitary toilet facilities.

1 “Waterless” barangays refer to barangays with less than 50 percent safe water supply coverage, as defined by the SALINTUBIGProgram of the Department of Health (DOH).


203

BASIC EDUCATIONAbout 2 in every 100 children 6 to15 years old were notattending schoolResults of the census show that 6.4 percent of children 6-11 years old are not attending elementary school while 23.4percent of children 12-15 years old were not attending highschool during the census period. However, the proportion ofout-of-school children among those 6-15 years old is lowerat 2.2 percent. This means that 2 in every 100 children 6-15 years old were not attending school regardless ofeducation level. Further, results revealed that the proportionof out-of-school children among boys (2.7%) is highercompared to girls (1.6%). Barangay Tumana, at 3.2 percentor 226 cases, had the highest proportion and number ofchildren aged 6-15 years who were not attending school. Itis followed by Santo Niño at 2.5 percent or 78 children. Interms of magnitude, Barangay Malanday ranked second with a total of 163 children 6-15 years old who were not inschool during the reference period.

INCOME AND LIVELIHOODAround 14 in every 100 households were living belowthe poverty thresholdAround 14 percent of the households in the City ofMarikina were considered income poor whichtranslates to around 14 in every 100 households withno sufficient income to satisfy their basic food andnon-food needs. Barangay Santo Niño recorded thehighest proportion of income poverty at 27.5 percentor 956 households. This is followed by Jesus De LaPeña at 26.9 percent or 293 households and SantaElena at 18.7 percent or 167 households. In terms ofmagnitude, Malanday with a total of 1,356 households placed first.

About 8 in every 100 households have no sufficientincome to satisfy their food needsThe CBMS data also showed that 7.8 percent of thehouseholds in the city were living below the foodthreshold during the reference period. This means that8 in every 100 households have no sufficient income tosatisfy their basic food needs during the reference period.Subsistence incidence was most prevalent in BarangaySanto Niño where 21.2 percent of the households werefood poor. This is followed by Barangay Jesus De La Peñaat 19.4 percent and Santa Elena at 13.5 percent. Onthe other hand, Malanday reported the highest numberof food poor families where 767 households have nosufficient income to satisfy their food needs.

204


About 0.1 percent of households have experiencedhunger due to food shortageAround 1 in every 1000 households suffered fromhunger during the three-month period before thecensus. Barangay Santo Niño reported the highestprevalence of hunger at 0.7 percent or 24household cases followed by Concepcion Uno at0.4 percent or 17 cases. Meanwhile, 12 out of the16 barangays in the city have no recorded cases ofhunger due to food shortage.

Unemployment rate in the city was recorded at 8.9percentOf the 93,131 members of the labor force aged15 and above, about 8.9 percent or 8,270individuals were unemployed during the censusperiod. Results further showed that theunemployment rate among females at 8.2 percentis lower than males at 9.3 percent. BarangayIndustrial Valley recorded the highest proportionof unemployed members at 13 percent or 339individuals. In terms of magnitude, Malandayranked first with 1,225 unemployed members or9.9 percent followed by Concepcion Uno with 767unemployed members.

PEACE AND ORDERSixty-eight individuals reported to be victims of crimeA total of 68 individuals reported to be victims of crime in the City of Marikina. Barangay Santo Niño reported the highestnumber of crime victims with 40 cases followed by Concepcion Uno with 11 cases. It is also worth noting that 5 of the16 barangays in the city have no reported victims of crime.

CBMS COMPOSITE INDEXHouseholds in the City of Marikina suffered from about one deprivation2 on the averageThe city recorded a CBMS composite index (CCI) of 0.5. This means that, on the average, households in the City ofMarikina were not able to meet the 13 basic needs and suffered from about one deprivation. For instance, householdsin Tumana (CCI of 1.1) were not able to meet 1 of the 13 basic needs, on the average.

2 The deprivations are based on the 13+1 indicators: (1) children 0-4 years old who died; 2) women who died due to pregnancy-related causes; (3) malnourished children 0-5 years old; (4) households living in makeshift housing ; 5) households who are informalsettlers; (6) households without access to safe water supply; (7) households without access to sanitary toilet facilities; (8) children 6-15years old not in school; (9) households with income below the poverty threshold; (10) households with income below the food threshold;(11) households that experienced food shortage; (12) unemployment; and (13) victims of crime. A high er index would mean moredeprivation and hence, worse condition for the households.


205

3 From the 13 CBMS core indicators, one indicator is selected to determine whether a household is poor in a particular dimension:1) children aged 0-4 years old who died for health, 2) malnourished children 0-5 years old for nutrition, 3) households living in makeshifthouses for housing, 4) households who are informal settlers for tenure, 5) households without access to safe water supply for water, 6)households without access to sanitary toilet facilities for sanitation, 7) children aged 6-15 years not In school for education, 8)households with income below the food threshold for income, 9) unemployment for job, and 10) victims of crime for security.

DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY3

In the City of Marikina, around 30.9 percent of households werepoor in at least one dimension. In particular, it was observed thatabout 26.2 percent of the households were poor in one dimensionwhile 4.2 percent were poor in 2 dimensions. Meanwhile, lessthan one percent of the households were poor in 3 dimensions.

Number ofDimensions

Proportion ofHouseholds

12345

Total 30.9

26.24.20.40.00.0

DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY IN THE CITY OF MARIKINA

0.1 0.32.3

11.10.10.02.27.8

8.90.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0Health Poor

Nutrition Poor

Housing Poor

Tenure Poor

Water Poor

Sanitation Poor

Education Poor

Income Poor

Job Poor

Security Poor

206



207

The Many Faces of Povertyin the City of Marikina

INDICATOR

DEMOGRAPHYPopulationAverage household sizeChildren under 1 year oldChildren under 5 years oldChildren 0-5 years oldChildren 6-11 years oldMembers 12-15 years oldMembers 6-15 years oldMembers 10 years old and aboveMembers of the labor force

HEALTH AND NUTRITIONChildren under 5 years old who diedWomen who died due to pregnancy related-causesMalnourished children 0-5 years old

HOUSINGHouseholds living in makeshift housingHouseholds who are informal settlers

WATER AND SANITATIONHouseholds without access to safe water supplyHouseholds without access to sanitary toilet facilities

BASIC EDUCATIONChildren 6-11 years old not attending elementary schoolChildren 12-15 years old not attending high schoolChildren 6-15 years old not attending school

INCOME AND LIVELIHOODHouseholds with income below poverty thresholdHouseholds with income below food thresholdHouseholds who experienced hunger due to food shortageUnemployment rate (15 years old and above)

PEACE AND ORDERVictims of crime

Magnitude Proportion

Households Population

CBMS Core Indicators, City of Marikina, 2015

ProportionMagnitude

4,998 24,752 29,918 29,228 20,261 49,489

213,500 93,131

263,073

150

104

0.10

0.3

68 0.0

8,270 8.9

CBMS Composite Indicator, City of Marikina, 2015

CBMS Composite IndicatorAverage

0.5

7,580 4,248

50

14.07.80.1

2,163 4,739 1,077

7.423.4

2.2

54,141 5

1,236 6,014

606

2.311.1

0.10.0

208


Total Number of Households and Population, by Barangay, City of Marikina, 2015

Barangay Total households Total population

10,032 8,308

22,616 5,144

35,557 27,214 20,871 9,163 4,296 16,513 5,390

10,408 21,095 7,197

26,183 33,086

BarangkaKalumpangConcepcion UnoJesus De La PeñaMalandayNangkaParangSan RoqueSanta Elena (Pob.)Santo NiñoTañongConcepcion DosMarikina Heights (Concepcion)Industrial ValleyFortuneTumana

2,209 1,755 4,830 1,089 7,335 5,430 4,415 1,985 893

3,481 1,133 2,090 3,977 1,527 5,234 6,758

Total malepopulation

Total femalepopulation

4,931 4,011

11,005 2,547

17,611 13,664 10,192 4,371 2,095 8,076 2,640 4,773

10,262 3,532

13,054 16,680

5,101 4,297

11,611 2,597

17,946 13,550 10,679 4,792 2,201 8,437 2,750 5,635

10,833 3,665

13,129 16,402


209

CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Marikina

Map 1. Proportion of Children under 5 Years Old who Died, by Barangay, 2015

Bottom 5 Barangays

Santo NiñoConcepcion DosConcepcion UnoBarangkaTumana

0.40.20.10.10.1

6 1 2 1 4

Barangay Magnitude Proportion

210


Map 2. Proportion of Women who Died Due to Pregnancy-Related Causes,by Barangay, 2015



211

Map 3. Proportion of Children 0-5 Years Old who are Malnourished,by Barangay, 2015


Bottom 11 Barangays

TañongSanto NiñoJesus De La PeñaSanta Elena (Pob.)San RoqueConcepcion DosKalumpangNangkaConcepcion UnoTumanaFortune

6 16 5 3 6 4 4

16 6

15 11

1.11.01.00.80.70.50.50.50.30.30.3


212


Table 1. Health and Nutrition Indicators, by Barangay, City of Marikina, 2015

Barangay Number ofchildren

(0-5 years old)

Malnourished children(0-5 years old)

Proportion

Children under 5years oldwho died

Number ofchildren(under

1 year old)

Women deaths due topregnancy-related causes

Magnitude Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion

Number ofchildren(under

5 years old)

873 657

1,830 416

3,642 2,660 1,854 702 302

1,346 434 647

2,020 774

2,755 3,840

1,107 780

2,209 498

4,389 3,198 2,244 841 378

1,630 537 773

2,448 922

3,344 4,620

24657

16163

166420

1115

0.20.50.31.00.20.50.00.70.81.01.10.50.10

0.30.3

1020010006010004

0.10

0.100

0.0000

0.40

0.2000

0.1

0000000000000000

0000000000000000

1551283507771351338914661

280100120391174602799



213


Map 4. Proportion of Households Living in Makeshift Housing, by Barangay, 2015


Bottom 10 Barangays

TumanaKalumpangSanto NiñoSan RoqueNangkaMarikina Heights (Concepcion)Santa Elena (Pob.)ParangConcepcion UnoFortune

404 100 121 49

113 75 16 66 70 75

6.05.73.52.52.11.91.81.51.41.4

214


Map 5. Proportion of Households who are Informal Settlers, by Barangay, 2015



Bottom 10 Barangays

TumanaBarangkaKalumpangTañongFortuneMalandaySanto NiñoNangkaParangMarikina Heights (Concepcion)

4,674 140 80 51

210 288 122 174 104 87

69.26.34.64.54.03.93.53.22.42.2


215


Map 6. Proportion of Households without Access to Safe Water Supplyby Barangay, 2015

Bottom 6 Barangays


Santo NiñoSan RoqueSanta Elena (Pob.)MalandayBarangkaConcepcion Dos

51 4 1 2 1 1

1.50.20.10.00.00.0

216


Map 7. Proportion of Households without Access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities,by Barangay, 2015


Bottom 4 Barangays

Concepcion UnoMalandayTumanaNangka

3 1 1 1

0.10.00.00.0



217

Table 2. Housing, Water and Sanitation Indicators, by Barangay, City of Marikina, 2015

Households living inmakeshift housing

Households who areinformal settlers

Households without access to safewater supply

Households without access tosanitary toilet facilities

Barangay

ProportionProportion Proportion Proportion Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

12100709

99113664916

121108

759

75404

0.55.71.40.81.32.11.52.51.83.50.90.41.90.61.46.0

14080262

288174104190

1225136871

2104,674

6.34.60.50.23.93.22.41.00

3.54.51.72.20.14.0

69.2

10002004151010000

0.0000

0.000

0.20.11.50

0.00000

0030110000000001

00

0.10

0.00.0000000000

0.0


218


Map 8. Proportion of Children 6-11 years old Not Attending ElementarySchool, by Barangay, 2015



Bottom 9 Barangays

TumanaSanta Elena (Pob.)NangkaSanto NiñoIndustrial ValleyConcepcion UnoMalandayFortuneSan Roque

373 34

242 137 68 178 315 223 60

8.88.17.97.87.87.77.57.16.9


219


Map 9. Proportion of Children 12-15 years old Not Attending High School,by Barangay, 2015

Bottom 9 Barangays


TumanaFortuneNangkaMarikina Heights (Concepcion)MalandayConcepcion DosParangSanto NiñoSanta Elena (Pob.)

893 573 589 343 641 143 320 273 61

32.427.227.023.422.221.120.920.219.2

220


Map 10. Proportion of Children 6-15 years old Not Attending School,by Barangay, 2015


Bottom 10 Barangays


TumanaSanto NiñoFortuneNangkaMalandaySanta Elena (Pob.)San RoqueConcepcion UnoIndustrial Valley

226 78

125 123 163 17 31 79 27

3.22.52.42.42.32.32.12.01.9


221

Table 3. Education Indicators, by Barangay, City of Marikina, 2015

Number ofchildren

(6-11 years old)

Children not attendingelementary school

(6-11 years old)

Number ofchildren

(12-15 years old)

Children not attending highschool

(12-15 years old)

Number ofchildren

(6-15 years old)

Children notattending school(6-15 years old)

Barangay

Magnitude Magnitude MagnitudeProportion Proportion Proportion

997 824

2,325 534

4,209 3,046 2,266 870 420

1,751 595 879

2,258 873

3,120 4,261

683817834

3152421476034

1373360

15368

223373

6.84.67.76.47.57.96.56.98.17.85.56.86.87.87.18.8

724 604

1,661 398

2,891 2,185 1,532 623 317

1,349 427 678

1,466 541

2,110 2,755

1261083116964158932011361

27380

14334396

573893

17.417.918.717.322.227.020.918.119.220.218.721.123.417.727.232.4

1,721 1,428 3,986 932

7,100 5,231 3,798 1,493 737

3,100 1,022 1,557 3,724 1,414 5,230 7,016

30147915

1631235931177813275027

125226

1.71.02.01.62.32.41.62.12.32.51.31.71.31.92.43.2


222



Map 11. Proportion of Households with Income Below the Poverty Threshold,by Barangay, 2015


Bottom 10 Barangays

Santo NiñoJesus De La PeñaSanta Elena (Pob.)MalandayTañongIndustrial ValleyParangKalumpangMarikina Heights (Concepcion)Tumana

956 293 167

1,356 192 257 703 256 534 874

27.526.918.718.516.916.815.914.613.412.9


223

Map 12. Proportion of Households with Income Below the Food Threshold,by Barangay, 2015



Bottom 10 Barangays

Santo NiñoJesus De La PeñaSanta Elena (Pob.)TañongMalandayIndustrial ValleyKalumpangParangMarikina Heights (Concepcion)Tumana

737 211 121 121 767 152 160 379 319 410

21.219.413.510.710.510.09.18.68.06.1

224


Map 13. Proportion of Households who Experienced Hunger due to FoodShortage, by Barangay, 2015


Bottom 4 Barangays

Santo NiñoConcepcion UnoBarangkaSan Roque

24 17 6 3

0.70.40.30.2



225

Households with income below thepoverty threshold

Households with income below thefood threshold

Households who experienced hungerdue to food shortage

Table 4. Income Poverty and Hunger Indicators, by Barangay, City of Marikina, 2015

Barangay

Magnitude Magnitude MagnitudeProportion Proportion Proportion

266 256 374 293

1,356 553 703 166 167 956 192 97

534 257 536 874

12.014.67.7

26.918.510.215.98.4

18.727.516.94.6

13.416.810.212.9

12016018321176723137964

12173712140

319152233410

5.49.13.8

19.410.54.38.63.2

13.521.210.71.98.0

10.04.56.1

601700003024000000

0.30

0.40000

0.20

0.7000000


226


Map 14. Unemployment Rate (15 years old and above), by Barangay, 2015



Bottom 10 Barangays

Industrial ValleySan RoqueKalumpangParangJesus De La PeñaMalandayConcepcion UnoTañongMarikina Heights (Concepcion)Santo Niño

339 432 322 766 196

1,225 767 184 709 535

13.012.110.510.410.29.99.89.79.08.9


227

Map 15. Proportion of Persons who are Victims of Crime, by Barangay, 2015



Bottom 10 Barangays

Santo NiñoJesus De La PeñaConcepcion UnoTumanaSan RoqueSanta Elena (Pob.)KalumpangNangkaParangMarikina Heights (Concepcion)

40 3

11 4 3 2 1 1 1 1

0.20.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

228


Table 5. Unemployment and Victims of Crime Indicators, by Barangay, City of Marikina, 2015

Unemployment rate(15 years old and above)

Persons who arevictims of crimes

Number of personsin the labor force

(15 years old and above)

Barangay

ProportionProportion MagnitudeMagnitude

3,519 3,059 7,862 1,914 12,412 9,568 7,393 3,580 1,561 6,010 1,890 4,272 7,840 2,607 8,941

10,703

285 322 767 196

1,225 720 766 432 99

535 184 243 709 339 698 750

8.110.59.8

10.29.97.5

10.412.16.38.99.75.79.0

13.07.87.0

01

11301132

40001014

00.00.00.10

0.00.00.00.00.200

0.00

0.00.0



229

Map 16. CBMS Composite Indicator, by Barangay, 2015


Bottom 10 Barangays

TumanaSanto NiñoJesus De La PeñaKalumpangMalandayTañongIndustrial ValleySanta Elena (Pob.)ParangMarikina Heights (Concepcion)

1.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

Barangay Average

230


Table 6. CBMS Composite Indicator, by Barangay, City of Marikina, 2015

Barangay CBMS Composite Indicator


0.40.50.30.60.50.30.40.30.50.70.50.20.40.50.31.1

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