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376

order of probability with respect tosome of the chronic diseases, then dra-matic breakthroughs in their elimina-tion are not to be expected.

Control of the factors which exacer-bate disease brings us to the second ofRogers' challenges. Will knowledge ofthe values and goals of societies or sub-sets of societies lead to public healthpolicies congruent with these goals andvalues? I doubt it. Controversies overfluoridation, pollution, cigarette adver-tising, and a number of other prob-lems, some of which were mentionedby Rogers, suggest that the goalsand values at different levels of so-ciety (individual, family, and variouslevels of government) and among variousgroups in society (corporations, pro-fessional groups, and so forth) areoften basically incompatible. In ademocratic society, the multiple al-legiance of individuals to a numberof these groups is probably one ofthe basic deterrents to the war ofall against all. Health values and goalsoccupy a variable position in thislabyrinth of value and organizationalstructures. The result may be a unique-ness of each type of health problemwhich prevents one from developing anoverall rational health plan.

There is little doubt that medicalsociologists have much to contributeand could make their findings morerelevant to clinical medicine and publichealth. And the pessimism expressedabove does not mean that one shouldnot try to accomplish the ends outlinedby Rogers. However, as every good sci-entist knows, one must be prepared forfailure.

LEON S. ROBERTSONMedical Care Researchl Unit,Harvard Medical School,83 Francis Str-eet,Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Rogers is concerned that publichealth and medical sociology are frus-trated in the absence of a "holisticecological concept of human organiza-tion." Sociology has been, and still re-mains, primarily an investigative field.It has filled libraries with detailed de-scriptions (sometimes mathematical) ofhow man acts or interacts in given situ-ations. The point is, however, that ithas never developed a conceptual re-sponsibility of action. It has never setfor itself the practical goal of how manshould change as part of action to effectchange. A "holistic ecological conceptof human organization" is a nice aca-demic formulation. In practice, it is

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SCIENCE, VOL. 160

quite titopian. What is needed is ahuman ecology that is action-oriented-that puts practice as primary. In thiscontext public health fundamentally ispractice. The philosophy will emergeonly from the experience of action.

ILEO KARTMAN199 Bel Mar A venue, No. 39,DalY City, California 94015

Medical Research:

Fragmented or Goal-Oriented

I agree with Leaf ("Government.medical research, and education.' 9Feb., p. 604) that, in our rush to fundincreased application of medical re-search, we should not allow fuLnding ofbasic and applied medical research tofalter. Not only nmLust this research coIml-pete increasinglv with other welfareprograms. but it becomes increasin^lvexpensive as it becomes mlore and morecomplex and detailed; hence the fundingshouLld probably accelerate

Leaf's attack on the awarding ofsomile medical research contracts to in-dUstrial research laboratories (as op-posed to awarding all research granitsand research contracts to Liniversitiesand university-operated research labora-tories) is unwarranited. Has Leaf everworked in private industry and experi-enced the freedlom of action and goal-oriented programing possible wx heneverybody on a project is working l0)()percent of the time on the project. andis not splitting himlself tIp into manNylittle pieces between research, teaching.patienlt care, commliittee mleetings. semiii-nars. and government consultationi'? Thepoint l eaf seeiiis to be missing is thatsomle indLustrial research laboratoriesare actually better qualified thain anytlliversity group to do a certaUin task byvirtue of hard-wvon expertise. After all.it is industry which gives us many ofour really, great scientific and techno-logical breakthroughs and evensome of the medical ones.

HENRY l EEEpo.xv lite Corpor-ation?,Soluthl El Mlotnte. Califo(rnia 91733

All of us undoubtedly share lIeaf'sfrustrations with the effort report andwould welcome its abolition. But evenif the report cannot be stopped, at leastit couLl be changed so that it makessense. Effort reports should have afourth category, self-eduLcation. Tabu-lated tinder this heading woLlcd be themany hours of the week spent in reading,

26 APRIL 1968 377

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378

listening, and chatting with colleaguesand with visitors. After all, the out-standing feature of a great universityis that it provides a way of life favor-ing the activities of self-education, aswell as the tools of research. There-fore, granting agencies will not be as-tonished that self-education is a majorand honorable consumer of their inves-tigator's time. The availability of thiscategory will remove a part of the am-biguity and outright dishonesty in filingthe effort report.

WILLIAM G. VAN DER KLOOTDeparonetnlet of Physiology,Nelv, Yokt- University Medical Ceniter,550 Fir-st Aveniuie, New York 10016

Subpoenas: Show Probable Cause

Readers of Science. including espe-cially Stanmler and Hall ("Un-Americanactivities: CouLrt rule aids Stamler incontemiipt case," 1 Dec., p. 1249) and(Glass and Pond (Letters, 1 Mar.). maybe interested in a "Note" in the Minniie-.sotar Lawv Revriewr [52, 665 (1968)] en-titled "The application of the FourthAmendment to congressional investiga-tions." Brief excerpts will suffice:

It is suggested that the (Supreme) Courtshould requlire a showing of probablecaulse. as required by the fourth amend-ment. before allowing the issuance of asuLbpoena reqUIir-ing an appear-ance beforea congr-essional investigation.

The whole philosophical basis for thefoulrth amendment's protection againstsear-ches and seizuLres withouLt probablecatuse is the notion that the individual hasthe right to keep the affairs of his lifeprivate. While this right is admittedly notabsolute it is a right so basic to ourconcept of limited government that itshoulld not be lightly disregarded.

FuLrtherm-nore, the right of privacy nmustprotect the individuLal's mind as well ashis possessions. The Court has protectedcertain contents of the mind from govern-mental invasions in criminal proceedingstinder the fifth amendment. However, thebasic recognition that a person's mind ishis most sacred possession and should beaccorded the greatest protection from gov-ernmiental invasion is equLally applicable toall forms of governmental action. More-over-, the individuLal's mind should be ac-corded as much, if not more. protectionthan his possessions for he therein keepshis most private possessions-his memoryand his thoughts.The protection which this requirement

would afford the witness, in comparisonwith the burden it imposes upon Congress,is significant. The individual will be ableto force investigators to show reason to be-lieve that he will be able to provide usefulinformaition before they can interrupt thislife. This will force the investigation to

SCIENCE, VOL. 160

evaluate its need for his testimony beforegoing to the trouble of subpoenaing him.Once subpoenaed, the individual will havea basis upon which to contest his duty totestify. He will not have to risk criminalprosecution in order to contest this dutyfor he will be able to challenge the prob-able cause for his subpoena prior to testify-ing. If the court finds that the individualdoes have a duty to testify, he will eitherhave to rely on the fifth amendment, riskcriminal prosecution for contempt, or pro-vide the information required.

E. S. FETCHERLaboratory of Physiological Hygiene,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

A Just View of Systematics

When a systematist talks to his ownset, a congratulatory tone is expected.But publication of Mayr's address, "Therole of systematics in biology" (1), ex-posing it to the nonsystematic public,irresistibly invites a rejoinder! Systema-tists may not have received due creditfor their great contributions to biologybut neither perhaps have they got justtreatment for abetting biologists in themistaken belief that taxonomic aggre-gates, such as populations, are substan-tial objects-in-nature.

Every ecologist, for example, whosets it down in chapter one that popu-lation and commutn ity are levels-of-integration (and hence "systems")comparable in status to, though midwayin complexity of organization between,individual organisms and individualecosystems is a victim of taxonomy. Thelevels-of-integration that are demonstra-ble in nature and those that exist in theminds of systematists are rarely if everdiscriminated. Some of the resultingproblems were adumbrated in Ehrlichand Holm's article "Patterns and popu-lations" (2) where the authors wrote(unfortunately at the end rather than atthe beginning): "The basic units ofpopulation biology (sic) are not com-munities, species or even populations,but individual organisms," and in afootnote that should be pondered: ". . .if historically we had begun to thinkabout biology in ecological rather thantaxonomic terms we would now dealwith biological 'facts' very differently."

J. S. ROWEDepartment of Plant Ecology,University of Saskatchlewan,Saskatoon, Canada

References

1. E. Mayr, Science 159, 595 (1968).2. P. R. Ehrlich and R. W. HoIm, ibid. 137,

652 (1962).26 APRIL 1968

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Harris says, he would like to spendhis time "writing and teaching." Hewas, reportedly, pleased to have hadhis name suggested for the presidencyof a state university in the Southwest."I guess all politicians like to lecture,"he grinned, "We really are sort ofteachers, at heart."

Harris is already writing his ownbooks. He recently finished his "per-sonal view" of his work on the CivilDisorders Commission, which will bepublished in late May by Harper andRow. Staff members swear that hewrote the book himself on weekends.He is also working on two bookswhich emanate from his subcommitteehearings, one on "health, science, andsociety" and another on "disadvantageand deprivation." He says that there areseveral other books he would like towrite-one on five outstanding Senators,another on the American Indian, athird on Latin America.

Similarity to Kerr

In political ability and energy, Harrishas often been compared to that one-time Senate potentate from Oklahoma,the late Robert Kerr, who brought hisstate much-needed federal largessethrough power on the Public Worksand Finance Committees. Harris orig-inally served on Public Works; whenappointed to the influential FinanceCommittee, he had to choose whetherto give up Public Works or his seat onthe Government Operations Com-mittee, together with his chairmanshipof the government research subcom-mittee. He overruled pressure fromsome of his Oklahoma supporters whowanted him to keep his seat on PublicWorks, and kept his seat on the Gov-ernment Operations Committee.

Harris says he likes his work onthe government research subcommittee,and that it has greatly enhanced the"rich education" which he says he hasreceived "at the public expense." Hethinks that his subcommittee has hadthree main impacts in its 2 years ofexistence:

"First, it has greatly increased at-tention to the social sciences withinthe federal government, and has re-sulted in additional funds.

"Second, there has been a greatchange within the scientific establish-ment on the question of equitable dis-tribution of R & D funds around thecountry. There haven't been many re-sults, but there has been a change inattitude. Now people recognize it as aproblem. The spending of R & D funds26 APRIL 1968

has an educational impact and aneconomic one. I don't believe in dis-mantling existing centers of excellencebut, rather, in supplementing them.

"Third, more and more people arecoming to believe in a goals-orientedhealth policy. They're coming to thatposition after being reassured that sucha policy will not be implemented tothe detriment of basic research. A lotof people are concerned that we aren'tdoing better in health. This change ofattitude, however, hasn't brought muchchange in results yet."

Recently, Harris has begun wonder-ing whether it would not be better tohave his government research subcom-mittee "phase out and die," to be re-placed by a joint House-Senate studycommittee on science and technology,somewhat along the lines of the JointEconomic Committee. Harris empha-sizes that he hasn't refined his thinkingon these matters but has been askinghimself, "Is there any way, withoutsacrificing the values of our pluralisticscientific system, to bring more coher-ence into our scientific policy? Wedon't want the kind of scientific systemthe Soviet Union has, but we do needmore planning, a more goals-orientedpolicy."

Even though Harris will be spendinga portion of his time on research hear-ings in forthcoming months, it is ap-parent that his other activities, especial-ly those on the Civil Disorders Commis-sion, where he experienced at firsthand the intense anger and hostilityof an increasing portion of the residentsof city ghettos, have had a much moreprofound effect on his recent thinking."I feel very alarmed and depressedabout conditions in this country," theusually buoyant Harris says. "Whatreally worries me is the fragmentationof this country into black and white,rich and poor, old and young."

Harris' supporters don't believe thathis participation on the civil disorderscommission will do him any goodpolitically at present in Oklahoma(which is more than 90 percent white),but Harris thinks the conclusions ofthe report have to be confronted what-ever their immediate political conse-quences. "Racism is a fact of Americanlife," he said quietly; "it is an ugly factbut we have to see it to deal with it."Even more impressive than Fred Harris'other important attributes is his capacityto face the grimmest aspects of ournational life squarely while retainingthe determination to do something tochange that reality.-BRYCE NELSON

APPOINTMENTS

Robert B. Mautz H. Burr Steinbach

Robert B. Mautz, vice president foracademic affairs, University of Florida,to chancellor of the Florida Universitysystem. . . . H. Burr Steinbach, chair-man of the department of zoology, Uni-versity of Chicago and director andpresident of the Marine Biological Lab-oratory, Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution, on leave as dean of graduatestudies, Woods Hole. . . . John Sum-merskill, president of San FranciscoState College has resigned. . . . PatrickJ. Friel, director of the Office of Bal-listic Missile Defense, Advanced Re-search Projects Agency, to deputy as-sistant secretary of the Army, anddirector of the newly established Ad-vanced Ballistic Missile Defense Agen-cy, which will combine some elementsof the Advanced Research ProjectsAgency, Office of Ballistic Missile De-fense and the on-going NIKE-X ad-vanced development. . . . Edward D.Jordan, head of the division of nuclearengineering, Catholic University, to di-rector of the newly established Officeof Institutional Research and Planningat the university. . . . Harriott 0.Kunkel, acting dean and director of theTexas Agricultural Experiment Station,to an additional post as dean of agri-culture, Texas A&M University....Peter Dehlinger, head of the geophysicsprogram, ocean science and technol-ogy group of the Office of Naval Re-search, to director of the newly estab-lished Institute of Marine Sciences,University of Connecticut. . . . FloydL. Thompson, director of Langley Re-search Center, NASA, to special assist-ant to James E. Webb, administratorof NASA. He will be succeeded byEdgar N. Cortright, deputy associateadministrator for manned space flight,NASA headquarters. . . . W. PeterCrowcroft, director, -South AustralianMuseum, to director of the ChicagoZoological Park. . . . Aaron Ganz,training grants and fellowships officer,NIH, to chief of the program planningoffice, National Institute of Dental Re-search.

407

served transits of Venus to obtain dis-tance measurements, devised a divingbell, edited the mortality tables of Bres-lau, thus pioneering in the applicationof statistical methods for sociologicalstudies, wrote on meteors, grasped thenature of nebulae, thus anticipatingHerschel, noted the proper motion ofstars, investigated Roman excavations.He was a Deputy Controller of theMint, Savilian Professor of Astronomy,Secretary of the Royal Society, Astron-omer Royal.To put Halley's work in its proper

perspective the author of this book alsopresents other scientists and their work.Thus the reader can appreciate theimportance or lack of importance ofeach of Halley's activities. The authorhas chosen to treat each of these activ-ities as a unit. This leads to an under-standing of the state of each projectduring Halley's lifetime and makes itpossible for the reader to use the bookas a reference and confine himself tothe material dealing with one topic. Onthe other hand, it makes for a disjointedstory, going backward and forward intime, with considerable repetition.The author is well qualified to handle

his topic and has produced a very use-ful book which will serve both laymenand scientists well. However, the ques-tion arises as to what audience was in-tended. Some passages or conceptswhich seem elementary are explained,whereas a considerable knowledge ofgeometry, trigonometry, and physics onthe part of the reader is assumed.

C. DORIS HELLMANDepartment of History,Queens College,Flushing, New York

ChelationChelates in Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1.H. A. FLASCHKA and A. J. BARNARD, JR.,Eds. Dekker, New York, 1967. xii + 418pp., illus. $18.75.

This is the first volume in a seriesthat intends to "employ chelation as aconcept serving to unify a large area ofanalytical chemistry." The subjects tobe covered fall into three categories:chelates formed by certain elements,selected chelating reagents and familiesof chelating reagents, and analyticalmethods and techniques employing che-lation. This first volume contains sevenchapters treating topics in these cate-gories. For example, two of the chaptersare "Chelates and chelating agents in

412

the analytical chemistry of molybdenumand tungsten" by Piischel and Lassnerand "Xylenol orange and methylthymolblue as chromogenic reagents" byBudesinskf.

In addition, this volume containsa chapter by Szabadvary and Beckentitled "An outline of the historyof analytical methods based on com-plex formation." This chapter has twomain faults. The important contribu-tions toward understanding the funda-mentals of chelate formation made bycertain researchers are not mentioned,and more space should have been de-voted to chelating agents of currentanalytical importance. For example, theimportant research of Schwarzenbachon aminocarboxylic acid chelates war-rants more than two sentences.The chapter by Blasius and Brozio on

"Chelating ion-exchange resins" pre-sents a fairly complete picture of cur-rent research on chelating agents bondedto a resin matrix in the chromatographicseparation of cation mixtures. Thechapters "Chelates in inorganic polaro-graphic analysis: fundamentals" and"Chelates in inorganic polarographicanalysis: applications," however, do notcontain many of the developments ofthe last five years. The remainingchapters, "Conductometric and high-frequency impedimetric titrations in-volving chelates and chelating agents"by Vydra and 'teulik and "The thermaldissociation of chelating agents andchelates of analytical interest" by Wend-landt, are complete and well referenced.However, the material presented byWendlandt is also treated in his recentbook.The information compiled in this

volume should prove valuable to thosedoing research on these specific sub-jects. Equally important, this volumewill be useful to those developing- ana-lytical procedures or modifying alreadyexisting ones. The principles formingthe basis for the analytical usefulness ofparticular chelating agents are pre-sented, methods using these chelates forspecific problems are recommended,and, in some cases, procedures are givenin working detail.

Both research chemists and analystsshould find this volume to be of interest.However, some of the topics discussedare quite specific and may be of onlylimited interest to many. Also, some ofthe topics have already been treated inother texts.

DALLAS L. RABENSTEINDepartment of Chemistry,University of Wisconsin, Madison

Books Received

Aggression and Defense. Neural Mecha-nisms and Social Patterns. Vol. 5, BrainFunction. Proceedings of the 5th confer-ence on brain function, Los Angeles,Calif., November 1965, sponsored by theBrain Research Institute with the supportof the U.S. Air Force Office of ScientificResearch. Carmine D. Clemente and Don-ald B. Lindsley, Eds. University of Cali-fornia Press, Berkeley, 1967. xvi + 361pp., illus. $15. UCLA Forum in MedicalSciences, No. 7.

Alaskan Eskimos. Wendell H. Oswalt.Chandler, San Francisco, 1967 (distributedby Science Research Associates, Chicago).xviii + 297 pp., illus. Cloth, $7.25; paper,$4. Chandler Publications in Anthropologyand Sociology.Amateur Astronomy. Patrick Moore.

Norton, New York, 1968. 328 pp., illus.$6.95. Reprint of the 1957 edition. TheAmateur Astronomer's Library.Amino Acid Determination. Methods

and Techniques. S. Blackburn. Dekker,New York, 1968. xii + 271 pp., illus.$12.50.

Amphibien und Reptilien. Katalog derSubfamilien und hoheren Taxa mit Nach-weis des ersten Auftretens. Oskar Kuhn.Fischer, Stuttgart, 1967 (distributed in theUnited States by Abel, Portland, Ore.).viii + 124 pp. $11.

Annals of the International Years ofthe Quiet Sun. Vol. 1, Geophysical Mea-surements: Techniques, ObservationalSchedules and Treatment of Data. C. M.Minnis, Ed. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge,Mass., 1968. xviii + 398 pp., illus. $20.Annual Report of the National Institute

of Oceanography. 1 April 1965-31 March1966. Natural Environment ResearchCouncil. Cambridge University Press, NewYork, 1967. x + 75 pp., illus. Paper, $1.25.Annual Surveys of Organometallic

Chemistry. Vol. 3, Covering the Year1966. Dietmar Seyferth and R. Bruce King,Eds. Elsevier, New York, 1967. xii +456 pp., illus. $27.50.

Applications of the Sciences in Market-ing Management. Proceedings of a con-ference, Lafayette, Ind., July 1966. FrankM. Bass, Charles W. King, and Edgar A.Pessemier, Eds. Wiley, New York, 1968.xvi + 456 pp., illus. $11.50. Wiley Market-ing Series.

Arctic and Alpine Environments. Vol.10, Proceedings of the 7th Congress of theInternational Association for QuaternaryResearch, Boulder-Denver, Colo., August-September 1965, sponsored by the U.S.National Academy of Science-NationalResearch Council. H. E. Wright, Jr., andW. H. Osburn, Eds. Indiana UniversityPress, Bloomington, 1968. xii + 308 pp.,illus. $12.50.

Assistierte Zirkulation. Mechanical As-sistance of the Circulation. Colloquium,Bad Neuenahr, June 1967. F. Loogen, B.Bostroem, U. Gleichmann, and H. Kreu-zer, Eds. Thieme, Stuttgart, 1967 (distrib-uted in the United States by Interconti-nental Medical Book Corp., New York).x + 170 pp., illus. Paper, 35 DM.

Basic Instrumentation for Engineersand Physicists. A. M. P. Brookes. Perga-

(Continued on page 460)

SCIENCE, VOL. 160

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relations fcor otr- anoiiercuric conir-pouLnds and oni the mIechainisi o tInvii zii ci all alction.l I-1he ct i 0 ii1ctIs o ciiig.icici orga ii oph Os ph oCtusccOli[O0tcIOldllscisCluil i III b-IaINst Contil. 0() -diethsland 0,0-di0isoProlPs -hn'/Nv phosphlotothiol.t es. \\ as repoirted h v NI. KadLo

' lhaia'I(IhCIi'CtIls ('O.. Sh'liliici. dii/L-uoka .1citahloriochen'vI ileoliol is li-Is aC I or rice Ibla1st coiiII - itspeCificalls piescuts pellet ration iiiis iliac inlto IC; Css citLtIils to cOaIt oothei- plait diseaIss NI lslicli .iilssoCo.. IJoks cit iepctedl tha;Its, lieulieiiiactlclOr-oleii/sl tIit)llol-(( is ld-nIiiistIcl- ortllsr to rats in Iletali-lis,ill stILid es. ttiClIe ciIneaiCel coM)iOLllOc

is e\CrcteC inI tile Icces. anlld peilltelilc-rchlenciilc tcild atld tt1Cie l luCcLli0oiidc citPleiit;alci IliiihsII vI lclicihol al11icTt r iII

Strs-chnliiie titraitc is licttiltialllV ultCllIol-contrcl cit iro\ ii lirais. \s Iilil r--q LIcIIlt1 are ai pest iil Holkki dc.: it isitallbcalizedl ini the hear so thlat tci\i

plrcicLcicts dci not liersist in the mileat (.

Ilickai., Hoikkaiclo U. niv ersity, Sappirot .

liisecticicle Illetahellisill atidl Illodl ctaction swcre the nljoir topics ctt cliisti-sioti. 1-hc general steps Involv Inracliotralcer stciclies ciil itiscticiclC acticliinicl CICle (i) selectioii ot the site ot raclici-lahheling. (ii) perfcirmiing the rlcliosV ii

thesis, (lin) intrciF lcCtiollon .,t laudedconiipoLintli into >m ;wipproprimle hit looi-catl s\ stenil or dclgralatioi sitciaticn.(is ) deteriiiinatioti ot the cheiiicdl andphysical tate of the conipcLctiicl. aticI I) interlpretat ion oit the rescilts in rela-tioni to the miechanisni. selectiv its. andefliciencv of action of the itisecticiclecheniical (J. Casica. Utniiversits of ( ali-tornia. Berkeles ). The toxicity ot nico-tinoicls is conferrec hiN the hiohls basictitirogen. aI calrbon-.atozni bridlger. andl thepyridine ring II. Yanianoto. TokyoUnisersits of AgricultUre. Setagas .lTokso). Stctdies on strcitctUre-activ itvrelations and mettabolism of psrethroiclsand rotenoids \vere also resiiessed. De-toxification primiiarily invols es initialdoxiation of one methyl group in theisobuLtent l moietv of pyrethroils and of)the isopropenyl groLip of rotenone.

Specificity in cholinesterase inhibiticinand in detoxificationi are factors cointrib-uting to the selective toxicitv of 0(O-clinmethy trichlorohydroxy ethyl- andclichlorohNdroxsethyl phosphonates andrelated conipoLinds (T. Sailto. NagoasUniversity). The type of Hiological ac-

tivity of salligenin cyclic phosphorLISesters is reniarkaLblx affected byv theexocyclic scibstitLcent grouLp on thephosphoruLs (M. Eto, K ulshcI Univer-

A Tensiometer

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all in one...and only$46O!The Rosanon' Surface Tensiometer, byRoller Smith. the most versatile instru-ment of its kind! Employing the Wil-helmy Plate principle, it is built around

500 mg (98 dynes/cm) Precision Bal-ince. Ideal for both research andteaching.As a Tensiometer, it is useful for rapid,accurate measurement of surface ten-sion, static interfacial tension and sur-face pressure. Basically, a thin wettableblade (Wilhelmy Plate) is suspendedby a thread, immersed in the testliquid and withdrawn...the verticalforce being measured. As such, nobuoyancy correction is needed.As a Balance simply remove the threadand wettable blade. The device thenbecomes a versatile 500 mg. PrecisionBalance with a tared capacity of threeextending the range to 1500 mg. with-out loss at accuracy ( of 1%I).

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SCIENCE, VOL. 16044f.

sity). The inhibitor specificity for targetesterases is also greatly influenced bysteric factors resulting from varying thesize of the exocyclic substituent group,although the reactive site with theesterase is probably, in all cases, theenolic ester portion of the hetero ring.

Toxicity of certain organophospho-rothionates to mammals is antagonizedby conpouLinds that induLce microsomalenzymes: these enzymes catalyze detoxi-fication reactions, particularly phospho-rothionate cleavages (S. MIurphy, Har-vard University School of PuLblicHealth, Boston). Increased activity ofliver A-esterase and of liver and plasmaaliesterase, in response to certain drUgs,may result in additional sites for reac-tion with the esterase inhibitors, thussparing the more vital target enzyme,acetylchollinesterase. OrganophosphoruLsesters potentiate mnalathion and dimeth-oate if, at low doses, they inhibit car-boxyesterases and carboxyamidases inspecies in which these pathways ofdetoxification are critical. According toK. Fukunaga (National Institute ofAgricuLltural Sciences and Institute ofPhysical and Chemical Research,Tokyo), solible enzymes from mam-malian liver and insect fat body andmidguLt, which require reduLced glutathi-one for activity, may contribute to theselective toxicity of O,O-dimethylphos-phorothionates by virtuLe of their 0-demnethylation activity. Pathways fordiazinon metabolism by oxidation,hydrolysis, and conjuigation reactionswere defined by in vitro studies withenzlyme preparations from rats andAmerican cockroaches. StuLdies withinsect microsonmal enzymes, whichoxidize many insecticides, are limited bynatural inhibitors of the enzymes re-leased during homogenization. Themechanism of low mammalian toxicityof suLmithion, as compared with methylparathion, was discuLssed by J. Miyamo-to (SuLmitomo Chemical Co., Osaka).Differences in metabolism by pathwaysinvolving phosphorothionate oxidation,hydrolysis, and 0-demethylation prob-ably do not play a major role in theselective toxicity of the two compouLnds.The low toxicity of sutmithion probablyresuLlts, in part, from the relatively poorpenetration of suLmioxon into the braincompalred to that of methyl paraoxonand, as a result, there is a lower degreeof brain choliinesterase phosphoryl ationin the case of sumioxon.

Acetylcholinesterase from houseflyheads differs from that puLrified fromvertebrate souLrces in hydrolyzingbutyrylcholine as well as acetylcholine

26 APRIL 1968

The Bausch & Lomb HIGH INTENSITY GRATING MONOCHROMATORgives more useable light with any source. Its unique optical systemhas only two internal reflecting surfaces instead of the conven-tional four.You can get exactly what you want in a monochromator now.

And, you can be confident the modular "building-block" designwill let you interchange gratings, slits and light sources for futureneeds. There are five grating assemblies. Each covers a section ofthe total range from 200m1l to 3.2,1. You dial the desired wave-length and you're sure of reproducibility. Choose the appropriatelight source: Deuterium Arc, Tungsten Quartz-Iodine, high pres-sure or super pressure Mercury or a highly stable Xenon. Each oneis precisely aligned, prefocused and centered.

Bausch & Lomb offers a complete line of standard and cust-ombuilt monochromators with the widest range of Certified-PrecisionGratings from the world's largest source. Write for Catalog 33-2093, Bausch & Lomb, 85604 Bausch St., Rochester, N. Y. 14602.

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(C. Kearns, University of Illinois, Ur-bana). Chromatography of diethylami-noethyl-cellulose partially resolves thefly preparation into two fractions, whichdiffer in extent of activation by butanoland in the ratio of activity on acetyl-and butyrylcholine. Nerve componentsfrom insects and mammals were alsoconsidered with respect to the bindingof various insecticides. Data were pre-sented on the marked differences inbinding of dieldrin, DDT, BHC, phthal-thrin, and nicotine to nerve componentswhich were prepared and separatedcentrifugally from rat brain, and fromaxonic and ganglionic portions of cock-roach nerve cords (F. Matsumura, Uni-versity of Wisconsin, Madison). Electro-physiological approaches (involvingarthropod nerve preparations) to themode of action of insecticides were dis-cussed by T. Narahashi (Duke Univer-sity Medical School, Durham, NorthCarolina). The voltage-clamp methodproved highly successful in analyzingthe actions of DDT and allethrin. DDTdelays the turning-off process of peaksodium current and suppresses steady-state potassium current. Allethrin sup-presses both peak sodium and steady-state potassium currents from eitherside of the nerve membrane and it alsodelays the turning-off process of peaksodiuLm current when applied internally.

Insecticide resistance mechanisms inhouseflies in relation to biochemicalgenetics were reviewed by M. Tsuka-moto (Nagasaki University). The link-age-group distribution of major in-secticide resistance factors was definedand the importance of factors on eachof the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th chro-mosomes was emphasized. Enzymesinvolved in insecticide metabolism, in-cluding DDT-dehydrochlorinase, orga-nophosphate-detoxifying esterases, andmixed functional oxidases of micro-somes depend on factors present on the5th chromosome. A factor on the 2ndchromosome confers low nerve sensitiv-ity to DDT.A relation was reported between elec-

tronic and hydrophobic characters ofsubstituents and the activity of substi-tuted phenols causing chlorosis in Lenii-na minor (T. Fujita and M. Nakajima,Kyoto University). The results suggestaction or factors limiting the action,such as a one-step partitioning involvingadsorption of the molecule to the cellsurface. With regard to organophos-phorus insecticides, there is good corre-lation between anticholinesterase activ-ity and reactivity of the phosphorusester, as determined by such parameters

SCIENCE; VOL. 160

Ultrasonic Pipette & Glassware CleanerThe new and easy way to clean glass!!

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The complete line of Ohaus precision balances, acces-sories, and laboratory weights is described in this new16 page, full color book. Catalog '68 was designed tohelp you quickly determine exactly the right balance tofill your need, and to answer all of your questions. Thisconvenient, easy to use catalog features a quick refer-ence index, complete specifications and prices, and afull page of design details.

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For precislonapparatus such asmicrotomes, smallvacuum chambers,optical microscopes,etc., the standardServa-Benchprovides all theadvantages of aServa-Levl systemin a desk-height,granite-toppedwork bench.

Unretouchedcomparison of thetypical dynamicmotion of a floor(lower trace) versusthe response ofa mass supportedon a Serva-Levisystem (uppertrace).26 APRIL 1968

Identify contaminated laboratory materials with a TSI Con-version Label and reduce laboratory acquired infections. Thesepressure-sensitive labels stick tight to plastic, glass, clothor metal. After the material has been serviced in an autoclaveor sterilizer the word "STERILE" appears in bold black lettersover the word "CONTAMINATED". Properly used, these labelscan reduce infectious hazards.

rAvaiablethroughLaboratory Suppliers.AvailablethroubWritefor samples and prices.

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When ultra-sensitive equipment must be isolated from vibration . . . when pre-cise alignment must be maintained . - . Barry Controls' patented Serva-LevIesystems provide the answer.

Optical systems, laser units, analytical equipment . . . any sensitive, high-pre-cision research equipment operates better, more reliably, on a Serva-LevI system.

With a typical Serva-Levl system, vibration isolation efficiency is better than85% at disturbing frequencies as low as 3.5 cps . . . 95% at 6 cps! And yougain automatic, continuous level control at each support point to within 50millionths of an inch!

Our Bulletin 7 goes Into the details in depth, although not as well as one of our Field Engineerscan. Whichever one you would like to see is readily available. Just call or write us.

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449

Check for yourself

Sharper separationwith any

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Fish serum

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NO. 2500 MEMBRANECustomers tell us S&S No. 2500 Membranes aresuperior in clarity to the others they have tested,and their handling characteristics can only betermed as excellent.Pure cellulose acetate. May berendered completelytransparent by saturating with liquid of same re-fractive index, i.e. nD = 1.47, Results may be

evaluated colorimetrically when separated frac-tions are cut from strip and dissolved in suitablesolvent. Specimen volume requirement is minimal.Used for immunoelectrophoresis, bidimensionalimmunodiffusion, and regular electrophoresis.

The S&S No. 2500 Membrane possesses superiorseparation abilities. Separation of individual bandsis clear and distinct. Only a short time is requiredfor electrophoresis and evaluation. Image is sharp.Used in conjunction with S&S electrophoresiscomponents, S&S No. 2500 makes possible a newstandard in evaluation of fractions as well asconvenience.

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45i

as hN drolx sis and solvolxsis, Hanamnett'ssignma consta nts, atnd shifts in inlrairedahsorption (T. FLikutto Univ ersitx ot( alilorniA. Riverside). Improe1Od corrC-

lations result froimi taking ster-ic fIactorsinto aIccouInt. Additional CflCcts Lirc.

(i) the stereospecificity in cholincsteraseinactivation associated ws ith an aISnVi -

zetric center. and (ii) the possible coIn-trirtition to selective toxicitv of thesignificant structLiral difference betsecu

insect and mammalian enxymes. Ab-sol ption phenomena oni the surfacc of

insects and considerationis of insecticidle

chemical transport into the body ci e

dIiscuLssed by NIl. SuLwanai ( ok o0Uni-

versity otl AgricuIlture and TechnologxFuchIu. IoTk o). A miethod for cIlCLu-lating the rate ot insecticidic actionhased on kiinetic antld dlitffTLusio1n eqaltiOnISws illust ratedl.The papers presentedt at the Nikko

seminalr are scheduLled t'or pluLblicaitionas a separate Vo1lume of tle inltern-tional book series. R sidlule Rciilcs.edited bh F. Guintlher and pUblishcd hbSpringer-Verlag New York. Inc.

Both Japan (and the United States%sere aniong the first to recognize cer-

tain seriouLs prohlemsi resulting IFromIn thC.sIVerse effects oni animli Is andl 1 Ilant.isatrising trom the rapidl] increasini uISc

of pesticides. C ooperat ion betws en thetxsO COLintries cani accelerate a solu0tion

to problemils arising froIml contamination

hli pesticides.

J. E. C x51I)D

I)i.ision of Etntoliologv, UlnilersitYof Cal/ift- iitia, Berkeley

K. FLKtT N\AG \

.\`a1i0onal Institlute of A grie-ulturalS't enbes anlld sln itutn of P/i.ssictal (11i(lChemlial Re,setrc/i, To 50.o, Jaip(ihi

Calendar of Events

Mlay

National Meetings

3-4. Physical NMedicine and Rehabilita-tion. Norths est Assoc., Palo Alto. Calif.(J. C. Mlontero, Div. of RehabilitationMledicinie. Stanford Univ. School of Mled-icine. P.alo Alto 94394)

3-4. Society for Pediatric Research, At-lantic City, N.J. (Secretalry, The Societx.

Dept. of Pediatrics, J. H. Miller lealthCenter. Univ. of Florida, Galinesville. F.1.)

3 5. Parts, Materials, and PackagingTechnical Conf.. Washington. D.C. (W.Hepner, Electronic Induistiies Assoc.. 20(1FVAe St. NW. Washington, D.C. 200)6)

4. American Society for Clinical Nuitri-tion. Atlantic Citvy N.J. (A. B. Fisenstein.Secretarv -Treasurer, The Society . 1 8 -

NMeranmec Axve., St. Loouis. Mo. 63 105)4-5. Economics and Evaluation Symp.,

1

mitochondria 30liver cells 120

I -nrV/Xt '; '.1_''Recording of oxidative activityof mitochondria isolated frombeef heart and primed with ADP.

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few hours. Write for completespecifications.

SCIENCE. VOL. 160

I

M I