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DISCUSSION TOPIC

In the early 1980s, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) became concerned with the aging infrastructure and the inherent faults with traditional Air Traffic Management (ATM) methods.

In an effort to increase aircraft safety and limit the amount of human error, ICAO developed a council to investigate ways to increase safety. This council was charged with studying new technologies and operational concepts for the future of ATM and Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS).

TWO MAIN DOCUMENTS

GOLD MANUAL CONTENTS

Definitions Overview of data link operations Administrative provisions related to data link operations Controller and radio operator procedures Flight Crew Procedures (FCP) Advanced data link operations State Aircraft data link operations Figures Tables Appendices:

• CPDLC message elements and standardized free text messages • RCP specifications • Surveillance performance specifications • Post-implementation monitoring and corrective action • Regional/State-specific information • Operator/Aircraft-specific information

TWO MAIN DOCUMENTS

FANS OPERATING MANUAL CONTENTS

Introduction Acronyms System integrity and monitoring Connection management CPDLC Procedures ADS-C Procedures Emergency and non-routine procedures FANS-1/A implementation Continental CPDLC implementation Procedures for state aircraft special operations Endnotes

DEFINITION–WHAT IS FANS?

Future Air Navigation System • FANS-1/A is a format of communication for position reporting and

text messaging • Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN)

FANS 1 was originally developed by Boeing and later adopted by Airbus as FANS A

The system uses an early version of the protocol that

airlines have used for 15 years

FANS comprises two parts: • ADS-C: Automatic Dependent Surveillance Contract

• Up to five links

• CPDLC: Controller Pilot Data Link Communication • One link at a time

DEFINITION–WHAT IS ADS-C?

Automatic Dependent Surveillance Contract (ADS-C) • Also known as Automatic Position Reports • Requires no pilot interaction

ATC controls the reporting system (contracts) • Can control up to five separate ATC contracts at any one time

Different types of contracts: • Periodic—ATC can set and alter the update rate as needed

• a higher update rate is usually required in high traffic areas

• Event—if there is a change in Vertical Rate, Lateral Deviation or Altitude

• Demand—ATC can request a one-off update as needed. This does not affect an existing contact preset rate

DEFINITION–WHAT IS ADS-C & CPDLC?

Fourth contract type is unlike previous three • Initiated and cancelled by the pilot not the controller • In an emergency, it’s automatically triggered by the MAYDAY

message

Controller-Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC)

The messages and responses sent by ATC and the flight

crew occur one link at a time • Hint: Think of it as text messaging between pilots and ATC

IMPORTANCE OF FANS-1/A

RVSM reduces the vertical separation of aircraft. The goal of ADS-C is to reduce separation of trailing aircraft from 100 nm laterally and 10 minutes trailing to 30 nm laterally and five minutes trailing

Potential reduction of congested frequencies

Oceanic Tracks: best equipped equals, best served

No need to write down clearances

Reduces risk of miscomprehension

SAFETY SERVICES

Data • FANS-1/A is considered Safety Services Data

Voice • Allows the ATC to contact the aircraft through the SATCOM and vice

versa • Records the conversation through the audio panels for the CVR • Telephone handset does not meet this requirement • Safety Services Voice is through the Inmarsat I-3 network, not I-4

and will not be on Global Express KA network. (SBB trials start in 2013)

• Currently not certified for use as primary ATC voice (certified as backup only; HF must be primary)

• Iridium does not currently comply

FANS & CPDLC

FANS EVOLUTION

FANS-1/A • CPDLC and ADS-C

ATN-B1–Also called Link 2000+ (EASA mandate), CPDLC,

PMCPDLC or Datacomm • Includes checksum, CPDLC without ADS-C and available only over

VHF Data Link (VDL) mode 2 radio (not SATCOM)

FANS 2

• Combination of FANS-1/A and ATN-B1 through the Internet via SwiftBroadband (SBB) connection

FANS EVOLUTION

FANS-1/A+ ATN-B1 FANS2 (or FANSB)- Both

FANS-1/A+ & ATN-B1 over SBB

RTCA DO-258A/ARINC 745 ADS ICAO CPDLC RTCA DO-258A/ARINC 745 ADS-C

RTCA DO-258A/DO-219-CPDLC

ICAO CM Context Manager-AFN logon/handoff

protocol

RTCA DO-258A/DO–219 CPDLC

RTCA DO-258A/ARINC 622

AFN RTCA DO-258A/ARINC 622 AFN

ICAO CPDLC

ICAO CM Context Manager- AFN logon/handoff protocol

GENERIC FANS

MCDU

ROCKWELL COLLINS FANS 1/A SOLUTION FOR PL 4 OR 21

NON-EPIC HONEYWELL BASED FANS 1/A

UNIVERSAL BASED FANS 1/A

SATCOM—INMARSAT VS IRIDIUM

System Inmarsat Iridium

Antenna Large Heavy Antenna Avg: 15 lbs

Small Antenna Avg: 0.3 lbs

Power High Current Draw Low Current Draw

Satellite Visibility Does not work above or below

70 degrees N/S

Truly worldwide—works everywhere, including

the poles

Level D Certified Yes, through the I-3 network,

only on specific models

Yes, for one model only

Safety Voice Yes Depending upon who you ask, it is in development with the

new constellation

Cost 200-500K depending on aircraft/system

40-60K depending on aircraft/system

Authority Approval Approved for FANS by authorities worldwide

Approved by FAA for FANS Over Iridium

(FOI) only

CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

Retrofit market FANS implementation Wide equipment variances in aircraft Multiple STCs required based on aircraft type WAAS FMS required for both FANS and ADS-B

• MCDU for FANS, C145 GPS for ADS-B

Just like RVSM, there will be a multiple-step process for

FANS certification • Aircraft equipage • Crew Training • Letter of Authorization (LOA) required

ADVISORY CIRCULARS

AC 20-140B

ADVISORY CIRCULARS

• AC 20-140B C159a requirement for Iridium added in the A to B update No Iridium unit is compliant yet ICG obtained compliance through DO 262A under 20-140B.

They showed the appendix requirements under DO 262A were repeated from the Inmarsat system and many did not apply

ADVISORY CIRCULARS - NO FAA REQUIREMENT YET

AC 120-70B

HOW IT WORKS–AERONAUTICAL FACILITIES NOTIFICATION (AFN) LOGON

The pilot triggers the initial AFN logon Sends an AFN contact message (FN_CON) containing the

4-character ATS unit ICAO code. ATS system responds with an AFN Acknowledgment

message (FN_ACK).

HOW IT WORKS–AFN LOGON

The pilot triggers the initial AFN logon Sends an AFN contact message ATC sends logon acknowledgement

HOW IT WORKS–CONNECTION REQUEST

Connection Request • ATC initiates request via ATS Unit • The aircraft confirms and establishes connection

HOW IT WORKS–CONNECTION REQUEST

Connection Request • ATC initiates request via ATS Unit • The aircraft confirms and establishes connection

HOW IT WORKS–NEXT DATA AUTHORITY (NDA)

NDA • The purpose of the NDA message is to advise the avionics of the

next ATS unit that will make a CPDLC connection • The NDA message is the first step in the CPDLC transfer sequence

between an aircraft and two ATS units

HOW IT WORKS–ADDRESS FORWARDING

Address Forwarding • Invisible to the flight crew • For AFN logons initiated by the address forwarding process, the

flight crew has no indication that the FN_CON or FN_ACK messages have been delivered successfully

HOW IT WORKS–FMS CONTROL DISPLAY UNIT (CDU) SCREEN

ATC Logon/Status Page • CPDLC log on

HOW IT WORKS–DIFFERENT NETWORKS

SITA and ARINC networks simplified

HOW IT WORKS—ADS-C POSITION REPORT

ADS-C position Report

MANDATE 2015

1 January 2011–After this date, all new aircraft operating above FL 285 must be delivered with a compliant system

7 February 2013–North Atlantic Tracks (NAT) forward fit (Phase 1—center 2 tracks)

5 February 2015–By this date, all aircraft operating above FL 285 must have been retrofitted with a compliant system

5 February 2015–NAT retrofit (Phase 2)

MANDATES–EU REGIONS

EU Regions compliance map

NORTH ATLANTIC TRACKS (NAT)

PACIFIC ORGANIZED TRACKS (PACOTS)

EASA MANDATE EXEMPTIONS

1 January 2014–Aircraft with individual airworthiness certificated before this date that are equipped with FANS are exempt for the lifetime of the aircraft. Aircraft entering into service after 1 Jan. 2014 shall comply with the rule.

Article 14 exemption list: • Article 1—permanent exemption

• All non-EASy equipped Dassault Aircraft ( FSA900-23-00-05) • Gulfstream GIV and GIV-SP, G300, G400, GV

• Article 2—temporary exemption • LEARJET 60XR, 40, 40XR, 45 and 45XR • Bombardier BD-100-1A10, CL-600-2B16- 604/605 Variant • Cessna 525A, Cessna 525B, 25C,Cessna 560XL/ XLS+ • Embraer ERJ 170 – 100LR/E170,100STD/200LR/200STD • Embraer 190 -100ECJ, -100IGW/, 100LR/100SR/100STD/200I

31 December 2017–Aircraft that are at least 20 years old and will cease operating in the concerned airspace before 31 December 2017 are exempt

FAA IMPLEMENTATION

U.S. trials for Datacom begin at three airports in 2013: • Memphis—FedEx • Newark—United • Atlanta—Delta

These trials will be for departure texts only

Lockheed Martin En Route Automation Modernization

(ERAM) ground system is required for continental U.S. functionality for FANS/ATN-B1

SUMMARY

There are different types of FANS Protocols

FANS has two parts: ADS-C & CPDLC

Safety Services Data and Voice

Safety Services Voice over Iridium not certifiable, yet

Two main ICAO documents: GOLD and FOM

Two main FAA ACs: 120-70B & 20-140A

STC for each aircraft type on retrofit

EASA mandates coming, as well as transoceanic restrictions

QUESTIONS?

Justin C. Vena, Installation Sales Rep +1 269.968.8789 Direct +1 269.420.5375 Mobile Justin.Vena@DuncanAviation.com Gary Harpster, Installation Sales Rep +1 402.475.1374 Direct +1 402.417.3410 Mobile Gary.Harpster@DuncanAviation.com Steve Elofson, Installation Sales Rep +1 402.475.1603 Direct +1 402.416.6311 Mobile Steve.Elofson@DuncanAviation.com

REFERENCES

FSA900-23-00-05 FSA900-34-10 Aircell Technology Brief #106. Understanding FANS over Iridium (FOI). Published August 2011. Bunevich, Bruce. (2011, August) The Benefits of LPV & FANS. FAA Advisory Circular AC No. 20-140A. 7 April 2010 www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.informatio

n/documentID/215403 FAA Advisory Circular AC No. 120-70B. 24 August 2010

www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/328168

FANS-1/A Operations Manual. 25 September 2008. Version 6.0 Global Operational Data Link Document (Gold). International Civil Aviation Organization. 14 June 2010. First Edition. Honeywell Presentation. Upcoming Industry Mandates and Avionics Technology. Presented by Edward Bannen. 31 August 2011. Revision B. ICG Presentation. Jo Kremsreiter. 16 May 2011. Jo Kremsreiter, various slide references Roberts, Craig J. ATC Data Link News. members.optusnet.com.au/~cjr/introduction.htm Universal Avionics UL-800 – 801 UniLink Basics. Presented by Bruce Bunevich. 02 August

2011. www.fscommander.com/images/FSC9_Natrack_large.jpg www.fscommander.com/images/FSC9_Pacot_large.jpg Ann Heinke—Overlook Consulting Universal Global Datalink 2/28/2013