THE KENNEDY & JOHNSON YEARS

Chapter 18

Democrat Junior Senator Young: 43 Wealthy,

Connected Family Handsome Catholic

Republican VP Youngish: 47 Humble Means “Tricky Dick” Quaker

John F. Kennedy Richard M. Nixon

Election 1960 Elections first to have

televised debates Kennedy & Nixon Debates Kennedy had Hollywood

producers to coach Makeup, suit, speaking

Nixon refused makeup, grey suit Kennedy played on Cold War

Fears claiming the US had fallen behind in the Arms Race – said Eisenhower not doing enough

Also championed the poor: 17 million hungry

Camelot Jack & Jackie Photographs

showed JFK strong, athletic, handsome

Young, beautiful wife Jackie (31)

Two small children (first in White House since 1908)

NEW FRONTIER (536-537) JFK’s plan to change the nation

Tried to reduce taxes – congress said no Federal aid to education – congress said no Cancelled government contracts with steel

companies to lower prices Area Redevelopment Act of 1961- financial

assistance to economically distressed regions Minimum wage raised from $1.00 $1.25

SPACE PROGRAM: we were losing in the Space Race Sets the goal of landing on the moon before the

decade is up – it would be an accomplishment for the entire nation

John Glenn: First American to Orbit Earth

WARREN COURT Supreme Court under

Chief Justice Earl Warren

Made many reforms BROWN V. BOARD

OF EDUCATION – desegregate schools

MIRANDA V. ARIZONA – right to a lawyer

ENGEL V. VITALE – banned prayer/Bible reading in schools

Foreign Affairs 1959 FIDEL CASTRO

overthrows Fulgencio Batista (US backed Cuban Dictator)

Takes over Private Business Makes Anti-American Speeches Signed trade agreement with

the USSR CIA believed an invasion of

Cuba would inspire Cubans to rise up

Eisenhower Okayed the operation (about to leave office)

Foreign Affairs 1960: Kennedy

learns of a plan to train Cuban Exiles to invade Cuba

Kennedy in tough spot: to invade, or not to invade?

CIA assures Kennedy that the plan will succeed

JFK gave the go-ahead

BAY OF PIGS INVASION No secret “The Perfect Failure”

April 15:Cuban Exiles, fly bomber planes and attack Cuban airfields, Cuban Exiles also invade beachesApril 17:US Navy ships assist Cuban Brigade, but don’t fight Cuban Forces, led by Fidel Castro, sink 2 ships, and capture 1,200 men

Outcome JFK took the blame – got respect from

the people Collins Type II – Write an article!

Describe the Bay of Pigs Invasion What was the lead up to the event? What happened? What was the outcome? What do YOU think??

Vienna Conference JFK invited Khrushchev

to meet with him in Vienna, Austria in June 1961 to ease tensions

Khrushchev demanded: US and allies recognize

Communist East Germany as an independent nation

Withdraw from West Berlin

Vienna Conference West Berlin was an “island

of freedom” surrounded by East Germany 3.5 Million East

Germans escaped through West Berlin

JFK & advisors afraid East Germany would use force to regain West Berlin Called reserves into

active duty, built nuclear shelters in US, troop buildup in West Germany

Berlin Wall August 13, 1961:

Khrushchev closed crossing points between East and West Berlin

Within hours 25,000 troops were in place to guard a barbed wire barrier around West Berlin

A proper wall soon followed: 97 miles around the three Western Sectors, 27 miles between West & East Berlin

No Mans Land in Between

Collins Type II – Write a letter

What was the Berlin Wall? What led up to its

being built? What was its

purpose? How will it affect

East & West Germans?

Cuban Missile Crisis US actions at the Bay of Pigs and Berlin

Crisis encouraged USSR to become more aggressive

Khrushchev pledged to defend Cuba USSR concerned about nuclear missiles

placed in Turkey Convinced Castro to allow Surface - to – air

missiles (SAM) and nuclear missiles in Cuba JFK accused of being “soft on communism”

Cuban Missile Crisis JFK ordered U-2 spy planes to fly over Cuba 1962: photos showed the building of SAMs JFK’s advisors advised an airstrike

Followed by an invasion Act of war

Robert McNamara & Robert Kennedy wanted a naval blockade This would be an act of war too, less threatening

JFK chose blockade For two days the US prepared for war as Soviet ships

sailed for Cuba – Khrushchev said if we try to stop them, WAR!

Khrushchev wrote a letter… Offering to remove the missiles if the US promised to

never invade Cuba Then he wrote another letter demanding the US pull

missiles out of Turkey JFK ignored the second letter Secretly, Robert Kennedy promised we would take

missiles out This is the closest the world has ever come to

nuclear war JFK & Khrushchev installed a hotline so they could

communicate directly LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY: end testing nuclear

weapons in the atmosphere & underwater

13 Days John F. Kennedy – President Robert Kennedy – Attorney

General Kenny O’Donnell - Advisor Robert McNamara –

Secretary of Defense Dean Atcheson – Secretary

of State under Truman Adlai Stevenson –

Ambassador to the UN

November 22, 1963 JFK went to Dallas to campaign for the 1964 election Rode in a convertible LEE HARVEY OSWALD shot Kennedy from the 6th

floor of the Texas School Book Depository Two days later Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON gave the oath of office

on Air Force One Set up the WARREN COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE JFK’S

DEATH “The legacy of hope died with him. You never had

that same sense again that we were moving forward.”

LBJ – Lyndon Baines Johnson Powerful Senator from Texas Hated being VP “It was my duty to carry on” what

JFK had planned Master Legislator – used the

JOHNSON TREATMENT WAR ON POVERTY GREAT SOCIETY: DOMESTIC

PROGRAMS , AIMS TO END POVERTY AND RACIAL INJUSTICE

MEDICAID: healthcare for poor MEDICARE: healthcare for 65+ DAISY AD: election of 1964

Beat Barry Goldwater

Turn to Page 546 Look at the Major Great Society

Programs Chart Write a Collins Type II:

What was the Great Society & its aims

Use three examples from chart to describe its goals (underline examples!)