chapter 22 - the kennedy & johnson years file5 in office = 1961-1963 ** assassinated november...
TRANSCRIPT
3
1960 Presidential Election = John F. Kennedy
(Dem) vs. Richard M. Nixon (Rep)
• 1st TV debates in
history
• Nixon was the more
experienced politician
• Kennedy was young,
handsome & spoke
directly to the camera
• Nixon was tired,
sweaty, and looked
mostly at Kennedy
John F. Kennedy Richard M. Nixon
4
Media and Politics
• How you look becomes
almost as important as
intelligence
• Politics becomes much
more expensive since TV
commercials are
expensive!
5
In office = 1961-1963
** Assassinated November 22,
1963
Vice President = Lyndon B.
Johnson
John F. Kennedy
** 43 years old. Youngest
President ever elected.
Wife = Jacqueline Bouvier
Kennedy
8
Jacqueline and John
Kennedy with their
children, John Jr.
(left) and Caroline
(right) at their home
in Hyannis Port, MA.
9
John F. Kennedy
• Kennedy won a really close election so he did not
have a **mandate from the people.
• First Roman Catholic president
• Experienced politician (House & Senate)
• WWII hero! Captain of PT 109
• PT boat rammed by Japanese destroyer and Kennedy
towed one of
his badly
burned crew
members to
an island,
saving his
life.
10
John F. Kennedy {1960 – 1963}
Marilyn Monroe sang
“Happy Birthday” to
President Kennedy at a
celebration of his 45th
birthday. She did it in a
very sexy way. Many
believe that JFK had an
affair with her.
11
John F. Kennedy {1960 – 1963}
Famous quote at
Kennedy’s
inaugural address
= “My fellow
Americans, ask not
what your country
can do for you; ask
what you can do
for your country.”
12
Kennedy’s Domestic Programs
** New Frontier = Kennedy’s program to improve the economy, help
the poor, and speed up the space program.
The Other America was a 1962 book by
Michael Harrington that said 20% of
Americans were living below the poverty
line. Kennedy tried to pass government
programs to help the poor, but most failed
in Congress (partly because of the small
margin of victory in the election = 119,000
votes).
13
Kennedy Administration Successes
• Executive Order providing surplus food to unemployed Americans
• Largest peacetime defense buildup in history - - mostly to build
missile programs
• Increased minimum wage ($1 to $1.25)
• Built world’s largest nuclear power plant at Hanford, WA. Many of
America’s nuclear weapons were built at this plant in Washington.
• Area Redevelopment Act - - sent gov’t money to help needy regions
• Signed 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Said nuclear testing could
take place only underground
15
Hanford occupies 560 square miles.
When: 1943 Construction began
What: Nuclear weapons facility, including nine nuclear
reactors, producing plutonium for US nuclear weapons
arsenal
Why: Manhattan Project/ Cold War
1st plutonium-production reactor that fueled the bomb
dropped on Nagasaki
Peak years of weapons material production: 1960s
Who: Operated by Department of Energy; Previously,
Atomic Energy Commission
*** Legacy: World's largest clean-up project!!!
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• Alliance for Progress helped Latin America.
• Peace Corps
1. Volunteer organization (need college degree / 27 months) sending people to developing countries to aide in education and rural development projects.
2. Very popular program that is still going strong.
Kennedy Administration Successes
19
Top Left: the Peace Corps
logo
Top Right: Volunteers being
sworn in
Bottom Right: President
Kennedy talking to
Volunteers
20
The Space Program (NASA)
• In 1961, a Russian by
the name of Yuri
Gagarin became the
first human in space.
He orbited the earth.
America felt scared it
was falling behind the
Soviet Union in the
space race.
21
The Space Program
• Kennedy increased funding
for NASA & challenged them
to put the first man on the
moon
• In 1962, John Glenn became
the first American in space.
Glenn shows President K the space
capsule.
22
In 1969, Neil Armstrong became the
first person ever to walk on the moon!
This meant that the U.S. had moved
ahead of the Soviet Union in the
space race!
23
Picture of the Apollo 11 crew. L to R = Neil Armstrong, Michael
Collins, and Buzz Aldrin. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked
on the moon!
28
Apollo 11 re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere (gravity). The heat
generated is enormous! The bottom side of the command module is a
heat shield for the astronauts.
30
Kennedy Assassination = November 22, 1963
•Was in Dallas for presidential campaign
• Lee Harvey Oswald {communist supporter} convicted of
killing Kennedy
•Dallas nightclub owner, Jack Ruby, shot Oswald to death
while he was being transferred from one jail to another.
Made the investigation more difficult.
• **The Warren Commission (led by Supreme Court Chief
Justice Earl Warren) found that Oswald acted alone.
• This decision has always been very controversial. Many
believe that there was a second shooter that was
involved.
34
Left - - John Jr. salutes his father’s
casket as it passes by. This was John
John’s 3rd birthday.
36
Lyndon Baines Johnson became
the 36th President of the U.S. in
1963. He was raised in a high
poverty area of rural Texas. He
became a teacher and taught in
Houston, TX. He was impacted by
the poverty level of his Mexican-
American students and is known
for his programs to fight poverty.
38
The Johnson Treatment
LBJ was known for his
persuasive capability. He
would grab your lapels or
shoulders and get in your
face. He rewarded people
with praise and punished his
enemies. Johnson almost
always got what he wanted.
LBJ found out everything
about the person to be
persuaded and used it to
influence them.
(Left) Johnson gives The
Johnson Treatment to
Senator Green, Chairman of
the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee.
39
LBJ as a teacher in
Houston, TX in 1927
LBJ taught public speaking and was the
debate team coach at Sam Houston High
School.
40
The Importance of Educational Opportunity (Lyndon Baines Johnson)
If every child born could acquire all the education that their
intelligence quotient (IQ) permitted them to take, God only knows
what our gross national product (average amount of money made by
the nation in one year) would be. The strength that we would add to
our nation militarily, diplomatically, economically is too large even to
imagine. There is no investment that we could make that would return
such high dividends (payback). If we could just assume when a child
is born that that child was going to be trained until it reached the point
that it could no longer profit from that training and that if the
economic situation in the family did not exist, that the government
would provide a scholarship. To see that brought about, you would
eliminate slums and most crime as well as the need for poverty
programs. Because all of these things that we frown upon and that
give us problems in this country ultimately are traceable to the
dropout or to the lack of education or to environment or to health
problems or something else which could be cured by giving every
person the right to all the education that he or she could take.
41
Presidential Election of 1964
Barry Goldwater (Republican / on the left) was soundly defeated by Lyndon
Baines Johnson (Democrat / on the right). This gave LBJ a **mandate to
develop his government ideas in what became known as the **Great Society.
43
**The Great Society
• Economic Opportunity Act (1964)
Created nationwide programs to help the
poor and fight the causes of poverty – like
illiteracy. Became known as the **War on
Poverty.
a. Head Start = preschool for low income families.
b. VISTA = Volunteers in Service to America. Sent
volunteers to help poor communities in the U.S.
44
**The Great Society
• Civil Rights Act (1964):
– 1. Banned discrimination in public
accommodations {programs and jobs
supported by federal $}
– 2. Gave federal government power to
enforce desegregation and prosecute
voting rights violations.
45
The Great Society
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965): first major federal aid package for education in history. Gave states $ based on the number of low income children.
• Medical Care Act (1965): Created medical care programs like:
**Medicare = federally funded health care for the elderly (65 & older).
**Medicaid = low cost health insurance to poor Americans of any age, who can’t afford private insurance.
46
The Great Society
• Voting Rights Act (1965): ended literacy tests for voting; allowed fed agents to monitor voter registration.
• Higher Education Act (1965): provided scholarships and loans
• Immigration Act (1965): ended discriminatory ethnic quotas. Family members of American citizens were exempt from the quotas.
47
The Warren Court
1. Chief Justice Earl
Warren was a
controversial leader of
the Supreme Court from
1953-1969.
2. His court was
concerned with
protecting the rights of
the individual against
the power of the
government.
3. The court’s liberal
decisions often angered
Warren’s Republican
Party.
48
The Warren Court
Background to the Case - - New York
Public Schools adopted a voluntary prayer
in 1951. The prayer was part of a moral
education goal.
The Prayer = “Almighty God, we
acknowledge our dependence upon Thee,
and we Beg Thy blessings upon us, our
parents, our teachers and our country."
In 1958, five parents brought a lawsuit
against the school.
**Engel v. Vitale – 1962 landmark Supreme
Court case which found that school prayer
was unconstitutional based on the 1st
Amendment requirement of separation of
church and state.
49
The Warren Court
Clarence Earl Gideon (left) was
charged with breaking and
entering into a Panama City,
Florida pool hall. Gideon, was
denied his request that an
attorney be appointed to
represent him because it was not
a capital case. The Supreme
Court reversed his conviction,
holding that defense counsel is
"fundamental and essential" to a
fair trial.
**Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – Landmark Supreme Court case that
said suspects in criminal cases who can not afford a lawyer, will
have an attorney (public defender) provided for them by the
government.
50
The Warren Court
Ernesto Arturo Miranda was arrested
based on circumstantial evidence
linking him to the kidnapping and rape
of an 18-year-old woman 10 days earlier.
After two hours of interrogation by
police officers, Miranda signed a
confession to the rape charge.
**1966 Miranda v. Arizona = Landmark Supreme Court case which
required a suspect in a crime to be notified of his/her rights before
being questioned by the police. (right to remain silent, anything said
can be used against you in court, right to an attorney, attorney
appointed for you if you can’t afford one, etc.)
51
Results of the Great Society
Negative = many people complained that the federal
bureaucracy needed to carry out the programs was too
expensive. Many thought anti-poverty programs made
the poor lazy & dependent on the government.
Positive = the number of Americans living in poverty was
cut in half! Michael Harrington (author of The Other
America) said the government should have spent even
more on anti-poverty.
53
Fulgencio Batista = became
Cuban dictator, in 1934, with
American support. Batista
allowed American
companies to get control of
most of Cuba’s economy.
59
In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew
the government of Fulgencio
Batista and became the new
leader of Cuba. He turned Cuba
communist and took back a
million acres of land which was
owned by American corporations.
These companies were not
compensated.
60
Fidel Castro made Cuba an ally of the Soviet Union.
{Shown above = Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev (left) and Cuban
President Fidel Castro {right}.
61
In 1960, President Eisenhower approved
a plan to train 1500 Cuban exiles to
invade and overthrow the Castro
government. The CIA trained them in
Guatemala.
65
The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a horrible failure. The 1500 Cuban exiles were
no match for Cuban forces. Kennedy refused to allow American air strikes
to support the invasion force. America was trying to make it look like the
Cuban people were rising against Fidel Castro’s communist government.
The world now saw that the U.S. was really behind the invasion and it made
the U.S. look bad.
(left) Cuban exile
soldiers are
taken to prisoner
of war camps by
Castro’s army.
66
In 1961, the Soviets built **the Berlin Wall to permanently separate
democratic West Berlin from communist East Berlin. Many
educated people from East Germany were coming to Berlin,
crossing to West Berlin and catching a plane to democratic West
Germany. The wall stopped “the brain drain.”
68
**The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis = In October of 1962, pictures from
an American spy plane showed that the Soviet Union was building
missile bases in Cuba.
70
American U-2 Spy Plane
Maximum speed: 500 mph
Cruise speed: 429 mph
Range: 5,566 nautical miles
Service ceiling = 85,000+ ft
Flight endurance: 12 hours
71
The U.S. had
missile bases in
Turkey and Italy,
which are very
close to the Soviet
Union. Soviet
Union wanted the
U.S. to remove its
missiles.
72
**Cuban Missile Crisis = In October of 1962, the U.S. found out that Soviet
ships, carrying nuclear warheads for the missiles in Cuba, were on their way
to Cuba.
82
President Kennedy
ordered a naval
blockade of Cuba to
prevent Soviet nuclear
warheads from reaching
Cuba. For 3 days, {Oct.
22-25}, the world
watched and waited to
see if there would be a
nuclear war!!
83
Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev agreed to
remove Soviet missiles from
Cuba if the U.S. agreed not
to invade Cuba and took its
missiles out of Turkey.
The two leaders also
installed a hotline so they
could speak if an emergency
arose.
85
Kennedy & Johnson – Foreign Policy
• Kennedy feared that Communism would
spread to the poor nations of Latin America.
• **The Alliance for Progress was an American
program to help build democratic
governments in Latin America.
• The United States pledged billions of dollars
to help L.A. nations create jobs and homes
for their people.
• Some Latin American nations did not trust
the U.S. because it had interfered in many
L.A. nations.
86
The Dominican Republic• Johnson thought that rebels, backed by Communists, had attacked the
military government.
• He sent thousands of U.S. Marines and defeated the rebels. It turned out
that the rebels had not received Communist support.
Johnson’s
Foreign Policy
87
Vietnam
• Johnson was
committed to
preventing the spread
of communism.
• Johnson ordered a
major increase in the
number of American
troops sent to
Vietnam.
Johnson’s Foreign Policy
89
Foreign Policy in the
Early 1960s—Assessment
Which of these events started the Cuban Missile Crisis?
(A) The CIA trained Cubans for an invasion to overthrow Castro.
(B) The United States learned of Soviet missile bases in Cuba.
(C) Fidel Castro took over Cuba and developed Soviet ties.
(D) American airstrikes attempted to destroy Cuba’s air force.
What was the Alliance for Progress?
(A) A treaty which banned nuclear testing above the ground
(B) A program which sent American volunteers overseas
(C) A program to build stable Latin American governments
(D) An international plan to overthrow the government of the
Dominican Republic
90
Foreign Policy in the
Early 1960s—Assessment
Which of these events started the Cuban Missile Crisis?
(A) The CIA trained Cubans for an invasion to overthrow Castro.
(B) The United States learned of Soviet missile bases in Cuba.
(C) Fidel Castro took over Cuba and developed Soviet ties.
(D) American airstrikes attempted to destroy Cuba’s air force.
What was the Alliance for Progress?
(A) A treaty which banned nuclear testing above the ground
(B) A program which sent American volunteers overseas
(C) A program to build stable Latin American governments
(D) An international plan to overthrow the government of the
Dominican Republic