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The Invention of the Doughnut Machine

The Invention of the Doughnut Machineby Caitlyn Meagher

This is a photo of doughnuts at a store today.

Imagine a world without delicious, sugary doughnuts. It would be a sad place! Doughnuts have put a smile on the faces of a lot of people. Some of those people were immigrants to the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Their first stop was Ellis Island, an island by New York City where immigrants had to go through health tests and interviews. Many immigrants were scared of what was to come in this new, foreign country. When they arrived at Ellis Island, volunteers handed out doughnuts. For many immigrants, it was their first taste of America!

American immigrants weren't the only people who enjoyed doughnuts. During World War I, volunteers handed out millions of doughnuts to American soldiers in France. The doughnuts reminded the soldiers of home. Once the war ended, soldiers wanted even more doughnuts! But who could make enough to keep up with the demand?

Adolph Levitt was an immigrant to the United States. He owned a bakery in New York City. He was one of the many Jewish people who had left Russia for the United States in the early 1900s. In Russia at the

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The Invention of the Doughnut Machine

Richards, George M. United States Committee On Public Information. Division Of Pictorial

Publicity. Oh, boy! That's the girl! The Salvation Army lassie--keep her on the job. United States,

1918. [New York: The Sackett & Wilhelms Corporation] Photo

This is a poster from the end of World War I. It shows an American soldier eating a doughnut

from a volunteer.

time, Jewish people did not feel safe. There were many riots against Jewish people. They faced daily discrimination. Levitt decided to leave his home and create his own business: a bakery.

Levitt sold hand-made doughnuts at his bakery. But so many people wanted them that he couldn't keep up-making doughnuts by hand was a long process! So Levitt thought of a way to produce many doughnuts with a machine. This was the first doughnut machine in the world. It would take a lot less time to make doughnuts with Levitt's machine. He called his machine "The Wonderful Almost Human Automatic Doughnut Machine." He put it in the window of his shop so that people could watch the doughnuts go through it. The machine was a hit! Levitt began selling doughnut machines to many shops and made millions of dollars. His machine was even at the 1934 World's Fair in Chicago!


ReadWorks Vocabulary - discrimination

discrimination dis·crim·i·na·tion

Definitionnoun

1. the act of treating some people worse than others.

Discrimination in the workplace is against the law.

Advanced Definitionnoun

1. the act of discriminating, differentiating, or distinguishing.

The dog's discrimination between the scent of its owner's clothing and that of the

others was amazing to watch.

2. the act, or collective acts, of making invalid, unfair, or hurtful differentiations, as in prejudice against people of minority groups.

The civil rights movement fought to bring an end to discrimination in this

country.

3. the ability to make keen judgments or discernments.

Spanish cognate

discriminación: The Spanish word discriminación means discrimination.

These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:

1. The Chinese also suffered greatly from discrimination.

2. Despite the discrimination she faced, Marian Anderson continued to perform and excel at singing.

3. Singer tells students that the effects of slavery linger today through racial prejudice and discrimination.

4. It's important to understand how slavery affected the entire country, because its effects linger through discrimination, Singer says.

5. The U.S. Department of Education recently announced that it is changing the regulations of Title IX, a law that prohibits gender discrimination in schools.

6. Q: Did you feel any racial discrimination while attending Fisk? A: The bathrooms and water fountains had signs on them indicating whether a white person or a black person could use them. This was really strange, because this did not exist in my country.

7. Most immigrants have come to America with the hope of building a better life. However, they were sometimes met with hatred by the people already living in the country who feared the economic and cultural impacts of these newcomers. While this discrimination and the economic downfall of the Great Depression had a negative effect on immigration, American immigration has managed to survive.

ReadWorks.org · © 2020 ReadWorks®, Inc. All rights reserved.Definitions and sample sentences within definitions are provided by Wordsmyth. © 2015 Wordsmyth. All rights reserved.

The Invention of the Doughnut Machine - Vocabulary: discrimination

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word discrimination?

A. a distinction

B. a chess piece

C. an end, death

2. What is another meaning of the word discrimination?

A. the state of being distinguished from, or set apart

B. a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

C. a reproduction of sound and/or video stored in a permanent medium

Please use each answer choice only once. Choose the one word that best completes the sentence.

3. They did not like the _____ that kept Althea Gibson out of those tournaments.

A. discriminate

B. discriminated

C. discriminatory

D. discrimination

E. discriminating

4. Yet it wasn't until 1920 that an amendment was added that said states could not

_____ against people who wanted to vote because of their gender.

A. discriminate

B. discriminated

C. discriminatory

D. discrimination

E. discriminating



5. In "Brown V. Board of Education" the U.S. supreme court was concerned with the

_____ use of existing public school teachers, buildings, programs, and supplies.

A. discriminate

B. discriminated

C. discriminatory

D. discrimination

E. discriminating

6. Some communities _____ against Indians, Hispanics, and Asian-Americans.

A. discriminate

B. discriminated

C. discriminatory

D. discrimination

E. discriminating

7. Producers will be more _____ in their sales to eager buyers.

A. discriminate

B. discriminated

C. discriminatory

D. discrimination

E. discriminating

8. Please write your own sentence using the word discrimination.



9. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word discrimination so

that you can use it when you write or speak?


Immigration: Famous Immigrants

Immigration: Famous Immigrantsby ReadWorks

The United States has a rich history of immigrants. Many have overcome great odds to rise to the top of their fields. Find out more about their remarkable feats by reading the chart below.

Name D.O.B. Origin Profession Interesting Facts

Peter Jennings1938d. 2005

Toronto,CanadaT.V. Broadcast Journalist

Anchor of ABC's World News Tonight.

Martina Navratilova

1956Prague, Czech Republic

Professional Tennis Player

Winner of a record 167 singles titles, including Wimbledon, the French Open, and the U.S. Open.

Madeleine Albright

1937Prague,Czech Republic

Former Secretary of State

Escaped both Nazi and Communist governments in Europe.



Gene Simmons 1949 Haifa, Israel Singer Co-founder of the rock group KISS. Used to be a schoolteacher.

Gloria Estefan 1957 Havana, Cuba SingerReceived her B.A. in Psychology at the University of Miami.

Arnold Schwarzenegger

1947 Thal, AustriaActor, Former Governor

Named Mr. Universe five times for bodybuilding.

Alex Trebek 1940Sudbury, Canada

TV Game Show Host

First worked as a newscaster.

Albert Einstein1879d. 1955

Ulm, Germany Scientist

Lived and worked in Princeton, NJ for nearly 30 years, until his death in 1955.

Mikhail Baryshnikov

1948Riga, Latvia (U.S.S.R.)

Ballet Dancer

Starred in several motion pictures, including The Turning Point (1977), White Nights (1985), and Dancers (1987).

Andy Garcia 1956 Havana, Cuba Actor

Garcia's family fled Cuba's communist government when he was five and started a perfume company in Miami, FL worth millions of dollars.

Bob Hope1903d. 2003

London, England

Actor, Comedian

Appeared in over 50 films. Winner of five Academy Awards.



Henry Kissinger 1923 Furth,Germany Former Secretary of State

Came with his family to the U.S. in 1938 to escape Nazi persecution of Jews. Won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1973.

Hakeem Olajuwon

1963 Lagos,NigeriaProfessional Basketball Player

Leading shot-blocker in NBA history with 3,830 blocked shots.

Alexander Graham Bell

1847d. 1922

Edinburgh, Scotland

Inventor

Patented the telephone, which revolutionized communication, at the age of 29.

Patrick Ewing 1962Kingston, Jamaica

Professional Basketball Player

Holds New York Knicks' team record for scoring, rebounding, blocked shots, and steals.

Audrey Hepburn1929d. 1993

Brussels, Belgium

Actress

This Oscar-winning film and Broadway star also became an ambassador4 for UNICEF. She worked to aid hungry children in Africa and Latin America.

Yoko Ono 1933 Tokyo, JapanComposer, poet, singer.

Married John Lennon in 1969, just before the Beatles broke up. Made albums with Lennon.

Elie Wiesel 1928Sighet, Romania

Author

Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, after having survived Nazi concentration camps.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - immigrant

immigrant im·mi·grant

Definitionnoun

1. a person who moves from the country where he or she was born to another country.

My parents are immigrants from Poland.


1. one who moves permanently to another country from his or her native land.

adjective

1. of or pertaining to immigrants.

Spanish cognate

inmigrante: The Spanish word inmigrante means immigrant.


1. Most of the workers who built the canal were Irish immigrants. They were paid 80 cents per day.

2. About a third of these immigrants were Irish people trying to escape a famine that struck their country in the mid-1840s.

3. The United States has a rich history of immigrants. Many have overcome great odds to rise to the top of their fields.

4. The United States is often called a melting pot. That's because the parents or grandparents of most of the people who live in the United States came from other countries. People who move from one country to another are called immigrants.

5. Immigrants faced many challenges once they moved to America. Many did not have family or friends here. They could not speak the language and felt uncomfortable with American culture. They took any low-paying jobs they could find to survive. But perhaps the biggest challenge immigrants faced was housing.

6. The United States of America has long been the world's chief receiving nation for immigrants. An immigrant is a person who leaves his/her country to settle and remain in a new country. Over the years, many millions of people have uprooted and left family and friends to move to America.

7. The population in New York was the most diverse of anywhere in the young colonies. If you listened in on dinner table conversations along the Hudson River, you would hear more than


ReadWorks Vocabulary - immigrant

12 languages! Most of the immigrants from other countries who came to the middle colonies were skilled at a craft.

8. My sister Rebekah and I were determined to fill in the blank space on our family tree. So, we set out to Ellis Island in New York City. Most immigrants arrived there from 1892 to 1954. We hoped they would have the records we needed to learn more about our family history.

9. The daughter of Chinese immigrants, California-born Kwan won her first world figure-skating title when she was 15. (An immigrant is a person who comes from another country to live in a new country permanently.) In total, Kwan has won 43 championships, including an Olympic silver medal in 1998 and a bronze medal in 2002.

10. San Antonio is 300 miles north of Monterrey [Mexico], but it's a different world in terms of jobs and the economy. Raquel, who came to the U.S. as a legal immigrant, worked for years in a fast food restaurant. She and her husband bought a house, and their son played football for his high school team.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - overcome

overcome o·ver·come

Definitionverb

1. to win against; defeat.

He overcame many problems.

She overcame all the other players.

2. to cause to be weak or no longer conscious.

He was overcome by fumes.

The chemical fumes overcame him.

Advanced Definitiontransitive verb

1. to defeat or quell in a conflict; succeed in a struggle with.

I think this is a problem we can easily overcome if we work together.

We'll have to overcome many obstacles in order to accomplish this goal.

With this bold plan of attack, they hoped to overcome the enemy.

2. to cause to be weak or inactive, or to lose consciousness.

He struggled to speak, but the drug quickly overcame him.

3. to emotionally overwhelm or render inarticulate.

We were overcome by the powerful images of suffering in the film.

4. to equal and then surpass.

I overcame his lead on the last turn of the race.

intransitive verb

1. to win a victory.

We shall overcome.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - overcome


1. These experts can help you learn to overcome a phobia.

2. Sharon Robinson talks about what students need to overcome their problems.

3. Many have overcome great odds to rise to the top of their fields.

4. Immigrants had to have strong determination and strength to overcome the challenges they faced.

5. Jordan always believed that if people worked hard, they could overcome any barriers and become successful.

6. Most people who seek treatment completely overcome their fears for life, according to the American Psychiatric Association.

7. Recently, Anthony and his choir mates have been helping many people overcome feelings of grief and loss.

8. "We found that dyslexics who succeed had overcome an awful lot in their lives by developing compensatory skills," says Logan.

9. One captain thought it was best to continue west. The other captain disagreed and headed east. His ship eventually was overcome by bad weather.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - remarkable

remarkable re·mark·a·ble

Advanced Definitionadjective

1. exceptional or unusual; notable.

That summer was remarkable for its lack of rain.

2. worthy of notice or mention.

Even as a young child, she was a remarkable athlete.


1. We have victory--a remarkable and definite victory.

2. The gravestone of this truly remarkable woman reads: "Servant of God, Well Done."

3. There are many remarkable discoveries yet waiting in the Amazon, he told Current Science.

4. Despite his remarkable achievements, Columbus didn't behave like a hero at all, critics argue.

5. Apache is pronounced "uh-PAH-chee," and it isn't the only name for these remarkable people.

6. Some of the greatest heroes did not just do remarkable things that made them famous.

7. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sea captain who led what many people believe is the most remarkable voyage in history.

8. Eventually, he would become the first European to reach India by ship.Da Gama's remarkable journey of discovery began on July 8, 1497.


Immigration: Famous Immigrants - Comprehension Questions

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is the interesting fact about the one dancer on this list?

A. She was a professional tennis player.

B. He starred in several motion pictures.

C. He played in the NBA.

D. He fled Cuba's communist government.

2. How does the author organize the information in this passage?

A. The author uses evidence to persuade the reader of the importance of United States immigrants.

B. The author lists and provides information about famous immigrants to the United States.

C. The author compares and contrasts famous immigrants to the United States.

D. The author summarizes the accomplishments of immigrants by providing information in groups.

3. Regarding the information on Nazis, what can be inferred about their presence in

other countries?

A. Nazis were present in several countries and caused people to flee and come to the United States.

B. Nazis were present in all other countries.

C. Nazis were present only in Romania, and caused Elie Wiesel to come to the United States.

D. Nazis were present in only Germany, and caused Henry Kissinger to come to the United States.

4. What can be inferred about the relationship between immigrants and TV and film?

A. Immigrants completely took over the TV and film business.

B. Several immigrants gained fame in TV and film.

C. Immigrants mostly shied away from careers in TV and film.

D. Immigrants did not ever enter the TV and film business.



5. Read the sentence:

"The United States has a rich history of immigrants."

Which word could best replace rich as used in this sentence?

A. wealthy

B. strong

C. prosperous

D. cheap

6. This list is mostly about

A. wealthy immigrants

B. notable immigrants

C. immigrants who were musicians

D. elderly immigrants

7. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence below.

Gene Simmons is the co-founder of the rock group KISS, ___________ previously he

was a school-teacher!

A. next

B. but

C. except

D. in conclusion

8. What can be concluded about the contributions of immigrants to American

government?



9. How many immigrants have become notable for their athletics?

10. What can be concluded about the history of immigrants in the United States after

reading this passage?


Immigration: Famous Immigrants - Vocabulary: overcome

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word overcome?

A. have an emotional or cognitive impact upon

B. to surmount (a physical or abstract obstacle)

C. keep in a certain state, position, or activity

2. What is another meaning of the word overcome?

A. to control

B. to win over

C. to overflow


3. Who _____ out of this hole?

A. incomes

B. overcome

C. came

D. come

E. coming

F. income

G. comes

4. We want you to _____ and see.

A. incomes

B. overcome

C. came

D. come

E. coming

F. income

G. comes



5. "I think there's a storm _____!"

A. incomes

B. overcome

C. came

D. come

E. coming

F. income

G. comes

6. When the rain _____, bees look for shelter.

A. incomes

B. overcome

C. came

D. come

E. coming

F. income

G. comes

7. A child's _____ might come from money earned for doing jobs at home or for

neighbors.

A. incomes

B. overcome

C. came

D. come

E. coming

F. income

G. comes



8. How hard is it to _____ inertia with the tennis ball?

A. incomes

B. overcome

C. came

D. come

E. coming

F. income

G. comes

9. The higher their _____, the higher will be their spending for consumer goods.

A. incomes

B. overcome

C. came

D. come

E. coming

F. income

G. comes

10. Please write your own sentence using the word overcome.



11. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word overcome so that

you can use it when you write or speak?


Immigration: Famous Immigrants - Vocabulary: remarkable

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word remarkable?

A. wonderful

B. pleasing

C. not real

2. What is another meaning of the word remarkable?

A. unusual or striking

B. terrible, very bad

C. having a handicap


3. He didn't have to explain his _____.

A. remarkably

B. unremarked

C. remarkable

D. remarks

E. remark

4. Like the birds called pigeons, seagulls may go almost anywhere _____.

A. remarkably

B. unremarked

C. remarkable

D. remarks

E. remark



5. Writings of his were handed about, _____ for the peculiar felicity of expression.

A. remarkably

B. unremarked

C. remarkable

D. remarks

E. remark

6. Shawn was a little upset about their _____.

A. remarkably

B. unremarked

C. remarkable

D. remarks

E. remark

7. How _____ well you are looking to-day!

A. remarkably

B. unremarked

C. remarkable

D. remarks

E. remark

8. Please write your own sentence using the word remarkable.



9. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word remarkable so that



Immigration: Famous Immigrants - Vocabulary: immigrant

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word immigrant?

A. a chair mounted on large wheels

B. a close connection

C. a person who comes to a country from another country in order to permanently settle there

2. What is another meaning of the word immigrant?

A. a plant or animal that establishes itself in an area where it previously did not exist

B. a sporting competition

C. a reference book


3. Many _____ were poor in their homelands.

A. immigrant

B. migration

C. migrated

D. immigration

E. migrant

F. migrate

G. immigrants

4. This travel from one home to another is called _____.

A. immigrant

B. migration

C. migrated

D. immigration

E. migrant

F. migrate

G. immigrants



5. They also want illegal _____ stopped.

A. immigrant

B. migration

C. migrated

D. immigration

E. migrant

F. migrate

G. immigrants

6. Most _____ men found work outside the home.

A. immigrant

B. migration

C. migrated

D. immigration

E. migrant

F. migrate

G. immigrants

7. The nature program was about how sharks _____ in the ocean.

A. immigrant

B. migration

C. migrated

D. immigration

E. migrant

F. migrate

G. immigrants



8. A few geese had _____ from a nearby pond and squatted at the edge of the field.

A. immigrant

B. migration

C. migrated

D. immigration

E. migrant

F. migrate

G. immigrants

9. With her mom up by the lakes on a crew doing the _____ work.

A. immigrant

B. migration

C. migrated

D. immigration

E. migrant

F. migrate

G. immigrants

10. Please write your own sentence using the word immigrant.



11. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word immigrant so that



Native Americans

Native Americansby Vinnie Rotondaro

Native Americans have been living in what is now the United States of America since long before any Europeans came. They are not just a single group of people - there are many different tribes of Native Americans. Different Native American groups have different languages, religious beliefs, and ways of living, or folkways.

You can see just how different Native American groups can be by comparing one to another. Look at the Hopi people. The Hopi are Native Americans who come from what is now the American Southwest. When the Spanish came to America in the 16th century and found the Hopi people, they nicknamed them "pueblo people" because Hopi people didn't move around much-they lived together in what amounted to towns. Pueblo is a Spanish word that means "town." The Hopi have always been a very peaceful people. Their name comes from the term Hopituh Shi-nu-mu, which means, in the Hopi language, "The Peaceful People" or "Peaceful Little Ones."


Native Americans

Now compare the Hopi to the Navajo. The Navajo come from the same general area as the Hopi. But instead of being a "pueblo people," instead of staying in one place, they moved around. They didn't live in permanent towns like the Hopi. They were a "semi-nomadic" people. While the Hopi were historically known for farming, the Navajo were known for hunting and gathering. After they met the Spanish, the Navajo became known for herding sheep. The Hopi, not so much.

The Hopi and the Navajo were, and are, two very distinct groups of people, and they come from the same part of the continent! So think about how much other tribes from other parts of the continent might differ.

For thousands of years the Chinook have lived near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. They were known, and are still known, for being skilled fishers. The Chinook would make huge dug-out canoes, and the fish that they caught most often was the salmon. The salmon was a very important food source for the Chinook, and it plays a large role in the Chinook sense of identity.

All the way across the country, over in what is now Maine, the Penobscot also derive meaning and a sense of identity from the animals they hunt. But they are completely different animals: beavers, otters, moose, bears, and caribou.

Today, there may not be as many thriving Native American tribes as there used to be, but there are more than a few. The United States of America federally recognizes more than 500 different Native American tribes. When a tribe is federally recognized, it means that the tribe may form its own government with its own laws, taxes, and rules. There are also about 400 non-federally recognized tribes. All in all, there are about 1,000 different groups of Native American people in the United States, and each group is unique.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - distinct

distinct dis·tinct

Definitionadjective

1. different or separate.

There are many distinct kinds of dogs.

2. clear to see, hear, or understand.

There was a distinct change in her mood.

Advanced Definitionadjective

1. clearly different or set apart; separate (often fol. by from).

This species of tiger has been found to be distinct from all others.

I have three distinct groups of friends.

2. plainly seen, heard, or understood; unmistakable or evident.

On a clear day, the mountains are distinct.

There is a distinct difference between what the candidate said last week and

what he's saying now.

3. having sharpness and clarity, as lines in a drawing.

The figures in the background are quite distinct.

4. very likely.

It's a distinct possibility that she'll decide to look for another job.

Spanish cognate

distinto: The Spanish word distinto means distinct.



ReadWorks Vocabulary - distinct

1. Haumea also has a distinctive spin and shape. It rotates once every four hours-six times faster than Earth does. That's the fastest spin rate of any major object in the solar system.

2. The Gobi Desert is the fifth largest desert in the world and the largest desert in Asia. It lies in China and Mongolia and is comprised of several distinct ecological and geographic regions.

3. If you have heard of Jamaica, you probably know that it is an island in the Caribbean. You may have listened to reggae, a distinctly Jamaican type of music whose most famous singer is Bob Marley

4. Males that sport outsize weapons tend to live in places with limited resources, says Emlen. And those resources are usually in distinct locations that are easy to defend, such as cozy burrows or tasty sap-producing trees.

5. During his years of filmmaking, Colbeck observed other signs of elephant intelligence. Elephants communicate with each other through low rumbling sounds that people often cannot hear. Family members also make distinct sounds that other members can recognize.

6. It would take hundreds of books to tell the amazing history of such a diverse region. However, three distinct phases shaped West Africa's history. The first was its ancient empires. Then, European colonization came. Finally, there was independence.

7. Bees live in beehives, which have a distinct order that helps things run smoothly. At the bottom of the totem pole are the workers.

8. Collins may enjoy the distinction of being the first female shuttle commander, but she hopes it's "not for long!" A distinction is an accomplishment that sets a person apart from others. Collins wants more women to follow in her footsteps. "The young people are going to be the ones to take us on to more exciting adventures," she said.


Native Americans - Comprehension Questions

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. How long have Native Americans been living in America?

A. a few decades

B. since after the arrival of Europeans

C. about the same time as the Europeans

D. long before any Europeans came

2. Why does the author compare different Native American tribes throughout the

passage?

A. to show that they all come from the same region of North America

B. to show how different Native American tribes can be

C. to show the different ways Native American tribes found food

D. to show the traveling patterns of different Native American tribes

3. Read the sentence: "The Hopi and the Navajo were, and are, two very distinct groups

of people, and they come from the same part of the continent! So think about how much

other tribes from other parts of the continent might differ."

What does the author suggest with this information?

A. The Hopi and Navajo tribes are extremely unusual tribes.

B. Native American tribes from different parts of the continent may be similar to the Hopi and Navajo.

C. Native American tribes from different parts of the continent may be even more distinct from the Hopi and Navajo.

D. Other tribes may try to move to the part of North America where the Hopi and Navajo live.

4. What can be inferred about how the number of Native American tribes has changed

over time?

A. There are more Native American tribes today than in the 16th century.

B. There are fewer Native American tribes today than in the 16th century.

C. There are the same number of Native American tribes today as in the 16th century.

D. It is unclear how the number of Native American tribes has changed.



5. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Native American tribes can be very different from one another.

B. Native American tribes should be recognized for their similarities.

C. The Spanish had a large role in determining the difference of Native American tribes.

D. The Hopi and Navajo are the two most important Native American tribes.

6. Read the sentences from paragraph three: "But instead of being a 'pueblo people,'

instead of staying in one place, [the Navajo] moved around. They didn't live in

permanent towns like the Hopi. They were a 'semi-nomadic' people."

As used in the sentence, what does the word "permanent" most nearly mean?

A. changing

B. cultural

C. long-lasting

D. unstable

7. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence below.

The Chinook and Penobscot tribes both derive meaning from the animals they hunt

____________ the animals they hunt are completely different!

A. because

B. even though

C. in contrast

D. nevertheless

8. According to the passage, what similarity do the Penobscot tribe from Maine share

with the Chinook tribe that live near the Pacific Ocean?



9. Both the Hopi and Navajo people came from what is now the American Southwest

yet they had different lifestyles. Explain how the lifestyle of the Hopi people differed

from the lifestyle of the Navajo people.

10. Native American tribes can be similar in some ways even though they are very

different in other ways. Use evidence from the text to support this statement.


Native Americans - Vocabulary: distinct

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word distinct?

A. exercising influence or control

B. different in kind from another

C. characteristic of the present

2. What is another meaning of the word distinct?

A. to be aware of

B. distinguished

C. crude or simple


3. Different types of creatures thrive in the two _____ environments you have created.

A. distinctively

B. distinctly

C. distinctions

D. indistinct

E. distinctiveness

F. distinctive

G. distinct

4. He had that rare quality in any writer - a _____ voice.

A. distinctively

B. distinctly

C. distinctions

D. indistinct

E. distinctiveness

F. distinctive

G. distinct



5. These gaps, although relatively shallow, nevertheless produce _____ clearer and

darker edges.

A. distinctively

B. distinctly

C. distinctions

D. indistinct

E. distinctiveness

F. distinctive

G. distinct

6. This must be _____ understood, or nothing wonderful can come of the story I am

going to relate.

A. distinctively

B. distinctly

C. distinctions

D. indistinct

E. distinctiveness

F. distinctive

G. distinct

7. In doing so they blend and harmonize with each other, yet neither loses its very

special _____ and individuality.

A. distinctively

B. distinctly

C. distinctions

D. indistinct

E. distinctiveness

F. distinctive

G. distinct



8. Political scientists make some fine _____ between these terms.

A. distinctively

B. distinctly

C. distinctions

D. indistinct

E. distinctiveness

F. distinctive

G. distinct

9. I could see somebody in there, sleeping, but pretty _____.

A. distinctively

B. distinctly

C. distinctions

D. indistinct

E. distinctiveness

F. distinctive

G. distinct

10. Please write your own sentence using the word distinct.



11. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word distinct so that



Immigration

Immigrationby ReadWorks

The United States of America has long been the world's chief receiving nation for immigrants. An immigrant is a person who leaves his or her country to settle and live in another country. Over the years, many millions of people have uprooted and left family and friends to move to America. Some felt forced to leave because they feared for their lives due to dangers present in their home countries. For example, many immigrants left countries that were at war or that didn't give them the freedom to practice their faith. Immigrants also left their native lands if they couldn't find work or enough food to live. Whatever the reason, immigrants usually have had to sacrifice a life that is familiar for one that is unknown.

The United States was founded by immigrants. From the 1600s through 1775, European colonists settled in the land that is now the United States. Most of these immigrants were from England. Others arrived from France, Germany, Ireland, Scotland, and Spain. Many of these colonists came here looking for economic opportunity. They wanted better land to farm or better work. Others came to escape religious persecution. Some were even convicts brought over from English jails. West Africans also immigrated to the American colonies, but they came against their will. They were captured, sold into slavery, and shipped to the colonies.

Since the United States was established in the late 1700s, it has seen three waves of


Immigration

immigration. The first wave of American immigration took place from 1820 to 1870. Over seven million people made the voyage to America, mostly from northern and western Europe. About a third of these immigrants were Irish people trying to escape a famine that plagued Ireland in the mid-1840s. Another third of the immigrants from this wave were German. The Chinese also began to immigrate to America during this time. They got word of the Gold Rush in California. They came to work in the mines and get rich.

This flood of immigrants wasn't always welcome by those already in America. Some feared these newcomers would take away their jobs. Others didn't like the politics, customs, and/or religions the new immigrants brought with them. For example, many Irish people were discriminated against for being Roman Catholic. The Chinese also suffered greatly from discrimination.

The next wave of U.S. immigration was by far the greatest. It started in 1881 and ended in 1920. Over 23 million people immigrated to the United States during this period, most of whom came from southern and eastern Europe. But by this time, anti-immigration sentiments had become so strong that a growing number of people demanded laws to make it harder for foreigners to become American citizens. In 1875, Congress passed its first immigration law intended to limit immigration. It kept people who were viewed as undesirable out, including convicts. In 1882, Congress also passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. It prohibited Chinese workers from coming to the United States. A few years later, other laws were passed. One required adult immigrants to have literacy skills. Another limited the number of immigrants from countries outside the Western Hemisphere. However, one of the greatest blows to immigration was the Great Depression of the 1930s. Immigration sharply declined. In fact, there were more people leaving America than coming to America during this time.

The third wave of immigration began in 1965 and continues today. Most immigrants in this wave have come from Asian countries as well as South American countries, Caribbean countries, and Mexico. A large number of these immigrants have settled in the East and Midwest. However, many others have moved to California.

Most immigrants have come to America with the hope of building a better life. However, they were sometimes met with hatred by the people already living in the country who feared the economic and cultural impacts of these newcomers. While this discrimination and the economic downfall of the Great Depression had a negative effect on immigration, American immigration has managed to survive.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - famine

famine fam·ine


1. an extreme and widespread shortage of food.


1. U2's Bono describes himself as a spoiled-rotten rock star. However, he uses his fame to deal with an awfully big problem--Africa's AIDS epidemic and debt crisis. After a benefit concert in Africa in 1985, Bono spent a month working in Ethiopia during a major famine.

2. The Ibrahim sisters-Nimo, 16, and Fadumo, 18-came to the United States in 2000. They were born in Somalia, a country in Africa. While they were still very young, civil war and famine came to Somalia. More than a million Somalis were in danger of starving. They had to escape.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - plague

plague plague


1. any disaster that affects a large population, esp. a disease epidemic or the sudden influx of harmful insects.

The crops were destroyed by a plague of locusts.

How many plagues has this region suffered throughout the centuries?

2. a highly contagious and usually fatal disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis in which victims suffer high fever, chills, and severe exhaustion. Plague is commonly transmitted to humans through bites from fleas on infected rats and manifests itself in bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic forms.

3. (prec. by the) an epidemic of bubonic plague that ravaged much of the world in the fourteenth century; the Black Death.

The plague killed approximately half the population of Europe.

4. a cause of harm, annoyance, or irritation.

There has been a plague of vandalism in the city recently.

transitive verb

1. to annoy or harass; vex; torment.

The reporters plagued the star with questions.

2. to cause to suffer from or as if from a dreadful disease.

In his later years, he was plagued by arthritis.

Battles between warlords plagued the country for a decade.

Spanish cognate

plaga: The Spanish word plaga means plague.


1. The war in Sudan is just one of the many problems that plague Africa.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - plague

2. Two major natural forces have plagued the Japanese people for its entire history: earthquakes and tsunamis. Small earthquakes occur in Japan on a daily basis.

3. About a third of these immigrants were Irish people trying to escape a famine that plagued Ireland in the mid-1840s.

4. Just as places with earthquakes have special building codes, places plagued by tornadoes often have building codes designed to protect buildings from strong winds. People can also build extra-strong safe rooms to weather the storm in.

5. He studied it in the late 1980s, when the problem was plaguing Audis, not Toyotas. "What's happening now in Toyota cars is the same thing that happened with Audi 20 years ago," Schmidt told Current Science.

6. Work on the Duomo cathedral, in Florence, Italy, actually started before the Renaissance, in 1296. But the building took 140 years to complete. The plague and many wars prevented construction from continuing on the building as planned.


Immigration - Comprehension Questions

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. How many waves of immigration to the United States does the text describe?

A. two

B. three

C. four

D. five

2. According to the text, there were strong anti-immigration sentiments in America by

the late 1800s. One cause of this was that people already living in America feared the

newcomers would take away their jobs. What was one effect of this anti-immigration

sentiment?

A. United States immigration increased.

B. The United States government passed laws making it easier for immigrants to become American citizens.

C. The United States government passed laws intended to limit immigration.

D. The economy became very bad and the Great Depression started.

3. Sometimes there were cultural differences between the people already living in

America and immigrants who had moved to America. What information from the text

best supports this information?

A. Some immigrants left their native lands if they couldn't find work or enough food to live.

B. Some people in America didn't like the politics, customs, and/or religions the new immigrants brought with them.

C. Over seven million people came to America during its first wave of immigration.

D. One of the greatest blows to immigration was the Great Depression of the 1930s.

4. How can the United States' attitude toward immigrants during the late 1800's best be

described?

A. accepting

B. unfriendly

C. ambivalent

D. tolerant



5. What is the text mainly about?

A. the waves of immigration to America

B. how views on immigration have changed in America

C. the impact of immigration on the economy and culture of America

D. discrimination against immigrants in America

6. Read the following sentences from the text:

"In 1875, Congress passed its first immigration law intended to limit immigration. It kept

people who were viewed as undesirable out, including convicts. In 1882, Congress also

passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. It prohibited Chinese workers from coming to the

United States."

Based on the text, what does "limit" most nearly mean?

A. spike

B. increase

C. restrict

D. widen

7. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.

In the late 1800s, America passed laws intended to keep certain people from coming

into the United States. __________, Congress passed a law in 1882 preventing

Chinese workers from coming to the United States.

A. However

B. Although

C. As a result

D. For example



8. According to the text, what might be one reason an immigrant would move to the

United States?

9. Describe two of the laws mentioned in the text. Make sure to address why these laws

were passed.

10. Explain at least one factor that influenced the American people's opinion about

immigration in the late 1800s. Use information from the text to support your answer.


Immigration - Vocabulary: famine

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word famine?

A. a great or widespread lack of food

B. a lawyer who pleads cases in court

C. medicine to relieve pain and fever

2. What is another meaning of the word famine?

A. a brass musical instrument with a brilliant tone

B. a period of extreme shortage of food in a region

C. a festival marked by merrymaking and processions


3. He was completely _____ by dinner time.

A. famine

B. famished

4. The dust storms threatened to cause a _____ in the country.

A. famine

B. famished

5. Please write your own sentence using the word famine.


Immigration - Vocabulary: famine

6. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word famine so that you

can use it when you write or speak?


Immigration - Vocabulary: plague

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word plague?

A. to move to another place

B. recognize with gratitude

C. cause to suffer a blight

2. What is another meaning of the word plague?

A. annoy continually or chronically

B. stop moving or become immobilized

C. utter obscenities or profanities


3. His misdeeds _____ him ever after.

A. plague

B. plagued

4. The _____ devastated the populace.

A. plague

B. plagued

5. Please write your own sentence using the word plague.


Immigration - Vocabulary: plague

6. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word plague so that you

can use it when you write or speak?


Tossing Around Dodgeball


Heather Lindaman from upstate New York won't be playing dodgeball anytime soon. In 2001, Heather, then 7 years old, was playing dodgeball in gym class when she fell, slamming into a hardwood floor and breaking her elbow.

After Heather's injury, her parents brought a case to court against the school. They argued that dodgeball is too dangerous for young kids to play in school. Many schools have decided the game should be banned, or not allowed.

To play dodgeball, one team's members must hit opposing players with a large rubber ball to eliminate them from the game. The team with players left at the end of the game wins.

YesSome schools in Massachusetts, Maine, Maryland, New York, Virginia, Texas, and Utah have already banned dodgeball or versions of the game. Some of those versions include war ball, monster ball, and kill game.

The National Association for Sport and Physical Education agrees that dodgeball does not

ReadWorks.orgCopyright © 2007 Weekly Reader Corporation. All rights reserved. Used by permission.Weekly Reader is a registered trademark of Weekly Reader Corporation.


belong in schools. That organization is made up of 20,000 gym teachers, coaches, and trainers. "Dodgeball is not an appropriate activity for K-12 school physical education programs," the group told reporters.

Members of the association argue that dodgeball promotes violence and is unfair. They say that the game encourages bullying because stronger kids target weaker ones.

NoDon't toss dodgeball to the sidelines, say others. Nick Troy is a director with the National Amateur Dodgeball Association. Although his group is not connected with schools, he points out that the game has benefits.

"Dodgeball develops hand-eye coordination, strengthens muscles, and builds concentration skills," Troy told Weekly Reader. "It is also a good form of exercise."

Troy and others argue that dodgeball is no more dangerous than other school sports that kids play. Troy also disagrees that smaller kids are at a disadvantage. "The goal isn't necessarily to get the weakest player out," he said. "It's to get the best player out."

ReadWorks.orgCopyright © 2007 Weekly Reader Corporation. All rights reserved. Used by permission.Weekly Reader is a registered trademark of Weekly Reader Corporation.

ReadWorks Vocabulary - amateur

amateur a·ma·teurAdvanced Definition

noun

1. one who pursues an activity or is devoted to a study purely for intrinsic reward rather than monetary gain.

Her teacher thinks she's good enough to be a professional violinist, but she is

happy being an amateur.

2. an athlete who receives no monetary prize, salary, or other payment for competition.

Olympic athletes, in general, are no longer required to be amateurs.

3. one who is unskilled in a given area or activity.

Don't trust your electrical work to amateurs; call in someone who knows what he's

doing.

adjective

1. of or pertaining to an amateur or amateurs; not professional.

He loves to be involved in amateur theater and has no desire to be a professional

actor.

Our town's amateur theater puts on ten plays a year.

2. lacking or not demonstrating skill or competence.

It seemed like an amateur performance for a theater group supposedly made up of

professionals.

I apologize for that amateur rendition of a great song.

Spanish cognate

amateur: The Spanish word amateur means amateur.


1. Paola is something of an amateur coin collector. So every time she travels, she brings home some money from that part of the world.

2. Foke was an amateur linguist, a person who studies words and language. Foke realized that for a long time, there had only been 26 letters in the alphabet. Foke thought it might be time for a new letter to be added.

3. The next morning, when Jonathan came downstairs for breakfast, there was a cardboard box sitting on his placemat where his bowl of cereal usually waited for him. The top of the box read "AMATEUR PALEONTOLOGIST - FIND YOUR OWN FOSSIL." Jonathan picked up the box.


ReadWorks Vocabulary - eliminate

eliminate e·lim·i·nate

Definitionverb

1. to remove or destroy.

He is trying to eliminate weeds from his garden.

Advanced Definitiontransitive verb

1. to dispose of, remove, or destroy.

Many cleaning products claim to eliminate germs.

The corrupt and ruthless leader found ways to eliminate his enemies.

2. to remove from consideration.

Making that error eliminated him from the spelling contest.

The police have eliminated the victim's wife as a suspect.

3. of an organism, to expel (waste matter).

Waste that is eliminated by cattle and horses is used as fertilizer.

Spanish cognate

eliminar: The Spanish word eliminar means eliminate.


1. Officials hope these and other steps will help eliminate poverty, one of the biggest problems Africa faces.

2. On Dec. 1, 1955, Parks took a stand that helped eliminate racial inequality in the United States.

3. Although the program is one way to help, people are still looking for ways to eliminate poverty.

4. If we have cars that can communicate with one another, they can adjust speeds to eliminate traffic jams, he says.

5. To play dodgeball, one team's members must hit opposing players with a large rubber ball to eliminate them from the game.

6. Nitrous oxide (also called laughing gas), sedation medication given through an IV, and an anesthetic may be used to help you relax and to eliminate pain during the procedure.

7. Two years later, Rwanda and nearby Uganda invaded Congo. Their aim was to eliminate the Hutu responsible for the Rwandan genocide (mass murder) and who were hiding in Congo's eastern forests.


Tossing Around Dodgeball - Genre Questions

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. This passage is an example of

A. an interview.

B. a biography.

C. an article.

D. a narrative.

2. The author

A. agrees that important skills are learned while playing dodgeball.

B. thinks that more schools should teach dodgeball during gym.

C. neither agrees nor disagrees that dodgeball should be banned.

D. agrees that dodgeball should be banned from school.

3. This passage is not fiction because

A. it is about real events.

B. it is about dodgeball.

C. it takes place in New York.

D. someone got hurt while playing dodgeball.

4. Which of the following is not an opinion?

A. Kids learn a lot of important skills in dodgeball.

B. Some kids get hurt playing dodgeball.

C. Dodgeball is a good form of exercise.

D. Dodgeball is dangerous.

5. What detail from the passage helped you to determine the genre?


Tossing Around Dodgeball - Vocabulary: amateur

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word amateur?

A. of or relating to a globe or sphere

B. of or relating to a hero or heroine

C. an athlete who does not play for pay

2. What is another meaning of the word amateur?

A. someone who is unqualified or insufficiently skillful

B. existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

C. devoid of any qualifications or disguise or adornment


3. It was an _____ attempt to get their attention.

A. amateur

B. amateurish

4. He had not yet turned pro; he was still officially an _____ .

A. amateur

B. amateurish

5. Please write your own sentence using the word amateur.


Tossing Around Dodgeball - Vocabulary: amateur

6. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word amateur so that



Tossing Around Dodgeball - Vocabulary: eliminate

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

1. What is a meaning of the word eliminate?

A. become liquid

B. be different

C. to get rid of

2. What is another meaning of the word eliminate?

A. terminate, end, or take out

B. win approval or support for

C. expect, believe, or suppose


3. It _____ the chance of a tie in the wager.

A. elimination

B. eliminates

C. eliminated

D. eliminate

4. In a brash move, he destroyed his ships to _____ any thought of retreat among his

men.

A. elimination

B. eliminates

C. eliminated

D. eliminate


Tossing Around Dodgeball - Vocabulary: eliminate

5. Through process of _____, we know where, and with what weapon, Mr. Boddy was

murdered.

A. elimination

B. eliminates

C. eliminated

D. eliminate

6. It would take a very long time for them to be _____ through death.

A. elimination

B. eliminates

C. eliminated

D. eliminate

7. Please write your own sentence using the word eliminate.

8. What would you like to remember about the meaning of the word eliminate so that



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