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THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

Founded by Mr. Louis Bamberqer-and Mrs. Felix Fuld

PRINTED BY

THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

BULLETIN NO. 12

1945- 1 946

THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDYPrinceton, New Jersey

October, 1946

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

YA('sh

Trustees

iv

Officers of the Board of Trusteesand Standing Committees v

Staff of the Institute vi

Calendar, and Regulations for Admission viii

Members ix

I Report of the Director i

I1 School of Mathematics 12

111 School of Economics and Politics 24

IV League of Nations : .

28

V School of Humanistic Studies 32

VI Gest Oriental Library 40

TRUSTEES

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Terms Expire

1947

SAMUEL D. LEIDESDORF, New York, New YorkHENRY ALLEN MOE, New York, New YorkHERBERT H . LEHMAN, New York, New York

1 948

EDGAR S . BAMBERGER, East Orange, New JerseyHERBERT H. MAASS, New York, New YorkLEO WOLMAN, New York, New York

1 949

FRANK AYDELOTTE, Princeton, New JerseyLEWIS W. DOUGLAS, New York, New YorkOSWALD VEBLEN, Princeton, New Jersey

1950

WILMARTH S. LEWIS, Farmington, ConnecticutLESSING J . ROSENWALD, Jenkintown, PennsylvaniaLEwls W. STRAUSS, New York, New York

1 95 1

JoHN F. FuLTON, New Haven, ConnecticutMICHAEL SCHAAP, New York, New YorkLEwls H . WEED, Baltimore, Maryland

STANDING COMMITTEES OF THEBOARD OF TRUSTEES

The President, the Chairman, and the Director are membersof all committees.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE : Mr. Maass, Chairman ; Messrs.Bamberger, Fulton, Lewis, Moe, Schaap, Veblen, Weed,Wolman

FINANCE COMMITTEE : Mr. Leidesdorf, Chairman ; Messrs.

Maass, Schaap, Strauss, WolmanBUDGET COMMITTEE : Mr. Weed, Chairman ; Messrs. Doug-

las, Leidesdorf, RosenwaldCOMMITTEE ON BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS : Mr. Veblen,

Chairman ; Messrs . Bamberger, MaassCOMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS : Mr. Leidesdorf, Chairman ;

Messrs . Lewis, Rosenwald

President and Chairman : HERBERT H . MAASsVice-President :LEwls H . WEEDVice-Chairman : LEwls L. STRAUSSTreasurer : SAMUEL D . LEIDESDORFAssistant Treasurer : IRA A. SCHURSecretary : EDGAR S. BAMBERGERAssistant Secretary : JANE S . RICHARDSONAssistant Secretary : LEAH HARRIS

iv

v

SCHOOL OF HUMANISTIC STUDIESSTAFF OF THE INSTITUTE

FRANK AYDELOTTE, DirectorABRAHAM FLEXNER, Director EmeritusJUDITH E. SACHS, Librarian

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS

Professors

JAMES WADDELL ALEXANDER

ALBERT EINSTEIN (Emeritus)MARSTON MORSEWOLFGANG PAULI (Visiting Professor)CARL L. SIEGEL

OSWALD VEBLEN (Emeritus)JOHN VON NEUMANNHERMANN WEYL

Associate

WALTHER MAYER

A ssistants

Field Mediaevalist

KURT WEITZMANN

Research A ssistant

HANNS SWARZENSKI

A ssistants

STEPHANIE M. ,JAKIMOWITZ

FRANCES FOLLIN JONES,JUDITH E. SACHS

Professors

HETTY GOLDMAN

ERNST HERZFELD (Emeritus) E . A.LOWE(Emeritus)

*BENJAMIN D . MERITT

ERWIN PANOFSKY

RICHARD F . ARENSPESI MASANIIRVING E. SEGALERNST G. STRAUSHslo-Fu TuAN

GEST ORIENTAL LIBRARY

Curator

NANCY LEE SWANN (Emeritus)

SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS

Professors

EDWARD MEAD EARLEWINFIELD W. RIEFLER

WALTER W . STEWART

ROBERT B . WARREN

vi

STANDING COMMITTEE : Professors Morse, Panofsky, RieflerLIBRARY COMMITTEE : Professors Weyl, Warren, GoldmanSECRETARY OF FACULTY : Professor Goldman

*Absent on leave, 1945-1946 .

vii

The Institute for Advanced Study partakes of the character bothof a university and of a research foundation . It is an institution inwhich a small permanent group of professors serves as the nucleusof a larger, temporary group of mature, though generally youngerscholars . It has been found that the scholars thus brought togetherare so much interested in theirre •

~~-'opment and in the advancement of knowledge, that the usual aca-demic arrangements such as regular courses, required attendance,degrees, examinations and administrative supervision can be dis-pensed with as superfluous.

In these respects, which are all consequences of the fact that itlimits its membership to scholars of a high level of maturity, theInstitute differs from all American universities . It is like a univer-sity in that its success depends on the influence that it exerts on itstemporary members as well as on the individual discoveries of itsprofessors . While it is like a research institute in that the membersof its staff are contributors to knowledge, it differs in two majorrespects, (i) the emphasis on the stream of temporary memberswhich flows through it, and (2) the absence of a specified programof research and of all regimentation.

In regard to appointments to the faculty and to membership inthe Institute, the Founders in their letter addressed to their Trus-tees, dated Newark, New Jersey, June 6, 1930, have expressed thefollowing wish : "It is fundamental in our purpose, and our expressdesire, that in the appointments to the staff and faculty, as well asin the admission of workers and students, no account shall betaken, directly or indirectly, of race, religion, or sex . We feelstrongly that the spirit characteristic of America at its noblest,above all, the pursuit of higher learning, cannot admit of anyconditions as to personnel other than those designed to promotethe objects for which this institution is established, and partic-ularly with no regard whatever to accidents of race, creed, or sex :"

Applications for admission should be addressed to the Institutefor Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey . The Trustees have setaside a sum which may be used for stipends for persons of distinctability and promise who require a limited amount of financial aid.

CALENDAR

1 945-1946First term : September 17—December ISSecond term : February 4—May 4

I946-1947First term : September 16—December 14Second term : February 2—May 3

vuI

PERMANENT MEMBERS

KURT G6DEL, Ph.D., University of Vienna, 1930DAVID MITRANY, Ph.D., London School of Economics and

Politics

MEMBERS, 1 945-1 946

WILLIAM O . AYDELOTTE, Ph.D., Cambridge, 1934 ; HodderFellow and Lecturer in History at Princeton University,

1 945- 1 946VALENTINE BARGMANN, Ph.D., University of Ziirich, 1936

HANS BARON, Ph.D., University of Berlin, 1922 ; Guggen-

heim FellowALEXANDER BAYKOV, Ph.D., University of Birmingham,

1942 ; Senior lecturer, University of Birmingham on Fac-ulty of Commerce and Social Studies

OTTO BENESCH, Dr. Phil ., University of Vienna, 1921 ; Re-

search Fellow of the Fogg Museum of Art, Harvard Uni-versity ; Guggenheim Fellow

RICHARD P. BLACKMUR, Lecturer in Humanities, PrincetonUniversity

SALOMON BOCHNER, Ph.D., University of Berlin, 1921 ; As-sociate Professor of Mathematics, Princeton University

NORMAN S. BUCHANAN, Ph.D., Cornell University, 1931;Professor of Economics, University of California at Berke-ley

CHENG SHU WANG CHANG (MTS . W. Y. Chang), Ph .D.,University of Michigan, 1945 ; Rackham Fellow of theUniversity of Michigan, 1945-1946

SHIING-SHEN CHERN, D.Sc ., University of Hamburg, 1936;Professor of Mathematics, National Tsing Hua Univer-sity

KEI-WON CHUNG, Ph.D., Princeton University, 1938

ix

PAUL A. CLEMENT, Ph .D., Johns Hopkins University, 1930JOHN C. COOPER, A .B., Princeton University, 1909 ; Member

of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United StatesEDWARD M . CORSON, Ph.D., johns Hopkins University,

1945 ; Physicist in charge of Theoretical Division, UnionCarbide and Carbon Company

CHARLES DE TOLNAY, Ph .D., University of Vienna, 1925NELSON DUNFORD, Ph .D., Brown University, 1936 ; PTO-

fessor,Yale UniversityJ. J. L. DUYVENDAK, Ph.D., University of Leyden, 1928;

Professor of Chinese, University of Leyden, The Nether-lands

KY FAN, Dr. of Mathematical Sciences, University of Paris,1941

GEORGE H. FORSYTH, JR ., M .F.A., Princeton University,1927

PAUL FRANKL, Ph .D., University of Munich, 1910E. A. GOLDENWEISER, Ph .D., Cornell University, 1907VIRGINIA R. GRACE, Ph .D., Bryn Mawr, 1934NOEL HALL, A .M., Princeton University, 1926 ; M.A., Oxon.PAUL R. HALMOS, Ph .D., University of Illinois, 1938 ; As-

sistant Professor, University of ChicagoMAXIMILIAN J . HERZBERGER, Ph .D., University of Berlin,

1923 ; on scientific staff of Eastman Kodak Company Re-search Laboratory

EDWIN HEWITT, Ph.D., Harvard University, 1942 ; Gug-genheim Fellow, 1 945- 1946

NING Hv ; Ph.D., California lnstitute of Technology, 1944;Fellow of National Tsing Hua University

LESLIE W. JoNES, Ph .D., Harvard University, 1925 ; Asso-ciate Professor of Classics, College of the City of NewYork

JOHN L. KELLEY, Ph .D., University of Virginia, 1940 ; As-sistant Professor of Mathematics, University of Chicago

JOHN HARVEY KENT, Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1943;Associate Professor of Latin, Southwestern at Memphis

x

GEORGE L. KREEZER, Ph .D., Cornell University, 1928 ; Staffmember, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radia-tion Laboratory and Assistant Pro£essor, Cornell Univer-sity ; Guggenheim Fellow

ALICE AMBROSE LAZEROWITZ, Ph .D., University of Wiscon-sin, 1932 ; Ph .D., University of Cambridge, 1938 ; Asso-clate ro essor o

I osop y, Smlt

o egeRENSSELAER W. LEE, Ph.D ., Princeton University, 1926;

Professor of History of Art, Smith CollegeCLARENCE D . LONG, JR., Ph.D., Princeton University, 1938;

National Bureau of Economic Research ; GuggenheimFellow

ALEXANDER LOVEDAY, M.A., Cantab . ; Fellow of NuffieldCollege, Oxford

FRIEDRICH LUTZ, Dr. rer. pol ., University of Tiibingen,1925 ; Associate Professor, Princeton University

SHIH-TSUN MA, Ph.D ., University of Cambridge, 1941;Professor of Physics, National University of Peking

PESI MASANI, Ph .D., Harvard University, 1946DEANE MONTGOMERY, Ph.D., University of Iowa, 1933;

Professor of Mathematics, Smith CollegeFRANCIS J . MURRAY, Ph.D., Columbia University, 1935 ; AS-

sociate Professor of Mathematics, Columbia UniversityOTTO E . NEUGEBAUER, Ph.D., University of Gōttingen, 1926;

LL.D., St. Andrews University, 1938 ; Professor of Mathe-matics, Brown University

GORDON N . PATTERSON, Ph .D., University of Toronto, 1935;Officer in charge of Aerodynamics Section, AustralianCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research

A. EVERETT PITCHER, Ph.D., Harvard University, 1935 ; As-sistant Professor of Mathematics, Lehigh University

W. KENDRICK PRITCHETT, Ph .D., Johns Hopkins University,1942 ; Instructor, American School of Classical Studiesat Athens

ABRAHAM J. SACH9, Ph .D., Johns Hopkins University, 1940;Research Associate, Brown University

xi

ROBERT SCHATTEN, Ph .D ., Columbia University, 1942 ; Na-tional Research Council Fellow, 1944-1946

WALTER SCHIFFER, Dr. jur., University of Breslau, 1929;Docteur ēs sciences politiques, University of Geneva,1937 ; Guggenheim Fellow

BERTA SEGALL, Ph.D., University of Vienna, 1928 ; AAUW

Members of the Economic, Financial and Transit Depart-ment of the League of Nations on mission at the Institutefor Advanced Study.

Fellow, 1944-1945RICHARD STONE, M .A., Cambridge, 1937 ; Director, Depart-

ment of Applied Economics, Cambridge University ; Fel-low, King's College

FEODORA S. STONE, B .A., London University, I934 ; Secretary,National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Lon-don

FEODOR THEILHEIMER, Ph.D., University of Berlin, 1936;Instructor in Mathematics, Trinity College

WILLIAM R . TRANSUE, Ph.D., Lehigh University, 1936 ; As-sociate Professor of Mathematics, Kenyon College

WILLIAM P. WALLACE, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University,1936 ; Associatc Professor of Classics and Ancient History,University of Colorado

LUCIUS WILMERDING, JR ., M.A., Oxford, 1929TUNG YIU, M .A., Oxford, 1942 ; Professor, National North-

western Union University, China ; Fellow in OrientalLanguages and Literatures, Princeton University

LEO ZIPPIN, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1929 ; As-sistant Professor of Mathematics, Queens College, NewYork

ALEXANDER LOVEDAY, Director

JOHN H. CHAPMAN

PAUL DEPERON

FOLKE HILGERDT

W. MARTIN HILL

MIROSLAV A. KRIZ (left the service in

JOHN LINDBERG

CONSTANTINE F. MACGUIRE

RAGNAR NURKSE

J . ANSGAR E. ROSENBORG

PHYLLIS W. VAN ITTERSUM

PERCY GILL WATTERSON

Locally engaged Associaies

SHAN K. FONG

ALFRED LANDAU

GERTRUDE H. LOVABY

Great Britain

New Zealand

Belgium

Sweden

Eire

une 1 945)Czechoslovakia

Sweden

Eire

Estonia

Sweden

Netherlands

Great Britain

xll

I

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

S i x C E our last Bulletin was published in March1945, the Institute for Advanced Study has returnedto a peace-time basis. Indeed during the past yearresearch has been carried on in all three Schools withrather more than pre-war intensity . We have hadthe pleasure of welcoming to membership a numberof men just released from the armed services or fromwar research projects, who have been able to securea longer or shorter period of free time for researchbefore returning to their regular academic work.Such an interval in the transfer from war to peaceis highly useful to a young scholar for bringing him-self up to date in his special field of study and forresuming original work before he becomes immersedin the busy routine of teaching. Unbroken leisure isneeded for planning new projects and breaking newground. It should then be possible for a man to makeuse of such time as he has free from teaching to carryon work so planned and begun.

During the academic year 1945-1946 the totalnumber of scholars working at the Institute, faculty,members and assistants, rose to 92 and the prospectsare that this total will be still larger in the year1946-1947. During the last two years four membersof the original faculty of the Institute and the Cura-tor of the Gest Oriental Library have retired (inaccordance with our sixty-five year rule) and have

2 THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED' STUDY


3

been designated as Emeritus. These are ProfessorsEinstein, Herzfeld, Veblen and Lowe and MissSwann. In every case this retirement is merely tech-

• • - em • ers o e acu y are con-tinuing their scholarly work and their activities areduly recorded in the chapters devoted to the ap-propriate School . Miss Swann will continue for thetime being her oversight of the Gest collection. Da-vid Mitrany who has been on leave in England since1 939 has resigned his professorship in the School ofEconomics and Politics in order to leave himself freeto continue for the present the work which he is do-ing in England. Professor Mitrany has been electedto permanent membership in the Institute and wehope, as does he, that he will be able to come intoresidence for a few weeks each year and that he willeventually return to Princeton for an extended pe-riod of research.

Two new appointments have been made to theFaculty during the past year : Wolfgang Pauli intheoretical physics and Carl L . Siegel in mathemat-ics. Kurt G~del has been elected to permanent mem-bership . Benjamin D. Meritt was granted leave ofabsence for the year 1 945' 1 946 in order to serve asEastman Professor at the University of Oxford, andthe Director was given leave from January to April,1946 to serve as a member of the Joint Anglo-Ameri-can Committee of Inquiry on Palestine . Miss Gold-man has been granted leave of absence for the year1946-1947 to conduct field work in archaeology atTarsus .

The members of the EconQmic Section of theLeague of Nations who have been in residence atthe Institute since 1940 have now been appointed

quarters on Long Island . The members of this groupwere invited to Princeton in the dark days of 1940when it looked as if the German armies might pos-sibly invade Switzerland and when it seemed quitecertain in any case that the war would seriously crip-ple their work in Geneva . Our purpose was to pre-serve the group intact in order that they might even-tually be taken over by whatever internationalorganization succeeded the League of Nations afterthe war, thus saving for the new organization theimmense store of technical knowledge and experi-ence gathered by these experts in twenty years ofwork for the League.

It was by no means certain in 1940 that the Al-lies would win the war. No one could be sure at thattime whether the League of Nations would surviveor whether any similar international organizationwould be formed to replace it . Nor could we be cer-tain in the third place that any such organization,if it came into being, would be prepared to take overintact the Economic Section of the League. It is amatter of great satisfaction to record that all threeof our hopes have been fulfilled and that our purposein bringing the members of the League EconomicSection to Princeton has now been accomplished.The result is that the technical economic work of

4 THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

the United Nations can date its beginning not from1946 but from 1920.

The members of the League group have beenpleasant colleagues at the Tnstitute . Thanks to thegenerosity of the Rockefeller Foundation, which hasprovided funds for research over and above thesalaries paid by the League, the group has producedduring the last six years the most creditable seriesof publications. Certain members of the group areresigning for other positions. Miroslav A . Kriz leftthe League service in June 1945 to take a positionwith the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Alex-ander Loveday has been elected a Fellow of NuffieldCollege, Oxford, but is spending a term in researchat the Institute before taking up his new duties.Ragnar Nurkse will make a study of inventories forthe Committee on Economic Development, doing hiswork at the Institute, and John Lindberg will re-main at the Institute for two years as a Fellow ofthe Rockefeller Foundation.

As a logical sequence to the theoretical workwhich he has been doing for some years on the math-ematical and logical problems involved in very high-speed electronic computing, John von Neumann hasbegun this year the construction of an all-purposecomputer. This project, which is supported partlyby the Institute and partly by the Army Ord-nance Department and which is conducted in co-operation with the Princeton Laboratories of theRadio Corporation of America and Princeton IJni-versity, is described in the chapter on the Schoolof Mathematics. A building to house the com-puter is now under construction . When finished


the computer will be devoted to theoretical work inmathematics such as the soluti ōn of non-linear dif-ferential equations and the theory of meteorologyrather than to practical problems.

The housing shortage in Princeton is even moreacute than in most university towns and has beenfor many years . It has been created partly by the re-cent advent of research groups connected with theInstitute for Advanced Study and the laboratoriesof the Radio Corporation of America . The difficultyof housing our members has now become so greatthat the Trustees were faced this summer with thenecessity of doing something to meet it or, as an al-ternative, curtailing the activities of the Institute.We have been so fortunate as to be able to purchasefrom the Federal Public Housing Authority elevenbuildings containing roomy and comfortable apart-ments for thirty-eight families . During the summerthese buildings are being transported from theirpresent location at Mineville, New York, and arebeing erected in the square bounded by Cook andGoodman Roads between Springdale Avenue andOlden Lane. They will solve our housing problemuntil such time as it is possible to build more per-manent structures.

One great advantage of the location of the In-stitute in Princeton is the Princeton University Li-brary, the facilities of which have from the begin-ning been placed freely at the disposal of our Facultyand members. In return for this generosity the Trus-tees of the Institute voted last year to make a con-

6 THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY'REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

7

tribution of $500,00o to the new Princeton Univer-sity Library building in which quarters for Institutereaders will be provided. The Princeton Library does not relieve us fromthe necessity of maintaining a library of our ownin Fuld Hall. With a special gift from Mr . Bam-berger, the Institute began to build up that libraryin 1940. It consists of a general library and the li-braries of the three different Schools, which areorganized in a different way for each School . Thetotal number of volumes at present amounts to about27,000 to which a considerable number of unboundperiodicals and pamphlets is to be added . Both thelibrary of the School of Humanistic Studies and ofthe School of Economics and Politics are adaptedto the special fields of research and special needs ofthe members of their present staffs. The Mathemati-cal Library has a more universal character ; its aimis a fair degree of completeness in the entire field ofadvanced mathematics, including•theoretical physics,from about 188o on . It is remarkable that in spite ofthe difficult times, which closed most of the Europeanbook market, something like 75% of the goal hasbeen reached. Our effort is to keep our own librarypurchases down to the lowest possible level consist-ent with our needs, but it is already clear that weshall in a few years accumulate a fairly large collec-tion for which more room will be needed than isnow available in Fuld Hall.

In December 1945, Wolfgang Pauli was awardedthe Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the

so-called Pauli exclusion principle—an award whichwas celebrated by a dinner in honor of ProfessorPauli given in Fuld Hall on December Ioth, theday when the prizes were awarded in Stockholm.

The war service record of the members of the In-stitute faculty is an extremely interesting and cred-itable one. Fifteen members out of a staff then num-bering eighteen gave part or all of their time to warwork. The secrecy which still attaches to much oftheir research makes it impossible even now to givea full report on the war activities of the members ofour staff . Three members of the faculty have beenpublicly recognized for their contributions to thewar effort . Professor Morse has received a Citationfor Meritorious Civilian Service from the War De-partment for work on the proximity fuse and otherproblems in ordnance ; Professor Earle received theMedal for Merit for his work for the Army AirForces and other phases of the war effort . Professorvon Neumann has received the Distinguished Civil-ian Service Award from the Navy Department forhis work on shock waves and detonation.

Details of the war activities of the members of thefaculty insofar as they can be made public are asf ollows :


James W. Alexander : Operational research ; defenseagainst enemy mining operations ; spent some time in Eng-land in I942 at Headquarters of Bomber Command of



Eighth Air Force working on the problem of improvingthe bombing accuracy of our planes over Germany. Pub-lished several confidential reports.

tert instein : onsu tant to avy ureau o r nancedoing his work in Fuld Hall.

Marston Morse : Technical Expert, Office of Chief ofOrdnance, U .S. Army. Member of Executive Committee ofApplied Mathematics Panel . Consultant to NDRC on photo-grammetry and proximity fuse. Wrote some eighty techni-cal reports on bomb ricochet, the design and use of bombs,shells and rockets, fragmentation theory and tests . Madethe preliminary mathematical analyses of the optimumheights and effects of the proximity fuse . Wrote the stand-ard directions issued by the Ordnance Department to theusing services on the use of shells and bombs for fragmentdamage.

John von Neumann : Consultant to Ballistic Research Lab-oratory of Army Ordnance Department at Aberdeen since1937 . Consultant to both Army and Navy on shock wavesand theory of high explosives . Member of Division 8 andlater of Division 2, NDRC. Directed project for the Ap-plied Mathematics Panel . Studying computing methodssuited to very high-speed computing devices which willbecome available in the near future. Since September 1 943consultant to the Manhattan District at the laboratory atLos Alamos.

Oswald Veblen : Consultant throughout the war to theArmy Ordnance Department at Aberdeen Proving Ground;operational research for the Navy in connection with sub -marine mine warfare ; member of Applied MathematicsPanel of NDRC ; made one trip to England for the ArmyAir Forces.

Hermann Weyl : Special adviser to NDRC ; consultantof Applied Mathematics Panel ; did research on shock wavesin Fuld Hall .


Edward Mead Earle : In 1941 and 1942 assisted in theorganization of the Division of Research and Analysis ofthe OSS. Since 1942 special consultant to the commandinggenera o e or e purpose o organlzmg e a.visory committee on bombardment, subsequently namedCommittee of Operations Analysts which made the plansfor the bombardment of Germany and later of Japan . Madetwo trips to Europe as adviser to the Eighth and Ninth AirForces and has now been commissioned to write a historyof the heavy bombardment effort in the European theaterof operations from 1942 to 1945 . Served three months in1944 on a special committee of the State, War, and NavyDepartments in drafting documents for the German sur-render and, also, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference . Pub-lished Makers of Modern Strategy which has been warmlyreceived as the outstanding work dealing with that subject.

David Mitrany : Has been on leave since 1939, first as amember of the Chatham House group working for the Eng-lish Foreign Office, later as adviser on international affairsto Lever Brothers.

Winfield W. Riefler : Assistant to the Secretary of theTreasury, September 1939 to January 1940 . Drew up inJuly I941 at the request of Vice-President Wallace, thefirst plan for the Board of Economic Warfare ; Stationed inLondon, March 1942 to September 1944, first as Assistantto Ambassador Winant, then as head of the Economic War-fare Division in London with the rank of Minister, Profes-sor Riefler built up an organization in which was concentrat-ed all matters pertaining to the Anglo-American blockadeof Germany, the management of the black list in the East-ern Hemisphere, ecōnomic and financial negotiations withEuropean neutrals, the gathering and analyses of eco-nomic intelligence with respect to the enemy for the use ofthe armed forces and the civil government . Under thislatter head, intimate and direct liaison was maintained with

io THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY


II

the Air Forces, the European Theater Commander, theAmerican Naval Commander in European Waters.

Walter W. Stewart : Full-time adviser to the Secretary ofthe Treasury, September 1939 to I940, and part-time ad-viser 1940-1943.

Robert B. Warren : Consultant to the United States Treas-ury throughout the whole period of the war.

SCHOOL OF HUMANISTIC STUDIES

E. A. Lowe : Member of General Arnold's Committee ofHistorians for studying the effect of the bombing of Ger-many. Assisted in the preparation of a handbook on archivesand libraries of Italy for the use of our army of occupa-tion.

Benjamin D . Meritt : Began in 1941 work for the ForeignNationalities Branch of Colonel Donovan's organizationwhich afterwards became the OSS . Supervised study of for-eign language newspapers published by 36 foreign nationalgroups within the United States . Spent a year in Washingtonin this work. Assisted in the preparation of a geographicalhandbook on Greece for the use of the Armed Forces.

Erwin Panofsky : Contributed to the preparation of mapsand tables of information about the cultural monumentsin Germany for the use of the American air force and artil-lery. Drs. Weitzmann and Frankl assisted in the same proj-ect. Dr. Lee edited a handbook of the art treasures in Ttaly,likewise intended for our armed forces, and Dr . de Tolnayassisted in the preparation of a similar book covering thecity of Paris.

Frank Aydelotte : Chairman, New Jersey Enemy AlienHearing Board, 1941-1942 ; Chairman, Committee on Sci-entific Personnel, OSRD, 1942.

During the past year the Institute has suffered asad loss in the death of John R. Hardin, Chairman

of our Board of Trustees . Mr: Hardin was one ofthe most prominent citizens of Newark. He prac-ticed law for many years and acted as Mr . Bam-bergers legal aclvisor during the greater part of Mr.Bamberger's active life . Since 1924 Mr . Hardin hasserved as President of the Mutual Benefit Life In-surance Company of Newark. He was formerly aTrustee of Princeton University and has been aTrustee of the Tnstitute for Advanced Study fromthe time of its foundation until his death . Since 1942he has served as Chairman of the Board . He broughtto the Institute a great store of practical wisdom andexperience. He will be sadly missed from our de-liberations.


13


II

I x the School of Mathematics work is carried onby individual research, individual contact betweenpermanent and temporary members, by seminars, bycourses of lectures and by other means, as each mem-ber sees fit. In the past the work of the permanentstaff has been greatly amplified by the activities ofthe temporary members, and it is expected that thesame will be true in the future. The lectures andseminars, held either in our own building or in FineHall on the campus of Princeton University, areopen to advanced students in the University, while,vice versa, University courses in mathematics areopen to members of the Institute . There is the closestcooperation by both groups in seminars as well as inthe Mathematics Club.

James W. Alexander is working to establish acloser connection between topology and differentialgeometry, mainly by generalizing the notion of adifferential form so as to be applicable to an arbi-trary topological space.

Richard F. Arens is working on the topology ofspaces of continuous transformations, including lin-ear spaces of continuous functionals, and groups ofhomeomorphisms.

Valentine Bargmann has been assisting Professorvon Neumann and on his own account has been work-ing on unitary representations of the Lorentz group .

Salomon Bochner has been -working with Profes-sor von Neumann on computational solutions of thewave equation.

Shiing-Shen Chern has during the last two yearsbeen occupied with the characteristic cohomologyclasses of Riemannian and Hermitian manifolds;generalizations of the theorem on the indeformabil-ity of the sphere ; and Laplace transforms in differ-ential geometry.

Edward M. Corson is investigating the theory ofperturbation within the framework of Dirac's cal-culus of quantum mechanics.

Nelson Dunford pursued his researches in modernfunctional algebra.

Albert Einstein is continuing his research for theconstruction of a unified field theory of relativitygeneralizing Riemannian geometry by consideringfield equations for fields of a non-symmetric tensor.

Ky Fan is working on functional analysis and ab-stract spaces.

Kurt Gōdel has been continuing his investigationsabout Leibniz, which will probably occupy him alsoduring the next academic year.

Paul R. Halmos has been studying measure the-ory.

Maximilian J . Herzberger developed a directmethod of a n-dimensional vector analysis whichserves as a basis to coordinate different fields ofmathematics and classical physics . At the momentthe problem of geodetic manifolds of smaller dimen-sion on surfaces of higher dimension is investigated .



15

Edwin Hewitt is studying the characterization ofabstract spaces by means of their continuous imagesin simple spaces and by means of various familiesof sūh mappings.

Ning Hu has been working on a general theory ofradiation damping.

John L. Kelley's principal work this year hasbeen in topology with some applications to analysis.

George L. Kreezer has been working on the ex-tension of the mathematical theory of feed-backmechanisms to physiological regulatory systems.

Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz is engaged in work inlogic and philosophic foundations of mathematics.

Shih-Tsun Ma is investigating problems in fieldtheories of elementary particles.

Pesi Masani during the first term helped ProfessorMorse with his biography of George D . Birkhoff,and during the second term has been working in non-commutative analysis and self-adjoint boundary val-ue problems.

Walther Mayer has carried on research dealingwith certain aspects of topology and variation cal-culus and intends to continue these studies next year.

Deane Montgomery, besides collaborating withProfessor von Neumann on adapting mathematicalproblems to the use of high-speed computing ma-chines, has investigated topological groups of trans-formations in the large and related questions oftopology.

Marston Morse is continuing his work on methodsin topological analysis and envisaging study of the

topological causes of the planetary orbits, or of non-linear integral equation theory.

Francis J . Murray has been studying functional

development of linear equation solvers . Next yearhe will investigate non-linear operators and generalpartial differential equation theory.

Otto E. Neugebauer, whose work would be equallyrelevant in the School of Mathematics or in theSchool of Humanistic Studies, has been mainly con-cerned with the preparation of a"corpus" of lateBabylonian astronomical texts, containing the sys-tematic computation of lunar and planetary phe-nomena. This edition is intended to form the docu-mentary basis of a larger work on the history ofancient astronomy.

John von Neumann's work in 1945-1946 was inthe following fields : theory of linear spaces, variousparts of fluid dynamics, and various questions con-nected with the mathematical and logical principlesand the actual development of very high speed auto-matic computing. He expects to continue to work inthese sub j ects in 1946- i 94.7.

Gordon N. Patterson has been making a review ofmodern fluid mechanics to be used as a basis for fur-ther research in this field.

Wolfgang Pauli continued his earlier work on thetheory of the meson field . He lectured on this sub-ject at Massachusetts Institute of Technology andat Columbia University .

i6 THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

A. Everett Pitcher is working on homology theoryand some of its applications.

Abraham J. Sachs, in addition to collaborating with Otto E. Neugebauer in the publication noted

above, has been making preparation for a study ofancient Mesopotamian metrology and has been en-gaged in a systematic search for unpublished Baby-lonian mathematical and astronomical texts amongthe 20,00o tablets at the University Museum inPhiladelphia and the 3,000 tablets at the PrincetonTheological Seminary.

Robert Schatten has been occupied with the studyof linear transformations and cross-spaces.

Irving E. Segal is investigating the structure ofalgebras of functions on locally compact groups . Heis also investigating methods of obtaining, by a proc-ess involving a finite number of arithmetical opera-tions, arbitrarily close approximations to the solu-tions of the non-linear, partial differential equationsof compressible supersonic flow.

Carl L. Siegel's research concerned algebraical,geometrical and analytical theory of numbers, dif-ferential equations, group theory . He gave a courseon analytical number theory at New York Univer-sity, and he delivered the Putnam Memorial Lec-tures at Harvard University.

Ernst G. Straus has been assisting Professor Ein-stein in his work on unified field theory.

Feodor Theilheimer has devoted his time to thestudy of topological groups, in particular Lie groups .


William R. Transue's research with ProfessorMorse is concerned with quadfatic forms in relationto calculus of variation. Hsio-Fu Tuan has continued to work on modularrepresentations of finite groups and on Lie algebras.

Oswald Veblen continued his studies of the theoryof spinors, with particular attention to the binarycase.

Hermann Weyl has carried on studies on algebraicinvariants and in philosophy of science. He plans togive a course on integral equations next year.

Leo Zippin engaged in research in topologicaltransformation groups and related topics.

A quarterly journal called Annals of Mathemat-ics, two collections of advanced mathematical textsknown as the Princeton Mathematical Series, andthe photoprinted Annals of Mathematics Studies,are published by the Princeton University Press un-der the joint sponsorship of the Department ofMathematics of Princeton University and the Schoolof Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study.The editors of the Princeton Mathematical Series areMarston Morse, Howard P. Robertson, and AlbertW. Tucker. The editorial board of the Annals ofMathematics consists of Solomon Lefschetz and Johnvon Neumann, and associate editors from various in-stitutions.

The following is a list of courses given by mem-bers during i 94s- i g46 :

THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

JAMES W. ALEXANDER : Applications of topology to differ -ential geometry (discussion of manifolds, co-cycles, dif-ferential forms, and the problem of de Rham)

WALTHER MAYER : Selected topics in topologyew topological methods in the theory of

meromorphic and interior transformations of a singlecomplex variable

CARL L. SIEGEL : Transcendental numbersHERMANN WEYL : Theory of groups

In seminars, members of Princeton University andthe Institute often join hands . The following semi-nars were entirely or partly conducted by membersof the Institutē :Fluid Dynamics Seminar, conducted by Walter Bleakney,

Rudolf Ladenburg, John von Neumann and Abraham H.Taub

Theoretical Physics Seminar, conducted by Wolfgang Pauli,Josef Jauch, John A. Wheeler and Eugene P. Wigner

Topological Algebra Seminar, conducted by Richard F.Arens, Irving E . Segal and Hsio-Fu Tuan

The same cooperation prevails in the Mathemat-ics Club and in sponsoring lectures by visitors fromoutside. Among the papers presented during the pe-riod from January 1945 to June 1946 the followingmay be noted as indicating the scope and variety ofsubjects,:JAMES W . ALEXANDER : A theorem of de RhamT. W. ANDERSON, JR . : The problem of linear regression in

econometricsRICHARD F. ARENS : Topologies for spaces of transforma-

tions ; Homeomorphisms of locally connected locally com-pact spaces ; A characterization of the space of continu-ous functions over a compact Hausdorff space


Ig

EMIL ARTIN : Valuation theory ; Product formula and idealtheory

VALENTINE BARGMANN : Masses of light nllClel ; Unitary representations of the Lorentz groupA. L. BLAKERS : Determination of the homology sequence by

the homomorphisms of the homotopy sequenceJ. M. BLATT : Brownian motionSALOMON BOCHNER : Group invariance of Cauchy's formulaRICHARD BRAUER : On the arithmetical properties of the rep-

resentations of finite groupsG. W. BROwN and M . M. FLGOD : Glass container mortalitySHIING-SHEN CHERN : Homotopy groupsCLAUDE CHEVALLEY : The exceptional Lie groups and the

principle of triality ; Semi-simple rings ; Some recent de-velopments in the theory of Lie groups ; Analytic mani-folds and their triangulations ; Differentials on algebraicvarieties over fields of characteristic p

D. R. CROSBY : Unified theory of gravitation and electro-magnetism in Finsler space

NELSON DUNFORD : Resolutions of the identitySAMUEL EILENBERG : Equivariant homology theory ; Anti-

podic theorems ; Kakutani's fixed-point theoremHERBERT FEDERER : Hausdorff measure and the Gauss-Green

theoremEUGENE FEENBERG : Velocity modulationRALPx H. Fox : Knots in 3-dimensional manif olds ; The

word problem in partly Abelian groupsA. A. FRAENKEL : On. the axiom of choiceCARLOS GRAEF-FERNANDEZ : A problem in differential equa-

tions in the largeN. T. HAMILTON : Theory of local ringsT. E. HARRIS : Distribution of the largest of a set of vari-

ance ratiosEDwIN HEwITT : Some curious topological spaces ; Normed

function ringsGERHARD P . HOCHSCHILD : Cohomology groups of algebras ;



21

Extensions and representations of algebras ; Tannaka'stheorem

G. A. HUNT : Cumulative sums of random variables► :

:

• : • . • • 1

• '

• - •

•

.•

••'

- . ' ! •

SAMUEL KARLIN : Independent functionsJOHN L. KELLEY : Universal homology groups ; A charac-

terization of the space of continuous functions over acompact Hausdorff space

RAFAEL LA GUARDIA : Topics related to the Laplace trans-formation

HOWARD LEVI : Differential polynomialsSAUNDERS MACLANE : Group extensions and cohomologyKARL MENGER : On hyperbolic geometryDEANE MONTGOMERY : Groups of differentiable transforma-

tionsL. J . MORDELL : The geometry of numbersFRANCIS J . MuRRAY : Rings of operatorsLvls NANNI : A two-sample test for a linear hypothesis

whose power is independent of the varianceOTTO E . NEUGEBAUER : The Babylonian theory of the moonJOHN VON NEUMANN : Logics of quantum mechanics ; High

speed computing and its applications ; Shock reflection ;Shock waves and their interaction

1 . OPATOWSKI : Markoff chains from an applied viewpointJ. C . OxTOBY : Invariant measures in non-locally compact

groupsA. EVERETT PITCHER : Exact sequences in homology theoryHARRY POLLARD : The problem of strong convergenceTIBOR RADO : Frechet surfaces ; The transformation of

double integralsHOWARD P. ROBERTSON : Kinematical cosmologyPIERRE SAMUEL : Totally ordered groupsIRVING E . SEGAL : Group algebras of locally compact groups ;

Foundations of Lie group theory ; Irreducible unitaryrepresentations of locally compact groups ; The Gelfand-

Neumark representation theorem 'for commutative alge-bras on which an adjoint operation is defined ; Positivedefinite functions on a locally compact group

problems in multiple integralsLINCOLN G . SMITH : Comparison of theory and some ex-

periments on shock reflectionERNST SNAPPER : Polynomial matrices in several variablesD. C. SPENCER : A variational method in conformal mappingNORMAN E. STEENROD : Products of cohomologiesABRAHAM H . TAVB : The fundamental equations of fluid

dynamicsHslo-Fu TvAN : On replicas of matrices and algebraic Lie

algebrasALBERT W . TUCKER : Real quadrics as sphere bundles ; Har-

monic problems in networks, complexes and manifolds;Abstract harmonic structure

BRYANT TUCKERMAN : On a certain three-dimensional mani-fold

JOHN W. TUKEY : Median and moral estimates of param-eters ; General tolerance regions

D. F. VoTAw : The probability distribution of a randomlinear set

J. E. WALSH : Concerning the effect of intra-class correla-tion on certain significance tests for samples of size 2n

BRUCE WEBER : Some improvements in weighing and otherexperimental techniques

GREGOR WENTZEL : Some aspects of meson theoryJOHN A. WHEELER : Some mathematical aspects of action at

a distanceGEORGE W. WHITEHEAD : Families of continuous vector fields

on the sphere ; On homotopy groups of spheres ; Obstruc-tions and extensions

S. S. WILKS : A statistical test for equality of variance andequality of co-variance in a normal multivariate popula-tion


OSCAR ZARISKI : The concept of a simple point of an abstractalgebraic variety ; Holomorphic functions on abstractvarieties and the principle of degeneration

~~

. . ~ •

11 . . I

HIGH SPEED COMPUTING

John von Neumann has for some time past beenstudying the approximation methods which are like-1y to be important in high speed computing. Thiswork was supported by the United States Navy Bu-reau of Ordnance, and was carried on with the col-laboration of Valentine Bargmann, Deane Mont-gomery and Salomon Bochner.

A project aimed at developing a fully automatichigh-speed electronic computing machine is in prog-ress. The Institute is now building up certain neces-sary laboratory facilities, and employing an engineer-ing staff . The project is supervised by Professor vonNeumann, with the help of Julian H . Bigelow andHerman H. Goldstine. It is supported by the Unit-ed States Army Ordnance Department and carriedout in cooperation with the Princeton laboratories ofthe Radio Corporation of America under the generaldirection of V. K. Zworykin who is assisted by J.Rajchman and G. W. Brown. Further help is beingobtained from Princeton University, which has, inparticular, made available the consulting services ofJohn W. Tukey.

It is intended to carry out in i 946- i 94 .7 workin theoretical meteorology, especially because the


23

planned computer will make possible calculationsthat are likely to permit the utilization of meteor-logical theory to an extent beyond what is so far

sponsored at the Institute by the United States Na-vy, Office of Research and Inventions. It is likelyto be of a duration similar to that of the computerproject and will be supervised by Professor von Neu-mann with the help of H . Wexler from the UnitedStates Weather Bureau.

Further details will be given as work in thesefields progresses.

III


T H E School of Economics and Politics under-takes to provide a setting suitable for the pursuit ofthe individual studies of its members. On the basisof their background and experience, selected schol-ars are invited to become members for a limited pe-riod, if the Institute seems the most appropriate placefor them to pursue their studies and provided suchstudies are related to the work currently in progress.Ample opportunity exists for informal conferenceswith members of the permanent staff and with othermembers ; special seminars are arranged on occasionand contact is maintained with individuals and in-stitutions outside of Princeton.

In addition to their work within the School, theindividual members of the permanent staff main-tained or renewed various specialized activities.

In the autumn of 1946 Edward Mead Earle willresume his seminar on international politics, withspecial reference to problems of British and Ameri-can security . During the first term he will haveassociated with him E . L. Woodward, MontagueBurton Professor of International Relations at Ox-ford University, Denna Fleming, Professor of Po-litical Science at Vanderbilt University and Wil-liam B. Willcox, Associate Professor of History atThe University of Michigan. As in the past, mem-bers of the Princeton University faculty will par-

SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS 25

ticipate in the work of the seminar. Professor Earlewill also continue his own studies of American for-eign relations and of the impact of air power oninternational affairs.

Winfield W. Riefler completed his work as Chair-man of the Delegation on Economic Depressions.Part 11 of the Report of the Delegation, EconomicStability in the Post-War World, was published inApril, 1945. During the autumn Professor Rieflerconcentrated on problems raised by the advent ofatomic energy and was appointed Chairman of theSocial Science Research Council Committee on So-cial Aspects of Atomic Energy.

Walter W. Stewart and Robert B. Warren havecontinued their study of the financial aspects of con-tempor,ary economic developments with particularreference to post-war financial adjustments.

David Mitrany who has continued on leave of ab-sence acting as political advisor to Lever Brothersin London has published during the past year Eco-nomic Development in S . E. Europe and Ameri-can Interpretations. It has already been noted thatProfessor Mitrany has resigned his professorship inthe Institute and has been elected to permanent mem-bership . An arrangement has been made by which hewill spend a few weeks at Princeton each year andit is hoped that he will be able later to return toPrinceton for an extended period of research.

Several members of the School have continued thework upon which they were engaged during the pre-ceding year . Richard P. Blackmur, on leave from


SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS 27

Princeton University, has completed his study ofHenry Adams ; Lucius Wilmerding, Jr . continuedhis writin• of the histor of the :overnment account-ing offices ; Walter Schiffer, whose appointment as aGuggenheim Fellow was renewed, is preparing astudy on the conflicting theoretical ideas underlyingthe origin and activities of the League of Nationsand Clarence D. Long Jr., after his release from theNavy, resumed his study of the magnitude andchanges in the labor force in this country over thepast three decades.

Norman S. Buchanan, on leave from the Univer-sity of California and Friedrich A. Lutz, on leavefrom Princeton University, with the support of theTwentieth Century Fund, have been studying prob-lems connected with international exchange, com-mercial policy, international investment and inter-national monetary arrangements . John C. Cooper isengaged in a study of the legal and political prob-lems of international civil aviation and relatedphases of air power. Alexander Loveday, who be-came a member upon his resignation as Director ofthe Economic, Financial and Transit Department ofthe League of Nations and who has been appointeda Fellow at Nuffield College, is engaged in a studyon democratic philosophy and economic doctrine.William O. Aydelotte, at present the holder of theHodder Fellowship at Princeton University, is mak-ing a study of Charles Dickens and his relation tothe history of his times.

E. A. Goldenweiser, who recently retired as Eco-

nomic Adviser to the Board of Qovernors of the Fed-eral Reserve System and who is President of theAmerican Economic Association for the year 1946,.

. . .

..year. Alexander Baykov, a Rockefeller Fellow onleave from the University of Birmingham, England,during his membership eompleted his manuscript onSoviet Foreign Trade which will be published bythe Princeton University Press . Noel Hall, duringthe war British Minister to the United States incharge of Economic Warfare, has been engaged ina study of the theory of interest rates . Richard Stone,Director of the Department of Applied Economics,Cambridge University, completed a study of theDefinition and Measurement of the National In-come and Related Totals . which will be publishedby the League of Nations . Mrs. Feodora Stone, Sec-retary of the National Institute of Economic andSocial Research, London, England, during the pe-riod of her membership visited various economic re-search institutes in the United States and studiedtheir organization and techniques of investigation .

LEAGUE OF NAT'IONS

29

IV

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

D u R I N G 1 945 the members of the Economic,Financial and Transit Department of the League ofNations* who came on mission from Geneva in 1940have, together with their locally engaged collabora-tors and assistants, continued to work at Fuld Hallunder the direction of Alexander Loveday, and anumber of League Committees have met in Prince-ton.

The League's Delegation on Economic Depres-sions, which published the first part of its report in1943 under the title The Transition from War toPeace Economy, held five sessions in Princeton duringthe winter of 1944-1945 under the chairmanship ofWinfield W. Riefler and the second part of its re-port entitled Economic Stability in the Post-WarWorld was published in April of this year. This vol-ume deals with the long term problem of cyclicalfluctuations in economic activity and with the meansby which a high and stable level of employment maybe maintained.

The Economic and Financial Committees of theLeague met in joint session in Princeton in April1945 to consider a draft report prepared by the De-partment on the Committees' experience of intergov-ernmental efforts to reduce obstacles to internationaltrade and to secure equitable treatment for the com-

* List of officials given on page xiii.

merce of all nations . This report, which is a substan-tial volume of 124 pages, was published in July 1945under the title Commercial Policy in the Post-WarWorld.

During their session the Committees also arrangedfor a special enquiry to be made into problems ofpost-war private foreign investment, and a numberof meetings of a special committee appointed to dealwith this question were held in November and De-cember.

Two Sub-Committees of the League's Committeeof Statistical Experts met in June 1945, the onedealing with banking statistics and the other withstatistics of international balances of payments andreports were approved for circulation to govern-ments for comments . In addition a draft report wasprepared by Richard Stone, Director of the Depart-ment of Applied Economics of Cambridge Univer-sity, on statistics of national income. This report wassubmitted to another sub-committee in December1 945•

A volume was published early in the year entitledModel Bilateral Conventions for the Prevention o fInternational Double Taxation and Fiscal Evasionwhich contained the text of three model conventionsadopted by the Second Regional Tax Conference ofthe League of Nations Fiscal Committee, togetherwith a Commentary.

New editions of two of the Department's regularpre-war publications—The World Economic Sur-vey 1942-19¢¢, and Money and Banking 1942 -1944


LEAGUE OF NATIONS

quarters in Geneva where the Year-Book was pub-lished. Since the beginning of 1943 the Princetongroup has been publishing an edition of the MonthlyBulletin of Statistics parallel with that issued inGeneva. But as a result of the improvement in postalcommunications, the Princeton edition was discon-tinued after the September issue ; since then thePrinceton group has confined itself to helping in thepreparation of the Geneva edition.

Amongst other studies in course of preparation orin the press are:

Industrialization and Foreign Trade.A Study on the Control of Inflation.A Study on International Raw Materials Problems 19r9-

r939, on which Klaus E. Knorr is collaborating.A Study on Rationing and Relief.A volume on National Balances of Payments.A collection of memoranda on Customs Unions.Economic Demography of Eastern and Southern Europe

by Wilbert E . Moore.The Population of the Soviet Union by F. Lorimer.Europe's Population in the Inter-War Period by Dudley

Kirk

have been prepared and issued in Princeton . A largepart of the material contained in The StatisticalYear-Book of the League of Nations 19¢2-1944 was

The last three volumes, all of which are in thepress, have been prepared for the Department by theOffice of Population Research of Princeton Uni-versity .

The Department has remained in regular corre-spondence with numerous national reconstructioncommittees and government departments concernedwlt post-war economic an . nancia pro . ems an.has taken an active interest in the discussions of thefuture organization of international economic andfinancial work. The Director, Alexander Loveday,was a member of the League of Nations delegationof "unoflicial representatives" at the San FranciscoConference (April-June 1945) while Martin Hill,a member of the Department, was seconded to theConference Secretariat and has been assisting theUnited Nations Preparatory Commission in Londonsince July 1945 . Dr. Loveday and Shan K. Fong at-tended the Conference of the Institute of Pacific Re-lations at Hot Springs in January 1945 and anothermember of.the Department, Paul Deperon, attendedthe Iriter-American Conference on Problems of Warand Peace in Mexico City (February-March 1 945)as an observer . Dr. Loveday went to London on mis-sion in September and returned at the end of No-vember . On this occasion he spent a few days at theheadquarters of the League in Geneva, Switzerland .


33


V

BEN JAMIN D . MERITT, before leaving toassume his duties as Eastman Professor at the Uni-versity of Oxford, completed several studies ofGreek inscriptions, some of which have already ap-peared in the American Journal of Philology andHesperia ; others are scheduled for forthcomingnumbers . Professor Meritt continues to direct theepigraphical work of the Agora excavations of theAmerican School of Classical Studies at Athens andto serve on the School's Publications Committee, ofwhich he is chairman.

W. Kendrick Pritchett, of the staff of the Amer-ican School, recently discharged from the Army AirCorps in which he held a captaincy and served bothin the Pacific and in Europe, has returned to the In-stitute and is engaged in study and publication ofinscriptions discovered in the School's excavationsin the Athenian Agora. Mr. Pritchett has also re-sumed his duties as editor of Athenian Citizens,Prosopographia Attica, the compilation of whichhad come to a stop during the war . Together with0. Neugebauer, he wiii have ready for publicationnext fall the manuscript of their monograph on thecalendars in use at Athens from the fifth to the firstcentury B.C. In this work they survey the historicaland epigraphical evidence for the Athenian calen-dars and present an interpretation of the material

in the light of the known calendar systems of An-tiquity. They expect to propose hypotheses whichchange the relationship between the conciliar and civil calendars within individual years .

A. E. Raubitschek and Father Creaghan, S . J ., whowere members last year, completed a study of earlyChristian inscriptions from Athens and with FatherLoughran, S . J., Mr. Raubitschek prepared a shortstudy of three Attic proxeny decrees. He also col-laborated with Professor C . M . Dawson of YaleUniversity in publishing "A Greek Folksong Copiedfor Lord Byron." In addition, Mr . Raubitschek,during his year's residence in Princeton, completedthe epigraphical indexes of the general index to Hes-peria, Vols. I-X, and Hesperia Supplements, Vols.I-VII ; 1VIr: Raūbitschek left Princeton in the fall of194.5 to accept an assistant professorship at Yale.

Paul A. Clement continues his duties as managingeditor of publications for the American School.Elected to the Managing Committee from the Insti-tute, he has been appointed to the PublicationsCommittee of the School and is serving as actingchairman of that committee in the absence of Pro-fessor Meritt. In addition to his editorial work forthe School Mr . Clement is preparing an edition ofPlutārch's Quaestiones Convivales for the LoebClassical Library . During the year he has printeda short note "Moralia 614 E" (American Journalof Philology, LXVI, 1945, PP• 192-'196) •

William W. Wallace of the University of To-ronto, during a period of residence at the In'stitute in


the spring of 1946, completed an historical and topo-logical study on the demes of the ancient Greekstate of Eretria.

John H . Kent on appointment f rom the AmericanSchool of Classical Studies at Athens is preparing apublication of Greek and Latin inscriptions foundin the School's excavations at Corinth.

John V. A. Fine, Associate Professor of PrincetonUniversity, is engaged in a study of ancient Greekmortgage records.

Miss Hetty Goldman has put the completedmanuscript of the first volume on Excavations atTarsus in the hands of the Princeton Press and isnow at work on the second volume . She has receivedleave of absence from the Institute for the academicyear i 94.6- 1947 and hopes, if conditions in the east-ern Mediterranean are favorable, to return to Tar-sus for purposes of study and limited excavation,together with a number of her former assistants.

Miss Virginia Grace, sometime Fellow of theAmerican School, has come to the Institute from theState Department where she has spent the war yearsworking in several Middle Eastern countries . She isnow occupied with a corpus of Greek stamped am-phoras, containers in the international commerce ofthe Hellenic world. Collected and systematized thismaterial will constitute a valuable body of evidenceon a phase of Graeco-Roman economics . Currentarticles completed are "Early Thasian Stamped Am-phoras," and "Persons Named on Thasian AmphoraStamps."


35

Miss Berta Segall has completed four chapters ofher projected book on the lost arts of Alexandria . Inaddition she has prepared an article entitled, "Thes-saly and Alexandria" based upon two golden-meII ='-lions in the Museum of Historic Art at Princetonwhich will appear in the Museum's publication TheRecord . A second article to appear in Hesperiawill deal with "An Alexandrian Bozzetto" whichMiss Segall recognized in a private collection inPrinceton as belonging to a find of goldsmith's mod-els from Galj ūb, north of Cairo.

Miss Frances Follin Jones has again divided hertimes between the Museum of Historic Art of Prince-ton University and her work with Miss Goldman.She has undertaken to see through the press the Tar-sus volume, in the preparation of which she hascollaborated.

In 1945 Erwin Panofsky completed and sawthrough the press his edition of and commentaryupon the writings of Suger, Abbot of St .-Denis,which has appeared in 1946 . He has published,apart from minor contributions to periodicals, thesecond edition of his book on Diirer . Professor Panof-sky is now engaged in preparing a third edition ofthis book and in continuing his research in the fieldof Gothic art . Both in these studies and in the prep-aration of his Suger edition, he was effectivelyassisted by George H. Forsyth, Jr . When this is fin-ished he hopes that political conditions will permithim to resume his work on early Flemish miniatureswhich was interrupted by the war . In the first terrn



37

of the academic year 1945-1946 he conducted aseminar on "Renaissance problems" for the graduatestudents in the Department of Art and Archaeology.. .,.

Kurt Weitzmann has continued his studies onmanuscript illumination and the illustration of earlybooks. His volume Picture-cycles in Roll and Codex.A Study of the Origin and Method of Text-Illus-tration," has been published by the Department ofArt and Archaeology of Princeton University asVolume II of the Studies in Manuscript-Illumina-tion. A second monograph, "The Joshua Robulusas a Work of the Macedonian Renaissance," and anarticle entitled "Book Illustration of the Macedo-nian Renaissance, " are now in preparation.

Hanns Swarzenski, who has been working at theNational Gallery of Art in Washington since 1 943,has now returned to the Institute and will resumework at the beginning of the academic year 1946-1 947•

Charles de Tolnay published, apart from severalarticles, the second volume of his work on Michel-angelo (Michelangelo, Vol. 11 : The Sistine Ceiling,Princeton, 1945) and prepared the second edition ofVolume I. The Youth of Michelangelo . He deliv-ered a lecture on Architecture of Medieval Churchesin Princeton and a lecture on the Medici Chapel inNew York. The third volume of his work on Michel-angelo, The Medici Chapel is now in preparation.

Otto Benesch has just published a book entitled :The Art of the Renaissance ' in Northern E uro pe,

Its Relation to the Contemporary Spiritual and In-tellectual Trends. Harvard University Press, Cam-bridge, Mass., 1945.

The following books are in press and will ap-pear in the spring of 1946 : Rembrandt 's Drawings(Selective edition), Oxford University Press, NewYork . Venetian Drawings of the 18th Century inAmerican Collections. H. Bittner, New York. Heis also contributing articles to the Henri FocillonMemorial Volume and the Encyclopedia of the Arts.

In the spring semester of 1946, Dr . Benesch willgive a course on "French Painting of the i gth arid2oth Centuries" at the Institute of Fine Arts, NewYork University.

George H. Forsyth, Jr . spent the :last year in thepreparation of the text volume of his monograph onthe Church of Saint Martin at Angers in France.The folio volume of plates for this work has alreadybeen printed by the Department of Art and Archae-ology of Princeton University and as soon as thetext volume is ready, the two will be issued together.They will provide a record of our excavations underthe church, an architectural survey of the buildingas it now stands, and an historical analysis of thevarious phases of development which are evident inthese excavated remains and in the superstructureabove them. Since the site has been occupied, withonly a few interruptions, from the first century B .C.to the present, it offers information on a considerablenumber of periods in the history of French architec-ture. In particular, it adds appreciably to present


knowledge of the links which unite Roman archi-tecture to Romanesque during the intervening Mero-vingian and Carolingian periods.

au ran is , prepanng a monograp on aaneGlass of the Middle Ages, which will be ready forpublication in 1946.

E . A. Lowe has now completed four volumes ofthe Codices Latini Antiquiores and three more arein the advanced stage requiring only revision beforegoing to press. It so happens that the next two vol-umes deal with manuscripts in France and theircompletion must wait until conditions in France andespecially living costs have become such as to makescholarly work possible in that country.

During the past academic year Professor LeslieW. Jones of the College of the City of New Yorkhas been carrying on investigations of the School ofCorbie and problems connected with the productionof books in ancient times.

Hans Baron devoted the year to the beginning ofcertain portions of the manuscript of his compre-hensive work on Renaissance Liberty : Politics, Eco-nomics, Citizenship, and the Growth of PoliticalThought in the Florentine Commonwealth 1250-I55o. He has also completed a number of subsidiaryinvestigations into the original sources for the majorwork, in the fields of the history of Florentine Hu-manism and the history of the Florentine Constitu-tion. The first of these source-investigations to bepublished will be a study in book-form on The Dates


39

and Phases of Leonardo Bruni Aretino's LiteraryProduction and Humanistic Development.

Ernst Herzfeld has taken advantage of the end:

- -

, .

~

:

_

•

~

_

~

~

_

.~

•

_

.

Meanwhile his Monuments et Inscriptions d'Aleppoand his book on Zoroaster are in preparation at thePrinceton University Press.

Before his return to Italy in September 1 945,Doro Levi completed a two-volume work on theMosaics of Antioch and the History of Roman Artwhich will be published by the Princeton Univer-sity Press. During his stay at the Institute he wrotemany articles, for example, "Vases of Cretan Pot-tery," which appeared in Hesperia and elsewhere.He lectured at Harvard University and at PrincetonUniversity on Greek archaeology, pre-Hellenic ar-chaeology and Etruscan art . He also directed thecompletion of the list of Italian monuments andcompiled maps for Italy for the Army authorities .


VI


D u x r N G the nine and a half years while the GestOriental Library has been on deposit in temporaryquarters at 2o Nassau Street, the books on the shelveshave been accessible for use largely through thebibliographical work done upon them by I . V. Gillis,Commander U.S.N .R., of Peking (Peiping), China.Mr. Gillis, as a personal friend of and collaboratorwith Mr. Guion M . Gest, founder and former ownerof the Library, prepared scholarly BibliographicalNotes on over half of the more than four thousandtitles covering the collection of more than Ioo,000Chinese stitched volumes (ts' ē) . •

From the establishment of the Library on ChineseNew Year O.S., February 13, 1926, at McGill Uni-versity, Montreal, Canada, until its present Curator,Dr. Nancy Lee Swann, joined the staff of the Li-brary, June 1st, 1928, the Library was dependentupon Chinese student assistants for bibliographicalnotes on the first eight hundred accessions . Whilemaking attempts to check and to correct errors inearlier notes, as well as to cooperate with Com-mander Gillis in his volunteer service of prepara-tion of scholarly Notes on later accessions, Dr.Swann wrote notes for accessions numbered, 818through 944., and supervised those from 945 through1029, in order to have records up to 4050 generallyaccurate. At the time of the transfer of the Library

to Princeton, New Jersey, in July, 1936, about twohundred and fifty acquisitions, numbered 3708through 4050, had not yet been written up. Becausee i .ra upon acq is . .y

~- .

Advanced Study was placed temporarily in thestatus of storage, work on these and later acquisi-tions had to cease.

Meanwhile, in Peking, Commander Gillis, on hisown initiative, prepared and had privately printedin a very limited edition a . Title Index to the Cata-logue of The Gest Oriental Library, in four Chi-nese stitched volumes bound in a blue cloth wrap-around-cover (han) . In the late autumn of 1941,he managed to get out of Peking to America,four copies of the Index in addition to bookletscontaining its material which from time to time hehad sent throughout the previous summer to theLibrary of Congress and to Dr. Swann. Now it isexpected that when transportation is resumed, thepublication will be distributed through a gift fromthe General Educational Board of the RockefellerFoundation . With war in the Pacific on the horizonhaste in getting his material into print prevented thecompilation of an authors' index . So here at Prince-ton, for use in the Library, a card catalog of authorshas been prepared from the Title Index. Labelsare yet to be prepared for some five thousand han.Nevertheless, through a system of numbers for themore than fourteen thousand han containing themore than ioo,000 stitched volumes (ts' ē), any title



43

held by the Library is accessible to a reader whoseknowledge of Chinese makes possible its use.

In addition to the oriental bound volumes in the

who is now associated with the •work on Chinese rarebooks in the Library of Congress . He has examinedperhaps one-third of the total collection, the entire

•sand volumes mostly on deposit by the PrincetonUniversity Library in the Gest Library. The greaterpart of these latter volumes are single western-stylebound, although there are not a few Chinese stand-ard works in the group purchased out of the gift tothe University by the General Educational Boardfor promotion of Far Eastern Studies in the Univer-sity. Catalog cards for these volumes, without respectto source of acquisitions, have been prepared inChinese, Korean, and/or Japanese, as well as Man-chu and Mongolian, and in the case of the Japanesein English transliteration, looking to the day whenthe Gest Library may possess a card catalog for allFar Eastern titles in Princeton, irrespective of loca-tion or ownership.

Through a more thorough examination of Gillis'sNotes on Gest accessions, as well as personal ex-amination of works for which no notes were made,the Curator of the Library, Dr . Nancy Lee Swann,has sought to establish how many of the more thanfour thousand main titles covering the contents ofthe collection are rare books within the definition ofthat term by modern Chinese bibliographers (thatis, pre- 16q-q ., mainly Ming, A.D. i 368- 1643 edi-tions) . Upon occasions of visits in the Library mostvaluable help has been offered by Wang Chung-min of the staff of the National Library of Peiping,

probably two-thirds of the D section (literary writ-ings, prose and poetry, of individual authors) . Heconsiders that among all the collections of Chinesebooks which he has examined, the Gest Collectionholds a very important place . He found that ofGest's A section (Classics) rare works, seventy percent are not duplicated either in the Library of Con-gress Orientalia Chinese section, or in the NationalLibrary of Peiping's rare book section. Of theD section (literary writings of individuals) rarebooks, he estimates that fifty per cent are not dupli-cated. These facts alone suffice to prove the valueof the Gest Collection in Chinese scholarship andChinese studies.

During the spring and summer of 1946, Dr . J . J.L. Duyvendak of the University of Leyden has beenmaking a study of the resources of the Gest Libraryin preparation of a report for the Trustees on theway in which the Library can best be used to furtherChinese studies in the United States .

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