THE INDUSTRIAL THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

• Definition: mass production of commodities by machines driven by generated power & set up in factories

Result of a series of inventions applied to human tasks

• Features: increase in agricultural productivity

new & more efficient ways of organizing tasksmore effective use of labor & natural resources expanded role of banking & changes in use of

capital

• Origins– Agricultural Revolution

• Greater production• More land available, more labor available• Improved tools and animal husbandry

– Population Explosion– Growth of Europe/European powers

• More wealth• Global network – encouraged innovation• Internally competitive economies supported

by government efforts to gain revenue

– Developments in Technology• Faster methods of weaving/making cloth• Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney or Catharine Greene?)

•Steam engine• Iron industry•Transportation advances

– Major road building– Canal building– Railroads (Replaced horse power)

•Communications– Improved postal systems– Telegraph

• Why Britain? (Why not France?)– Labor pool of hardworking, skilled farmers no

longer able to live off land – Availability of expanding markets– Large, easily-developed supplies of fuel/raw

materials– Well-developed transportation system– Government support of businesses &

innovations•Environment of law, order, protection of private

property

– No invasions/civil wars– Influence of Enlightenment/Sci.Rev. ideas

– Why not France?•French Revolution & wars of Napoleon•Punishment for nobles who did work

– No investment in business by those with money– Middle class not as well developed or

economically powerful

– After England, Belgium will industrialize•Germany very successful•France eventually starts to industrialize•No early industrialization in Russia, Austria,

Spain, or Italy

• Society Transformed– Urbanization

•People moved to cities to be close to work/factories

•Quick growth with little planning– Minimal sanitation - no street lighting

- pollution– Little security - no privacy– Disease spread easily

– Aristocracy•Loss of power as middle class gained wealth & political power

•Maintained social prestige & some their wealth

– Others intermarried with wealthy middle class people

• Society Transformed (cont’d)– Middle Class (Bourgeoisie)

•Bankers, factory & mine owners, merchants, lawyers, doctors

•Lower middle class – engineers, teachers, scientists, etc.

•Became wealthy (or at least well-off) because of Industrialization

•Gained political power (seats in govt & titles from the queen) – able to push expansion of voting rights

• Society Transformed (cont’d)– Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) (cont’d)

•New ideal – respectability– Hard work, thrift, cleanliness, morality– Domestic tranquility came from rigid

family structure» Father/husband as bread winner;

working outside the home» Mother/wife as homemaker – creating a

haven for the husband and nurturing environment for children

– Helped to create greater distinction between middle classes and the lower/laboring class

• Society Transformed (cont’d)– Laboring Class (Lower Class)

•Rural Laborers – Farmers & Cottage workers– Made their living by the work of their hands

» Growing crops» Making things (cloth, furniture, tools, etc.)

– Saw new machines as a threat to their livelihoodoften tried to destroy them

•City Workers – Factory workers – newest & fastest growing

group- unskilled workers

– Artisans – usually educated & skilled at a task» Construction, printing, tailoring, dressmaking

• Society Transformed (cont’d)– Artisans (cont’d)

» Had to compete with factory-made goods

– Domestic Servants » Often came from rural areas» Better conditions than in factories (uniform,

housing, etc.)» Little protection from harsh employers

• Society Transformed (cont’d)•Laboring-Class Life

– Had to get used to a new lifestyle (schedules, less freedoms, etc.)

– Schedules: long hours (up to 15 hours per day)oppressive, dull work no job

securitydangerous jobs (in mines, in factories)

– Family» Both parents and most children aged 5 and

up worked» Infants often sent to wetnurses » Wives had to work outside the home and

tend to domestic duties as well

• Society Transformed (cont’d)•Laboring-Class Life (cont’d)

– Movement toward unions & other organizations» Mutual aid societies» Political organizations» Labor unions

• Society Transformed (cont’d)•Laboring-Class Life (cont’d)

– Social outlets:pubs cafés drinking became a

significant problemchurches – held revivals to attract

peoplesports – soccer, boxing, cricket - cycling - lawn tennis, croquet

KARL MARX & SOCIALISMKARL MARX & SOCIALISM

• Socialism– Goal: new society based on

cooperation rather than competition– Early Socialists

•Charles Fourier (1772-1837)– When people’s desire for pleasure and

contentment are met, there will be an end to misery

– People should live in small communities which would allow them to enjoy simple pleasures of life

– People should be allowed to do tasks that interest them & produce things that would bring them & others pleasure

• Socialism– Early Socialists (cont’d)

•Robert Owen (1771-1858)– Stressed need to improve lives of

employees w/o damaging profits– Creation of workers’ communities

»Housing for the workers10-hour work day decent wages

»Education for their children»Promoted equality for women

• Socialism– Karl Marx (1818-1883)

•Son of German-Jewish parents•Educated & outspoken – had to leave Germany

•Went to Paris, where he met F. Engels

– Became members of socialist groups– Advocated a working-class revolution to

replace the capitalist system

•1849 Forced to leave Paris; went to England

• Socialism– Karl Marx (cont’d)

•Argued that one must study the ills of society and devise a plan to reform society

•Workers were being alienated from society by the capitalists who got their money through the labor of the worker, but the worker was not being compensated for the work being done

•Capitalism produced economic poverty & poverty of the spirit and caused clashes between the classes

• Socialism– Karl Marx (cont’d)

•The only solution was to get rid of capitalism

•Replace it with socialism•End Result: classless society, with common ownership of everything, no destructive competition; end to injustices in industrial society

Comparing Comparing Industrialization in Industrialization in the U.S. & Russiathe U.S. & Russia

• UNITED STATES– Reasons that industrialization

happened•Basic reasons

•Complex reasons

• RUSSIA– Influence of social structure on

industrialization

– Reasons that industrialization did happen

• United States – Russia Comparison– How were the results different in

Russia?

•1905 Worker Revolution – What was it?

– What resulted?

• Latin America– After independence

•Political life•Social life

– Links to a global economy

• Latin America (cont’d)– On the same path as Europe in 19th

century?

– Ultimate result of industrial era in Latin Amer.?