The The Inca Inca

EmpireEmpire

BackgroundBackground

Empire extended Empire extended along the Pacific coast along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands and Andean highlands from northern border from northern border of modern Ecuador to of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Maule River in central Chile Chile

Inca originated in Inca originated in village of Paqari-village of Paqari-tampu, about 15mi tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco south of Cuzco

Official language: Official language: QuechaQuecha

Earth creation mythEarth creation myth Pachacamac, the sun, rose slowly Pachacamac, the sun, rose slowly

from lake Titicacafrom lake Titicaca He was so bright that nothing else He was so bright that nothing else

could be seen (during the day), so could be seen (during the day), so he made some stars, the moon and he made some stars, the moon and some planets for the night.some planets for the night.

The Moon – Pachamama became The Moon – Pachamama became his wife and they ruled the his wife and they ruled the heavens and the earthheavens and the earth

They made the first humans from They made the first humans from the stones a a huge rockthe stones a a huge rock

ContinuedContinued Stone people – stupid, couldn’t survive.Stone people – stupid, couldn’t survive. Sun and Moon have two kids (son and daughter) send them to earth to help Sun and Moon have two kids (son and daughter) send them to earth to help

stupid stone people.stupid stone people. Son – teaches men (stupid stone people) how to plow, plant fields and Son – teaches men (stupid stone people) how to plow, plant fields and

build houses.build houses. Daughter – taught women the art of weaving and how to prepare foodDaughter – taught women the art of weaving and how to prepare food Pachacama tells his children to….”teach the humans to be fair and kind, Pachacama tells his children to….”teach the humans to be fair and kind,

and I will provide light and warmth every day without fail, but make sure and I will provide light and warmth every day without fail, but make sure they never forget their creators.”they never forget their creators.”

ContinuedContinued Pachacama’s son became the first Inca. He and his sister wife ruled the humans.Pachacama’s son became the first Inca. He and his sister wife ruled the humans. They take a long journey to discover a place to settle.They take a long journey to discover a place to settle. Along the way, they put a golden rod into the ground, this would be a symbol of Along the way, they put a golden rod into the ground, this would be a symbol of

where to build a city.where to build a city. They ventured into the valley of Huanacauri, the golden rod sank….They ventured into the valley of Huanacauri, the golden rod sank…. This is where the first temple of the sun should be, and capital city of CUZCO This is where the first temple of the sun should be, and capital city of CUZCO

should be established.should be established. Manco goes North, and his wife go south in search of their people.Manco goes North, and his wife go south in search of their people. People of surrounding villages were moved by their stories and followed- them People of surrounding villages were moved by their stories and followed- them

to the valley of Huanacauri.to the valley of Huanacauri. Two cities are settled – followers of Manco in Northern city of Hanan-Cuzco. Two cities are settled – followers of Manco in Northern city of Hanan-Cuzco.

Southern followers of her, settle in Hurin-CuzcoSouthern followers of her, settle in Hurin-Cuzco From then on all cities are divided into southern female part, and northern male From then on all cities are divided into southern female part, and northern male

partpart

Inti –The Sun GodInti –The Sun GodThe Inca religion was polytheistic, which means that they worshiped many gods. The Incas created gods for everything. They had minor gods and major gods. One of the major gods worshiped by the Incas was the sun god.

He was worshiped because farmers needed sun to grow their crops and keep the Incas booming economy going.

TRADETRADEThe Incas even hade a booming economy. They mass-produced their products and shipped them out of the city using a series of intricate pathways and roads.

Amazingly the Incas found a way to farm in the Andes Mountains.

They built terraces or level pieces of earth in the mountain side and built irrigation systems in order to bring water to the growing plants.

INCA EMPIREINCA EMPIRE The first Inca who unified all the warring tribes in the The first Inca who unified all the warring tribes in the

Andes started the empire around 1200 AD. Andes started the empire around 1200 AD. From the first unified INCA to the Spanish (1532) From the first unified INCA to the Spanish (1532)

seemed to be only 300 years, but… seemed to be only 300 years, but… Viewing their superior architecture, stonework, Viewing their superior architecture, stonework,

metallurgy and their effort in domesticating local metallurgy and their effort in domesticating local animals, the Incan civilization in the Andes has animals, the Incan civilization in the Andes has existed for more than a thousand years. existed for more than a thousand years.

Many tribes, groups, etc, existed in the area long before 1200, Many tribes, groups, etc, existed in the area long before 1200, and many were unified under a single ruler, but none ruled and many were unified under a single ruler, but none ruled over all the people until approx 1200over all the people until approx 1200

Conception to overthrowConception to overthrow

Creation Story – to 1200 AD – INCA Creation Story – to 1200 AD – INCA Empire was a loosely grouped tribal Empire was a loosely grouped tribal based society spread out over many based society spread out over many miles. miles. (in fact, its not called an empire because of this, until (in fact, its not called an empire because of this, until 1200).1200).

Huayna Capac 1488-1528 1488-1528

At Huayna Capac's death (ca. 1528) in Quito At Huayna Capac's death (ca. 1528) in Quito Equador, this vast territory was divided Equador, this vast territory was divided between two of his sons: between two of his sons:

Huáscar,Huáscar, who won the imperial throne in the who won the imperial throne in the capital city of Cuzco to the south, and his half-capital city of Cuzco to the south, and his half-brother …brother …

AtahualpaAtahualpa, who gained the northern portion of , who gained the northern portion of the kingdom, with its center in the city of the kingdom, with its center in the city of Quito. Quito.

The INVASIONThe INVASION

When the Spanish arrive in 1532, INCA When the Spanish arrive in 1532, INCA empire was involved in a civil war empire was involved in a civil war between the between the half-brothers, reaching a peak in 1532 with the defeat half-brothers, reaching a peak in 1532 with the defeat and imprisonment of Huáscar. and imprisonment of Huáscar.

At this point the Spaniards entered Peru. Francisco At this point the Spaniards entered Peru. Francisco Pizarro and about 180 men reached Atahualpa's base Pizarro and about 180 men reached Atahualpa's base at Cajamarca in November 1532.at Cajamarca in November 1532.

The confrontation between the Spanish conquistador The confrontation between the Spanish conquistador and the Inca, who had thousands of troops camped and the Inca, who had thousands of troops camped nearby, took place in the main square of the town.nearby, took place in the main square of the town.

How does 160 men beat thousands?How does 160 men beat thousands?

Pizzaro was viewed as a Pizzaro was viewed as a God because he had God because he had horses, “great beasts twice horses, “great beasts twice the size of alpaca and the size of alpaca and more fierce” said to control more fierce” said to control “thunder and lightning”, “thunder and lightning”, (cannons and guns) had (cannons and guns) had metal shields and swords metal shields and swords etc.etc.

But they also wore “pots But they also wore “pots on their heads”…stupidon their heads”…stupid

AtahualpaAtahualpa falls falls

Pizzaro meets the leader.Pizzaro meets the leader. Pizzaro’s prists present the Bible and tells Pizzaro’s prists present the Bible and tells

him, this is the only God, “obey him and him, this is the only God, “obey him and you will be spared”you will be spared”

““This book doesn’t speak to me…throws This book doesn’t speak to me…throws on ground….= act of war. on ground….= act of war.

Pizarro then ordered his strategically placed troops to Pizarro then ordered his strategically placed troops to attack the soldiers with Atahualpa and the Inca was attack the soldiers with Atahualpa and the Inca was seized by the Spaniards.seized by the Spaniards.

Atahualpa'sAtahualpa's RansomRansom Unable to conceive that these 160 men Unable to conceive that these 160 men

were the spearhead of a full-scale invasion were the spearhead of a full-scale invasion and encouraged by Pizarro's words that and encouraged by Pizarro's words that "the "the fighting men were seeking nothing more fighting men were seeking nothing more than gold"than gold", Atahualpa offered his famous , Atahualpa offered his famous ransom:ransom:

"Atahualpa said that he would give a room full of gold. "Atahualpa said that he would give a room full of gold. The room measured 22 feet long by 17 feet wide (6.7m The room measured 22 feet long by 17 feet wide (6.7m x 5.2m) and was to be filled to a white line half way up x 5.2m) and was to be filled to a white line half way up its height (about 2.5m)... he would fill the room with its height (about 2.5m)... he would fill the room with various objects of gold... he would also give the entire various objects of gold... he would also give the entire hut filled twice over with silver. And he would hut filled twice over with silver. And he would complete this within two months".complete this within two months".

Atahualpa's willing collaboration with the Atahualpa's willing collaboration with the Spanish ensured their security and lent Spanish ensured their security and lent them an air of authority with the Indians.them an air of authority with the Indians.

Pizarro accepted more than 11 Pizarro accepted more than 11 tons of gold tons of gold

($6 million at the time) dishes, ($6 million at the time) dishes, icons, ornaments, jewelry, & icons, ornaments, jewelry, & vases, but never released vases, but never released Atahualpa.Atahualpa.

Keeps him prisoner for a year, Keeps him prisoner for a year, to ensure their safety against to ensure their safety against the INCA civilization which the INCA civilization which greatly out numbered the greatly out numbered the Spanish.Spanish.

While in captivity Atahualpa While in captivity Atahualpa orders orders Huáscar’s death.Huáscar’s death.

July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was charged with his brothers murder- charged with his brothers murder- he is killed (by strangulation) then he is killed (by strangulation) then beheaded in the main square, beheaded in the main square, arms and legs off and scattered, arms and legs off and scattered, demonstration of power.demonstration of power.

After capture of After capture of AtahualpaAtahualpa Pizzaro appoints Manco Inca new leader In Quito. He was Pizzaro appoints Manco Inca new leader In Quito. He was

AtahualpaAtahualpa nephew who opposed his uncle, and would nephew who opposed his uncle, and would support Pizzaro.support Pizzaro.

Huascar kingdom located in Huascar kingdom located in the Capital City of CUZCOthe Capital City of CUZCO

Atahualpa base camp ( Atahualpa base camp ( CAJAMARCA)

Atahualpa Capital City (Atahualpa Capital City (Quito)

The Incan leader Pachucutec originally named the city Qusco, meaning “Navel of the World."

CUZCOCUZCO

Entry into CuzcoEntry into Cuzco On November 15, 1533, Francisco Pizarro and Manco Inca – On November 15, 1533, Francisco Pizarro and Manco Inca –appointed leader of conquered city of Quito, led the victorious appointed leader of conquered city of Quito, led the victorious conquistadors into Cuzco. conquistadors into Cuzco.

For Pizarro, this represented their ultimate goal - the For Pizarro, this represented their ultimate goal - the occupation of the capital city.occupation of the capital city.

For Manco, this represented a homecoming after months of For Manco, this represented a homecoming after months of hiding from Atahualpa's forces. The alliance was mutually hiding from Atahualpa's forces. The alliance was mutually

beneficialbeneficial..

Looting of CUZCOLooting of CUZCO With the help of Manco Inca – looting begins.With the help of Manco Inca – looting begins. Pizarro sacked Cusco, eventually capturing the capital. The Spanish looted Pizarro sacked Cusco, eventually capturing the capital. The Spanish looted

the city, melting down its gold in a matter of weeks. They also took the city, melting down its gold in a matter of weeks. They also took advantage of the Quechua's superb masonry skills and built their cathedrals advantage of the Quechua's superb masonry skills and built their cathedrals and churches on top of Inca-period structures. This architectural blend of and churches on top of Inca-period structures. This architectural blend of native and colonial elements remain in place to this day, making Cusco a native and colonial elements remain in place to this day, making Cusco a historical gem of the Americas. historical gem of the Americas.

Appoints Manco Inca the new leader, then leaves to explore Appoints Manco Inca the new leader, then leaves to explore rest of Peru. rest of Peru.

Remaining Spaniards do not get along with Manco, and Remaining Spaniards do not get along with Manco, and second battle of CUZCO erupts.second battle of CUZCO erupts.

INCA defeated, and empire finished.INCA defeated, and empire finished. New Capital LIMA established.New Capital LIMA established.