The The Inca Inca

EmpireEmpireCoach SmithCoach Smith

Coppell HSCoppell HS

BackgroundBackground

Empire extended Empire extended along the Pacific coast along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands and Andean highlands from northern border from northern border of modern Ecuador to of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Maule River in central Chile Chile

Inca originated in Inca originated in village of Paqari-village of Paqari-tampu, about 15mi tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco south of Cuzco

Official language: Official language: QuechaQuecha

Polytheistic Polytheistic religion-religion- Pantheon Pantheon headed by Inti-the headed by Inti-the sun godsun god

combined features combined features of animism, of animism, fetishism, worship of fetishism, worship of nature godsnature gods

offered food, offered food, clothing, and drinkclothing, and drink

rituals included rituals included forms of divination, forms of divination, sacrifice of humans sacrifice of humans and animalsand animals

Events leading to Events leading to Rise and FallRise and Fall

14381438: Manco Capac established capital at : Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco (Peru) Cuzco (Peru)

1400-15001400-1500: Pachacuti gained control of : Pachacuti gained control of Andean population about 12 million peopleAndean population about 12 million people

15251525: Emperor Huayna Capac died of : Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague; civil war broke out between two plague; civil war broke out between two sons because no successor named sons because no successor named

15321532: Spanish arrived in Peru: Spanish arrived in Peru 15351535: Empire lost: Empire lost

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro 15271527: Pizarro wanted : Pizarro wanted

to discover wealth; to discover wealth; embarked on his third embarked on his third voyage to the New voyage to the New WorldWorld

Sept. to Nov. 1532Sept. to Nov. 1532::

The Cajamarca The Cajamarca massacre- Pizarro led massacre- Pizarro led 160 Spaniards to 160 Spaniards to Cuzco, slaughtering Cuzco, slaughtering over 2,000 Inca and over 2,000 Inca and injuring 5,000injuring 5,000

November 16, November 16, 15321532: Atahualpa : Atahualpa captured by captured by Spaniards, offered Spaniards, offered gold for his gold for his freedom.freedom.

Pizarro accepted Pizarro accepted more than 11 tons more than 11 tons of gold of gold

($6 million+) ($6 million+) baubles, dishes, baubles, dishes, icons, ornaments, icons, ornaments, jewelry, & vases, jewelry, & vases, but never released but never released Atahualpa.Atahualpa.

July 26, 1533: July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was killedAtahualpa was killed

Important People/PositionsImportant People/Positions Emperors known by various titles, “Sapa Inca”, “Capac Emperors known by various titles, “Sapa Inca”, “Capac

Apu”, “Intip Cori”, or “Inca”Apu”, “Intip Cori”, or “Inca” Manco Capac (1000 CE)Manco Capac (1000 CE) Sinchi Roca (1230)Sinchi Roca (1230) Lloque Yupanqui (1260)Lloque Yupanqui (1260) Mayta Capac (1300)Mayta Capac (1300) Capac Yupanqui (1320)Capac Yupanqui (1320) Inca Roca (1350)Inca Roca (1350) Yahuar Huacac (1380)Yahuar Huacac (1380) Viracocha Inca (1410)Viracocha Inca (1410) Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438-71)Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438-71) Topa Inca Yupanqui (1471-93) Topa Inca Yupanqui (1471-93) Huayna Capac (1493-1525) Huayna Capac (1493-1525) Huascar (1527-32) Huascar (1527-32)  Atahualpa (1532-33)Atahualpa (1532-33)

Manco Capac (1022-Manco Capac (1022-1107)1107)

founder of Inca founder of Inca dynasty dynasty

declared himself Sapa declared himself Sapa Inca, divine son of the Inca, divine son of the SunSun

skilled warrior and skilled warrior and leaderleader

chief religious leaderchief religious leader exercised absolute exercised absolute

powerpower

Pachacuti (1438-1471)Pachacuti (1438-1471) Usurped throne form Usurped throne form

brother Inca Urconbrother Inca Urcon Considered the founder Considered the founder

of the Inca Empire of the Inca Empire Skilled warrior and Skilled warrior and

chief religious leaderchief religious leader Claimed he was divine, Claimed he was divine,

son of the sunson of the sun Exercised absolute Exercised absolute

powerpower

Important PositionsImportant Positions

Local governors responsible for Local governors responsible for exacting labor tax exacting labor tax which could be which could be paid by service in army, on public paid by service in army, on public works, or in agricultural workworks, or in agricultural work

Coya Coya carried out important religious carried out important religious duties and governed when Sapa Inca duties and governed when Sapa Inca absentabsent

Nobles Nobles ruled provinces w/ chieftains ruled provinces w/ chieftains Inca conqueredInca conquered

Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy policy of forced resettlement ensured political policy of forced resettlement ensured political

stabilitystability officials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept records officials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept records

on a quipu (collection of knotted colored strings) on a quipu (collection of knotted colored strings) which noted dates, events, population, cropswhich noted dates, events, population, crops

use of road system strictly limited to government, use of road system strictly limited to government, military businessmilitary business

all land belonged to Inca, crops allotted to specific all land belonged to Inca, crops allotted to specific groups, government took possession of each groups, government took possession of each harvestharvest

private property forbidden, crime nonexistent, private property forbidden, crime nonexistent, citizens never starvedcitizens never starved

no written records; oral tradition preserved through no written records; oral tradition preserved through generationsgenerations

Economic DevelopmentsEconomic Developments

constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road systembridges, 2250mi road system

metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver goldgold

developed important medical practices- surgery developed important medical practices- surgery on human skull, anesthesiaon human skull, anesthesia

resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grainresources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain created woven baskets, woodwindscreated woven baskets, woodwinds

Military ExpansionMilitary Expansion attacked, looted villages of neighboring peoples, attacked, looted villages of neighboring peoples,

assessing tributeassessing tribute program of permanent conquest, establishing program of permanent conquest, establishing

garrisons among settlements of peoples whom garrisons among settlements of peoples whom they conqueredthey conquered

conquered and assimilated people of Brazil, conquered and assimilated people of Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and PeruChile, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru

gained territory south to the Titicaca Basin, gained territory south to the Titicaca Basin, north to present-day Quito making subject north to present-day Quito making subject peoples of powerful Chancas, Quecha, kingdom peoples of powerful Chancas, Quecha, kingdom of Chimuof Chimu

empire reached southernmost extent in central empire reached southernmost extent in central Chile, last vestiges of resistance on southern Chile, last vestiges of resistance on southern Perurian coast eliminatedPerurian coast eliminated

pushed northern boundary of empire to pushed northern boundary of empire to Ancasmayo RiverAncasmayo River

Cultural Conflict & Cultural Conflict & CooperationCooperation

religious institutions destroyed by Spanish religious institutions destroyed by Spanish conquerors’ campaign against idolatryconquerors’ campaign against idolatry

Spaniards superior military technology Spaniards superior military technology horses, muskets, cannons, metal helmets, horses, muskets, cannons, metal helmets,

armor, steel swords and lances armor, steel swords and lances Incan Bronze Age weaponsIncan Bronze Age weapons

llamas, clubs, sticks, wooden spears and arrowsllamas, clubs, sticks, wooden spears and arrows division & discontent among Inca, Spanish division & discontent among Inca, Spanish

played on old feudsplayed on old feuds disease brought by Europeansdisease brought by Europeans survivors felt gods were less powerful than survivors felt gods were less powerful than

those of conquerorsthose of conquerors Incans believed that disasters marked Incans believed that disasters marked

world’s endworld’s end

TodayToday descendants of Inca are present day Quechua-descendants of Inca are present day Quechua-

speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% population of Perupopulation of Peru

combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional technologytechnology

rural settlements three kinds: families living in midst rural settlements three kinds: families living in midst of fields, true village communities w/ fields outside of fields, true village communities w/ fields outside of inhabited centers, combination of two of inhabited centers, combination of two

towns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) populationtowns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) population Indian community close-knit, families usually Indian community close-knit, families usually

intermarrying; much of agricultural work done intermarrying; much of agricultural work done cooperativelycooperatively

religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan hierarchy of spirits and deities hierarchy of spirits and deities

BibliographyBibliography Bernhard, Brendan. Pizarro, Orellana, and the Exploration of the

Amazon. New York: Chealsea House Publishers, 1991.

Editors of Time-Life Books. Incas: Lords of Gold and Glory. Alexandria: Time-Life Books, 1992.

Ellis, Elizabeth Gaynor & Esler, Anthony. World History: Connections to Today. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001.

Ogburn, Dennis E. The Empire of the Incas. 7 Oct. 1997. 24 Feb. 2006 <http://www.millville.org/workshops_f/acker_inca/ inca.htm>

"Inca." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 26 Feb. 2006 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/

article?tocId=9042237>.

“Inca.” Grolier Universal Encyclopedia. Volume 5. New York: Grolier Inc., 1965.