the hydrogen economy
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The Hydrogen Economy. Karl K. Jonietz Institute for Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Los Alamos National Laboratory. LA-UR 05-6588. The Hydrogen Economy is not:. An answer to all of mankind’s problems The only thing we have to do Guaranteed to solve global warming Going to be easy or cheap - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Hydrogen Economy
Karl K. JonietzInstitute for Hydrogen & Fuel Cell
ResearchLos Alamos National Laboratory
LA-UR 05-6588
The Hydrogen Economy is not:
• An answer to all of mankind’s problems
• The only thing we have to do
• Guaranteed to solve global warming
• Going to be easy or cheap
• Just around the corner
• Assured
“Beware of people trying to sell hydrogenated snake oil”
Some background
• Energy has basically three uses: heat, electricity and transportation
• Petroleum is great as a transportation fuel– High energy density, liquid, easy to handle,
and dirt cheap (even now)
• We have used more petroleum for transportation than we produce domestically since 1987
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U.S. Production
Domestic Petroleum Consumption
Other Modes
Cars
Light Trucks
Heavy Trucks
U.S. Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970 - 2025Im
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Energy dependence has implications
• Other countries are now competing for the oil we buy
• Consider the secondary implications – many groups of people will not be able to pay the prices that will be demanded for petroleum
• It is difficult to believe we are better off as a nation if there are large groups of cranky people conspiring in the dark
• Energy security has become national security
We may also have an answer
• Hydrogen sources (natural gas & water) are abundant and widely distributed
• Some methods of producing hydrogen do not produce CO2
• Three ways to use hydrogen in transportation: H2 internal combustion engines, HCNG ICEs, and in fuel cells
• The quiz will cover the following
How PEM Fuel Cells Work
Right click mouse here for movie menu
That’s cool, but what are the problems?
• It all boils down to getting “butts in seats”
• We have never successfully weaned Americans from the personal automobile
• In order to get the US driving public to trade in their gasoline cars, we must have a viable alternative
• Keys are range, convenience, and cost, cost, cost
DOE’s 2015 Targets
• Safe operation
• Hydrogen storage to allow >300 mile range
• Fuel cell system cost of $30/kW
• Hydrogen delivered cost $2.00 – 3.00 per gallon of gas equivalent or kg H2
• Fuel cell durability >5000 hours, with cold start to -20°C and survivability to -40°C
This won’t cut it
• Note the ample luggage room
• Perhaps a safety issue
• Range was limited• This does not
represent success
In 1973, LANL modified a Buick to run on liquid hydrogen
Where are we today?
• Codes and standards are under development
• Driving range is improving, but still a problem
• Fuel cell system costs are about $200/kW
• We are approaching $3.00/gge for distributed natural gas reforming
• Durability remains a serious barrier
Good news; bad news
• GN: We can find solutions to these problems• BN: It will take time; we have short attention
spans -- industry and government are not good at long-term research
• GN: Many researchers at many institutions are involved
• BN: People with little chance of success are climbing on the bandwagon and getting funding while siphoning off critical research dollars
Fuel Cell & Hydrogen timeline at LANLLos Alamos activities & accomplishments vs. external events
Hydrogen Storage Virtual Center of Excellence Awarded
Objective Force W arrior Power System w/ Ball Aerospace
PNGV Medal, Energy 100 & Energy @ 23 Awards
World’s First Gasoline-Direct-to- Electricity Demo w/ ADL& Plug Power
First Complete Methanol-Direct-to- Electricity Power System
General Motors / LANL Electrochemical Engine Project (on-site)
CO Tolerance Established via Anode Air Bleed
Staged Preferential Oxidation Developed w/ DelcoRemy
H2 /O2 NASA tests w/ Ballard
Manufacturable Thin - Film Electrodes PEM Electrode Breakthrough, Pt 20X
1st DOE funded Fuel Cells for Transportation Project
CH2/O2 Fuel Cell Golf Cart Demo
LH2 ICE Buick Demonstration
LASL/Westinghouse Rover/NERVA Nuclear Rocket Program(Hydrogen Propellant)
FreedomCAR & Hydrogen Fuel Initiatives
GM Establishes Corporate Fuel Cell R&D Center
Government/Industry Partnership for a New Generation ofVehicles (PNGV)
2 nd Oil Embargo
1st Oil Embargo
Hamilton Standard SPE Electrolyzers for O2 Production on Nuclear Submarines
General Electric develops SPE fuel cell for NASA Gemini Missions
1950
2000
1960
1970
1980
1990
Institute for Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research
Los Alamos defense programs develop science and engineering base for hydrogen isotope purification, storage, and materials interactions
Fusion Energy Science Tritium Facility