the humu ula groundwater hydrology investigation · the humu ،ula groundwater hydrology...
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Donald Thomas Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes
University of Hawaii
Summary of Drilling Well Testing Results Next Steps
The Humu،ula Groundwater Hydrology Investigation
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Potential Water Sources
Resistivities encountered along the saddle road in the relatively dry volcanic terrain. Plot is looking north with west to the left and east to the right.
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Objectives of the drilling effort were: Determine depth to groundwater
within mid-Saddle region Determine water quality Develop a better understanding of
regional hydrology
Based on the positive indications of high level water, decision was made to proceed with a test well
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Drilling was initiated in March, 2013 at an elevation of 6375’ (1943 m) and was completed at ~5786’ (1763 m) depth in late June
Drilling Program Small diameter hole Continuous coring to recover rock
properties Determine depth to water Collect fluid samples
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Shallow section is dry to ~700’
Hydrology Findings
Formation was saturated from that depth to the total depth of the hole
This appears to be the regional aquifer of the Mauna Kea Saddle
Perched aquifer at ~700’ to ~1200’
“Final” saturated zone at ~1800’
Unsaturated layers below 1200’
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Thermal conditions are different from expected
Thermal Findings
o Shallow section is about local ambient o Below 2000’ depth we begin to see temperature increase o Increase in temperature steepens as we get below 3000’ o Suspended drilling when temperature reached 100 ̊C o Equilibrium temperatures ~ 140 ̊C
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The deep regional aquifer may be a dike-impounded groundwater system that extends through the Saddle
Working ModelSubsurface resistivity data indicate high level water may extend across the entire Saddle region
Recent gravity modeling has shown evidence of a broad intrusive complex through the center of the island
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Collect fluid samples for detailed chemical analysis
Install a small diameter (<4”) pump capable of lifting water 1800’ to surface
Pump Test Perforate casing 2000’ to 2200’ depth
Install packer below perforations
Pump well at 10, 20, 30, 40 gpm while monitoring drawdown of water table and recovery after pumping
Perforate casing @ ~200’ below water table
Install Packer below perforations
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Pump Draw-Down Results are Encouraging
Well was pumped at variable rates for a total of ~36 hours producing ~42,000 gallons of water
Draw-down of water table was modest – amounting to ~11” of water and complete recovery in ~2 hours
834
836
838
840
842
844
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13:00:00 15:00:00 17:00:00 19:00:00 21:00:00 23:00:00 1:00:00 3:00:00 5:00:00 7:00:00 9:00:00 11:00:00
Steady State Post Pumping
Bottom Tool
Top Tool
Mean = 845.33 Std. Dev. = 0.121
Mean = 839.46 Std. Dev. = 0.124
Pump Rotation terminated at 13:27
This spike reflects "dumping" of standing water present in the production tubing.
830
835
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2/17/2015 6:00 2/17/2015 12:00 2/17/2015 18:00 2/18/2015 0:00 2/18/2015 6:00 2/18/2015 12:00 2/18/2015 18:00
kPa
Second Pumping Interval10 second sample interval
Bottom Tool
Top Tool
Rotation started @07:29
Flow at 19 - 22 gpm15:25 to 07:15
Flow increased to 20 gpm
Flow at~12 gpm
discharge at surface@07:57
Flow increased to 30 gpm@ 11:09
Flow decreased to 20 gpm@ 12:14
Flow suspended to service engine
Flow resumes @ 22 gpm@ 15:25
Flow suspended @07:15to service top drive and surface pump
Flow resumes @ 22 gpm@ 09:50
Rotation terminated @13:25
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Chemical Analysis Results
Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Sulfate SiO2#1 70.3 10.3 3.8 2.31 43.7 28.6 104.4#2 70.5 9.92 3.35 2.14 46.9 28.9 101.5HNL 60.1 2.63 12.9 12.9 94.1 16.5 ~30 - 50Waimea 10.9 8.8 6.8 6.5
Age of the water was greater than we were expecting – averaging ~ 9500 years
pH of the water is unusual ~8.4
No “hits” on SDW contaminant screen
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Summary Findings• The resource at 700’ appears to be
substantial but not as large as the 1800’ aquifer
• The water quality is expected to be very good as it is not affected by underlying geothermal activity
• The age of the water is likely to be considerably younger
• We will need to conduct a second pump test to verify production characteristics
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Remaining Major Project Objective
Define the western extent of the aquifer with a second test hole
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Drilling Not Yet Complete
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Preliminary Findings• Sequence of perched and/or confined
aquifers beginning at 1000’ BGS
• Confined aquifers present progressively higher hydrostatic heads
• Confining formations are mostly soil and ash intervals
• May have just missed the western edge of Saddle dike impounded aquifer – fewer dikes deeper & lower T
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Next Steps• Conduct water sampling to determine
isotopic and chem compositions
• Analysis of the stratigraphic “structure” of the core from 2nd hole to get a better understanding of their source and extent
• Determine ages of the water
• Conduct geophysical logging in the test holes
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http://www.higp.hawaii.edu/hggrc/projects/
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Pau
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Recommendation• Conduct testing of 700’ aquifer• Based on production characteristics
and chemistry proceed to production well at 1000’ or 2000’ adjacent to PTA-1
• Complete PTA-1 as a monitoring well for the aquifer developed
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Conduct additional MT and gravity surveys over the PTA footprint and over the DHHL lands to the east
Extend MT and gravity surveys over to the Waimea region
Ongoing Work to Characterize the Geothermal Potential
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Completed the field surveys for the MT soundings on the PTA parcels
Conductivity profiles indicate that there may be significant thermal areas within the Saddle region
Preliminary analysis of the resistivity has been completed
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Implications of FindingsSubstantially larger volumes of water are stored inside the island New dike complexes imply alternative sources of stored heat: geothermal
Geophysical surveys are now underway that will try to define the groundwater and more conductive regions on MK, between MK and Kohala, and on Hualalai