The Great WarThe Great War

Chapter 29Chapter 29

I. Road to World WarI. Road to World War

NationalismNationalism Positive effect = unity within a countryPositive effect = unity within a country Negative effect = competition with other Negative effect = competition with other

nationsnations• Europe’s Great Powers- France, Europe’s Great Powers- France,

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, and Italy were rivals Britain, Russia, and Italy were rivals

ImperialismImperialism• The competition for over-seas colonies The competition for over-seas colonies

led to mistrust and competition and near led to mistrust and competition and near warwar

MilitarismMilitarism- the policy of having a large, - the policy of having a large, strong army that was prepared for war by strong army that was prepared for war by being able to quickly mobilizedbeing able to quickly mobilized• European Arms Race- belief that to be European Arms Race- belief that to be

truly great you had to have a large truly great you had to have a large militarymilitary

• Made citizens feel patriotic and Made citizens feel patriotic and foreigners frightenedforeigners frightened

AlliancesAlliances

Designed to help keep peace in Designed to help keep peace in Europe, but would push everyone Europe, but would push everyone into warinto war

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance (Bismarck)= (Bismarck)= Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Goal to unify against future Italy (Goal to unify against future French aggression)French aggression)

They also signed a treaty with They also signed a treaty with RussiaRussia

II. Kaiser Wilhelm IIII. Kaiser Wilhelm II

Built a strong German army; Built a strong German army; forced Bismarck to resignforced Bismarck to resign

Allowed the treaty with Russia to lapse.Allowed the treaty with Russia to lapse.• Russia aligned with France out of fearRussia aligned with France out of fear

wanted a powerful navy (better than wanted a powerful navy (better than Britain's)Britain's)• Britain aligned through an agreement Britain aligned through an agreement

(entente) with France in 1907 that they (entente) with France in 1907 that they would not fight each other, then signed would not fight each other, then signed one with Russiaone with Russia

Two Sets of AlliancesTwo Sets of Alliances

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

GermanyGermany

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

ItalyItaly

Triple EntenteTriple Entente

EnglandEngland

FranceFrance

RussiaRussia

Some of these had additional alliances with other nations that eventually bound them together…Example: Russia with Serbia

The BalkansThe Balkans

Eastern Europe; former parts Eastern Europe; former parts of the Ottoman Empire that of the Ottoman Empire that had gained independencehad gained independence

Problem- Problem- Slavic peopleSlavic people were were spread throughout the regionspread throughout the region

SerbiansSerbians sought to join all sought to join all Slavic people into one nation Slavic people into one nation ((RussiaRussia supported) supported)

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary held lots of held lots of land made of Slavs and land made of Slavs and SerbiaSerbia wanted it!!! wanted it!!!

Both vowed to fight if Both vowed to fight if necessary!necessary!

The shot….The shot….

Serbians in Bosnia Serbians in Bosnia wanted the Austro-wanted the Austro-Hungarians outHungarians out

June 28, 1914- Heir to June 28, 1914- Heir to the throne (the throne (Archduke Archduke Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand) and ) and his wife visited the his wife visited the capitalcapital

A 19 year old, Serbian A 19 year old, Serbian member of the Black member of the Black Hand group shot & Hand group shot & killed themkilled them

Austria blamed Serbia & sent them Austria blamed Serbia & sent them demands to avoid wardemands to avoid war

Serbia accepted most, but Austria-Serbia accepted most, but Austria-Hungary still declared warHungary still declared war

Because of their alliance, Russia Because of their alliance, Russia declared war on Austria-Hungarydeclared war on Austria-Hungary

Chapter 29Chapter 29Sections 3 & 4Sections 3 & 4

A Global A Global ConflictConflict

Review from YesterdayReview from Yesterday

CausesCauses• MilitarismMilitarism• Alliance SystemAlliance System• NationalismNationalism• Assassination of Archduke FerdinandAssassination of Archduke Ferdinand

SidesSides• Allies: Great Britain, France, RussiaAllies: Great Britain, France, Russia• Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Central Powers: Austria-Hungary,

GermanyGermany

How WWI Affected the World

During the middle of the war things really During the middle of the war things really started to slow down (stalemate)started to slow down (stalemate)

Those major countries (who had been Those major countries (who had been fighting from the beginning) were looking fighting from the beginning) were looking for other countries to join in the fight to tip for other countries to join in the fight to tip the balances.the balances.

The war spread from EuropeThe war spread from Europe• Gallipoli Campaign – a fight in the DardanellesGallipoli Campaign – a fight in the Dardanelles• Battles in Asia and AfricaBattles in Asia and Africa• America joins the fightAmerica joins the fight

America enters WWIAmerica enters WWI

When – 1917When – 1917 Why – Why –

• Unrestricted Submarine WarfareUnrestricted Submarine Warfare Definition: sinking all ships in the Atlantic w/o warning Definition: sinking all ships in the Atlantic w/o warning

the ships.the ships. LusitainiaLusitainia and the and the SussexSussex

• Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note Telegram being sent by the Germans to the Mexicans Telegram being sent by the Germans to the Mexicans

that was intercepted by the Britishthat was intercepted by the British Contents: If you attack America, we will help you get Contents: If you attack America, we will help you get

territoryterritory

Results – Tips the balance of the warResults – Tips the balance of the war

How WWI Affected those left at Home

Because this conflict involved so many Because this conflict involved so many countries and lasted so much longer than countries and lasted so much longer than it was first thought a new mentality was it was first thought a new mentality was used on the home-front: Total Warused on the home-front: Total War

Total WarTotal War: when a country devotes ALL of : when a country devotes ALL of its resources to winning the warits resources to winning the war• Factories made war supplies, not consumer Factories made war supplies, not consumer

itemsitems• All people became employed at somethingAll people became employed at something• Rationing – buy and use only small amounts of Rationing – buy and use only small amounts of

the certain itemsthe certain items ““Meatless Mondays” / “Wheatless Wednesdays”Meatless Mondays” / “Wheatless Wednesdays”

World War I ConcludesWorld War I Concludes

The War began to draw to a closeThe War began to draw to a close• WhyWhy

USA joined the fight (Remember – tipped the USA joined the fight (Remember – tipped the scales)scales)

Russia jumped out of WW I earlyRussia jumped out of WW I early• Russian Revolution (1917)Russian Revolution (1917)• MASSIVE loss of lifeMASSIVE loss of life• Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk• Communism takes controlCommunism takes control

German people were tired of fightingGerman people were tired of fighting Ending Date – November 1918Ending Date – November 1918

Stats of WWIStats of WWIDeaths of WWI

France, 1.3

USA, 0.1 Great Britain, 0.9

Russia, 1.7

Germany, 1.8Austria-Hungary, 1.2

Others, 0.9

Treaty of Versailles: Treaty of Versailles: A Flawed PeaceA Flawed Peace

A peace conference was set to take A peace conference was set to take place in Versailles France (not far place in Versailles France (not far from Paris)from Paris)

There were 4 major countries who There were 4 major countries who were involved in this meeting:were involved in this meeting:• Woodrow Wilson, USAWoodrow Wilson, USA• David Lloyd George, Great BritainDavid Lloyd George, Great Britain• Georges Clemenceau, FranceGeorges Clemenceau, France• Vittorio Orlando, ItalyVittorio Orlando, Italy

Treaty of Versailles: Treaty of Versailles: A Flawed PeaceA Flawed Peace

Major ProvisionsMajor Provisions1)1) League of NationsLeague of Nations – peace organization, – peace organization,

Germany excludedGermany excluded2)2) Territorial LossesTerritorial Losses – Germany loses all of its – Germany loses all of its

overseas territories, and land gained during the overseas territories, and land gained during the warwar

3)3) Military RestrictionsMilitary Restrictions – Germany was limited – Germany was limited in the size of army, navy, and air forces that in the size of army, navy, and air forces that they could maintain.they could maintain.

4)4) War GuiltWar Guilt – Germany had to assume TOTAL – Germany had to assume TOTAL guilt for causing the war, and was forced to pay guilt for causing the war, and was forced to pay $33 billion in war debt over the next 30 years.*$33 billion in war debt over the next 30 years.*

(*Hitler would refer to this when he gained power in the coming years)(*Hitler would refer to this when he gained power in the coming years)

Propaganda:Propaganda:

Information spreadInformation spread

To advance a cause To advance a cause

Or to damage an Or to damage an

Opponent’s cause. Opponent’s cause.