the grammatic rules in "lessons in arabic language - book 1"

ŶƗřƺƤƫř�Ʃƹǃř�śŚŤƨƬƫ��

ŠƿżǀƬƨƳǅř�ŠƜƬƫŚŝ�ŭźƄƫř�ƖƯ��

The Rules for Book 1 With an explanation in the

English language

Ľř�Ƽƫœ�ƱřźƤƠƫř�ƶŞŤƧ��Ʈǀƫƹ�Ʋŝř�ŠŰƬƏ�ƱŚưƬſ�ƺŝŏ�

ŶƷŚŬƯ�ƭŏ�ƹ�Written by Abu Salmaan Talha ibnu William

Translated by Umm Mujaahid

id80343484 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com

2

�ƅŪŕƅƒšŧƃŒ�ƇœƆšŧƃŒ�ĸŒ

`ĿŖăŧœŬƗŒ�ĄŇœƆąŪƕŒ^��

��

��

��

��

Demonstrative Pronouns

ŔŨƍ�ËƋËŨƍ��ËƉŔŨƍ��ËƉŕśŕƍ��ËŉƛÊŎĄƍ��ŖƔËũĿƂƆËƅ��

ĄƃËƅŨ�ĄƃƆËś��ĄƃËƊŔŨ��ĄƃËƊŕś��ĄƃËœƅƏÊŌ��ŧƔËŸĄŗƆƅ��

The �ŁŘĄũŕŮƙŔ� ąŉŕƈĆŬŌ ,demonstrative pronouns are similar to the English �that� , �this�

and they are of two types;��ŖƔËũĿƂƆËƅ� for things which are close, and ŧƔËŸĄŗƆƅ for things

at a distance. Unlike in English, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic have a different

form for singular, dual, and plural, and they also change to correspond to the gender

of the noun. So if the noun is feminine then the demonstrative pronoun is also

feminine, however there are a few exceptions to this rule, as indicated below.

3

The demonstrative pronouns (for near): �

��ËƋËŨĄƍ��ËƉŔŨĄƍ� ��ËƉŕśŕƍ��ËŉƛÊŎĄƍ�

��

The demonstrative pronouns (for far):��

��ĄƃËƅŨ��ĄƃƆËś��ĄƃËƊŔŨ��ĄƃËƊŕś��ĄƃËœƅƏÊŌ

�

řƆËŝƈŌ�Examples ��

ŒŦƋ� �

��ŔŨƍ This is (for masculine singular)

These are (for dual masculine)

These are (for dual feminine)

These are (for plural masculine or feminine)

This is (for feminine singular or plural irrational) ŖƔËũĿƂƆËƅ for things which are

near

ŧƔËŸĄŗƆƅ for things which

are far

�That is (for masculine singular)

That is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)

Those are (for dual masculine)

Those are (for dual feminine)

Those are (for plural masculine or feminine)

ŒŦƋ�ĈŖŕśËƄ��ŒŦƋ�¿ąŠĄũ�

�ŧĄũſąƈË�ũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ�Ç¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻ��ŧĄũſąƈ�ËũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ��¿ËƁŕŷ��

This is a man This is a book (for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)

4

��

ÊƉÊŦƋ��

��

ÊƇŒŦƋ�� ÊƇœřœƋ��

��

ÊƉÊŦƋ��ĽŘĄũŕČƔĄŬ��ƉÊŦƋË�ĽŘŌĄũĆƈŏ�� ËŜƊŎąƈƆƅŧĄũſąƈ��ąũƔĿŻ¿ËƁŕŷ��ËŜƊŎąƈƆƅŧĄũſąƈ��¿ËƁŕŷ��

This is a woman This is a car (For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

ÊƇŒŦƋ�ƉŕƈƆĿƁ��ÊƇŒŦƋ��ËƉŕƈËƅŕĄŷ �ũĿƄŨąƈƆƅİ�ƑĿƊĿŝąƈ��È¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻ��ũĿƄŨąƈƆƅİ�ƑĿƊĿŝąƈ��È¿ËƁŕŷ��

These are scholars These are pens (For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)

ÊƇœřœƋ�ËƉŕśĄũĿƂĄŗ��ƇœřœƋ�ËËƉŕśĄƈËƆĆŬąƈ��ƑĿƊĿŝąƈ�ËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ��È¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻ��ËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ�ƑĿƊĿŝąƈ��Ç¿ËƁŕŷ��

These are Muslims These are cows

(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)

5

��ÊŇƙÉŌăƋ��

��

��

��

ăƁÊƃŦ��

ÊŇƙÉŌƋ��ĄƉƏąƈËƆĆŬąƈ��ŇƙÉŌƋË�ĽŚŕƈËƆĆŬąƈ�� ŶĆƈĄŠũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ��Ç¿ËƁŕŷ��ŶĆƈĄŠ�ËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ��Ç¿ËƁŕŷ�

These are Muslims These are Muslims

(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-rational)

È¿ËƁŕŷũƔĿżËƅ�ĄƃËƅŨĿƄ�ąŪƏąŠĄƔ�ĄƏ��¿ŕŝËƈ��ËŉƛÊŎƍ�ĽŚŕƈËƆĿƄ��¿ƔƆƁ�ŔŨƍ�Ə��ËŉƛÊŎƍ is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) but this is rare. For

example:

ËŉƛÊŎƍ�ĽŚŕƈËƆĿƄ

These words

ăƁÊƃŦ�ĈƇĆŠĿƊ��ăƁÊƃŦÇ�ūËŧŇƊĄƎąƈ� �ŧĄũſąƈË�ũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ�È¿ËƁŕŷ�ąũƔĿŻ��ŧĄũſąƈ�ËũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ��¿ËƁŕŷ��

That is engineer That is a star (for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)

6

��

ăƁŅƄÊř��

��

ăƁÊƈŒŦ� ��

ăƁÊƈœř� �

ăƁƄÊř�ĽřĄŠƜĿŝ��ăƁƄÊř�ĽřĄŲĐũĄƈąƈ �ÊŚƈŌĄƆƄƃťăŧŽĄƆ��ĄŧƒĽŹ¾Êſœŵ��ÊŚƈŌĄƆƄƃťăŧŽĄƆ��¾Êſœŵ��

That is a nurse That is a fridge

(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational

Ëƅ�ĄƃËƅŨĿƄ�ąŪƏąŠĄƔ�ĄƏĄƃƆËś��Ç¿ËƁŕŷ�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ��¿ƔËŪŇƊİśƅŔ�ƓËž�ŕƈĿƄ�`ËśĄƃƆÊ¿ąŬčũƅŔ��^ŔŨƍ�Ə ¿ƔƆƁ��

ĄƃƆËś� is like wise allowed for plural rational like what is in the

revelation, (those messengers) but this is rare.

ăƁÊƈŒŦ�ËƉŔũĿśÉŇžŧ��ăƁÊƈŒŦ��ËƉŕţŕİƆĿž�� ũĿƄŨąƈƆƅİ�ƑĿƊĿŝąƈ��È¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻ��ũĿƄŨąƈƆƅİ�ƑĿƊĿŝąƈ��È¿ËƁŕŷ��

�� Those are farmers Those are notebooks (For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)

ƁÊƈœř�É�ËƉŕśĄũĿųĆŬËƈ��ăƁÊƈœř�ËƉŕśĄŬĐũĄŧąƈ��ƑĿƊĿŝąƈ�ËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ��È¿ËƁŕŷąũƔĿŻ��ËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ�ƑĿƊĿŝąƈ��Ç¿ËƁŕŷ��

Those are teachers Those are rulers

(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)

7

��

ăƁÊőƃƍŊ��

��

��

`ÊƊƒĽƃō�ĻŻœŰĄƆ�ăƍ�ĻŻœŰĄƆ^�Possessed and possessor �

��

��

��

��ăƁÊőƃƍŊ��ĄƉƏąƈËƆĆŬąƈ��ăƁÊőƃƍŊ��ĽŚŕƈËƆĆŬąƈ��ŶĆƈĄŠũĿƄŨąƈƆƅ��Ç¿ËƁŕŷ��ŶĆƈĄŠ�ËŜƊŎąƈƆƅ��ŷÇ¿ËƁŕ�

Those are Muslims Those are Muslims (For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-

rational)

��

ƑƅŕŸĿś�ËƌËƅƏĿƁ�ƓËž�ŕƈĿƄ�È¿ËƁŕŷũĆƔĿżËƅ�ĄƃËƅŔŨĿƄ�ąŪƏąŠĄƔ�ĄƏ��`�Ŕ�ČƉŏĄƏ�ĄũĄŰĄŗƅŔ�ĄƏ�ĄŶĆƈČŬƅ�Į¿ŁƄ�ĄŧŔÉŎŁſƅŔ�ĄƃËœƅƏŌ�ĻƛĆƏÊœĆŬĄƈ�ąƌŇƊĄŷ�ĄƉŕĿƄ^�

�ĄƃËœƅƏŌ�� Is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) like what is in

the speech of The Most High: (translated meaning)

(Verily the hearing and the sight and the heart, of each of those you will be questioned)

To show belonging in Arabic we use the possessive construction. This

consists of two parts. The possessed �ŽŕĄŲąƈ� , which appears first and

the possessor ŽŕĄŲąƈ�ËƌƔĿƅŏ , which follows straight after. The ŽŕĄŲąƈtakes a damma, depending on its function in a sentence and the ŽŕĄŲąƈ�ËƌƔĿƅŏ�takes a kasra. It is important to note that the ŽŕĄŲąƈ can never take an

alif or laam or a tanween whereas the ŽŕĄŲąƈ�ËƌƔĿƅŏ�� can do so.

8

�řƆËŝƈŌ��

��

��

��ŕśËƄ��ąŖËƈŕţÈŧ��ŕśËƄƅŔ��ąŖĐũĄŧąƈËū��

��Ĺ��Ĺ��Ĺ��Ĺ��ËƌƔĿƅŏ�ŽŕŲąƈ��ŽŕŲąƈ�� ËƌƔĿƅŏ�ŽŕŲąƈ��ŽŕŲąƈ��

Possessor Possessed Possessor Possessed

��˳ϡϻ�ϭ˴�ϒ˳ϟ˶΄Α˶�With alif and laam��

`ĻŘąŶĽƈ�ăƍ�ĻŘƍĄŶŅƈăƆ^� Adjective and qualifying noun�

��

Examples

The teacher�s book� Haamid�s book

The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, unlike in English it

comes after the noun. The adjective in Arabic is called the ĽŚĆŸĿƊ� and the

noun it qualifies is referred to as the �ĽŚƏąŸŇƊĄƈ (the qualifying noun). The

ŚĆŸĿƊ follows the �ĽŚƏąŸŇƊĄƈ in its gender (masculine and feminine), in its

definite and indefiniteness, and like wise in its case.

9

ÈƇƛ�ĄƏ�ÈŽËƅōËŗ

��

¿ŕŝËƈ��

��

ƅŔĆƔĄŗƅŔ�ŁŚĆƔËŧĄŠąŧ��ĆƔĄŗ�ĽŚĆƔËŧĄŠĈŧ��Ĺ��Ĺ��Ĺ��Ĺ��

��ÇĽŚĆŸĿƊ��ĽŚƏąŸŇƊĄƈ��ĽŚĆŸĿƊ��ĽŚƏąŸŇƊĄƈ��Adjective qualifying noun Adjective qualifying noun�

�(Without alif and laam) (With alif and laam)

�

`Œ�ăƍ�ÊŇŒťİƈƃŒ�ĿŻąŧăšƎăťœƈĄƆƃ^�The Vocative particle�and the Addressed�

��

��

Example

A new house� The new house��

Ƈƛ�Ə�ŽËƅŌ�ƉƏąŧËŗ

To call upon someone in Arabic you use the vocative particle ��ŁŽĆũĄţ��ËŉŔŧĲƊƅŔ ,

which is ŕƔ� , equivalent to the English oh. The noun that comes after it is

called the ƐĄŧŕƊąƈƅŔ (the addressed), and it takes a single damma

regardless of gender.

10

��

¿ŕŝƈ��œƒËŬŕƔ�ąũ��Ĺ��Ĺ�

��ƐŧŕƊąƈƅŔ��ËŉŔŧĲƊƅŔ�ŁŽĆũĄţ�

��

�

`ďŧăŞƃŒ�ĿŻƍĄŧĄš^�The Genitive prepositions�

�

��

��

Ç (��

The Vocative Particle

The Addressed

�Ë¿��ƓËž��ƑƆĄŷ��ĆƉËƈ��ËŖ��Ƒƅŏ��

Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal

ending of a noun is Ê damma, and the case of it is called ŵƏŁžĆũĄƈ(Nominative). However, when the noun is proceeded by any of the ŁŽƏąũąţ��ĐũĄŠƅŔ�� (genitive prepositions) it changes to a kasra and its case is no longer�ŵƏŁžĆũĄƈ�� (Nominative) instead it becomes έ˲ϭή˵Π˸ϣ˴ (Genitive).

Oh Yaasir!

11The Genitive prepositions are:�

��Ë¿��ƓËž ��Ąŷ��ƑƆ ��ĆƉËƈ�� ËŖ��

��Ƒƅŏ��

Examples:

Ë¿��¿ŕŝƈ �

ƓËž��¿ŕŝËƈ

�

��ƑƆĄŷ��¿ŕŝËƈ

��ĆƉËƈ��¿ŕŝƈ�

��

��ËŖ��ŝƈ�¿ŕ��

For (used for belonging)

In

On

From

To

By/at

The watch is on the desk

Zaynab is from Japan.

I am a student at the university

This book is for Muhammad

The teacher is in the class.

�ąūĐũĄŧąƈƅŔƑÊżĆŰĿſƅŔ�Ë¿�

�ŁřĄŷŕČŬƅŔƏƄŵśŇƄĄƈƅŔ�ËŖ�

�ąŖĿƊĆƔĄŪăƇÊƆ�ŕŗŕƔƅŔËƉ�

�ĈŖËƅŕų�ŕƊŌËŗĄŸËƈŕŠƅŕËř�

�ąŖŕśËƄƅŔ�ŔŨƍËƅČƈĄţąƈÈŧ�

12

Ƒƅŏ��¿ŕŝƈ��

`έ˵Ϯμ˵Ϙ˸Ϥ˴ϟ�Ϣ˵γ˸ϻ˶^��

��

��

ϝΎΜϣ��

ſŇŮĿśĆŬąƈƅŔƑ��ƄƔËũĆƈŌƑ��

ĄŬƏąƈ�Ƒ��

ČƔËũĿƄĄŪŕ��ƓËƊŕƈƅŌ��

ϝΎΜϣ��

Haamid went to the masjid

The hospital

America

Musa

Zakariyya

Germany

ËƇĆŬËƛŔ�ąũËŦŊ�ąũČƔĿżĿśĄƔ�ƜĿž The end case of the noun

does not change

�ĈŧËƈŕţ�ĄŖĄƍĿŨƏƃō�ƅŔËŠĆŬĄƈËŧ

A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an �aa� sound ending. The ending

vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in

function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition

(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain

unaffected.

13

��Ɠž�ſŇŮĿśĆŬąƈƅŔƑ��ƑƅŏƄƔËũĆƈŌƑ��ƅĄŬƏąƈƑ��

��

`ŗĽƃƍĄŮąƍăƆƃŒ�ĄŇœƆąŪƕŒ^��

��

��

The Relative pronouns

�for Musa �to America �in the hospital

�ƒËŨİƅŔ�Ë�ƉŔŨİƅŔ��É�ƉƔËŨİƅŔ��ũİƄĿŨąƈƆËƅ��ƓËśİƅŔ�Ë�ƉŕśİƅŔ��İƅŔ�ƏŌ�ƓËśŕİƅŔ��ƓËœ�ŕ�ËŜİƊÉŎąƈƆËƅ��

�The Relative pronouns, ��řĿƅƏąŰĆƏĄƈƅŔ�ąŉŕƈĆŬƗŔ have the meaning of �which�, �who�,

and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also

differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the

pronoun ƓËśİƅŔ�� is also used for plural irrational nouns (ghayru �aaqilin). Objects,

animals and concepts are classified as irrational nouns whilst rational include;

humans, angels and devils.

14The Relative pronouns are (for masculine):

�

��

��

��

�

��

ϝΎΜϣ��Example

�

ƒËŨİƅŔ��

��ƒËŨİƅŔ Who/which (for singular masculine rational and irrational)

��ƓËśİƅŔ� Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculine

and feminine irrational)

��ƓËœ�ŕİƅŔ�ƏŌ�ƓËśŕİƅŔ�� Who (for plural feminine rational only)

��ËƉŕśİƅŔ�� Who/which (for dual feminine rational and irrational)

Who/which (for dual masculine rational and irrational)��ƉŔŨİƅŔ

Who (for plural masculine rational only) ��ĄƉƔËŨİƅŔ

Ê¿ąŠĄũƅŔ�ƐŦƃŒĈũĆƔËƎĿŮ�ĈũËŠŕś�ËŧËŠĆŬĄƈƅŔ�ĄƉËƈ�ĄŞĄũĿŦ��The man who left the masjid is a famous merchant.

For masculine singular rational

�ĈũİƄĿŨąƈ�ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�¿Ɓŕŷ�

ũİƄĿŨąƈƆËƅ For masculine

ËŜİƊÉŎąƈƆËƅ For feminine

15

ƒËŨİƅŔ�� ËƉŔŨİƅŔ��

�ąŖŕśËƄƅŔƐŦƃŒËūĐũĄŧąƈƆËƅ�ËŖĿśŇƄĄƈƅŔ�ƑƆĄŷ�� The book, which is on the desk, belongs to the teacher.

For masculine singular irrational

�ĈũİƄĿŨąƈ�ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�¿Ɓŕŷ�ąũƔĿŻ�

�ËƉŕŬĐũĄŧąƈƅŔÊƇŒŦĮƃŒËƉŔŧĆƔËŧĄŠ�¿ĆŰĿſƅŔ�Ƒƅŏ�ŕŗĉƍĿŨ��The teachers who went to the classroom, are new.

For masculine dual rational

�ĈũİƄĿŨąƈ��ƑİƊĿŝąƈ��¿Ɓŕŷ�

�ËƉŕƈĿƆĿƂƅŔÊƇŒŦƃŒËƉŕƈƔËŧĿƁ�ƓËśĄŗĆƔËƂĄţ�ƓËž��The pens, which are in my bag, are old.

For masculine dual irrational

�ĈũİƄĿŨąƈ��ƑİƊĿŝąƈ�¿Ɓŕŷ�ąũƔĿŻ�

16

��ĄƉĆƔËŨƅŔ��

��

ƓËśŅƅŔ��

��

�ĄƉƏąŬËŧĄƎąƈƅŔ�ŒăƇƒÊŦƃŕƔËƄĆũŁś�ĆƉËƈ�ËƇĄŸŇųĄƈƅŔ�ĄƉËƈ�ŔƏąŠĄũĿŦ��The engineers who left the restaurant are from

Turkey.

For masculine plural rational

�ĈũİƄŨąƈ�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ�Ç¿ËƁŕŷ�

�ŁŘŌĆũĄƈƅŔƑÊřŃƃŒĽŘĄũĆƔËŧąƈ�ËřĄŬĄũĆŧĄƈƅŔ�Ƒƅŏ�ŇŚĄŗĄƍĿŨ��The woman who went to the school is a

headmistress

For feminine singular rational

�ĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ��ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�¿ËƁŕŷ��

�ŁŘĄũĿųĆŬËƈƅŔÊřŃƃŒƑÈŧČƈĄţąƈËƅ�ËŖĿśŇƄĄƈƅŔ�ƑƆŷ�� The ruler, which is on the desk, belongs to Muhammad.

For feminine singular irrational

�ĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ��ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�¿Ɓŕŷ�ąũĆƔĿŻ��

17��

ËƉŕśŅƅŔ��

��

�ή˵Ϥ˵Τ˵ϟϲΘϟ˷Ρ˶ΎϠ˷ϔ˶Ϡϟ˶�Ϟ˶Ϙ˸Τ˴ϟ�ϲϓ˶�� The donkeys, which are in the field, belong to the

farmer.

For masculine plural irrational

�ή˲ϛ͉άϣ˵��ϊ˲Ϥ˸Ο˴��ϞϗΎϋ�ή˵ϴ˸Ϗ˴��

�ËƉŕśĄũŕČƔČŬƅŔÊƇœřŃƃŒËũĆƔËŪĄƏƆËƅ�ËŧËŠĆŬĄƈƅŔ�ĄƇŕƈŌ��The cars, which are in front of the masjid, belong to

the minister.

For feminine dual irrational

�ąƈĽŜİƊÉŎ��ƑİƊĿŝąƈ�¿ËƁŕŷ�ąũĆƔĿŻ��

�ËƉŕśĄŗËƅŕİųƅŔƇœřĮƃŒƐũĿśŇƆËƄŇƊŏ�ĆƉËƈ�ËřĄŬĄũĆŧĄƈƅŔ�ĄƉËƈ�ŕśĄŠĄũĿŦ�Ë��The students, who left from the school, are from

England.

For feminine dual rational

�ĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ��ƑİƊĿŝąƈ�¿ËƁŕŷ��

18

� �

��ƓËśŕİƅŔ��

��ϲ˶Ύϟ˷��

ŁŚŕƈËƆĆŬąƈƅŔ��ƑÊřœĮƃŒƅŏ�ĄƉĆŗĄƍĿŨ��ĆƉËƈ�ĽŚŕŬĐũĄŧąƈ�ËƀĆƏčŬƅŔ�ƑŕƔËƊŕƈƅŌ��

The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from Germany.

For feminine plural rational

�ĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ��ĈŶĆƈĄŠ��ËÇ¿Ɓŕŷ�

�

ŁŚŕƈËƆĆŬąƈƅŔ�ƑÊőœŃƃŒ��ĆƉËƈ�ĽŚŕŬĐũĄŧąƈ�ËƀĆƏčŬƅŔ�ƑƅŏÉ�ƉĆŗĄƍĿŨŕƔËƊŕƈƅŌ��

The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from Germany.

For feminine plural rational

19

�`�ϒ˶ϳ˸ή˶ό˸Θ͉ϟ�ϡ˵ϻ^��

The laam of definiteness��

��

�˲ϝΎΜϣ˶�� Example��

��

ĆƔĄŗ�ŔŨƍ�ĽŚ��ŔŨƍƅŔĆƔĄŗŁŚ��Ĺ�

ËŽĆƔËũĆŸİśƅŔ�ąƇƛ��

�

This house This is a house

(The laam of definiteness)

A noun that has tanween, the indefinite article, is referred to as

indefinite. The Tanween is the double vowel that you find at the end of a

noun (look at the first example below). Its equivalent in English is �A�. In

Arabic to make a noun definite we add on the alif and laam. The laam here

is called the �ËŽĆƔËũĆŸİśƅŔ�ąƇƛ ,laam of definiteness.

20

��`�Δ˵Ϡμ˶ϔ˴Ϩ˸Ϥ˵ϟ�ή˵˶ΎϤπ͉ϟ^�

The detached pronouns �

��They are:�

� ��

: For first person (masculine or feminine) �ƉĆƔËƈĲƆĿƄĿśąƈƆËƅ

ŕƊŌ�� ƉĆţĿƊ . ĿŚŇƊŌ . ŕƈŁśŇƊŌ . �ƇŁśŇƊŌ�ŕƈŁśŇƊŌ�ËŚŇƊŌ��ČƉŁśŇƊŌ��ĄƏąƍ��ŕƈąƍ��Ƈąƍ��ƓËƍ��ŕƈąƍ��ČƉąƍ�

Pronouns are of two main categories: �ŁřƆËŰĿſŇƊąƈƅŔ�ąũËœŕƈČŲƅŔ , the detached

pronouns and �ŁřĿƆËŰİśąƈƅŔ�ũÉœŕƈČŲƅŔ ,the attached pronouns. The pronouns

in this category are detached pronouns. Detached pronouns give the

meaning �he� �she� �they� etc and even �it�. They are divided into 3 types:

for first person, second person, and third person, in each of these

categories they differ in form. Please note unlike in English, pronouns

in Arabic have a different form for dual and plural.

21

We��ąƉĆţĿƊ I ��ĿŕƊŌ�

�ϝ˲ΎΜϣ˶��

��

��

� You (plural) ��ƇŁśŇƊŌ(dual)�You��ŕƈŁśŇƊŌ� (singular)�You��ĿŚŇƊŌ�

��

�Ç¿ŕŝËƈ��

ĄƇąšĽƈĈŖŕŅƆŁų� We are students

�ƑİƊĿŝąƈ�ĄƏ�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ�

For plural or dual

�œƈŊËƅŕų�ĈŖ� I am a student

�ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�

œƆĿřŅƈŊËƉŕŗËƅŕų�� You are students

�ƑİƊĿŝąƈ�

For masculine dual

�ĽŘŅƈŊĈŖŇƅŕų� You are a student

�ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�

For masculine singular

ƅĿřŅƈŊĈŖŕŅƆŁų��You are students

�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ� For masculine plural

� ƉĆƔËŗĿųŕŦąƈƆËƅ�: For Second person (masculine)

22

��

You (plural) ��ČƉŁśŇƊŌ�(dual)�You��ŕƈŁśŇƊŌYou (singular)��ËŚŇƊŌ��


��

��

They (plural) ��Ƈąƍ��(dual)�They��ŕƈąƍ��He (singular)��ĄƏąƍ��

Ç¿ŕŝËƈ��

ĿřŅƈŊœƆËƉŕśĄŗËƅŕų�� You are students

�ƑİƊĿŝąƈ�ŜİƊÉŎąƈ�

For feminine dual

�ÊŘŅƈŊÇ�ĽřĄŗËƅŕų� You are a student

�ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�ŜİƊÉŎąƈ�

For feminine singular

ċƇĿřŅƈŊĽŚŕŗËƅŕų��You are students

�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ�ŜİƊÉŎąƈ� For feminine plural

: For second person (feminine)ŚŕŗĿųŕŦąƈƆËƅ��

For third person (masculine)��ĄƉƔËŗËœŕżƆËƅ

œƆĄƋËƉŕŗËƅŕų� They are students


For masculine dual

ăƍĄƋĈŖËƅŕų� He is a student

�ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ��

For masculine singular

ƅĄƋĈŖŕŅƆŁų��They are students

�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ� For masculine plural

23

��

��

They (plural) ��ČƉąƍ��(dual)�They��ŕƈąƍ��He (singular)��ƓËƍ��


��

��

�`ή˴ΎϤπ͉ϟ�ΔϠ˴μ˶Θ͉Ϥ˵ϟ�˵^�The attached pronouns

��

For third person (feminine)�Ε˶ΎΒ˶ΎϐϠϟ˶��

œƆĄƋ�ŕśĄŗËƅŕųËƉ They are students


For feminine dual

ăƑÊƋ�ĽřĄŗËƅŕų� She is a student

�ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ��


ċƇĄƋ�ĽŚŕŗËƅŕų��They are students

�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ� For feminine plural

ŕƊ��ƒ��Ąƃ��ŕƈŁƄ�ƇŁƄ��Ëƃ��ŕƈŁƄ��ČƉŁƄ�ąƋ��ŕƈąƍ��Ƈąƍ�ŕƍ��ŕƈąƍ��ČƉąƍ

24��

��

�Ç¿ŕŝƈ��

��

ĄƉĆƔËƈĲƆĿƄĿśąƈƆËƅ

ŕƊÉ� ƒ

ąŗŕśËƄŕƊ Our book

ŁŜİƊÉŎąƈ�Ə�ĈũŅƄĿŨąƈ�ƑŅƊŅŝąƈƏ�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ�

Masculine and feminine plural and dual

ËŗŕśËƄƓ My book

�ŁŜİƊÉŎąƈ�Ə�ĈũŅƄĿŨąƈ�ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�

Masculine and feminine singular

As mentioned earlier Pronouns are of two categories: The Detached

Pronouns and the Attached Pronouns. The category mentioned here is

that of Attached Pronouns. Similarly Attached Pronouns are divided

into 3 types: for first person, second person, and third person and

within these categories they differ in form. The pronouns once again

have a different form for dual and plural.

25

��

�Ç¿ŕŝƈ��

��

��

��

��Ç¿ŕŝƈ��

��

��

ƉĆƔËŗĿųŕŦąƈƆËƅ

ËŚŕŗĿųŕŦąƈƆËƅ

ŕƈŁƄ� Ąƃ

ąŗŕśËƄŕƈŁƄ Your book

�ĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ�Ə�ĈũİƄŅŨąƈ�ƑİƊŅŝąƈ�

Masculine and feminine dual

ąŗŕśËƄ��ƃ Your book

��ĈũŅƄĿŨąƈ��ŇſąƈĈŧĄũ�

Masculine singular

ąŗŕśËƄƇŁƄ Your book

�ĈũİƄĿŨąƈ�ĈŶĆƈĄŠ�

Masculine plural

ƇŁƄ�

ƇŁƄ� Ëƃ

ąŗŕśËƄŕƈŁƄ Your book


For masculine and feminine dual

ąŗŕśËƄËƃ Your book

��ŜİƊÉŎąƈ��ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�


ąŗŕśËƄČƉŁƄ Your book

�ŜİƊÉŎąƈ��ĈŶĆƈĄŠ�

For feminine plural

ČƉŁƄ

26

��ϝ˲ΎΜϣ��

��

��

��Ç¿ŕŝƈ��

��

��

ĄƉƔËŗËœŕżƆËƅ

ËŚŕŗËœŕżƆËƅ

ŕƈąƍ ąƋ

ąŗŕśËƄŕƈąƎ Their book

�ĈũİƄŅŨąƈ�ƑİƊŅŝąƈ�

For masculine dual

ąŗŕśËƄąƌ

His book

��ĈũŅƄĿŨąƈ��ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ� For masculine singular

ąŗŕśËƄƇąƎ Their book

��ĈŶĆƈĄŠ�ĈũİƄĿŨąƈ�

For masculine plural

Ƈąƍ

ŕƈąƍ ŕƍ

ąŗŕśËƄŕƈąƎ Their book


For masculine and Feminine dual

ąŗŕśËËƄŕƎ

Her book

�ŜİƊÉŎąƈ��ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ� For feminine singular

ąŗŕśËƄČƉąƎ� Their book

��ŜİƊÉŎąƈ��ĈŶĆƈĄŠ�

For feminine plural

ČƉąƍ

27

�`�Ύϫΰ˵ϴ˸ϴ˶Ϥ˸Η˴�ϭ˴�Δϴ͉ϣ˶ΎϬϔ˸Θ˶γ˸Ϲ�Ϣϛ˴^�The kam of interrogation

and its specification��

Ç¿ŕŝËƈ��Example��

��

ƈĿƆĿƁ�ĆƇĿƄĻŕ�ĿƆĄŠĄŷ�ĆƇĿƄ�� ĄƃĄŧŇƊËŷĻř�� ËřĄŠŔČũČŧƆËƅ��

�

��

��

How many wheels belong to the bike?

How many pens do you have?

The kam of Interrogation

řČƔËƈŕƎŇſËśĆŬŏ�ƇĿƄ

Its specification�

ŕƍąŪĆƔËƔĆƈĿś�

Its specification�

ŕƍąŪĆƔËƔĆƈĿś�

The kam of Interrogation

řČƔËƈŕƎŇſËśĆŬŏ�ƇĿƄ

Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives ��the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez

(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative

case). Please look at the example below.

28

ĈŧĄũŇſąƈ�ĻŕƈËœŔĄŧ�ƇĿƄ�ąŪĆƔËƔĆƈĿśĿž��ŏ�ÈŽËƅōËŗ�ĈƇƏŁśŇŦĄƈƛ�ËŉŕśËŗ�ĻŕƈƏŁśŇŦĄƈ�ąƇĆŬƛŔ�ĄƉŕĿƄ�ŔŨŏ�Ì�ËřĿųƏąŗĆũĄƈƅŔ��

��ŅżƕŒœăŶ�É¾�

Verbs�

��`�ÊŚąƒÊƈŋĮřƃŒ�ĄŇœř��^�

The taa� of feminine form��

� ��

The tamyeez (distinctive term) of kam is always singular. It is ended with an alif, except when the noun ends with

the taa marboota (a closed taa)

Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up

of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past

tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the

examples below). The �ąŉŕś�ËŜĆƔËƊōİśƅŔ� is used to conjugate a verb to make it

past tense, singular feminine third person. The ąƉĆƏŁƊ�ËŘĄƏĆŬĲƊƅŔ� is used to

conjugate a verb to make it past tense, plural feminine third person.

Finally, the ƏąƏŔÉ�ËřĄŷŕƈĄŠƅŔ� is used to conjugate a verb so that it represents

past tense, plural masculine third person. Please note these are just a

few of the conjugated verbs.

29�

�

Ê¿ŕŝƈ��

ĄŬĿƆĄŠŇŚË¿ĆŰĿſƅŔ�ƓËž�ŁřĄŗËƅŕİųƅŔ��ĄŠĄũĿŦŇŚËŚĆƔĄŗƅŔ�ĄƉËƈ�čƇƗŔ��

��

�`�ÊŖăƍąŪİƈƃŒ�ĄƇąƍĿƈ^�The noon of women form�

�Ê¿ŕŝƈ��

�

��ĆŗĄƍĿŨ�ąŉŕŬĲƊƅŔ��ĄƉËŧËŠĆŬĄƈƅŔ�Ƒƅŏ��ĆŠĄũĿŦ�ŁŚŕŲĐũËƈąƈƅŔĄƉƑſŇŮĿśĆŬąƈƅŔ�ĄƉËƈ��

��

�`ƍĄƍŒÈ�ÊŗăŵœƆăŞƃŒ��^�The waw of group form

The mother left the house

The student sat in the classroom

The (female � pl.) nurses left the

hospital

The women (pl.) went to the masjid

Example

30

�Ê¿ŕŝƈ��

�

ąŗĄƍĿŨ�Ê¿ŕŠĐũƅŔ��ƏËřĄŬĄũĆŧĉƈƅŔ�Ƒƅŏ�Ŕ��ąŸĄŠĄũ�ąŞŕČŠąţƅŔƏĿřİƄĄƈ�ĆƉËƈ�Ŕ��

��

��`ĄťăťăŶƃŒÉ�ťƍĄťąŶăƆƃŒ�ăƍ�^�

The number and the enumerated

��ŘĄũĿŮĄŷ�Ƒƅŏ�řĿŝƜĿŝ�ĆƉËƈ��

From 3 to 10��

The pilgrims (male �pl.) returned from

Mecca

The men (pl.) went to the school

In Arabic, to construct a number two things are included; the ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ (the number)

and the ąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔ (the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, is

called ĄťƍĄťąŶăƆƃŒ and the number is called the ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ. Unlike in English, Arabic numbers

can be feminine or masculine. With regards to the numbers 3 to 10, if the ĄťƍĄťąŶăƆƃŒis feminine the �ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ is masculine and if the ąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔ is masculine the �ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ is

feminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the

mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.

31

�ϣ˶ϝ˲ΎΜ��

��

��

��

ŝİƊÉŎąƈ�ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ�ąƉƏŁƄĄƔ��ĻŔũİƄĿŨąƈ�ąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔ�ĄƉŕƄ�ŔŨŏĻŕ��ŕŝİƊÉŎąƈ�ąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔ�ĄƉŕƄ�ŔŨŏ�ĄƏŔũİƄĿŨąƈ�ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ�ąƉƏŁƄĄƔĿž��ËƉƔĿƅŕŝËƈƅŔ�ƓËž�ĈŢĐŲĄƏąƈ�ĄƏąƍ�ŕƈƄ��

��

�

When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like

what is clear in the two examples (above).

3 Female students to 1

3 Male students

��ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų�ŁŜƜĿŝ Ĺ��Ĺ��

�ąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔ��ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ

The enumerated

(Feminine ĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ� )

The enumerated

(Masculine �ũİƄĿŨąƈ� )

ŕŅƆŁų�ŁřĿŝƜËŝÈŖ�� Ĺ��Ĺ�� ÊąŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƅŔ��ąŧĄŧĄŸƅŔ

The number

The number

32

ËũİƄĿŨąƈƅŔ�ËŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƆƅ��

��

Ë��

ÈŖŕŅƆŁų�ŁřĿŝƜĿŝ��ÈŖŕŅƆŁų�ŁřĄŸĄŗĆũŌ��ÈŖŕŅƆŁų�ŁřİśËŬ��ÈŖŕŅƆŁų�ŁřĄŬĆƈĿŦ��˳

�˽� �˾� �˼��

Five students then the

Four students then the

Three students

ÈŖŕŅƆŁų�ŁŘĄũĿŮĄŷ ÈŖŕŅƆŁų�ŁřĄŸĆŗĄŬ��ŁřĄƔËƊŕƈĿŝ�ÈŖŕŅƆŁų��ÈŖŕŅƆŁų�ŁřĄŸĆŬËś��

�́�

�˿�

�̀��

Eight students Seven students

Six students

�˺˹� �̂��

Ten students Nine students

For the masculine enumerated

33

�ËŜİƊÉŎąƈƅŔ�ËŧƏąŧĆŸĄƈƆƅ��

��

��

��

��

��

ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų�ŁŜƜÉĿŝ��ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų�ąŶĄŗĆũŌ��ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų�ıŚËŬ��ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų��ąūĆƈĿŦ��È

�˽� �˾� �˼��

Five students then the

Four students then the

Three students

ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų�ąũŮĄŷ ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų�ąŶĆŗĄŬ��ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų�ƓƊŕƈĿŝ��ĆŬËś�ÈŚŕŗËƅŕų�ąŶ��

�˿�

Eight students Seven students

Six students

Ten students Nine students

For the feminine enumerated

34

��`�ÊŻąŧċŮƃŒ�ăƇÊƆ�ĄųƍĿƈąƆăƆƃŒ�^�

The Diptotes��

��ƉĆƔÉœƔĿŮ�čŖËţąƔ�ƛ�ËŽĆũČŰƅŔ�ĄƉËƈ�ąŵƏŁƊĆƈĄƈƅŔ��ŕƈąƍ�ĄƏ��ąƉƔËƏŇƊİśƅŔ�ĄƏ��ŁŘĄũŬĿƄƅŔ��

�The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra�

��

Ç¿ŕŝËƈ��ĿƊĆƔĄŪ��ąŖ��

��ËũŔŧĄƈƅŔ�ąū��

��ĄŧŇƊĿƅąƉ��

ĿƊĆƔĄŪ�ƑƅŏĄŖ

ËũŔŧƈƅŔ�ƓËžĄū

ĄŧŇƊĿƅ�ĆƉËƈĄƉ�

To Zaynab

In the schools

From London

The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take a

Tanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan� � ˲ , fathataan ˱ and

kasrataan � ˳ . So it is important to understand that if a diptote is in a

sentence where it is supposed to take a kasra, it does not do so, rather it is

substituted with a fatha. (Please look to the examples below)

35

ËŽĆũČŰƅŔ�ĄƉËƈ�ËŵƏŁƊĆƈĄƈƅŔ�ĄƉËƈ�ŁřĄƔËśƕŔ�ąŵŔƏŇƊƗŔ��˺��˻��

The following examples are from the diptotes:

A feminine proper noun designated for the masculine

�ËũİƄĿŨąƈƅŔ�ƑČƈĄŬąƈƆËƅ�ĽŜİƊÉŎąƈ�ĈƇĿƆĄŷ�

ŁŘĄŪĆƈĄţ��ŌŁřĄƈŕŬ��ŁřĄƔËƏŕŸąƈ��ŁřĄţŇƆĿų� Talha Mu�aawiya Usaama Hamza��

Feminine proper nouns

�ŁŜİƊÉŎąƈƅŔ�ąƇĿƆĄŸƅŔ��

ąŖĿƊĆƔĄŪ��ŁřĄƈËųŕž��ŁřĿŮËœŕŷ��ŁřİƄĄƈ��ŁŘČŧąŠ�

Jeddah Mecca �Aaishah Faatima Zaynab

36

�˼��

�� ˽��

ŁŽąŬĆƏąƔ��ąūĆƔËũŕŗ��ąƉĄŧŇƊĿƅ��ąŧĆũĄƏĆŧŏ��ąƇĄƔŇƅËƏ��

Yuusuf Paris London Edward William

Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the scale of fa�laan

�ËũİƄĿŨąƈƅŔ�ąƇĿƆĄŸƅŔ��ËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔ�ƑƆĄŷ�ÈƉƏŁƊ�ĄƏ�ÈŽËƅōËŗ�ĄƇËśŁŦĄƇƚąŶĽż�

The foreign proper nouns�

��ĈƇĿƆĄŸƅŔƑËƈĄŠĆŷƗŔ�

ąƉŕƈŇŝąŷ��ąƉŕİſĄŷ��ąƉŕƔŇſąŬ��ĆũĄƈąƉŔƏ��

Marwaan Sufyaan �Affaan �Uthmaan

37

˾��

��˿��

�̀��

�

The proper nouns on the scale of af�alu�

��ËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔ�ƑƆĄŷ�ąƇĿƆĄŸƅŔÊ¿ĄŸŇžŌ�

ąũĄŗŇƄŌ��ĆţŌÊ�ƉĄŬ ąűĄƔĆŗŌ��ąŧĄƏĆŬŌ��ąũĄƈĆţŌ��ąũĿſĆŰŌ��ŁƀĄũĆŪŌ

better greater blue yellow red black white

Adjective and colour on the scale of af�alu�

��ËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔ�ƑƆŷ�ĈƉĆƏĿƅ�Ə�ĽřĿſËŰÊ¿ĄŸŇžŌ��

ąũĄƏŇƊŌ��ąŧĄƈĆţŌ

Anwar Ahmad

ąƉƖĄƈ��ąƉŕŮŇųĄŷ��ąƉŕŸŷĆƏĄŠ��ąƉƜĆŬĿƄ�

full thirsty hungary lazy

Adjective on the scale of fa�laan�

�ĽřĿſËŰ��ËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔ�ƑƆĄŷĄƇƚąŶĽż��

38�́��

��̂��

�

ąŉŕČŗËųŌ��ąŉŕƔËƏŇƁŌ��ąŉŕƁËŧĆŰŌ��ąŉŕƔËƊŇŻŌ

doctors strongones truthful ones rich ones pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of af�ilaau�

�ËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔ�ƑƆŷ�ĄŇƚÊŶŅżŊ��

ąŉŕƈĿƆąŷ��ąŉƜĄƈąŪ��ąŉŔũĄŪąƏ��ąŉŔũĿƂŁž

scholars colleagues ministers poor ones pl. pl. pl. pl.

On the scale of fu�alaau�

��ËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔ�ƑƆŷĄŇƚăŶĿż��

39�˺˹��

�˺˺��

�

ËƌŅƆËƅ�ąŧĆƈĄţƅŔ�ĄƏ�ČƇĿś

ąŧËŠŕŬĄƈ��ąūËũŔŧĄƈ��ŁƀËŧŕƊĿž��ąŖËśŕƄĄƈ��ŁƀËœŕƁĄŧ

minutes doctors hotels schools mosques pl. pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of mafaa�ilu�

�ËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔ�ƑƆŷ�É¾ÊŵœŽăƆ��

čƓËŬŔũĿƄ��ąƉĆƔËŠŕƊĿž��ąŢĆƔËśŕſĄƈ��Ê¿ĆƔËŧŕƊĄƈ

chairs cups keys handkerchiefs pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of mafaa�eelu�

�ËƉĆŪĄƏƅŔ�ƑƆŷ�É¾ąƒÊŵœŽăƆ��

the grammatic rules in "lessons in arabic language - book 1"

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