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The global positioning system surveying, aerial photography,and mapping program of the United States in Antarctica

JERRY L. MULLINS, National Mapping Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 22092

The National Science Foundation (NSF), through the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS), supports surveying and map-

ping in Antarctica. During the 1993-1994 season, USGSdirected its antarctic surveying and mapping activities towardthe acquisition of mapping aerial photography, global posi-tioning system (GPS) geodetic mapping control, topographicand satellite image mapping, seismology, doppler satellitetracking, and the compilation of an antarctic gazetteer.

The USGS/National Mapping Division (NMD) in cooper-ation with the New Zealand Department of Survey and LandInformation and with the support of NSF and the NewZealand Antarctic Programme, photographed areas of mutualinterest in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica. Aerial photogra-phy of the Convoy Range, Ross Island, and Specially ProtectedAreas (SPA) in the Ross Sea region was taken. During Novem -ber 1993, approximately 21,000 square kilometers of mappingaerial photography was taken. A Rockwell Commander 690Baircraft, owned by the New Zealand Department of Surveyand Land Information, was employed; the aircraft wasequipped with a Zeiss RMK A 15/23 aerial mapping camerawith a 152-millimeter lens. The aerial ifim consisted of colorand black-and-white negative film with a 23-centimeter for-mat. Ashtech receivers were used both in the aircraft and atground stations at McMurdo Station and Scott Base. The GPSpositions will be used to establish the location of the aircraftfor GPS photogrammetry purposes.

The USGS's field surveying crew established geodeticmapping control in the Convoy Range using GPS receivers.This cooperative project with the New Zealand Department ofSurvey and Land Information used NSF helicopters to establishnew stations to support 1:50,000-scale topographic mapping.

At Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, USGS establishedand operated a GPS fiducial base station, which served as areference station to integrate local GPS surveys conducted insupport of the Siple Coast ice stream dynamics project andthe GPS aerial photography program and for kinematic GPSsurveys in the McMurdo Sound region.

Geodetic surveys were conducted in the Taylor Valley tosupport the U.S. Antarctic Program's Long-Term EcologicalResearch program. The surveys were conducted by GordonShupe using both optical instruments and GPS receivers. Asurveying benchmark was established to tie the GPS observa-tions into the continuous tracking GPS base station atMcMurdo Station.

In January 1994, the USGS team of Dale Benson andCathleen McDermott conducted a geodetic survey to estab-lish the position of the true South Pole (marker) at Amund-sen-Scott South Pole Station. Based on this season's observa-tions and data from previous surveys, analysts have deter-mined that the ice sheet at the South Pole continues to moveapproximately 10 meters per year in a northwesterly direc-tion. The team installed a permanent brass marker identifyingthe 1993-1994 austral summer position.

The USGS's mapping program includes 1:50,000-scaletopographic maps for areas in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Themapping is being conducted in cooperation with the NewZealand Department of Survey and Land Information. Underthis cooperative program, the USGS obtains the aerial pho-tographs, establishes the geodetic control, and performs theaerotriangulation. New Zealand performs the stereocompila-tion, collects digital cartographic data, prepares shaded relief,and provides color separates. The USGS will print the maps.

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The maps cover the Taylor and Wright Valleys, the ConvoyRange, and Royal Society Range in the McMurdo Dry Valleysarea. These 1:50,000-scale, 15-minute topographic maps have50-meter contour intervals and 25-meter supplemental con-tours. The maps will be published using the WGS-84 geodeticdatum. The maps will include existing and new place namesapproved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN).Five maps covering part of the Royal Society Range were pub-lished in August 1993, and seven additional maps are plannedfor publication in 1995.

The USGS produced five 1:250,000-scale Landsat the-matic mapper satellite image maps for the Siple Coast icestream project. The maps were published in September 1993.Ten additional maps in this series are in the final stages ofcompilation and are scheduled for publication in October1994. The maps will be published using the International Mapof the World geographic reference system. The USGS is alsoproducing a second version of the advanced very-high-reso-lution radiometer digital image map of Antarctica at1:5,000,000 scale. This version will contain contour data, per-manent station locations, and BGN place names. This map isplanned for publication in early 1995.

The South Pole winter team of Cathleen McDermott andAlan Ward continued doppler satellite tracking and theUSGS's seismic program during the 1994 austral winter sea-son. The doppler satellite tracking program functions as alocal tracking station to improve orbital data for the polarregion. The orbital data are used to improve the ephemeris

data that support the geodetic control field surveying and toupgrade and densify the existing geodetic networks in Antarc-tica. The USGS's South Pole seismic station serves as a keystation in the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network.These data are used by the USGS National Earthquake Infor-mation Center to help locate earthquake epicenters and ori-gin times for seismic wave propagation.

The USGS manages the Scientific Committee on Antarc-tic Research library for the NSF and the U.S. Antarctic Pro-gram. The library is the official depository and distributionpoint for antarctic aerial photographic and cartographicproducts produced by the United States. The library hasapproximately 450,000 black-and-white and color aerial pho-tographs of the Antarctic dating from Operation Highjump(1946-1947) through the 1989 field season. The library alsohouses geodetic control records, satellite images, maps,charts, and publications. These maps, charts, and publica-tions are exchanged with other nations under the provisionsof the Antarctic Treaty.

In 1989, the NSF, in cooperation with the BGN and theUSGS, published an antarctic gazetteer. The gazetteer con-tains feature names and locations. It is being revised toinclude descriptive text of the features and geographic namesapproved by the BGN since 1989. Publication is planned inearly 1995. The data are part of a computer-based GeographicNames Information System.

These programs were funded by National Science Foun-dation grant OPP 91-14787.

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