36 Ruslan Russian Grammar

THE GENITIVE CASE 10

The genitive is used- to express “of”- after many prepositions, including áåç, âäîëü, âîêð˜ã, äî, äëÿ, èç, èç-çà, èç-ïîä,

íàïð‹òèâ, ‹êîëî, îò, ï‹ñëå, ñ and ó- after expressions of quantity such as ìí‹ãî and ì‚ëî, and after íåò to express “none of”- after numbers and in comparatives- after certain verbs.

Genitive endings

NOUNS ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE AND PERSONAL& ORDINALS OTHER PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

æóðí‚ëà, ï‚ðêà ñò‚ðîãî ìîåã‹, òâîåã‹ ìåíµîòö‚, ï‚ëüöà ïˆðâîãî í‚øåãî, â‚øåãî òåáµìóçˆÿ áîëüø‹ãî åã‹, å¸, èõ åã‹ / íåã‹ *òðàìâ‚ÿ ñâˆæåãî ¬òîãî, òîã‹îãíµ ñ‰íåãî ÷åã‹? / êîã‹?ñòóäˆíòà á‹æüåãîï‚ïû

â‰çû , êí‰ãè ñò‚ðîé ìîˆé, òâîˆé ìåíµì‚òåðè, ä‹÷åðè áîëüø‹é í‚øåé, â‚øåé òåáµÒ‚íè ñâˆæåé åã‹, å¸, èõ å¸ / íå¸ *Ìàð‰è ñ‰íåé ¬òîé, òîéäâåð‰ á‹æüåé

âèí‚ ñò‚ðîãî ìîåã‹, òâîåã‹ åã‹ / íåã‹ *ì‹ðÿ áîëüø‹ãî í‚øåãî, â‚øåãîçä‚íèÿ ñâˆæåãî åã‹, å¸, èõâðˆìåíè ñ‰íåãî ¬òîãî, òîã‹

á‹æüåãî

æóðí‚ëîâ êíèã ñò‚ðûõ ìî‰õ, òâî‰õ íàñï‚ðêîâ ðóá‚øåê áîëüø‰õ í‚øèõ, â‚øèõ âàñìóçˆåâ íåäˆëü ñâˆæèõ åã‹, å¸, èõ èõ / íèõ*îãíˆé äâåðˆé ñ‰íèõ ¬òèõ, òåõñòóäˆíòîâ ï‚ðòèé á‹æüèõäåòˆé âèíàíãëè÷‚í ìîðˆéèðêóòµí çä‚íèé

âðåì¸í

MASCULINE

FEMININE

NEUTER

PLURAL

The ã in îãî / åãî endings is pronounced “v”

For genitive plural exceptions see page 37.

Singular genitive endingsMasculine nouns use -à or -ÿ.Masculine nouns with feminine forms decline as feminine nouns.Masculine and neuter adjectives use -îãî or -åãî.Feminine nouns change -à to -û or -è and -ÿ to -è Soft sign nouns use -è.Feminine adjectives use -îé or -åé.Neuter nouns use -à or -ÿ. Nouns in -ìÿ use -ìåíè.Plural genitive endingsMasculine nouns use -îâ or -åâ. Nouns in -ü, -æ, -÷, -ø, -ù use -åé.Nouns in -àíèí use -àí and in -ÿíèí use -ÿí. For exceptions see page 37.Feminine nouns lose the ending -à or -ÿ. -ÿ is replaced by -ü.Feminine nouns in -ü use -åé and in and -èÿ use -èé.Neuter nouns lose -î. Nouns in -å use -åé and in -èå use -èé. Nouns in -ìÿ change to -ì¸í.Adjectives use -ûõ or -èõ.

* After prepositions,the personal pronounsåã‹, å¸ and èõ changeto íåã‹, íå¸, and íèõ.ó íå¸ - “she has”.

Ruslan Russian Grammar 37

Irregular genitive plural endingsSome masculine nouns have a genitive plural which is the same as the nominative singular.

Nominative singular Genitive plural Nominative singular Genitive pluralñîëä‚ò (soldier) ñîëä‚ò ïàðòèç‚í (partisan) ïàðòèç‚íãëàç (eye) ãëàç â‹ëîñ (hair) âîë‹ññàï‹ã (boot) ñàï‹ã íîñ‹ê (sock) íîñ‹êâîëüò (volt) âîëüò (íîñ‹ê also has the colloquial genitive plural íîñê‹â)

Other Irregularities‹áëàêî - “a cloud” - has the genitive plural îáëàê‹â.ñåñòð‚ - “a sister” - has the genitive plural ñåñò¸ð.áîëã‚ðèí - “a Bulgarian” - has the genitive plural áîëã‚ð.ïóòü has its own declension, see section 80.ìàòü and äî÷ü have the stem ìàòåð- and äî÷åð- throughout their declension.Other nouns have a stem change throughout the plural declension, see section 2.ñûí - “a son” - has the genitive plural ñûíîâˆé.

Plural nounsNouns that exist in the plural only (section 2) do not have gender. However, they have either masculine or femininegenitive plural endings, and you need to learn these individually. For example:

î÷ê‰ - “glasses” - has the masculine genitive plural î÷ê‹â.äæ‰íñû - “jeans” - has the masculine genitive plural äæ‰íñîâ.í‹æíèöû - “scissors” - has the feminine genitive plural í‹æíèö.äˆíüãè - “money” - has the feminine genitive plural äˆíåã.

The genitive is used to express “of”There is no word “of” in Russian. The main meaningof the English “of”, and of the English “apostrophe s”,is rendered in Russian by the genitive case ending.

êîíˆö ¬òîãî ã‹äà the end of this yeará‚íêà èêð› a tin of caviareäîì Ñîâˆòîâ house of the Sovietsäîì áð‚òà my brother’s houseìóæ Ò‚íè Tanya’s husbandâåëîñèïˆäû äåòˆé the children’s bikesäâåí‚äöàòîå èƒíÿ the twelth of JuneÄåíü Ðîññ‰è Russia Day

The genitive after prepositionsThe genitive is used after a large number of prepositions, including áåç, âäîëü, âîêð˜ã, äî, äëÿ,èç, èç-çà, èç-ïîä, íàïð‹òèâ, ‹êîëî, îò, ï‹ñëå, ñ and ó.áåç ñ‚õàðà without sugarâäîëü áˆðåãà along the shoreâîêð˜ã íàñ around usäî ñðåä› until Wednesdayäˆíüãè äëÿ Ìàð‰è money for Maria͉íà èç Ìîñêâ› Nina is from Moscowèç-çà ïîã‹äû because of the weatherèç-ïîä âîä› from under the water

In some cases “of” is expressed differently: öåí‚ íà ãàç - the price of gas

áóò›ëêà èç-ïîä âèí‚ a wine bottleíàïð‹òèâ Êðåìëµ opposite the Kremlin‹êîëî ÷‚ñà about an hourïèñüì‹ îò Èâ‚íà a letter from Ivanï‹ñëå ñïåêò‚êëÿ after the showñ ïîíåäˆëüíèêà since Mondayó ñåñòð› at my sister’s

See “to have”, section 51

“To have” - ó with the genitiveThere is no commonly used verb “to have”. Instead use the preposition ó with the genitive.

Èíèöèàò‰âà ó æåí› ïðåçèäˆíòà. The President’s wife has the initiative.Ó Èâ‚íà åñòü ñîá‚êà. Ivan has a dog.

38 Ruslan Russian Grammar

The genitive is used after several prepositions to render “from”èç is used to mean roughly “from out of”. Use èç for “from” when you use â for “to”.

â Ñàð‚íñê to Saransk èç Ñàð‚íñêà from Saranskñ is used to mean roughly “from off of”. Use ñ for “from” when you use íà for “to”.

íà âîêç‚ë to the station ñ âîêç‚ëà from the stationîò is used for “from” when you are talking about movement or distance from. It is the opposite ofê - “towards” or äî - “up to / as far as”.

Êëèˆíò îòîø¸ë îò ê‚ññû. The client moved away from the cash desk.Îò Ìîñêâ› äî Âëàäèâîñò‹êà 9302 êèëîìˆòðà (ïî æåëˆçíîé äîð‹ãå).

It is 9302 kilometres from Moscow to Vladivostok (by rail).

ó can mean “from” in the sense of taking something from someone.Îí‚ óêð‚ëà ôóð‚æêó ó ìèëèöèîíˆðà. She stole the cap from the policeman.

The genitive is used after indefinite numerals (expressions of quantity) such as ìí‹ãî andì‚ëî. See section 77.

 Ìîñê∠‹÷åíü ìí‹ãî í‹âûõ ìàø‰í. There are very many new cars in Moscow.Ó ìåíµ ì‚ëî âðˆìåíè. I don’t have much time..

Certain verbs take the genitive case.These include æåë‚òü - “to wish”, and áîµòüñÿ - “to be afraid of”.

Æåë‚þ òåሠóñïˆõîâ. I wish you success.Îí‚ áî‰òñÿ âûñîò›. She is afraid of heights.

In set phrases æåë‚òü is usually omitted:Ñïîê‹éíîé í‹÷è! Good night!Âñåã‹ âàì ä‹áðîãî! All the best to you!Óä‚÷è òåáˆ! Good luck to you!

Several verbs that take the accusative when the object is something specific, take thegenitive instead when the object is something more general. Compare:

Îí æä¸ò àâò‹áóñà. He is waiting for a bus.Îí æä¸ò àâò‹áóñ í‹ìåð 6. He is waiting for bus number 6.

Verbs that behave in this way include èñê‚òü - ”to search for”, æäàòü - “to wait for”,îæèä‚òü - “to expect”, ïðîñ‰òü - “to ask for”, and õîòˆòü - “to want”.

Îí‰ ‰ùóò ñ÷‚ñòüÿ. They are looking for happiness.

The genitive can be used in comparativesComparatives (section 25) are expressed either with ÷åì - “than” - and the nominative, or with agenitive, as in the examples below.

Îí ñò‚ðøå, ÷åì ÿ. He is older than me.Îí ñò‚ðøå ìåíµ.Ýéôåëåâà á‚øíÿ í‰æå, ÷åì Îñò‚íêèíñêàÿ á‚øíÿ. The Eiffel tower is lowerÝéôåëåâà á‚øíÿ í‰æå Îñò‚íêèíñêîé á‚øíè. than the Ostankino tower.

The genitive with numbersThe nominative singular is used with 1, 21, 31, etc. and 101, 121, 131, 1001, etc.Note that îä‰í has a feminine, a neuter and a plural form

îä‰í áîëüø‹é äîì one large houseîäí‚ êðàñ‰âàÿ æˆíùèíà one beautiful womanäâ‚äöàòü îäí‹ òàêñ‰ 21 taxisîäí‰ ÷àñ› one clock / watch

Áåðåã‰ñü àâòîìîá‰ëÿ!Watch out for a car!

The mnemonic “âèçêäîòíàñ” will help you remember these preposition pairs.â is the opposite of èçê or äî is the opposite of îòíà is the opposite of ñ

(÷àñ› is a plural noun)

Ruslan Russian Grammar 39

Other numbers use the genitiveíîëü - “zero” - uses the genitive plural.

íîëü ãð‚äóñîâ zero degrees

For numbers 2, 3, 4, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34, etc. use the genitive singular of nouns.äâà is used for masculine and neuter, and äâå is used for the feminine.

äâà ðóáëµ two roublesäâå êîïˆéêè two kopecksòðè ñåñòð› three sistersäâ‚äöàòü ÷åò›ðå ÷àñ‚ twenty four hoursñòî äâà ìˆñòà one hundred and two places

With these same numbers, use the genitive plural for masculine and neuter adjectives, and thenominative plural for feminine adjectives.

äâà ðîññ‰éñêèõ ðóáëµ two Russian roublesäâå ñò‚ðûå êîïˆéêè two old kopecksòðè ð‚äîñòíûå ñåñòð› three joyful sisters

For numbers 5-20, 25-30, 35-40, etc. use the genitive plural of nouns and adjectives.ïÿòü êð‚ñíûõ ðîç five red rosesîä‰ííàäöàòü ç‚ïàäíûõ ñòðàí eleven western countriesäâ‚äöàòü ÷¸ðíûõ ê‹øåê twenty black catsñòî äâ‚äöàòü èíòåíñ‰âíûõ óð‹êîâ one hundred and twenty intensive lessons

The genitive with negativesThe genitive is used after íåò, íå áóäˆò, íˆ áûëî and other verbs to express absence.

Ó ìåíµ íåò æåí›. I have no wife.Òàì íå á˜äåò cíˆãà. There won’t be any snow there.Ó íå¸ íˆ áûëî áë‰çêèõ äðóçˆé. She had no close friends.Ãîëîñ‹â íˆ áûëî ñë›øíî. No voices could be heard.Âîä› íå îñò‚ëîñü. There was no water left.Íå õâàò‚ëî áåíç‰íà. There wasn’t enough petrol.

For negative constructions with transitive verbs, use the genitive when you are talking aboutsomething that is undefined.

ß íå èìˆþ ïîíµòèÿ. I have no idea.ß íå áðàë äˆíåã. I didn’t take any money.

But use the accusative for something defined.ß íå áðàë äˆíüãè. I didn’t take the money.

The partitive genitiveThere is a partitive genitive singular in -ó or -þ, which is used with a small number of commonmasculine nouns. This is commonly used in set phrases and in everyday colloquial speech.

÷‚øêà ÷‚þ a cup of teañòî ãðàìì ñ›ðó 100 grams of cheeseÒû õ‹÷åøü êîíüÿê˜? Do you want some cognac?ìí‹ãî íàð‹äó a lot of people

Contrast the last example with the normal genitive: â‹ëÿ íàð‹äà - “the will of the people”.

 àâò‹áóñå á›ëî ìí‹ãî íàð‹äó.There were a lot of people on the bus.

See section 75 for moredetail on numbers.

40 Ruslan Russian Grammar

10. The genitive case Óïðàæíˆíèÿ

1. Complete the translations of the words in the genitive

à. Êòî äèðˆêòîð ìóçˆÿ? Who is director __________________?

á. Ó ìåíµ ì‚ëî âðˆìåíè. I have little ___________________.

â. Òû íå ì‹æåøü ïîˆõàòü áåç â‰çû. You cannot go without __________________.

ã. Ìû ïîäîæä¸ì âàñ ‹êîëî äâˆðè. We shall wait for you by __________________.

ä. ظë äîæäü, êàê èç âåäð‚. It was raining, as from __________________.

å. Ó ìåíÿ íåò æåí›. I don’t have __________________.

æ. Ýòî ïðåäñåä‚òåëü êîìèòˆòà. This is the chairman __________________.

ç. Ä‚éòå äâå ï‹ðöèè. Give me two __________________.

è. ß íå ïð‹òèâ çåë¸íûõ. I am not against __________________.

ê. Òû ñìîòðˆë ôèí‚ë Êóáê‚ ì‰ðà? Did you see the final ______________________?

ë. Îí êóï‰ë áóò›ëêó êð‚ñíîãî âèí‚. He bought a bottle ________________________.

ì. Ó íå¸ ‹÷åíü ìí‹ãî êíèã. She has a great many __________________.

í. Êóïëƒ âàì ìèëëè‹í êð‚ñíûõ ðîç. I shall buy you a million ___________________.

î. Ó ìóçûê‚íòà íåò èíñòðóìˆíòà. The _____________ has no ________________.

ï. Îí ï‰øåò î ïîë‰òèêå õîë‹äíîé âîéí›. He writes about the politics _________________.

ð. Ï‹åçä îòïðàâëµåòñÿ ñ ʉåâñêîãî The train leaves from ______________________âîêç‚ëà. _______________________.

ñ. Òàì ìí‹ãî òðàìâ‚åâ. There are a lot __________________ there.

ò. ψðâîå èƒíÿ – Äåíü çàù‰òû äåòˆé. ______ 1st is the day of ____________________.

ó. Ìåäï˜íêò çàêð›ò èç-çà îòñ˜òñòâèÿ The medical centre is closed due to __________

âðà÷ˆé è ìåäñåñò¸ð. _______________________________________.

ô. Êîíöˆðòíûé çàë Ìàðè‰íñêîãî òå‚òðà. The concert hall __________________________.

õ. Æåë‚þ âàì óñïˆøíîãî äíÿ! Have a _____________________________!

2. List the genitive nouns from exercise 1 in the nominative singular

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Ruslan Russian Grammar 41

3. Choose nouns to fill the gaps. Change the endings as necessary

à. Äèðˆêòîð __________.

á. Á‚íêà __________.

â. Ðîì‚í ___________ «Âîéí‚ è Ìèð».

ã. Ïüˆñà ___________ «Òðè ____________».

ä. Êèë‹ ãðóç‰íñêèõ ____________.

å. Áóò›ëêà íåìˆöêîãî _____________.

æ. Ìîñêâ‚ – ¬òî ïîðò ïÿò‰ _____________.

ç. Ó ____________ íåò _____________.

è. Ï‹÷òà ________________.

áàíê - â‰çà - èêð‚ - ì‹ðå - ï‰âî - ïîìèä‹ð Ðîññ‰ÿ - ñåñòð‚ - Òîëñò‹é - òóð‰ñò - ׈õîâ

4. Insert appropriate adjectives to fill the gaps. Change the endings as necessary

à. Ìàø‰íà __________________ ï‹ìîùè.

á. Áóêˆò __________________ ðîç.

â. Äåíü ___________________ äâåðˆé.

ã. Ðåæèññ¸ð ___________________ ô‰ëüìîâ.

ä. Ñåêðåò‚ðü ___________________ ï‚ðòèè.

å. Êîíˆö _________________ äíÿ.

æ. Ìí‹ãî __________________ ãîðîä‹â.

ç. Ïÿòü _________________ ìàòð‹ñîâ.

äåòåêò‰âíûé - èíäóñòðè‚ëüíûé - êîììóíèñò‰÷åñêèé êð‚ñíûé - ìîëîä‹é - îòêð›òûé - ðàá‹÷èé - ñê‹ðûé

5. Choose words and phrases to fill the gaps. Change the endings as necessary

à.  í‚øè äíè ó __________________________ ñë‰øêîì ìí‹ãî __________.

á. Ìàð‰íà ïîëó÷‰ëà áóêˆò ___________ îò __________________________________.

â. Ìû æä¸ì âàñ ñ __________________________________.

ã. Îò ______________________ ìû ïîëó÷‚åì ‹÷åíü ìí‹ãî ______________________.

ä. Ðîññ‰ÿ áåç __________________ – ¬òî íå Ðîññ‰ÿ! (Ï.À. Ñòîë›ïèí)

å. Êóðˆíèå âðˆäíî äëÿ _____________ _________________.

æ. Ìû á›ëè íà äà÷å __________________.

ç. Ä‚÷à íåäàëåê‹ îò _______________.

À.Ï. ׈õîâ - á›âøèé íà÷‚ëüíèê â‚øå çäîð‹âüå - äˆíüãè ìîëîä›å ëƒäè - ð‚ííåå ˜òðî ñàìîâ‚ð - öâåò› - ýëåêòðîýíˆðãèÿ ¬òà ñò‚íöèÿ - ßëòà

19

42 Ruslan Russian Grammar

6. Choose words to fill the gaps. Change the endings as necessary

à. Ìû æåë‚åì âàì ________________ è _______________!

á. Ó íèõ åñòü àíòèáè‹òèêè. Îí‰ íå áîµòñÿ ________________.

â. ß ïåññèì‰ñò. ß íå îæèä‚þ _____________________________.

ã. Îí‰ ‹÷åíü óñò‚ëè. Îíè õîòµò ________________.

ä. Îí íå õîòˆë îá‰äåòü òåáµ. Îí ïð‹ñèò ________________.

çäîð‹âüå - èíôˆêöèÿ - ïîê‹é - ïîëîæ‰òåëüíûé ðåçóëüò‚ò - ïðîùˆíèå - ñ÷‚ñòüå

7. Choose numbers to fill the gaps. Some are used twice. Change endings as necessary

à. Ĉòñêèé ôèëüì «___________ äàëìàò‰íåö».

á. Ðîì‚í Àëåêñ‚íäðà Äþì‚ «_____ ìóøêåò¸ðà».

â. Àìåðèê‚íñêèé ôèëüì «__________ íåâˆñò äëÿ ñåìåð›õ áð‚òüåâ».

ã. Ïüˆñà À.Ï. ׈õîâà «______ ñåñòð›».

ä. Ðîì‚í Ñîëæåí‰öûíà «________ äåíü Èâ‚íà Äåí‰ñîâè÷à».

å. Íàð‹äíàÿ ïˆñíÿ «_____________ ðàçá‹éíèêîâ».

æ. Ðîì‚í Èëüôà è Ïåòð‹âà «_____________ ñò˜ëüåâ».

ç. Àð‚áñêèå ñê‚çêè «________________ íî÷ü».

è. Êí‰ãà Äæ‹íà Љäà «____________ äíåé, êîò‹ðûå ïîòðÿñë‰ ìèð».

îä‰íòðèñåìüäˆñÿòüäâåí‚äöàòüñòî îä‰íò›ñÿ÷à è îäí‚

8. Find 22 nouns in the genitive singular or the genitive pluralWrite them out in the nominative singular.

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

Ruslan Russian Grammar 43

9. Choose words to fill the gaps. Change the endings as necessary

Ðîáˆðò Ðîæäˆñòâåíñêèé. «Ðˆêâèåì». Ïîñâÿùˆíèå:

Ï‚ìÿòè í‚øèõ ________ è __________ __________,

ï‚ìÿòè âˆ÷íî ìîëîä›õ ____________

è ____________ Ñîâˆòñêîé ___________,

ï‚âøèõ* íà ôðîíò‚õ _________________

______________________ __________.

îòˆö - ñò‚ðøèé áðàò

ñîëä‚ò - îôèöˆð - ‚ðìèÿ

Âåë‰êàÿ Îòˆ÷åñòâåííàÿ âîéí‚

íåèçâˆñòíûé ñîëä‚ò

ñìåðòü - äðóã

Robert Rozhdestvensky. “Requiem”. Dedication:In memory of our fathers and elder brothers, in memory of the eternally young soldiersand officers of the Soviet Army, who fell on the fronts of the Great Fatherland War.

Excerpt from the poem:But once, but once, someone in the world remembered the name of the unknown soldier.And right up to his death he had many friends.And still somewhere in the world is living his very old little mother.

10. Fill in the words to the songs. Use genitive endings

à. Øèðîê‚ ñòðàí‚ ìîµ ðîäí‚ÿ,

Ìí‹ãî â íåé __________, ____________ è _______!

ß ___________ òàê‹é ____________ íå çí‚þ,

Ãäå òàê â‹ëüíî ä›øèò ÷åëîâˆê!(èç ñîâˆòñêîé ïˆñíè)

á. _________ òàê ìí‹ãî ___________

Íà óëèö‚õ ___________.

___________ òàê ìí‹ãî ___________,

À ÿ ëþáëƒ ___________*!(èç ïîïóëµðíîé ïˆñíè)

äðóã‹é - ëåñ - ï‹ëå - ðåê‚ - ñòðàí‚

Wide is my native country,In it there are many forests, fields and rivers!I do not know another such countryWhere man breathes so freely!(from a Soviet song)

12. Ðàçãîâ‹ðíàÿ ïð‚êòèêàÎáñóä‰òå ñî ñâî‰ìè îäíîê˜ðñíèêàìè, ÷åã‹ ó Âàñ íåò â æ‰çíè, ÷åã‹ ó Âàñ íåò âä‹ìå / êâàðò‰ðå, ãäå Âû æèâ¸òå, ÷åã‹ ó Âàñ íåò â àóäèò‹ðèè.Ðàññêàæ‰òå î òîì, ÷åã‹ ó Âàñ íå õâàò‚ëî â äˆòñòâå.

13. Find more examplesà. Find six more examples of the use of the genitive in different contexts, and translate them.

* ï‚âøèé - who fell (archaic)

20

21

There are so many golden lightsIn the streets of Saratov.There are so many single lads,But I love a married one!(from a popular song)

* animate accusative

æåí‚òûé - çîëîò‹é - îã‹íü - ï‚ðåíü - Ñàð‚òîâ - õîëîñò‹é

Îòð›âîê èç ïî¬ìû:

Íî êîãä‚-òî, íî êîãä‚-òî

Êò‹-òî â ì‰ðå ï‹ìíèë ‰ìÿ

_______________ ____________.

Âåäü åù¸ äî ñ‚ìîé __________ îí èìˆë ___________ íåì‚ëî.

Âåäü åù¸ æèâ¸ò íà ñâˆòå

Î÷åíü ñò‚ðåíüêàÿ ì‚ìà. ...

11. Ðàçãîâ‹ðíàÿ ïð‚êòèêàÎáñóä‰òå ñ ‚øèìè îäíîê˜ðñíèêàìè, êàê‰å èç ô‰ëüìîâ, ðîì‚íîâ, ïüåñ (óïð. 7)îí‰ ñìîòðˆëè ‰ëè ÷èò‚ëè. Êàê‰å èç íèõ îí‰ õîòˆëè áû ïîñìîòðˆòü èëè ïðî÷èò‚òü?