The French and Indian The French and Indian WarWar

1754-17631754-1763

Scramble for TerritoryScramble for Territory

Rivalry among European Nations for Rivalry among European Nations for Control of N. America began earlyControl of N. America began early

English built settlements along English built settlements along eastern seacoast during 1600seastern seacoast during 1600s

French explored farther inland, French explored farther inland, claimed territory to the Rocky Mtnsclaimed territory to the Rocky Mtns

Conflict erupted due to overlapping Conflict erupted due to overlapping claimsclaims

16501650

1750 Boundaries of Colonial Expansion

War BeginsWar Begins

In 1754, English colonists of Virginia In 1754, English colonists of Virginia attempted to take a French Fort (Fort attempted to take a French Fort (Fort Duquesne) at the forks of the Ohio RiverDuquesne) at the forks of the Ohio River

Led by a young Major George WashingtonLed by a young Major George Washington Thus began the French and Indian WarThus began the French and Indian War

French and Indian allies fought against the French and Indian allies fought against the British and American ColonistsBritish and American Colonists

Colonies Unify to Fight a Common Colonies Unify to Fight a Common EnemyEnemy

June, 1754, delegates from several English June, 1754, delegates from several English colonies met in Albany, N.Y.colonies met in Albany, N.Y.

Attempted to work out unified war effort in Attempted to work out unified war effort in northern coloniesnorthern colonies

Ben Franklin, a Pennsylvania delegate, Ben Franklin, a Pennsylvania delegate, offered a plan for permanent union of the offered a plan for permanent union of the coloniescolonies• Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of Union• Grand council of delegates from each colonyGrand council of delegates from each colony• Ultimately rejected, but served as model for Ultimately rejected, but served as model for

the later govt. of the U.S. the later govt. of the U.S.

British Turn the Tide of WarBritish Turn the Tide of War

War initially goes poorly for BritishWar initially goes poorly for British 1758, French retreat into New France1758, French retreat into New France Iroquois decide that French cause is Iroquois decide that French cause is

hopeless, shift sideshopeless, shift sides 1759, British invade New France and 1759, British invade New France and

capture Quebeccapture Quebec

Treaty of Paris - 1763Treaty of Paris - 1763

Ended the French and Indian WarEnded the French and Indian War France gave New France East of France gave New France East of

Mississippi River to BritainMississippi River to Britain France gave New France West of France gave New France West of

Mississippi River to SpainMississippi River to Spain British returned Cuba in exchange for British returned Cuba in exchange for

FloridaFlorida

Despite Victory, Relations are Despite Victory, Relations are StrainedStrained

British thought colonists did not British thought colonists did not provide enough supportprovide enough support

War was long and costlyWar was long and costly Britain had fought to protect themBritain had fought to protect them Colonists shocked by the weakness Colonists shocked by the weakness

of British military tacticsof British military tactics British would not allow colonial British would not allow colonial

officers to lead their troopsofficers to lead their troops French no longer held territory west French no longer held territory west

of the Appalachiansof the Appalachians

Tensions with Native AmericansTensions with Native Americans

After war, increased interest in Great After war, increased interest in Great Lakes region and Ohio River valleyLakes region and Ohio River valley

Alarmed natives rebelled in 1763 Alarmed natives rebelled in 1763 (Pontiac’s Rebellion)(Pontiac’s Rebellion)

To help restore peace, George III To help restore peace, George III issued issued Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763• Closed area west of Appalachians Closed area west of Appalachians • Placed under control of British militaryPlaced under control of British military

Sugar ActSugar Act

Britain acquired huge debts during Britain acquired huge debts during warwar

Sugar Act 1764 – marked start of a Sugar Act 1764 – marked start of a new British policy designed to raise $new British policy designed to raise $

Parliament issued new rules to Parliament issued new rules to enforce the act enforce the act • Smuggling cases tried in BritainSmuggling cases tried in Britain• By a judge, not a juryBy a judge, not a jury• Judges received commissions on illegal Judges received commissions on illegal

cargoes and finescargoes and fines

Quartering ActQuartering Act

1765, colonies required to provide 1765, colonies required to provide housing and supplies for the British housing and supplies for the British troops who remainedtroops who remained

Some complained, but most went Some complained, but most went along with italong with it

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

Stamp Act (March, 1765) – tax on Stamp Act (March, 1765) – tax on newspapers, legal documents, most newspapers, legal documents, most printed materialsprinted materials

Official govt. stamp had to appear on Official govt. stamp had to appear on these materials to show tax was paidthese materials to show tax was paid

11stst tax that was clearly intended to tax that was clearly intended to raise $ w/ no regulation of traderaise $ w/ no regulation of trade

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis In October, delegates from 9 colonies In October, delegates from 9 colonies

met as Stamp Act Congressmet as Stamp Act Congress Main organizer was James OtisMain organizer was James Otis

• ““No taxation w/out representation”No taxation w/out representation”• Sent petitions/letters to King/ParliamentSent petitions/letters to King/Parliament

Merchants boycotted British goodsMerchants boycotted British goods British merchants angeredBritish merchants angered Groups (Sons/Daughters of Liberty)Groups (Sons/Daughters of Liberty) No one to sell stamps in AmericaNo one to sell stamps in America 1766-Parliament repealed Stamp Act 1766-Parliament repealed Stamp Act