Toward Revolution and Independence

Introduction European Rivalry

Background French/Indian War

Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting

War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and

strategies Key battles

Conclusion

Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and

Concord Common Sense Yorktown

Themes Background to the

French and Indian War

Acts passed by Parliament and colonial response

Important events and battles of the American Revolution

Introduction European Rivalry

Background French/Indian War

Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting

War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and

strategies Key battles

Conclusion

Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and

Concord Common Sense Yorktown

Bellwork Compare

and contrast British and French land holdings in America

Distribution of Non-Indian Nationalities within the British Colonies 1700-1755

Selected Population of North American 1700

French 15,000 English 250,000

1750 French 60,000 English 1,170,000

Colonial Wars – Britain vs. France King Williams War 1689-1697 Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 King George’s war 1744-1748 Seven Years War (French and Indian War)

1754-1763

French and Indian War (1754-1763) French and Indian allies

vs. British, Colonists and

Indian allies

July 3, 1754: First battle occurred in the Ohio Valley Fort Duquesne (doo-

keyn) Officer George

Washington tried to capture the fort but was forced to surrender

Albany Congress June 19-July 10, 1754 Delegates from each

colony and Iroquois Chiefs

Developed Plan of Union

Albany Congress June 19-July 10, 1754 Delegates from each

colony and Iroquois Chiefs

Developed Plan of Union

Plan of Union Outlined by Ben

Franklin President General -

Chief Executive to head all colonies

Grand Council - Supreme assembly oversee defense, N.A. relations, trade and settlement

Rejected or ignored by all colonies

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French and Indian War (1754-1763) Early Conflict

General Braddock and Washington attack Fort Duquesne

Overwhelming defeat

French and Indian War (1754-1763) End Game

William Pitt – Prime Minister

Plans three pronged attack 1 – Capture Niagara

River 2 - Lake Champlain 3 - St. Lawrence River

at Quebec

French and Indian War (1754-1763) Why the British Won

The French were outnumbered in North America The Iroquois sided with the British Native Americans and Colonists used Guerilla

Tactics

French and Indian War (Results) Treaty of Paris

Ended War France lost its

overseas empire Spain gained

Louisiana in exchange for Florida

Britain became the dominant power in North America

Consequences Pontiac’s Rebellion

N.A. attacked newly gained Br. Forts and outposts

“French never conquered us, neither did they purchase a foot of our country, nor have they a right to give it to you.” - Pontiac

Proclamation Line of 1763 Prohibited colonial

settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

Consequences Proclamation Line of

1763 Prohibited colonial

settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

Debt: Britain accumulated a

huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War

Consequences Proclamation Line of

1763 Prohibited colonial

settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

Debt: Britain accumulated a

huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War

Colonial Unity

Cause ConsequenceThe Events

French and Indian War

1. Proclamation Line of 17632. England is in debt from war3. Colonists join militias and fight for the English in large

numbers4. Br. capture Quebec5. French Colonize the Americas6. Colonists develop a sense of unity7. Br. capture Lake Champlain8. Native American take up arms for the English or French9. Treaty of Paris: English and Spanish split French lands10. English and French both claim the Ohio River Valley11. Br. capture Niagara River12. Iroquois side with the English13. English Colonize the Americas14. English attack Fort Duquesne

Check Up!

Check Up! 3x5 Exit Pass

Write a paragraph (4-5 sentences) summarizing the cause and consequences of the French and Indian War.

Introduction European Rivalry

Background French/Indian War

Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting

War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and

strategies Key battles

Conclusion

Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and

Concord Common Sense Yorktown

English and American Tensions Proclamation Line of

1763 Prohibited colonial

settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

Debt: Britain accumulated a

huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War

Sugar Act 1764 Tax on molasses and

sugar Pay for defense

Stamp Act 1765 Pay for colonial

defense Legal documents,

newspapers, wills, pamphlets, contracts had to be printed with the stamped seal of the government

Stamp Act: Reaction Legal Stamp Act Congress

(October 1765): Delegates from nine colonies met in NY

Delegates agreed Parliament had no right to issue taxes such as the Stamp Act

Stamp Act: Reaction Legal Colonists: This was a direct tax, which

undermined local assemblies No taxation without representation.

Stamp Act: Reaction Illegal Boston

destroyed the stamp paper

Attacked and threatened stamp distributers

Samuel Adams led Boston’s Sons of Liberty

“Benjamin Franklin Testifies Against the Stamp Act (1766)

Q. Do the Americans pay any considerable taxes among themselves? A. Certainly many, and very heavy taxes. Q. For what purposes are those taxes laid? A. For the support of the civil and military establishments of the country, and

to discharge the heavy debt contracted in the last [Seven Years'] war. . . . Q. Are not the colonies, from their circumstances, very able to pay the stamp

duty? A. In my opinion there is not gold and silver enough in the colonies to pay the

stamp duty for one year. Q. Do you think it right that America should be protected by this country and

pay no part of the expense? A. That is not the case. The colonies raised, clothed, and paid, during the last

war, near 25,000 men, and spent many millions. Q. Do not you think the people of America would submit to pay the stamp

duty, if it was moderated? A. No, never, unless compelled by force of arms. . . .

“Benjamin Franklin Testifies Against the Stamp Act (1766)

Stamp Act: Repeal Merchants threatened to boycott Br. goods Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, yet

declared it had the right to legislate colonies in any manner

This became known as the Declaratory Act

Townshend Duties 1767 Goal: Generate

revenue to pay salaries of colonial Governors Governors salaries had

historically been paid by the state legislatures

Taxed glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea imported from England

Townshend Duties: Repeal Boycotts resumed Smuggling became widespread 4,000 British troops were sent to Boston to

restore law and order Taxes were ended save the tax on tea

Check Up! How did the colonist organize and respond to

taxation? How effective were their reactions?

Bellwork: Complete the following chart

Cause

Taxes

Consequences

Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 a

clash resulted in the Boston Massacre

Result: 11 colonists wounded; five dead

Boston Massacre - Accounts

Paul Revere’s Bloody Massacre

Boston Massacre Accounts

Essex Gazette (March 6, 1770)

Thomas Gage, commander in chief of all British North American Soldiers

“Thirty of forty persons…gathered in King-Street, Capt. Preston, with a party of men with charged bayonets, came from the main guard to the commissioners house, the soldiers pushing their bayonets, crying, Make Way! They took place by the custom-house….The colonists…threw snow balls. On this, the captain commanded them to fire, and more snow balls coming, he again said, damn you, fire, be the consequences what it will! One soldier fired…(and) the soldiers continued the fire…till 7 or 8, or as some say 11 guns were discharged.”

The mob proceeded…upon the Custom House…and attacked (the guard)….Captain Preston…hearing the (guard) was in danger of being murdered, he detached a sergeant and twelve men to relieve him…This party… was immediately attacked, come (colonists) throwing bricks, stones, pieces of ice and snow-balls at them, whilst others advanced up to their bayonets, and endeavored to close with them, to use their bludgeons and clubs; calling out to (the soldiers) to fire if they dared.

…(O)ne of the soldiers, receiving a violent blow, instantly fired…and the mob…attacked with greater violence…. The soldiers at length perceiving their lives in danger and hearing the word fire all round them, three or four of them fired on after another, and again three more in the same hurry and confusion.”

Boston Massacre – Immediate Results Colonists killed – Martyrs British Soldiers – Tyrants Soldiers were tried in court John Adams defended the soldiers

Boston Massacre – Lasting Results Committees of Correspondence were formed

Information was exchanged and opposition to British policies was coordinated between colonies

All colonies participated by 1774 except Pennsylvania

Boston Tea Party Parliament passed

the Tea Act (1773) Tax on tea Gave East India Tea

Company a monopoly on selling tea to the colonies

Son’s of Liberty responded with Boston Tea Party

Salutary Neglect Salutary Neglect Historically

Gr. Britain ignored colonies Pay little for colonial protection and government Applied mercantilism through Navigation Acts Regulated trade

Salutary Neglect "That I know that the colonies in general owe

little or nothing to any care of ours, and that they are not squeezed into this happy form by the constraints of watchful and suspicious government, but that, through a wise and salutary neglect, a generous nature has been suffered to take her own way to perfection” Edmund Burke's "Speech for the Conciliation with

the Colonies" given in the House of Commons March 22, 1775

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts Boston Port Act

Closed Boston harbor until city paid for the tea Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice

Trials could be transferred to England for any Br. official.

Quartering Act Locals provide for lodging of Br. soldiers

Massachusetts Government Act Colonial council and law enforcers were appointed

not elected General Thomas Gage made gov.

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts - Response “The crisis is arrived when we must assert our

rights…(British tyranny) shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway.” George Washington 1774

First Continental Congress (1774) Colonial Response: First Continental Congress

(1774) Suffolk Resolve – Declared the Coercive Acts null

and void Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances Continental Association – organized boycott of

British goods Some began to store weapons for a possible

conflict

Check Up! The First Continental Congress States Colonial

Rights and Grievances (1774)1. Create a list of specific rights the Congress is

demanding2. Create a list of specific violations to those

rights

Rights Grievances

Introduction European Rivalry

Background French/Indian War

Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting

War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and

strategies Key battles

Conclusion

Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and

Concord Common Sense Yorktown

The War Begins: Lexington and Concord April 14, 1775 Goal: Seize colonial military supplies Paul Revere and William Dawes warned of an

attack

The War Begins: Lexington and Concord April 14, 1775 Goal: Seize colonial military supplies Paul Revere and William Dawes warned of an

attack Lexington: Eight Minutemen died Concord: about 300 British casualties

Rebellion May 1775

British seized and controlled Boston Colonists surrounded the city and laid siege Bunker Hill

Loyalists (Tories) People who wished to remain loyal to Great

Britain. Patriots (Whigs)

People who wished to revolt against Great Britain.

Doc A:Bostonians Paying the Excise man

1. What is occurring in the foreground of this illustration?

2. What is occurring in the background?

3. Who is the bad guy?

4. Who is the good guy?

5. Which point of view (loyalist or patriot) do you believe this was from?

Introduction European Rivalry

Background French/Indian War

Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting

War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and

strategies Key battles

Conclusion

Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and

Concord Common Sense Yorktown

Thomas Paine: Common Sense Common Sense

Jan. 10, 1776 150,000 copies All monarchies are

corrupt and evil Americans should

establish a republic

Second Continental Congress May 10, 1775 – Second Continental Congress Made Massachusetts militia of the Continental

Army Appointed G. Washington commander

Second Continental Congress May 10, 1775 – Second Continental Congress Made Massachusetts militia of the Continental

Army Appointed G. Washington commander July 1775

Olive Branch Petition Swore allegiance to the king. End of hostiles Asserted rights of colonists

Declaration of the Cause and Necessity to Taking up Arms

Declaration of the Cause and Necessity to Taking up Arms “They [Parliament] have undertaken to give and grant our

money without our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive right to dispose of our own property; statutes have been passed for extending the jurisdiction of courts of Admiralty and Vice-Admiralty beyond their ancient limits; for depriving us of the accustomed and inestimable privilege of trial by jury, in cases affecting both life and property; for suspending the legislature of one of the colonies; for interdicting all commerce to the capital of another; and for altering fundamentally the form of government established by charter, and secured by acts of its own legislature solemnly confirmed by the crown; for exempting the "murderers" of colonists from legal trial. . . .” Second Continental Congress,

  Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms,

July 6,1775.

Declaring Independence Congress considered

a proposal calling for independence

Thomas Jefferson was the primary author (aided by Franklin and John Adams).

July 4, 1776 Congress approved the Declaration

Declaring Independence Declaration has four parts

Preamble: Explains why the Declaration was made.

Declaration of Natural Rights: States the basic rights of people (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) and the role of government in protecting those rights.

List of Grievances: List the colonists’ complaints against the British government

Resolution of Independence: Declares that the states are free.

Check Up! Read the Declaration of Independence and

complete an APPARTS analysis of the document.

A P P A R T S

Check Up! Prompt: Based on the criteria established in

the Declaration of Independence, evaluate the justification of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.

Assertion (Thesis): The Pat. cause was justified during the Am. Rev…Reason 1b/c Life(Has to be permanent)

Evidence 1- French and Indian War- Boston Massacre- Lexington and Concord

Inference 1 - Col. Lost lives needlessly and

gained nothing\- Br. Soldier overreacted- Br. Fired first

Reason 2B/c Liberty(Has to be permanent)

Evidence 2- Sugar Act- Stamp Act- Townshend Duties- Tea Act

Inference 2 - $ is not being spent for col.- No choice (taxation w/o

representation)- Colonial assemblies

Reason 3b/c happiness(Has to be permanent)

Evidence 3- Salutary Neglect- Proclamation line of 1763- mercantilism

- Sons/Daughters of Liberty- Boston Tea Party

- Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Inference 3- Self rule/ take away- Can’t expand/fought for nothing- Merc. Forced commerce/trade- Closed port/restricted trade

Conclusion: Pat cause just. Bc life, lib happiness violated

Assertion (Thesis): The Pat. cause was justified during the Am. Rev…Reason 1Life was denied(permanent not light or transient)

Evidence 1• French and Indian• Boston Massacre• Lexington and Concord

Inference 1- F. and I. war colonist lost

lives gained nothing- Br. Soldier overreacted by

shooting into crowd- Br. Soldier shot first

Reason 2Lib.(freedom) Denied(permanent not light or transient)

Evidence 2- Sugar Act- Stamp Act- Townshend Duties- Tea Act- Intolerable Acts(Boston port

act, quartering act, gov. act)

Inference 2- Taxes took away some rights, (Tea Act, In. Acts) but more importantly it took away their rights to self government (mayflower compact, Colonial assemblies)

Reason 3Pursuit Happiness denied(permanent not light or transient)

Evidence 3- French and Indian war- Proclamation Line of 1763-

Inference 3- War of force not choice- Proc. Line denied access to land and opp.

Introduction European Rivalry

Background French/Indian War

Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting

War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and

strategies Key battles

Conclusion

Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and

Concord Common Sense Yorktown

The British British outnumbered

the colonists by 3 to 1

Strong navy and professional army

Loyalists: Colonists opposed to independence 30% of pop Strongest in New York

and New Jersey

The Americans Strong Leaders:

Washington, Franklin, Adams

Motivation Home field

Advantage Help from other

nations Defensive War

StrategiesAmericans

Fabian Strategy – war of attrition and guerilla tactics

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.

Blockade the ports

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

Introduction European Rivalry

Background French/Indian War

Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting

War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and

strategies Key battles

Conclusion

Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and

Concord Common Sense Yorktown

Bellwork What do the colonies need to do to win

independence: defeat the British army or simply not lose?

The Revolution - Governance

National Articles of Confederation

November 15, 1777 First Constitution of the United

States Legitimized Continental

Congress

States Each of the 13 colonies had

their royal governments over thrown by patriots

Colonial assemblies were legitimatized through new Constitutions

Colonies are now states

The Revolution - Governance

Mobilizing for War General George

Washington Trained soldiers Managed military unity Assisted by Marquis de

Lafayette

George Washington at Valley Forge

Lafayette and Washington

The Revolution - Governance

Mobilizing for War General George

Washington Assisted by Marquis de

Lafayette Trained soldiers Managed military unity

Financing the War

George Washington at Valley Forge

The Revolution – Financing the War Congress couldn’t

tax to raise money for the Continental

Army.

Trade plummeted

The Revolution – Financing the War

Securing Aid from Abroad Militia Diplomats

Ben Franklin John Adams

Pivotal French Aid

Benjamin Franklin (Portrait

Gallery)

The Revolution – Early War Americans lost early

battles Lost Boston 1775 Lost New York 1776 Lost Philadelphia Sep.

1777

The Revolution – Early War Americans lost early

battles Lost Boston 1775 Lost New York 1776 Lost Philadelphia Sep.

1777 Washington led two

significant victories against Hessian mercenaries Trenton (12/26/1776) Princeton (1/3/1777)

The Revolution – Turning Point Americans lost early battles

Lost Boston 1775 Lost New York 1776 Lost Philadelphia Sep. 1777

Washington led two significant victories against Hessian mercenaries Trenton (12/26/1776) Princeton (1/3/1777)

Saratoga October 1777 Americans won a major

victory at Saratoga Convinced the French to

come to the aid the Americans

The Revolution

The Final Phase: The South The British invade the

south Motivated by the

finical strength of the southern plantation economy

Unable to subdue southern rebels

The Revolution Yorktown - October

19, 1781 British General

Cornwallis was trapped between Washington’s forces and French navy

Victory led to peace negotiations

The Revolution

The Revolution in the South, 1778-1781

The Revolution

Winning the Peace Treaty of Paris

Signed September 3, 1783

Granted United States independence (Atlantic to Mississippi R.)

A map presented to Benjamin Franklin by the

Royal Cartographer of France, showing the 1783 Treaty

boundaries (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Storyboard Continental Congress George Washington and the Fabian Strategy Benjamin Franklin and John Adams LaFayette and French Aid Saratoga Yorktown Treaty of Paris

Introduction European Rivalry

Background French/Indian War

Tension and Revolution Settlement line and debt Tension to fighting

War and Independence Declaring Independence Opposing sides and

strategies Key battles

Conclusion

Key Terms Proclamation Line Stamp Act Townshend Duties Continental Congress Lexington and

Concord Common Sense Yorktown

Review Following the French

and Indian War there was strain on the British gov. to pay debt

This led to taxation on the American colonists

Tensions grew until the revolution began. French aid was a significant contribution to victory

Sites Boston Massacre We

bsite Thomas Paine Websit

e Declaration of Indepe

ndence Website American Revolution

(PBS) American Revolution American Revolution

Sources http://college.cengag

e.com/history/lecturepoints/part01_lecture06/part01_lecture06.html

http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0076621367/instructor_view0/powerpoint_presentations.html