the euro-mediterranean tsunami catalogue · 2017. 4. 4. · papadopoulos and chalkis 1984 pc84...
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ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, 57, 4, 2014, S0435; doi:10.4401/ag-6437
S0435
The Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue
Alessandra Maramai*, Beatriz Brizuela, Laura Graziani
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
ABSTRACT
A unified catalogue containing 290 tsunamis generated in the Europeanand Mediterranean seas since 6150 B.C. to current days is presented. It isthe result of a systematic and detailed review of all the regional cata-logues available in literature covering the study area, each of them hav-ing their own format and level of accuracy. The realization of a singlecatalogue covering a so wide area and involving several countries was acomplex task that posed a series of challenges, being the standardizationand the quality of the data the most demanding. A “reliability” valuewas used to rate equally the quality of the data for each event and this pa-rameter was assigned based on the trustworthiness of the informationrelated to the generating cause, the tsunami description accuracy and alsoon the availability of coeval bibliographical sources. Following these cri-teria we included in the catalogue events whose reliability ranges from 0(“very improbable tsunami”) to 4 (“definite tsunami”). About 900 docu-mentary sources, including historical documents, books, scientific reports,newspapers and previous catalogues, support the tsunami data and de-scriptions gathered in this catalogue. As a result, in the present paper a listof the 290 tsunamis with their main parameters is reported. The onlineversion of the catalogue, available at http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis,provides additional information such as detailed descriptions, pictures,etc. and the complete list of bibliographical sources. Most of the includedevents have a high reliability value (3= “probable” and 4= “definite”)which makes the Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue an essentialtool for the implementation of tsunami hazard and risk assessment.
1. IntroductionIn the last two decades the interest of the scientific
community in tsunami studies has increased signifi-cantly, especially in terms of hazard assessment and riskreduction. The occurrence of catastrophic Indonesian(2004) and Tohoku (2011) tsunamis lighted out the ne-cessity of taking adequate countermeasures to protectcoastal areas from this threat and implementingtsunami warning systems in all the regions prone totsunami. In this context, the attention of scientists wasalso drawn on the European area where the tsunami-
genic hazard was for long time underestimated. TheEuropean Union answered this demand by financingscientific projects on tsunami research in the European-Mediterranean (EM) area, in order to develop strategiesfor tsunami risk reduction.
One of the last EU financed project was TRANS-FER (Tsunami Risk ANd Strategies For the EuropeanRegion, 2006-2009), which aimed to improve the knowl-edge of tsunami processes within the EM area, in par-ticular assessing the risk associated with tsunami andestablishing risk methodologies and risk reduction poli-cies, from prevention to mitigation. The project cov-ered the whole Mediterranean basin, the north-easternAtlantic, the North Sea and the Marmara and BlackSeas and it maintained the continuity with the previousEuropean projects such as GITEC and GITEC-TWOOne of the main goals of the project was the upgradingof the GITEC-TWO tsunami catalogue that covers thesame area and that was the result of efforts of variousEuropean research groups co-operating in the previousEU projects.
At the end of the TRANSFER project several re-gional tsunami catalogues were published. Neverthe-less, despite the efforts made in the frame of all EUprojects, a unified tsunami catalogue for the EM area,containing homogeneous and equally graded and rateddata, has not been published yet.
Since a reliable and unified tsunami catalogue is anessential tool for the implementation of hazard and riskstudies, in this work we present a Euro-MediterraneanTsunami Catalogue (hereafter indicated as EMTC), as aresult of the analysis of all the catalogues available in lit-erature covering the study area, including the regionalcatalogues delivered in the frame of the TRANSFERproject. An online version of the EMTC catalogue,where an interactive map allows the user to retrievemore details on each event, has also been realised. Theonline version is available at http://roma2.rm.ingv.
Article historyReceived November 6, 2013; accepted July 16, 2014.Subject classification:Tsunami, Euro-Mediterranean region, Data dissemination, Collections, Catalogue.
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it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis.
2. The European-Mediterranean Tsunami CatalogueThe realization of a single catalogue covering a
vast geographical area and involving several countriesis a complex task, a lot of work was done during thisstudy to achieve a reliable tool. The EMTC is the resultof a systematic revision of several data sets (see Table 1)characterized by different formats and levels of accu-racy. In some cases the available catalogues coveredgeographical areas that partially overlapped and,therefore, sometimes for the same tsunami event dis-cordant references or data were published. Moreover, ithas to be mentioned that for some areas well compiled
tsunami catalogues were already available and in thesecases most of the work consisted in updating and addingdetails. In other regions the existing tsunami catalogueswere very poor and scarcely documented, when that wasthe case, the necessity of consulting as much as originalsources as possible was a fundamental matter.
The revision consisted in examining each tsunamievent contained in the above mentioned data sets, ap-plying uniform criteria to evaluate the informationsources and parameterize the data in order to establisha standard format and structure. Based on the invalu-able work done by national groups of experts duringthe GITEC, GITEC-TWO and TRANSFER projects thefirst step was the analysis of the bibliographical sourcesin order to get information on the generating cause, onthe accuracy of the tsunami description and on the qual-ity of the sources themselves, to ascertain if the eventwas worthy of being included in the EMTC. In otherwords, to each event a reliability value has been attrib-uted following the criteria suggested by Tinti et al.[2004].The reliability value ranges from degree 0 (“veryimprobable tsunami”) to degree 4 (“definite tsunami”),as shown in Table 2. Once the reliability of the eventwas rated, the tsunami was inserted in the catalogue.
The EMTC reports, for each tsunami, informationon the main parameters of the event (date, region, sub-region, reliability, tsunami intensity, run-up) and of thegenerating cause (i.e. geographical coordinates, earth-quake magnitude, intensity, focal depth, etc.) as well asdetailed descriptions of the tsunami effects in the af-fected localities. As far as concern the tsunami intensity,for each event the authors, based on the available de-scriptions, assigned the maximum intensity value ac-cording to the 6-degree Sieberg-Ambraseys scale[Ambraseys 1962]. Intensity values on the Papadopou-los-Imamura 12-degree scale were also assigned to theEMTC events, [Papadopoulos and Imamura 2001] it isimportant to notice that this intensity scale has beencalibrated to modern coastal environments, thereforedoes not provide accurate information when evaluat-ing historical events.
The EMTC gathers events occurred within the EMarea, a large region that comprehends countries facingthe Mediterranean Basin, the north-eastern Atlanticcoast, the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the MarmaraSea and the Black Sea coasts. Following the GITEC-TWO and TRANSFER nomenclature, the EM area wasdivided into seven regions, namely NW (NorwegianSea), NS (North Sea), AT (Atlantic Ocean), M3 (westernMediterranean), M2 (central Mediterranean), M1 (east-ern Mediterranean), BS (Black Sea). Each region wasdivided into several sub-regions that represent the geo-graphical areas where the events originated (Figure 1).
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Catalogue ID code
Jørstad 1968 J68
Papadopoulos and Chalkis 1984 PC84
Papadopoulos 2000 P00
Soloviev et al. 2000 S00
Papadopoulos 2001 P01
Maramai et al. 2003 M03
Papadopoulos 2003 P03
Tinti et al. 2004 T04
Yalciner et al. 2004 Y04
Guidoboni and Comastri 2005 GC05
Papadopoulos and Fokaefs 2005 PF05
Sbeinati et al. 2005 SB05
Andrade et al. 2006 AN06
Long and Wilson 2007 LW07
Fokaefs and Papadopoulos 2007 FP07
Papadopoulos et al. 2007 P07
Salamon et al. 2007 S07
Yolsal et al. 2007 Y07
Baptista and Miranda 2009 BM09
Kaabouben et al. 2009 KA09
Papadopoulos et al. 2010 P10
Papadopoulos et al. 2011 P11
Altinok et al. 2011 A11
Lambert and Terrier 2011 LT11
Salamon et al. 2011 SA11
IGN 2013 IGN
Table 1. List of the examined datasets. The acronyms “ID code”are used in Appendix 2.
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In Appendix 1 the list of tsunamis contained in theEMTC is shown.
Further information, like detailed descriptions ofeach event, the full list of the bibliographical sourcesused in EMTC compilation, as well tide-gauge records,maps and pictures (when available) can be consulted atthe following website http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis.The EMTC contains 290 tsunamis(Figure 2) occurred since 6150 B.C. (the Storegga event)
to present days. The first event that was mentioned incoeval bibliographical sources is the 479 B.C. westAegean tsunami.
The NW region presents a very low seismic activ-ity and the 18 tsunamis that hit this area were triggeredby gravitational phenomena occurred in fjords. Gener-ally speaking, tsunamis generated by landslides usuallystrike severely local areas but do not propagate region-ally, moreover, when they occur in fjords, their effectsare amplified by the funnel bathymetry. This is the case
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Reliability Description Cause Tsunami Sources
4 Definite tsunami r r r
3 Probable tsunami r r /
2 Questionable tsunami r / r
/ r r
□ r r
1 Improbable tsunami r / /
/ r /
□ r /
0 Very improbable tsunami / / r
/ / /
□ / r
No No tsunami All other combinations
Table 2. Reliability Scale used in the EMTC (from Tinti et al. [2004]). r : fulfilled condition; / :partially fulfilled condition; □ : not fulfilledcondition.
Figure 1. Geographical regions and sub-regions included in the EMTC.
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of the 1731 tsunami when more than 100,000 cubic me-ters of rocks sliding down from the mountain Ram-merfjell into the fjord Storfjorden. The run-up heightwas more than 70 m, causing extensive damage and 17casualties [Jørstad 1968].
The NS region, like the NW, is characterized by ascarce seismicity and only one event has been docu-mented with improbable tsunami effects.
In the AT region 27 tsunamis are listed, most of theevents are associated with moderate to large earthquakesand among them the strongest and better studied is theLisbon November 1st, 1755, tsunami. The analysis ofhistorical events in this region highlighted that a largenumber of tsunamis had local effects but some eventspropagated regionally and, in certain cases, Atlanticwidely. As a matter of fact, those events are associatedto strong earthquakes, sometimes exceeding magnitude8, occurred at the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary [Bapti-sta and Miranda 2009].
The Mediterranean basin was divided into three largeregions: eastern (M1), central (M2) and western (M3).
M1 is definitely the most tsunamigenic region ofthe EM area, with a total of 127 tsunamis occurred alongthe coasts of Albania, Greece, Levantine countries and
Marmara Sea. Almost all tsunamis were generated byearthquakes and within this region is located the mostthreatening tsunamigenic source, the Hellenic Arc, ca-pable of triggering powerful basin-wide tsunamis. In1303 this source generated a very large tsunamigenicearthquake (Me= 8) that ruptured the eastern segmentof the Hellenic Arc between Crete and Rhodes islands.Tsunami waves struck the coast of Egypt, Israel andTurkey [Ambraseys et al. 1994, Guidoboni and Coma-stri 2005, Papadopoulos et al. 2007, Yolsal et al. 2007,Ambraseys 2009]. In the M1 region another relevanttsunamigenic source is the North Anatolian Fault zone,capable of generating destructive earthquakes, like theAugust 1999 shock (Mw= 7.4) that triggered a damag-ing tsunami in the Izmit Bay: there was a complicatedcombination of waves caused by submarine faultingand multiple coastal landslides [Alpar 1999, Yalciner etal. 2000].
The Mediterranean coast of France, the Italian andCroatian coasts are included in the M2 region, with 81tsunami events mainly concentrated along the Italiancoasts. This region is one of the most tsunamigenic in theEM area and the majority of tsunamis were triggeredby earthquakes. Generally speaking, tsunamis observed
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Figure 2. Geographical distribution of tsunamis reported in the EMTC.
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in the M2 region were local and sometimes destructive,like 1627 Gargano (Apulia) event, the 1667 Croatiantsunami, and the 1783 Calabrian tsunamis. In othercases, like the 1693 eastern Sicily and the catastrophic1908 Messina events, tsunami waves propagated re-gionally; in 1908 waves propagated northward reach-ing the Latium coast and southward hitting the coastsof Malta [Platania 1909, Baratta 1910, Camilleri 2006].In addition, M2 is the only region in which a relevantnumber of tsunamis are associated with volcanic ac-tivity, specifically eruptions and gravitational phenom-ena related to the Vesuvius and the Aeolian volcanoes(Stromboli and Vulcano), followed by the M1 region,in which the volcanic triggered tsunamis are related tothe Thera (Santorini) activity.
The M3 region covers the coasts of Algeria, Balearesislands and the Spanish coasts facing the Alboran Sea.The majority of the 13 events of this region were gen-erated by the Tell-Atlas thrust system, which accom-modates a significant portion of the Africa-Europeconvergence in the western Mediterranean and is ca-pable of generating strong earthquakes and triggerbasin wide tsunamis [Aoudia and Meghraoui 1995,Aoudia et al. 2000, Meghraoui et al. 2004].
The BS region includes the Crimean coasts and theBulgarian coast facing the Black Sea. In this region allthe 23 events were generated by earthquakes. The ma-jority of the tsunamis were very weak, only recorded bytide gauges. The most significant event was the Septem-ber 1968, triggered by a submarine earthquake, whichflooded the coast at Amasra for about 100 m draggingsome boats [Lander 1969, Altinok and Ersoy 2000].
3. The online version of the EMTCAiming to present a detailed version of the EMTC
we also prepared an online interactive map that allowedus to insert for each event a larger number of informa-tion, such as detailed descriptions of the tsunami effectsin the affected localities, tide-gauge records, picturesand maps for the most relevant events and the full listof the 870 bibliographical sources used during theEMTC compilation. The online version of the EMTC isavailable at http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis. All the 290 events have been uploaded in a publicESRI map by means of which the user can have accessto the data available for each tsunami event.
In Figure 3 an example of a typical screen that theuser would find when consulting the online version isreported. The window shows the geographical locationof the event, a pop-up with all the available parametersand a link to the detailed description of each event.
4. DiscussionThe EMTC contains 290 tsunamis occurred in the
EM region. As expected, the majority of the eventshave seismic origin (83%), mainly triggered by subma-rine earthquakes and less frequently by earthquakes lo-cated in land. A small number of seismic generatedtsunamis (17 events) were caused by gravitational phe-nomena induced by earthquakes (sub aerial or subma-rine landslides).
Tsunamis caused by mass failures due to meregravity load account for the 9% of the 290 events andare mainly located in the NW region, associated to
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Figure 3. Example of the online version of the EMTC.
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slope instability in fjords. Few tsunamis (less than 5%)are engendered by volcanic activity, for the most partcaused by the Vesuvius and Aeolian islands volcanoes inthe M2 region. Finally, the generating cause of the 3%of the tsunamis is unknown; in these cases the reporteddescription is typical of a tsunami but the generatingmechanism has not been found. In Figure 4 a pie chartshowing the tsunamigenic causes is reported.
As mentioned before, the tsunami reliability has akey role in the EMTC catalogue because it is an indica-tor of the quality of the data, so that in one hand it al-lows the end user to decide how much the data retrievedare trustworthy and on the other hand, it allows the cat-alogue editor to insert historical tsunamis for which dataare quite scarce and the correspondingly uncertaintiesare many. The former prevents from avoiding loss ofhistorical events which is confirmed by the trend shownin Figure 5, where the number of reliable tsunamis in-creases in time to the detriment of less reliable events.It can be observed that most entries in the EMTC are“definite” or “probable” tsunamis, having been attributedreliability values of 4 or 3. In addition, the trend ofFigure 5 shows that in the last three centuries the totalnumber of entries tends to be stable while prior to 1700the EMTC is far from being complete.
In order to get a glimpse on the severity of thetsunamis within the EM area, the intensity frequencyhistogram for each region is shown in Figure 6. Ac-
cording to the Sieberg-Ambraseys [Ambraseys 1962]intensity scale, the intensity 3 represent the thresholdfor which tsunamis are capable of producing somedamage to boats and light coastal structures whilestrong damage can be observed starting from intensity4. The total number of tsunamis with intensity I ≥ 4 inthe whole EM region is 85 and more than half of theseevents occurred in M1. Regarding the M3 region, it isinteresting to highlight that despite the low intensitytsunamis occurred there, most of them propagated re-gionally as can be seen in the event descriptions in-cluded in the online version of the EMTC.
5. Discarded eventsThe EMTC is the result of a scrupulous revision of
several tsunami catalogues, performed following a seriesof systematic criteria suggested by Tinti et al. [2004] toevenly rate the events. Those events that did not fulfillthe requirements of the revision were discarded and col-lected in a separate table in order to keep track of themand to explain the reasons of the exclusion. The lack ofdetailed and reliable description on tsunami effects is themost common cause of event exclusion, followed to alesser extent by meteorological phenomena, duplicationand false events. As far as concern the most commoncause, the No tsunami description category means that 1)the description available in the consulted sources clearlyindicates that the event is a “seaquake” (that is a strongpush felt on board ship due to the propagation of seismicP-waves through the sea water) or is related to subsi-dence/bradyseism and/or 2) the event is not sufficientlydocumented and needs further investigations.
The total number of discarded events is 248: 164 be-long to the No tsunami description category and most ofthem occurred in the M1 region, 26 belong to the Dupli-cate category, 55 can be classified as Meteorological events(including storm surges and meteotsunamis) and they aremainly located in the M2 region specifically in Liguria-Côte d’Azur sub-region. Finally, 2 are False event. The fulllist of the discarded events is shown in Appendix 2.
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Figure 5. Time distribution of the tsunamis per reliability classes. Figure 6. Regional distribution of the tsunamis per intensity classes.
Figure 4. Distribution of the tsunamis in the EMTC by generat-ing cause.
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6. ConclusionsThe EMTC was created to fulfill the need of hav-
ing a single tsunami catalogue covering the geographi-cal area of the Euro-Mediterranean region. It is theresult of the gathering and systematic revision of sev-eral data sets available in literature and its worthiness lieon the fact that for the first time tsunami events oc-curred in the EM region have been judged with uni-form criteria. The EMTC counts 290 tsunamis andspans a time interval ranging from the 6150 B.C. Sto-regga event to the 2004 Liguria-Côte d’Azur tsunami.About 900 bibliographical sources (including contem-porary chronicles, catalogues, historical reports, books,newspapers, specific monograph and scientific articles)support the tsunamis inserted in the EMTC and mostof the entries have a high level of reliability (3-4), whichindicates the good quality of the available information.Several factors, such as doubtful generating causes, lackof tsunami description and scarcity of bibliographicalsources, account for the low reliability value of someevents. The reliability value of those events could beimproved in case of retrieval of further data. Followingthe same logic, some of the discarded events could beupgraded to tsunamis and thus inserted in the EMTC.
Finally, the online version of the EMTC provides ageographical context by including interactive maps thatallow displaying supplementary information such asdetailed descriptions and, when available, tide-gaugerecords, pictures and photos.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank Prof. Stefano Tinti,Dr. Alberto Armigliato and Dr. Sara Gallazzi (Università di Bologna,Italy) for their valuable contribution. We would also like to thankDr. Adriano Azzarone (INGV) for providing technical support andfinally a special thank to the referees for their suggestions to im-prove this paper.
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*Corresponding author: Alessandra Maramai,Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 2,Rome, Italy; email: [email protected].
© 2014 by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. Allrights reserved.
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Appendix 1. List of tsunamis of the EMTC
Date of the event: year, month, day, hour, minuteand seconds indicating the initiation time of the eventas deduced by the sources. For earthquake- inducedtsunamis it corresponds to the earthquake origin time.
Region (Reg.): in the EM area seven tsunamigenic re-gions were identified: NW (Norwegian Sea), NS (NorthSea), AT (Atlantic Ocean), M3 (western Mediterranean),M2 (central Mediterranean), M1 (eastern Mediter-ranean), BS (Black Sea).
Source subregion (Source_sub): inside each region, sev-eral subregions were identified. They are the geographicregions where the tsunamigenic event originated.
Short description: a short description of the mostrelevant tsunami effects.
Reliability (Rel.): is a parameter indicating the qualityof the data. For each event this parameter was assignedbased on the trustworthiness of the information relatedto the generating cause, the tsunami description accu-racy and also on the availability of coeval bibliographicalsources. It ranges from 0 to 4: 0= very improbabletsunami; 1= improbable tsunami; 2= questionabletsunami; 3= probable tsunami; 4= definite tsunami.
Cause: a two-letters code specifying the cause ofthe tsunami. When the tsunami is directly or indirectlygenerated by an earthquake, the letter E is used: ER(submarine earthquake), EA (earthquake in land), EL(earthquake landslide -when the earthquake triggered alandslide), ES (earthquake marine slide - when theearthquake triggered a submarine slide). Analogously,letter V is used when the tsunami is directly or indi-rectly related to volcanic activity: VO (submarine erup-tion), VA (volcano associated – when the volcano isclose to the coast), VL (volcanic landslide – subaerialavalanches on the volcano flanks), VS (volcanic marineslide – submarine avalanches on the volcano flanks).When the tsunami is caused by a gravitational instabil-ity not amenable to earthquakes or volcanic activity, theletter G is used: GL (gravitational landslide), GS (grav-itational marine slide), GA (gravitational snow ava-lanche). The code UN (unknown cause) is used whenthe tsunami cause is unknown.
Intensity (Int.): the tsunami intensity is attributedon the basis of the six-degree Sieberg-Ambraseys scale[Ambraseys 1962]. 1= very light, 2= light, 3= ratherstrong, 4= strong, 5= very strong, 6= disastrous.
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
-
MARAMAI ET AL.
10
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
se1
Int
-615
0N
WM
id-N
orw
ayH
uge
tsun
ami i
n N
orw
egia
n N
orth
Sea
3G
S6
-163
0M
1So
uth
Aeg
ean
Exp
losi
on o
f Sa
ntor
ini V
ulca
no3
VA6
-136
5M
1Le
vant
ine
Tsun
ami a
t Uga
rit
2E
A4
-479
M1
Wes
t Aeg
ean
Des
truc
tive
wav
e at
Pot
idea
2E
R3
-426
6M
1C
orin
thia
kos-
Patr
as G
ulf
Sea
wav
es in
the
Gul
f of
Eub
oea
4E
A5
-373
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fD
estr
uctio
n of
Hel
ike
4E
R5
-227
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Tsun
ami a
t Rho
des
1E
R5
-218
AT
SWIT
Tsun
ami i
n C
adiz
2E
R2
-141
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i bet
wee
n T
yre
and
Acr
e2
ER
4
-60
AT
SWIT
Floo
ded
coas
ts3
ER
4
-50
BSBu
lgar
iaFl
oodi
ng o
f K
avar
na a
nd B
alch
ik1
EA
3
20BS
Cri
mea
Su
bmer
sion
of
Dio
scur
ia1
EA
3
66M
1C
rete
Tsun
ami i
n C
rete
3E
R3
68M
1So
uth
Asi
a M
inor
Sea
wav
e on
the
coas
t of
Lyci
a2
ER
2
798
24M
2C
ampa
nia
Sea
retr
eat i
n th
e G
ulf
of N
aple
s2
VA2
103
BSC
rim
eaC
hang
es o
f th
e se
a le
vel
3E
R3
115
1213
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i at C
aesa
rea
et Y
avne
1E
A3
120
1110
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aTs
unam
i in
Cyz
icus
2E
A3
148
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Tsun
ami i
n R
hode
s4
ER
3
300
M1
Sout
h A
sia
Min
orTs
unam
i in
Cyp
rus
1E
R2
358
824
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aD
amag
ing
wav
es a
t Izm
it4
EL
4
365
721
M1
Cre
teW
aves
obs
erve
d in
Eas
tern
Med
iterr
anea
n 4
ER
6
382
AT
SWIT
Floo
ding
in se
vera
l isl
ands
3E
R4
407
41
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSh
ip w
reck
ing
in Is
tanb
ul2
ER
4
447
116
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSe
a in
unda
tions
4
ER
4
1C
AU
SE C
OD
E: E
R s
ubm
arin
e ea
rthq
uake
- E
A e
arth
quak
e as
soci
ated
- E
L ea
rthq
uake
land
slid
e - E
S ea
rthq
uake
mar
ine
slid
e - V
O s
ubm
arin
e er
uptio
n - V
A v
olca
no a
ssoc
iate
d - V
L vo
lcan
ic la
ndsl
ide
- VS
vol-
cani
c m
arin
e sl
ide
- GL
grav
itatio
nal l
ands
lide
- GS
grav
itatio
nal m
arin
e sl
ide
- GA
gra
vita
tiona
l sno
w a
vala
nche
- U
N u
nkno
wn
caus
e.
-
11
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
478
925
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aTs
unam
i in
Mar
mar
a Se
a4
ER
4
543
BSBu
lgar
iaW
aves
in V
arna
, Bal
chik
and
in K
apid
ag P
enin
sula
2E
R5
551
4M
1C
orin
thia
kos-
Patr
as G
ulf
Sea
with
draw
al/fl
oodi
ng4
EA
4
551
79
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i in
Leba
non
4E
R5
556
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Sea
wav
es a
t Cos
4E
R4
740
1026
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSe
a w
ithdr
awal
and
floo
ding
4E
R3
746
118
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i in
the
Leva
ntin
e co
ast
3E
A4
800
M1
Kyt
hira
Str
ait
Tsun
ami a
t Kyt
hira
1E
R4
881
610
AT
SWIT
Sea
retr
eat i
n So
uth
Spai
n3
ER
2
989
1025
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSe
a w
aves
in T
hrac
e0
EA
3
1033
125
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i on
the
coas
t of
Pale
stin
e4
EA
3
1068
529
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i in
Isra
el4
EA
4
1112
620
M2
Cam
pani
aSe
a w
ithdr
awal
of
abou
t 200
step
s2
UN
2
1169
24
7M
2E
aste
rn S
icily
Floo
d an
d de
stru
ctio
n at
Mes
sina
4E
A4
1202
520
240
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i on
Leva
ntin
e co
ast
4E
A5
1222
511
615
M1
Sout
h A
sia
Min
orTs
unam
i in
Cyp
rus
4E
R2
1265
811
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aTs
unam
i in
Mar
mar
a Is
land
2E
L3
1303
88
330
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Tsun
ami i
n C
rete
4E
R6
1329
628
M2
Eas
tern
Sic
ilyBo
ats c
arri
ed to
the
sea
2VA
3
1343
1018
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aTs
unam
i at I
stan
bul
4E
R5
1348
125
15M
2N
orth
Adr
iatic
Stro
ng a
gita
tion
of th
e ca
nals
in V
enic
e2
EA
2
1389
320
1230
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Dam
agin
g in
unda
tion
at C
hios
4
ER
4
1402
6M
1C
orin
thia
kos-
Patr
as G
ulf
Hig
h w
ave
near
Aeg
hion
4
EA
4
1408
1229
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i in
Lata
kia
4E
A4
1419
12M
1M
arm
ara
Sea
Sea
mov
emen
t at I
stan
bul
2E
R2
1427
BSC
rim
eaV
illag
es w
ashe
d aw
ay n
ear Y
alta
1E
R4
1456
125
3M
2G
ulf
of N
aple
s Sh
ips d
amag
ed in
the
harb
or o
f N
aple
s4
EA
2
-
MARAMAI ET AL.
12
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1481
53
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Tsun
ami i
n R
hode
s 4
ER
5
1489
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Tsun
ami i
n A
dalia
1E
R2
1494
71
1010
M1
Cre
teBi
g w
aves
in H
erak
lion
4E
R3
1509
910
22M
1M
arm
ara
Sea
Larg
e in
unda
tion
in C
osta
ntin
ople
4E
R3
1511
326
1430
M2
Nor
th A
dria
ticLa
rge
sea
leve
l ris
e at
Tri
este
2E
A2
1522
922
8M
3A
lbor
an S
eaTs
unam
i in
Alm
eria
and
Bad
ès3
EA
3
1531
126
430
AT
TE
Floo
ding
of
Lisb
on4
ER
4
1546
114
M1
Leva
ntin
eSe
a w
ithdr
awal
in th
e co
ast o
f Pa
lest
ine
4E
A5
1564
720
M2
Ligu
ria
Cot
e d’
Azu
rSe
a in
unda
tion
in A
ntib
es4
EA
2
1577
717
18M
1M
arm
ara
Sea
Sea
wav
es a
t Ist
anbu
l1
ER
3
1598
BSSo
uth
Blac
k Se
aT
he se
a ad
vanc
ed fo
r a m
ile in
land
3E
A6
1609
4M
1D
odec
anes
e Is
land
sD
estr
uctiv
e w
aves
in R
hode
s1
ER
5
1612
118
M1
Cre
teM
any
ship
wre
cks i
n C
rete
2
ER
4
1613
825
M2
Nor
ther
n Si
cily
Sea
flood
ing
at N
aso
1E
A2
1614
524
AT
Azo
res
Sea
retr
eat a
nd ri
sing
in T
erce
ira
3E
L3
1615
65
BSC
rim
eaSe
a re
cess
ion
at F
eodo
sia
0E
R2
1624
319
1945
M2
Nor
th A
dria
ticSt
rong
sea
agita
tion
4E
A2
1627
730
1050
M2
Gar
gano
Larg
e se
a w
ithdr
awal
and
floo
ding
4E
A5
1630
39
M1
Kyt
hira
Str
ait
Tsun
ami i
n K
ythi
ra4
ER
3
1631
1217
9M
2C
ampa
nia
Sea
with
draw
al in
the
Gul
f of
Nap
les
4VA
2
1633
115
M1
Ioni
an S
eaC
liff
colla
psed
in th
e se
a at
Zan
te3
ER
3
1638
327
155
M2
Tyr
rhen
ian
Cal
abri
aSe
a re
trea
t at P
izzo
Cal
abro
2E
A2
1641
1221
12A
TA
zore
sIn
unda
tion
and
dam
age
in S
.Jorg
e is
land
3E
R5
1646
45
M2
Tus
cany
Sea
rise
in L
ivor
no4
EA
3
1646
45
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSh
ips d
estr
oyed
at I
stan
bul
3E
R4
1649
1M
2M
essi
na S
trai
tsSh
ipw
reck
s in
the
Mes
sina
har
bor
1E
R3
-
13
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1650
929
M1
Sout
h A
egea
nD
estr
uctiv
e w
aves
at T
hera
4
VO
6
1650
BSC
rim
eaFl
oodi
ng a
t Siv
ash
1E
R3
1667
46
710
M2
Dal
mat
ian
coas
tsSe
a w
ithdr
awal
at D
ubro
vnik
4E
R3
1672
414
1545
M2
Cen
tral
Adr
iatic
Sea
with
draw
al-fl
oodi
ng a
t Rim
ini
4E
A2
1676
AT
Azo
res
Dam
age
in th
e is
land
of
Terc
eira
1U
N3
1680
109
7M
3A
lbor
an S
eaSe
a ri
se (5
m) i
n M
alag
a ha
rbor
4E
R3
1688
710
1145
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Wea
k ts
unam
i at S
myr
na1
ER
2
1691
726
AT
Azo
res
Sea
dist
urba
nce
1E
R2
1693
19
21M
2E
aste
rn S
icily
Ano
mal
ous s
ea m
ovem
ent
2E
R2
1693
111
1330
M2
Eas
tern
Sic
ilyLa
rge
sea
with
draw
al a
nd fl
oodi
ng4
ER
5
1698
514
10M
2C
ampa
nia
Sea
osci
llatio
ns in
the
Gul
f of
Nap
les
2VA
2
1703
22
115
M2
Latiu
mat
the
Tib
er m
outh
0E
A2
1703
72
1M
2Li
guri
a-C
ôte
d’A
zur
Sea
with
draw
al in
Gen
oa2
ER
2
1706
55
AT
Can
ary
Isla
nds
Sea
retr
eat/
flood
ing
at G
arac
hico
3V
O4
1722
1227
1730
AT
SWIT
Riv
er w
ater
with
draw
al4
ER
3
1723
218
2M
1Io
nian
Sea
Sea
inun
datio
n at
Leu
kas
2E
R3
1725
64
18M
3A
lger
iaSe
a re
trea
t at A
nnab
a (B
onne
)2
UN
3
1725
629
20M
2Li
guri
a-C
ôte
d’A
zur
Sea
retr
eat/
flood
ing
in th
e M
arse
ille
harb
or
2U
N3
1726
91
2155
M2
Nor
ther
n Si
cily
Sea
with
draw
al a
t Pal
erm
o4
ER
2
1727
74
M2
Sici
ly C
hann
elSe
a w
ithdr
awal
at S
ciac
ca2
ER
2
1731
18
NW
Wes
tern
Nor
way
Gia
nt w
ave,
Str
anda
3G
L5
1731
320
3M
2A
pulia
Sea
rise
at S
ipon
to a
nd B
arle
tta
4E
A2
1741
131
115
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Sea
retr
eat/
flood
ing
in R
hode
s3
ER
5
1741
2M
1C
rete
Tsun
ami i
n H
erak
lion
2E
R3
1742
119
1630
M2
Tus
cany
Sea
osci
llatio
ns in
Liv
orno
har
bour
4E
A2
1743
220
1630
M2
Apu
liaSe
a w
ithdr
awal
Bri
ndis
i2
ER
2
-
MARAMAI ET AL.
14
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1743
314
M1
Sout
h A
sia
Min
orSe
a re
trea
t in
Ant
alya
1E
A2
1748
525
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fD
amag
ing
inun
datio
n at
Aeg
hion
3E
R5
1754
92
2145
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSe
a re
cede
d in
Izm
it G
ulf
1E
R2
1755
111
940
AT
SWIT
Cat
astr
ophi
c ts
unam
i4
ER
6
1755
1116
1530
AT
Cor
uña
Sea
flux/
reflu
x at
La
Cor
uña
2E
R2
1756
2N
WW
este
rn N
orw
ay3
wav
es, s
ever
e tu
rbul
ence
, Tje
lle4
GL
6
1756
329
AT
TE
Tagu
s lev
el ri
se2
ER
2
1757
79
AT
Azo
res
Sea
rise
at S
t.Jor
ge, P
ico
3E
R2
1759
1030
345
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i at A
cre
and
Trip
oli
4E
A3
1759
1125
1923
M1
Leva
ntin
eTs
unam
i in
Acr
e4
EA
4
1760
616
15M
2C
ampa
nia
Sea
with
draw
al in
Por
tici
2E
R2
1761
331
121
AT
SWIT
Osc
illat
ions
and
sea
rise
4E
R3
1766
522
530
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aIn
unda
tion
and
dam
age
in th
e Bo
spho
rus
4E
R3
1769
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fSe
a re
trea
t in
Des
fina
(Cor
inth
Gul
f)3
EA
2
1772
1124
745
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Tsun
ami i
n C
hios
1E
R2
1773
56
10M
3A
lbor
an S
eaTs
unam
i in
Tang
iers
and
Alg
iers
2E
R3
1780
921
M2
Dal
mat
ian
coas
tSe
a w
ithdr
awal
in K
otor
4E
R3
1783
25
8M
2Io
nian
Cal
abri
aA
t Cap
o R
izzu
to in
unda
tions
2E
A3
1783
25
12M
2T
yrrh
enia
n C
alab
ria
With
draw
als a
nd in
unda
tions
4E
A4
1783
26
020
M2
Mes
sina
Str
aits
Mor
e th
an 1
500
vict
ims a
t Sci
lla4
EL
6
1783
27
1310
M2
Tyr
rhen
ian
Cal
abri
aSe
a ri
se a
t Stil
o2
EA
2
1783
31
140
M2
Tyr
rhen
ian
Cal
abri
aSe
a flo
odin
g at
Tro
pea
3E
A2
1783
324
12M
2M
essi
na S
trai
tsC
apsi
zing
of
a bo
at 1
man
kill
ed4
GL
3
1783
328
1855
M2
Tyr
rhen
ian
Cal
abri
aSe
a flo
odin
g at
Bag
nara
3E
A2
1784
17
M2
Ioni
an C
alab
ria
Sea
flood
ing
at R
occe
lla4
ER
3
1784
19
20
M2
Tyr
rhen
ian
Cal
abri
aA
t Biv
ona
a sh
ip b
roke
its m
oori
ngs
2E
R3
-
15
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1784
119
M2
Mes
sina
Str
aits
Sea
flood
ing
at F
aro
and
Cat
ona
4E
R4
1790
109
1M
3A
lger
iaFl
oodi
ng o
f Sp
ain-
Nor
th-A
fric
a co
asts
3E
A3
1791
112
M1
Ioni
an S
eaSe
a m
ovem
ent a
t Zak
ynto
s2
ER
3
1794
611
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fTs
unam
i in
the
Gul
f of
Cor
inth
4E
L3
1800
62
2017
AT
Azo
res
3 se
a w
aves
at T
erce
ira
2E
R3
1802
810
NS
SW E
ngla
ndSe
a ri
se/f
all a
t Tei
gnm
outh
2U
N2
1802
1026
BSBu
lgar
iaW
aves
in E
vpot
oria
0E
A2
1804
113
1745
M3
Alb
oran
Sea
Sea
retr
eat i
n A
lmer
ìa p
rovi
nce
4E
A2
1804
68
3M
1C
orin
thia
kos-
Patr
as G
ulf
Tsun
ami i
n Pa
tras
1E
R3
1805
726
21M
2C
ampa
nia
Sea
rise
in th
e G
ulf
of N
aple
s4
EA
2
1809
73
1M
2Li
guri
a-C
ôte
d’A
zur
1 m
eter
sea
risi
ng a
t La
Spez
ia2
UN
2
1810
217
M1
Cre
teSe
a w
aves
in A
lexa
ndri
a1
ER
2
1810
NW
Nor
ther
n N
orw
ay3
wav
es in
Lyn
gsfjo
rd4
GL
6
1813
517
M2
Cam
pani
aSe
a w
ithdr
awal
in th
e G
ulf
of N
aple
s1
VA2
1817
114
1430
M2
Sici
ly C
hann
elSe
a os
cilla
tions
at S
ciac
ca1
ER
2
1817
823
8M
1C
orin
thia
kos-
Patr
as G
ulf
Sea
retr
eat/
inun
datio
n in
Aeg
hion
4E
R6
1818
220
1815
M2
Eas
tern
Sic
ilyW
ithdr
awal
/inu
ndat
ion
at C
atan
ia4
EA
2
1818
223
1810
M2
Ligu
ria-
Côt
e d’
Azu
rV
iole
nt se
a w
aves
at A
ntib
es2
EA
2
1821
16
M1
Ioni
an S
eaTs
unam
i in
Patr
as3
EA
4
1821
1117
BSBu
lgar
iaSe
a ri
sing
in O
dess
a1
EA
2
1823
35
1637
M2
Nor
ther
n Si
cily
Boat
s car
ried
and
dam
aged
at C
efal
ù4
ER
4
1825
119
1145
M1
Ioni
an S
eaTs
unam
i at L
euka
da1
EA
3
1828
109
220
M2
Ligu
ria-
Côt
e d’
Azu
rSh
ipw
reck
in G
enoa
har
bour
4E
A3
1831
526
1030
M2
Ligu
ria-
Côt
e d’
Azu
rSe
a w
ithdr
awal
in S
anre
mo
2E
R2
1832
38
1830
M2
Ioni
an C
alab
ria
Sea
flood
ing
at M
aglia
cane
Cro
tone
4E
A3
1833
119
M1
Alb
ania
-Nor
th Io
nian
Tsun
ami a
t Val
ona
1E
A2
-
MARAMAI ET AL.
16
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1836
425
020
M2
Ioni
an C
alab
ria
Sea
retr
eat/
flood
ing.
Boa
ts d
amag
ed4
EA
4
1838
123
BSBu
lgar
iaSe
a sw
ell i
n O
dess
a ha
rbor
1E
A3
1838
810
M2
Nor
th A
dria
ticSe
a os
cilla
tions
at F
ium
e2
ER
2
1843
1018
M1
Cre
teTs
unam
i at C
halk
i2
ER
2
1845
816
1638
M2
Dal
mat
ian
coas
tsSe
a le
vel r
aisi
ng a
t Gru
z4
ER
3
1846
814
12M
2T
usca
nySe
a ri
sing
one
yar
d at
Liv
orno
4E
A2
1847
826
M2
Cam
pani
aSe
a le
vel l
ower
ing
in N
aple
s0
UN
2
1851
228
15M
1D
odec
anes
e Is
land
sTs
unam
i at M
akri
(Rho
des)
2E
R2
1851
43
17M
1D
odec
anes
e Is
land
sSe
a w
ave
in F
ethi
ye4
ER
3
1851
1012
7M
1A
lban
ia-N
orth
Ioni
anSe
a le
vel r
ise
at V
alon
a4
EA
2
1852
98
2230
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Tsun
ami a
t Izm
ir2
EA
2
1853
818
830
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fTs
unam
i in
the
Gul
f of
Eub
ea
1E
A2
1856
1113
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Tsun
ami a
t Chi
os3
ER
4
1856
821
2145
M3
Alg
eria
Tsun
ami a
long
the
Alg
eria
n co
ast a
nd B
alea
res
4E
A3
1856
822
1140
M3
Alg
eria
Tsun
ami a
long
the
Alg
eria
n co
ast
4E
A3
1861
1226
630
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fD
estr
uctiv
e w
aves
and
ship
s dam
aged
4
EL
4
1866
12
M1
Alb
ania
-Nor
th Io
nian
Tsun
ami a
t Val
ona
and
Kan
ina
3E
A2
1866
119
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Sea
leve
l osc
illat
ion
in th
e C
esm
e st
raits
1E
R4
1866
26
M1
Cre
teD
amag
ing
wav
es a
t Kith
yra
4E
R4
1866
33
M1
Alb
ania
-Nor
th Io
nian
Tsun
ami a
t Val
ona
1E
A3
1867
37
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Sea
risi
ng in
Miti
lini
4E
R2
1867
57
10N
WW
este
rn N
orw
ayW
ithdr
awal
of
sea
and
osci
llatio
ns4
EA
3
1867
920
544
M1
Ioni
an S
eaSt
rong
tsun
ami i
n th
e co
ast o
f G
ulf
of G
ythi
on4
ER
4
1869
1011
13BS
Cri
mea
Sea
risi
ng in
har
bors
in C
rim
ea2
ER
3
1869
1228
M1
Ioni
an S
eaTs
unam
i wav
es a
t Val
ona
2E
R3
1870
624
17M
1C
rete
Inun
datio
n in
Ale
xand
ria
3E
R2
-
17
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1872
43
740
M1
Leva
ntin
eFl
oodi
ng n
ear A
ntak
ya (A
ntio
ch)
3E
A3
1875
317
2351
M2
Cen
tral
Adr
iatic
Sea
flood
ing
at R
imin
i and
Cer
via
4E
R3
1875
725
BSC
rim
eaSe
a ag
itate
d on
the
wes
tern
coa
st o
f C
rim
ea1
ER
2
1878
419
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSe
a w
aves
in th
e G
ulf
of Iz
mit
1E
A3
1880
414
NW
Wes
tern
Nor
way
Boat
hous
es d
estr
oyed
at S
unny
lven
2G
L3
1881
43
1150
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Tsun
ami i
n C
hios
2
EA
2
1883
627
10M
1Io
nian
Sea
Sudd
en w
ithdr
awal
at S
t.Geo
rges
3E
R3
1885
129
730
M3
Alg
eria
Sea
leve
l cha
nge
in A
lger
ian
coas
ts1
EA
2
1886
827
2130
M1
Ioni
an S
eaBo
ats c
arri
ed o
n la
nd in
Pyl
os4
ER
3
1887
223
521
M2
Ligu
ria-
Côt
e d’
Azu
rE
xten
ded
sea
retr
eat.
Boat
s dam
aged
.4
EA
3
1887
103
2253
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
f20
m in
unda
tin in
Gal
axid
i3
ER
2
1888
423
NW
Mid
-Nor
way
Floo
d w
ave
in T
rond
heim
har
bor
1G
S3
1888
730
M2
Ligu
ria-
Côt
e d’
Azu
r2
sea
retr
eats
at P
ietr
a Lu
nga
2E
R2
1888
99
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fSm
all t
suna
mi i
n G
alax
idi
3E
S2
1889
128
M2
Gar
gano
Sea
agita
tion
2E
A2
1891
115
4M
3A
lger
iaSe
a w
ithdr
awal
-floo
ding
at t
he A
lger
ian
coas
t4
EA
3
1893
29
18M
1N
orth
Aeg
ean
Dam
agin
g w
ave
at A
gist
ron
4E
R4
1893
417
M1
Ioni
an S
eaSe
a w
ithdr
awal
at Z
akyn
thos
4E
R2
1893
614
730
M1
Alb
ania
-Nor
th Io
nian
Tsun
ami a
t Val
ona
1E
A2
1894
427
1942
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
f3m
hig
h w
ave
in A
tala
nti
3E
A4
1894
710
1233
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSe
a re
trea
t/in
unda
tion
at Is
tanb
ul4
ER
3
1894
1116
1752
M2
Tyr
rhen
ian
Cal
abri
aVe
ssel
car
ried
land
war
d in
Reg
gio
Cal
abri
a.4
EA
3
1898
62
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fFl
oodi
ng in
the
sout
hern
coa
st o
f C
orin
th G
ulf
1E
A2
1898
123
550
M1
Ioni
an S
eaSm
all t
suna
mi a
t Zak
ynto
s 4
EA
2
1899
122
756
M1
Ioni
an S
eaTs
unam
i at M
esse
nia
4E
S3
1899
23
AT
Azo
res
Dam
age
at T
erce
ira
and
S.Jo
rge
isla
nds
0U
N4
1901
331
712
BSBu
lgar
iaA
t Bal
chik
boa
ts u
plift
ed4
ER
4
-
MARAMAI ET AL.
18
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1905
98
143
M2
Tyr
rhen
ian
Cal
abri
aE
xten
ded
flood
ing.
Boa
ts a
ffect
ed.
4E
A4
1905
104
2229
BSN
orth
Cau
casu
sSe
a ri
sing
at A
napa
har
bor
3E
R3
1906
44
4M
2C
ampa
nia
Sea
osci
llatio
ns in
Nap
les G
ulf
4VA
2
1907
1023
2028
M2
Ioni
an C
alab
ria
Sea
flood
ing
at C
apo
Bruz
zano
4E
A3
1908
1228
420
M2
Mes
sina
Str
aits
Des
truc
tions
, hun
dred
s of
vict
ims
4E
R6
1909
48
BSC
rim
eaT
hree
wav
es n
ear S
ochi
-Tua
pse
1E
R3
1912
89
129
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aTs
unam
i wav
es a
long
the
Mar
mar
a Se
a co
ast
4E
S4
1914
1127
1439
M1
Ioni
an S
eaSt
rong
loca
l wav
e at
Leu
kada
1E
L2
1915
87
154
M1
Ioni
an S
eaT
wo
tsun
amis
in th
e Io
nian
isla
nds
1E
R3
1916
73
2321
M2
Aeo
lian
Isla
nds
With
draw
al/i
nund
atio
n at
Str
ombo
li4
ER
2
1916
816
76
M2
Cen
tral
Adr
iatic
At T
avol
lo ts
unam
i wav
es o
bser
ved
4E
R2
1919
522
1745
M2
Aeo
lian
Isla
nds
Sea
retr
eat/
flood
ing
at S
trom
boli
4V
O3
1920
1218
21
M1
Alb
ania
-Nor
th Io
nian
Tsun
ami a
t Sas
eno
Isla
nd
4E
A5
1926
817
142
M2
Aeo
lian
Isla
nds
Ano
mal
ous s
ea re
trea
t at S
alin
a2
ER
2
1927
626
1120
BSC
rim
eaSe
a re
trea
t/ri
se in
Nor
th B
lack
Sea
4E
R2
1927
911
2215
BSC
rim
ea2
hous
es d
estr
oyed
in B
alak
lava
4E
R4
1927
916
821
BSC
rim
eaSe
a re
cede
d at
Bal
akla
va1
ER
2
1928
331
029
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Tsun
ami a
t Sm
yrna
1
EA
2
1929
1118
2032
AT
GB
Tid
e ga
uge
reco
rds i
n Po
nta
Del
gada
and
Lei
xoes
4G
S1
1930
34
183
AT
MA
DE
norm
ous w
ave
at V
igar
io b
each
4G
L4
1930
52
NW
Mid
-Nor
way
Larg
e flo
od w
ave,
Ork
dals
fjord
en3
GS
2
1930
911
952
M2
Aeo
lian
Isla
ndSt
rong
sea
retr
eat/
flood
at S
trom
boli
4V
O4
1930
1030
713
M2
Cen
tral
Adr
iatic
Sudd
en h
igh
tide
at A
ncon
a4
EA
4
1932
926
1920
M1
Nor
th A
egea
nTs
unam
i at C
halk
idik
i4
ER
2
1934
47
3N
WW
este
rn N
orw
ayG
iant
wav
es in
Taf
jord
4G
L6
1938
3N
WW
este
rn N
orw
ay3
wav
es, S
tran
da1
GL
2
1939
58
146
AT
Azo
res
Rec
orde
d on
tide
gau
ges
4E
R1
-
19
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1939
1226
2357
BSSo
uth
Blac
k Se
aSe
a w
ithdr
awal
at F
atsa
bay
4E
A2
1940
115
1319
M2
Nor
ther
n Si
cily
Sea
wav
es in
Gul
f of
Pal
erm
o2
EA
2
1940
831
7N
WN
orth
ern
Nor
way
Impr
essiv
e w
ave
in F
innv
ika
4G
L2
1941
1125
184
AT
GFD
Rec
orde
d on
tide
gau
ges
4E
R1
1944
106
234
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
200
m in
unda
tion
at A
yval
ik (E
drem
it G
ulf)
3E
R2
1944
820
630
M2
Aeo
lian
Isla
nds
Sea
flood
ing.
One
hou
se d
estr
oyed
4V
O4
1947
106
1955
M1
Sout
h Io
nian
Loca
l wav
e at
Met
honi
4
ES
2
1948
29
1258
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Sea
inun
datio
n at
Kar
path
os is
land
4
ER
4
1948
422
1042
M1
Ioni
an S
eaTs
unam
i at L
euka
da4
ER
2
1949
723
153
M1
Eas
t Aeg
ean
Stro
ng w
ave
at C
hios
4E
R2
1952
19
8N
WM
id-N
orw
ay1-
2 m
hig
h w
ave
in F
olla
fjord
en
4G
L2
1953
910
46
M1
Sout
h A
sia
Min
orW
aves
in C
ypru
s3
EA
2
1954
22
M2
Aeo
lian
Isla
nds
Slig
ht ts
unam
i at S
tom
boli
4V
O3
1954
99
14
M3
Alg
eria
Rec
orde
d by
tide
-gau
ges
4E
S1
1956
79
311
M1
Sout
h A
egea
nD
estr
uctiv
e w
aves
in C
ycla
des
4E
R6
1956
112
164
M1
Nor
th A
egea
nSe
a ri
sing
at V
olos
1E
A2
1959
57
NW
Nor
ther
n N
orw
ayTs
unam
i at S
okke
lvik
, Nor
drei
sa4
GS
4
1961
523
245
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
Wea
k w
ave
in th
e G
ulf
of Iz
mir
1E
R2
1962
111
55
M2
Dal
mat
ian
coas
tsSe
a le
vel o
scill
atio
n at
Spl
it4
ER
2
1963
27
1928
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fD
estr
uctiv
e w
ave.
2 v
ictim
s 4
GS
4
1963
918
1658
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aSe
a w
aves
at B
andi
rma
4E
R3
1965
76
318
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fLo
cal w
ave
at G
alax
idi
4E
L4
1966
58
NW
Eas
tern
Nor
way
2 flo
od w
aves
, Osl
ofjo
rden
4G
S3
1966
712
1853
BSN
orth
Cau
casu
sR
ecor
ded
on ti
de g
auge
s4
ER
1
1968
219
2245
M1
Nor
th A
egea
nTs
unam
i at L
emno
s 4
ER
2
1968
418
1938
M2
Ligu
ria-
Côt
e d’
Azu
rSe
a w
ithdr
awal
-floo
ding
at A
lass
io4
EA
2
1968
93
819
BSSo
uth
Blac
k Se
aSe
a w
ithdr
awal
and
risi
ng a
t Am
asra
4E
R3
-
MARAMAI ET AL.
20
Year
Mon
thD
ayH
our
Min
ute
Reg
Sour
ce_s
ubSh
ort
desc
ript
ion
Rel
Cau
seIn
t
1969
228
240
AT
SWIT
Rec
orde
d on
tide
gau
ges
4E
R2
1969
717
50
AT
Unk
now
nR
ecor
ded
on ti
de g
auge
s4
UN
1
1970
124
159
BSC
auca
sus
Sea
osci
llatio
ns n
ear S
ochi
3E
R2
1975
526
911
AT
GFD
Rec
orde
d on
tide
gau
ges
4E
R1
1978
814
1417
AT
SWIT
Rec
orde
d on
one
tide
gau
ge in
Spa
in4
ER
1
1979
415
619
M2
Dal
mat
ian
coas
tsD
amag
ing
wav
e at
Kot
or B
ay4
EA
4
1979
106
NW
Nor
ther
n N
orw
ay2
m r
un-u
p at
isla
nd Ïk
snin
gen
4G
L3
1979
1016
1357
M2
Ligu
ria-
Côt
e d’
Azu
r3m
hig
h w
aves
at A
ntib
es4
GS
3
1980
11
1642
AT
Azo
res
Rec
orde
d on
one
tide
gau
ge4
ER
1
1980
1010
1224
M3
Alg
eria
Rec
orde
d on
tide
gau
ges
4E
S1
1981
224
2053
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fR
ecor
ded
in o
ne ti
de g
auge
4E
R1
1983
117
M1
Ioni
an S
eaSe
a re
trea
t at Z
akyn
thos
4E
S2
1983
86
1543
M1
Nor
th A
egea
nTs
unam
i in
Lem
nos
1E
R2
1983
818
9N
WW
este
rn N
orw
ay5-
7 m
run
-up
at Å
rdal
stan
gen
4G
L4
1984
211
82
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fLo
cal w
ave
at S
ergo
ula
4E
L3
1988
420
530
M2
Aeo
lian
Isla
nds
Smal
l wav
es in
Vul
cano
and
Lip
ari
4G
L2
1990
1213
014
M2
Eas
tern
Sic
ilyA
nom
alou
s wav
e at
Aug
usta
4E
R2
1994
428
1130
NW
Wes
tern
Nor
way
4 m
hig
h w
ave
in fj
ord,
Bal
estr
and
4G
A4
1995
615
015
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fSm
all t
suna
mi a
t Era
tini
4E
R2
1996
11
M1
Cor
inth
iako
s-Pa
tras
Gul
fSt
rong
sea-
wav
es a
t Aeg
hion
4G
S3
1998
319
1830
NW
Wes
tern
Nor
way
Dam
age
to b
oat h
ouse
s4
GL
4
1999
817
011
M1
Mar
mar
a Se
aD
estr
uctio
n/vi
ctim
s in
Izm
it Ba
y4
EA
5
2000
45
436
M1
Cre
teSe
a os
cilla
tions
in H
erak
lio4
ES
3
2002
324
M1
Dod
ecan
ese
Isla
nds
3-4
m h
igh
wav
es in
Rho
des
4G
S3
2002
1230
1315
M2
Aeo
lian
Isla
nds
Hea
vy d
amag
e at
Str
ombo
li4
VL
5
2003
521
1844
M3
Alg
eria
Dam
agin
g w
aves
in B
alea
ric
isla
nds,
Sea
retr
eat i
n A
lgie
rs re
gion
4E
R3
2004
824
M2
Ligu
ria-
Côt
e d’
Azu
rSe
a re
trea
t in
Mar
seill
e3
GL
3
-
21
Appendix 2. List of discarded events
Codes used in the column Bibliographical sources are the acronyms of the datasets reported in Table 1 (ID code).
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Year Month Day Region Elimination cause Bibliographical sources
1 -1300 M1 No tsunami description A11
2 -760 M1 No tsunami description S00
3 -590 M1 No tsunami description SA11, S00
4 -525 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
5 -330 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
6 -223 10 M1 No tsunami description P01
7 -210 AT No tsunami description IGN
8 -197 M1 No tsunami description P01, S00
9 -138 M1 No tsunami description S00
10 -92 2 28 M1 False event A11, S11
11 -58 M1 No tsunami description S00
12 -23 M1 No tsunami description FP07, A11
13 46 M1 No tsunami description A11
14 76 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
15 177 M2 No tsunami description S00
16 258 M2 No tsunami description S00
17 262 M1 No tsunami description P07, A11, S00
18 303 4 2 M1 No tsunami description A11, Y07
19 342 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
20 344 M1 No tsunami description A11
21 348 M1 No tsunami description A11, Y07, S00
22 368 M1 No tsunami description P01
23 426 M1 No tsunami description S00
24 488 9 26 M1 Duplicate of the 478/9/26 A11
25 524 M1 Duplicate of the 543/9/6 A11
26 542 M1 Duplicate of the 543/9/6 A11
27 549 M1 No tsunami description A11
28 552 5 M1 Duplicate of the 551/4 P01
29 555 8 15 BS Duplicate of the 556 in M1 A11, S00, Y04
30 557 12 14 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
31 792/793 M2 No tsunami description S00
32 803 12 19 M1 No tsunami description A11
33 803 6 26 M1 No tsunami description SA11
34 859 12 30 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
35 881/882 M1 No tsunami description S00
36 975 M1 No tsunami description S00
37 986 10 26 M1 Duplicate of the 989/10/25 P01
38 991 4 5 M1 No tsunami description A11
-
MARAMAI ET AL.
22
Year Month Day Region Elimination cause Bibliographical sources
39 1036/1037 M1 No tsunami description A11, SA11, Y07
40 1039 2 2 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
41 1050 M1 No tsunami description S00
42 1064 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
43 1068 3 18 M1 Duplicate of the 1068/5/29 Y07, S00
44 1106 3 M2 False event S00
45 1114 8-Nov 10 M1 No tsunami description A11
46 1157 8 12 M1 No tsunami description A11
47 1169 2 11 M2 Duplicate of the 1169/2/4 S00
48 1170 6 29 M1 No tsunami description A11
49 1172 M2 No tsunami description S00
50 1185 BS Meteorological event (storm) P11
51 1231 3 11 M1 No tsunami description P01
52 1270 3 M1 No tsunami description P01
53 1273 9 M2 No tsunami description S00
54 1321 M2 Meteorological event ('acqua alta') S00
55 1332 2 12 M2 Meteorological event (storm) A11, S00
56 1341 BS Duplicate of the 1343/10/18 in M1 P11
57 1343 10 20 M1 Duplicate of the 1343/10/18 P01
58 1343 11 25 M2 Meteorological event (storm) S00
59 1365 1 2-Apr M3 No tsunami description S00, GC05
60 1403 11 16 M1 Duplicate of the 1402/6 A11, S00
61 1404 2 20 M1 Duplicate of the 1402/6 A11, Y07
62 1437 11 28 M1 No tsunami description P01
63 1508 5 29 M1 No tsunami description S00
64 1520 5 17 M2 No tsunami description P01
65 1534 M1 No tsunami description S00
66 1538 9 26 M2 No tsunami description (bradyseism) S00
67 1562 10 20 M2 No tsunami description S00
68 1570 M1 No tsunami description P07
69 1571 7 17 M1 No tsunami description P01
70 1571 7 AT No tsunami description AN06
71 1591 7 26 AT No tsunami description AN06
72 1594 M2 No tsunami description (bradyseism) S00
73 1601 M1 No tsunami description S00
74 1629 3 7 M1 No tsunami description S00
75 1636 9 30 M1 No tsunami description S00
76 1653 AT Meteorological event (storm) AN06
77 1659 2 17 M1 No tsunami description P01
78 1661 3 22 M2 No tsunami description S00
79 1667 11 30 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00
80 1668 11 23 AT No cause, no tsunami description AN06
-
23
THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE
Year Month Day Region Elimination cause Bibliographical sources
81 1672 2 14 M1 No tsunami description (subsidence) P07, A11, S00
82 1672 M1 No tsunami description P01
83 1681 2 10 M1 No tsunami description P01
84 1682 8 12 M2 No tsunami description S00
85 1690 2 3 M2 No tsunami description S00
86 1694 9 8 M2 No tsunami description S00
87 1699 M2 Duplicate of the 1693/1/11 S00
88 1707 5 M1 No tsunami description S00
89 1707 7 20 M2 Meteorological event (low tide) S00
90 1714 6 30 M2 Meteorological event (low tide) S00
91 1721 3 24 M3 No tsunami description S00
92 1723 3 28 M2 Meteorological event S00
93 1732 2 12 M1 Meteorological event (storm) P01
94 1732 11 M1 Meteorological event (storm) S00
95 1742 2 21 M1 Meteorological event (high tide) P03
96 1750 12 27 M2 No tsunami description S00
97 1751 8 15 M1 Meteorological event (storm) A11
98 1751 11 21 M2 No tsunami description S00
99 1752 7 21 M1 No tsunami description FP07, A11,S00
100 1754 9 16 M1 Duplicate of the 1754/9/2 P01
101 1756 1 1 AT No tsunami description IGN
102 1756 10 22 M2 No tsunami description S00
103 1758 5 M1 No tsunami description P01
104 1774 7 24 M1 No tsunami description S00
105 1774 9 24 M2 No tsunami description