The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment

•Marks the intellectual beginning of the modern world.

•Ideas of the Enlightenment spread throughout the world.

•Many governments today have Enlightenment principles as the basis of their constitutions.

•Enlightenment thoughts led many countries to establish systems of public schools and end the idea of schooling only being for upper classes.

ObjectivesObjectives

How did scientific progress promote trust in How did scientific progress promote trust in human reason?human reason?

How did the social contract and separation of How did the social contract and separation of powers affect views on government?powers affect views on government?

How did new ideas affect society and the How did new ideas affect society and the economy?economy?

Identify the philosophies of major Identify the philosophies of major Enlightenment thinkers such as: John Locke, Enlightenment thinkers such as: John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Adam Smith.Baron de Montesquieu, Adam Smith.

Scientific Revolution Leads to Scientific Revolution Leads to EnlightenmentEnlightenment

1500-1700: European scientists used reason 1500-1700: European scientists used reason to discover laws of natureto discover laws of nature Very successful: Planetary movements, Very successful: Planetary movements,

chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?reason to discover natural laws? Laws that govern human natureLaws that govern human nature Reformers begin studying human nature and Reformers begin studying human nature and

societal problemssocietal problems

What Was the Enlightenment?What Was the Enlightenment?

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe (esp. France and England) during the 18Europe (esp. France and England) during the 18thth

century that led to century that led to a whole new world view about society: Government, a whole new world view about society: Government,

Philosophy, Economics and Religion.Philosophy, Economics and Religion.

Une soirée chez Madame Geoffrin. Created in 1755, it shows a French salon.

Major Enlightenment IdeasMajor Enlightenment Ideas

Every social, political and economic Every social, political and economic problem could be solved through the problem could be solved through the use of reasonuse of reasonGovernments are created to secure an Governments are created to secure an orderly societyorderly societySeparation of powers is the best way to Separation of powers is the best way to protect human libertiesprotect human libertiesAll All men men are created “free and equal”are created “free and equal”A free market should be allowed to A free market should be allowed to regulate traderegulate trade

Enlightenment ThinkersEnlightenment ThinkersJohn LockeJohn Locke

Baron de Montesquieu

Rene Descartes

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

During the 18th century, During the 18th century, certain thinkers and certain thinkers and writers, primarily in writers, primarily in London and Paris, London and Paris,

believed that they were believed that they were more enlightened than more enlightened than

their fellow citizens and their fellow citizens and set out to enlighten them.set out to enlighten them.

Enlightenment ThinkersEnlightenment Thinkers

These thinkers These thinkers believed that human believed that human reason could be used reason could be used to combat ignorance, to combat ignorance, superstition, and superstition, and tyranny and to build a tyranny and to build a better world. better world.

Enlightenment TargetsEnlightenment Targets

Their principal Their principal targets were targets were religion (the religion (the Catholic Church in Catholic Church in France) and the France) and the domination of domination of society by a society by a hereditary hereditary aristocracy (upper aristocracy (upper class).class).

The Renaissance HumanistsThe Renaissance Humanists

In the 14th and 15th In the 14th and 15th centuries, "humanists“ centuries, "humanists“ celebrated the human celebrated the human race and its capacities.race and its capacities.They argued they were They argued they were worshipping God more worshipping God more appropriately than the appropriately than the priests and monks who priests and monks who harped on original sin harped on original sin and asked people to and asked people to humble themselves.humble themselves.

Focused on Man’s CreativityFocused on Man’s Creativity

Some of them claimed Some of them claimed that humans were like that humans were like God, created not only God, created not only in his image, but with in his image, but with a share of his creative a share of his creative power. The painter, power. The painter, the architect, the the architect, the musician, and the musician, and the scholar, by exercising scholar, by exercising their intellectual their intellectual powers, were fulfilling powers, were fulfilling divine purposes.divine purposes.

Challenged Church AuthorityChallenged Church Authority

In the 16th century, In the 16th century, various humanists had various humanists had begun to ask dangerous begun to ask dangerous questions. questions. François Rabelais, a François Rabelais, a French monk and French monk and physician influenced by physician influenced by Protestantism, Protestantism, challenged the Church's challenged the Church's authority,authority, ridiculing ridiculing many religious doctrines many religious doctrines as absurd.as absurd.

John WesleyJohn Wesley

Father of Father of MethodismMethodism

Leader of the Leader of the Methodist ChurchMethodist Church

Extension of the Extension of the Protestant Protestant Reformation.Reformation.

Cesare BeccariaCesare BeccariaExplored the paradox, Explored the paradox, “Is it not absurd that “Is it not absurd that the same laws which the same laws which punish murder in order punish murder in order to prevent murder to prevent murder commit murder commit murder themselves?”themselves?”Considered the Considered the primary reformer for primary reformer for Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment philosophies believing philosophies believing punishments should punishments should not be exercises in not be exercises in brutality. brutality.

Enlightenment and the EconomyEnlightenment and the Economy

Physiocrats rejected mercantilism (est. of Physiocrats rejected mercantilism (est. of colonies that supplied materials and colonies that supplied materials and markets) in favor of a policy called laissez markets) in favor of a policy called laissez faire .faire . Physiocrats were Enlightenment Physiocrats were Enlightenment

thinkers who focused on economic reformsthinkers who focused on economic reforms

Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interferencewith little or no government interference Real wealth comes from productive land Real wealth comes from productive land

not gold and silvernot gold and silver Supported free trade and opposed tariffsSupported free trade and opposed tariffs

Enlightenment and the EconomyEnlightenment and the EconomyAdam Smith (Father of Modern Economics):Adam Smith (Father of Modern Economics): Free Free market should be allowed to regulate business activitymarket should be allowed to regulate business activity Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic

growth are all linked to the market forces of supply growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demandand demand

Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are profits and economic rewards it because there are profits and economic rewards to be hadto be had

Smith supported laissez faire (government hands Smith supported laissez faire (government hands off), but also believed that a government had a duty off), but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.public works.

His ideas lead to very productive economies during His ideas lead to very productive economies during the Industrial Revolution (1800’s and 1900’s)the Industrial Revolution (1800’s and 1900’s)

Major Enlightenment Ideas for Major Enlightenment Ideas for SocietySociety

Detested the slave trade and slaveryDetested the slave trade and slavery

Deplored religious prejudiceDeplored religious prejudice

Defended freedom of speechDefended freedom of speech

Attacked divine right theory Attacked divine right theory

(political leaders appointed by God to rule)(political leaders appointed by God to rule)

Urged education for allUrged education for all

Hated unequal distribution of propertyHated unequal distribution of property

Believed governments should be freely electedBelieved governments should be freely elected

Women’s first duty was to her familyWomen’s first duty was to her family

Enlightenment Changes SocietyEnlightenment Changes Society

Women:Women: Women were not equal and were Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equalitycriticized for attempting to gain equalitySalons:Salons: Men and women gather in living Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms)rooms)Music:Music: Ballets and operas become popular Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Haydn and Mozart)(Bach, Handel, Haydn and Mozart)Art: Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming)(simple, elegant and charming)Literature: Literature: Novels become popular Novels become popular ((Robinson Cruesoe)Robinson Cruesoe)

Enlightenment Changes SocietyEnlightenment Changes SocietyMajority/Lower Class/Peasants:Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: Slow to change and Slow to change and hurt the worsthurt the worst Serfdom disappears in the west, rises in the eastSerfdom disappears in the west, rises in the east Peasants in Western Europe allowed to own or rent Peasants in Western Europe allowed to own or rent

landland All peasants throughout Europe dealt with similar All peasants throughout Europe dealt with similar

issuesissues

Forced into militaryForced into military

Lands could be torn up without compensation by Lands could be torn up without compensation by nobilitynobility

Some peasants become eager for change, some Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completelyresist change completely

Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach

One of the greatest One of the greatest composers of all composers of all time.time.Mass in B MinorMass in B Minor is is one of his most one of his most famous works.famous works.Gave him a Gave him a reputation for reputation for perfecting the perfecting the baroque music baroque music style.style.

MUSIC

George Frederick HandelGeorge Frederick Handel

Known for his Known for his contributions to contributions to religious music religious music and churches.and churches.

The MessiahThe Messiah is is one of his one of his greatest works.greatest works.

MUSIC

Joseph HaydnJoseph HaydnThe CreationThe Creation and and The Seasons The Seasons are are among his greatest among his greatest works.works.

Works were Works were prompted by liberty prompted by liberty he found in sharing he found in sharing his love of music his love of music with the real people with the real people of Europe.of Europe.

MUSIC

Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Famous for his Famous for his talent and passion talent and passion for the composition for the composition of operas.of operas.

The Marriage of The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Figaro, The Magic FluteFlute and and Don Don GiovanniGiovanni are are among his most among his most famous works.famous works.

MUSIC

Antoine WatteauAntoine WatteauOne of the greatest rococo One of the greatest rococo artists who emphasized grace, artists who emphasized grace, charm and gentle action using charm and gentle action using delicate designs colored in fold delicate designs colored in fold with graceful curves.with graceful curves.

ART

Enlightenment PrinciplesEnlightenment Principles

• Religion, tradition, Religion, tradition, and superstition and superstition limited independent limited independent thoughtthought

• Accept knowledge Accept knowledge based on based on observation, logic, observation, logic, and reason, not on and reason, not on faithfaith

• Scientific and Scientific and academic thought academic thought should be secular should be secular

A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

Enlightenment ThinkersEnlightenment ThinkersIn republican governments, men are

all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything; in the

latter, because they are nothing.

~Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws Bk. VI, Ch.2

The market price of every particular commodity is

regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to

market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity or the whole value of the

rent, labor and profit which must be paid in

order to bring it thither.

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The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property, and putting themselves

under government, is the preservation of their property.

~John Locke Second Treatise of Government ChXIX, “Of the Dissolution in Government”

THE SOCIAL CONTRACTTHE SOCIAL CONTRACT““Unalienable rightsUnalienable rights" " are rights that can not be are rights that can not be surrendered by citizens to the sovereign. (Life, Liberty surrendered by citizens to the sovereign. (Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness)and the Pursuit of Happiness)

Such rights were thought to be Such rights were thought to be natural rightsnatural rights, , independent of law. independent of law.

However, many enlightenment thinkers reasoned that in However, many enlightenment thinkers reasoned that in the natural state only the strongest would benefit from the natural state only the strongest would benefit from their rights. their rights.

Therefore, people form an implicit Therefore, people form an implicit social contractsocial contract, , ceding their natural rights to the authority to protect them ceding their natural rights to the authority to protect them and living under the legal rights of that authority.and living under the legal rights of that authority.

Thomas Hobbes (1588Thomas Hobbes (1588––1679)1679)

• Author of the Author of the LeviathanLeviathan about his views on about his views on human nature and human nature and problems of social problems of social disorder.disorder.

• Social Contract is Social Contract is needed, must also have needed, must also have a strong central a strong central government with an government with an absolute ruler with absolute ruler with unlimited power for a unlimited power for a society to survive.society to survive.

John Locke (1632John Locke (1632––1704)1704)

Author of Author of Essay Essay Concerning Human Concerning Human UnderstandingUnderstanding

Argues every Argues every person was born person was born with a “tabula rasa” with a “tabula rasa” or blank mind to be or blank mind to be molded by their molded by their personal life personal life experiences.experiences.

Social Contract Social Contract

Thomas Hobbes John Locke•Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish.•To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract.•Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.•Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.

•Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good•Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property•People form governments to protect natural rights•Best government was one with limited power•If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau(1712(1712––1778)1778)

• Author of Author of EmileEmile..

• Believed emotions as well as Believed emotions as well as reason were important to reason were important to human development.human development.

• Created the Created the Social Contract Social Contract where the government and where the government and people enter into an people enter into an agreement of agreement of expectations/consequences expectations/consequences to better the society as a to better the society as a whole.whole.

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu (1689 (1689–1755)–1755)

• Developed the theory of Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances of government.

• Believed there were 3 types of governments:

1. Republics suitable for small states

2. Monarchies for mid-sized states.

3. Despotism (dictatorship) suitable for large states

Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

Baron de Montesquieu: Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized Criticized absolute monarchy and admired absolute monarchy and admired British governmentBritish government British protected themselves from British protected themselves from

tyranny by dividing powers of tyranny by dividing powers of government between three government between three branches: legislative, executive and branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception)judicial (misconception)

Each branch of government should Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other twobe able to ‘check’ the other two

What government does this sound What government does this sound like?like?

Voltaire (1694Voltaire (1694––1778)1778)• Most famous Most famous

philosophephilosophe• Wrote plays, essays, Wrote plays, essays,

poetry, philosophy, and poetry, philosophy, and booksbooks

• Attacked the “relics” of Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social the medieval social orderorder

• Championed social, Championed social, political, and religious political, and religious tolerancetolerance

• A founder of “deism” A founder of “deism” promoting the promoting the Newtonian idea that the Newtonian idea that the universe is like a clock.universe is like a clock.

Denis DiderotDenis Diderot

Editor and architect Editor and architect of of The The Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia.

28 volume 28 volume collection of works collection of works and theories of the and theories of the Enlightenment.Enlightenment.

Purpose was to, Purpose was to, “change the general “change the general way of thinking.”way of thinking.”

The The EncyclopEncyclopéédiedie

• Major achievement Major achievement of the of the philosophesphilosophes

• Begun in 1745; Begun in 1745; completed in 1765completed in 1765

• Banned by the Banned by the Catholic Church Catholic Church because it was because it was “undermining” to “undermining” to authority.authority.

Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie

DeismDeism

• Deists believed in Deists believed in God but rejected God but rejected organized organized religionreligion

• Morality Morality (goodness) could (goodness) could be achieved by be achieved by following reason following reason rather than the rather than the teachings of the teachings of the churchchurch

Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, a founder of deism

Deism (continued)Deism (continued)

• In, “Of the Religion of Deism In, “Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Compared with the Christian Religion,” Paine asserted Religion,” Paine asserted “there is a happiness in “there is a happiness in Deism, when rightly Deism, when rightly understood, that is not to be understood, that is not to be found in any other system of found in any other system of religion” because deism did religion” because deism did not force its followers to not force its followers to “stifle (suppress) reason” in “stifle (suppress) reason” in order to accept its tenets. order to accept its tenets.

• Most famous work, Most famous work, Common Common SenseSense challenged the British challenged the British Government and religious Government and religious authority.authority.

Thomas Paine

Women and the Women and the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

• Changing views of the Changing views of the role of women in role of women in society.society.

• Role of education was Role of education was crucial to moral crucial to moral development for society development for society to function as close to to function as close to ideal as possible.ideal as possible.

• Advocated equality for Advocated equality for all, including women.all, including women.

Mary Wollstonecraft Olympe de Gouges

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

• Author of,Author of, A Vindication A Vindication of the Rights of Womenof the Rights of Women

• Argued because women Argued because women have reason, they should have reason, they should also be entitled to the also be entitled to the same rights as men in same rights as men in education, politics and education, politics and economics.economics.

• Women’s rights’ Women’s rights’ movement.movement.

Olympe De GougesOlympe De Gouges

• Criticized leaders of the Criticized leaders of the French Revolution for French Revolution for continuing to oppress continuing to oppress women.women.

• The Rights of WomenThe Rights of Women• ““Declaration of the Rights Declaration of the Rights

of Woman and the of Woman and the Female Citizen” in Female Citizen” in response to the response to the Declaration of the Rights Declaration of the Rights of Men.of Men.

• Executed in 1793 for Executed in 1793 for being a revolutionary being a revolutionary thinker for women.thinker for women.

““Enlightened Monarchs”Enlightened Monarchs”Most of Europe ruled by Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchsabsolute monarchs

Receptive to Enlightenment Receptive to Enlightenment ideasideas

Instituted new laws and Instituted new laws and practices practices

Enlightened Monarchs

• Frederick II, Prussia

• Catherine the Great, Russia

• Maria Theresa, Austria

• Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire

• Gustav III, Sweden

• Napoleon I, France

Frederick the Great Frederick the Great (ruled 1740(ruled 1740–1786)–1786)

• Prussian ruler, doubled the size of the army

• Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works

• Granted freedom of speech, abolished torture and had greater religious tolerance, while maintaining serfdom and a rigid social structure.

• Induced Voltaire to come to Prussia to live with him for several years.

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great(ruled 1762(ruled 1762–1796)–1796)

• Russian rulerRussian ruler• Expanded the Empire of Expanded the Empire of

RussiaRussia• Well-versed in Well-versed in

Enlightenment worksEnlightenment works• ““Westernizing” RussiaWesternizing” Russia• Invited Diderot to live in Invited Diderot to live in

her palace.her palace.

Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)

• Ruled as coregent with his Ruled as coregent with his mother (Maria Theresa-mother (Maria Theresa-Austrian ruler) until 1780Austrian ruler) until 1780

• Joseph’s reformsJoseph’s reforms• Religious tolerationReligious toleration• Control over the Catholic Control over the Catholic

ChurchChurch• Abolition of serfdomAbolition of serfdom• Eliminated the death Eliminated the death

penaltypenalty• Problem in that the elites felt Problem in that the elites felt

alienated and did not agree alienated and did not agree with all reforms.with all reforms.

• Serfs (laborers) saw empty Serfs (laborers) saw empty promisespromises

The French The French SalonSalon and the and the PhilosophesPhilosophes

Madame de Pompadour

• Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France. She began holding what became known as a Salon

• Salons: gatherings (cocktail parties) for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas

• Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons

Enlightenment in AmericaEnlightenment in America

Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, many of the intellectual leaders many of the intellectual leaders of the American colonies were of the American colonies were drawn to the Enlightenment. drawn to the Enlightenment. Jefferson, Washington, Jefferson, Washington,

Franklin, and Paine were Franklin, and Paine were powerfully influenced by powerfully influenced by Enlightenment thought. Enlightenment thought.

The God who underwrites the The God who underwrites the concept of equality in the concept of equality in the Declaration of Independence is Declaration of Independence is the same deist God Rousseau the same deist God Rousseau worshipped.worshipped.

George Washington

The Enlightenment and the The Enlightenment and the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

• Influence of Influence of Locke, Locke, Montesquieu et alMontesquieu et al

• The Declaration The Declaration of Independence of Independence (Life, Liberty and (Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of the Pursuit of Happiness-natural Happiness-natural rights)rights)

Thomas Jefferson

The U.S. ConstitutionThe U.S. Constitution

• Separation Separation of powersof powers

• Checks Checks and and balancesbalances

Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention

The Legacy of the The Legacy of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

GovernmentGovernment

SocietySociety

EducationEducation

The signing of the U.S. Constitution

Heritage of the EnlightenmentHeritage of the Enlightenment

Today the Enlightenment is Today the Enlightenment is often viewed as a historical often viewed as a historical anomaly – a brief moment anomaly – a brief moment when a number of thinkers when a number of thinkers infatuated with reason vainly infatuated with reason vainly supposed that the perfect supposed that the perfect society could be built on society could be built on common sense and common sense and tolerance, a fantasy which tolerance, a fantasy which collapsed amid the Terror of collapsed amid the Terror of the French Revolution and the French Revolution and the triumphal sweep of the triumphal sweep of Romanticism.Romanticism.

Heritage of the EnlightenmentHeritage of the Enlightenment

Yet in many ways, the Yet in many ways, the Enlightenment has Enlightenment has never been more alive. never been more alive. It formed the It formed the consensus of consensus of international ideals by international ideals by which modern states which modern states are judged.are judged. Human rightsHuman rights Religious tolerance Religious tolerance Self-governmentSelf-government