the crucible and mccarthyism the crucible and mccarthyism american literature mr. grande

The CrucibleThe Crucible and and

McCarthyismMcCarthyism

American LiteratureAmerican Literature

Mr. GrandeMr. Grande

Salem in the 1760s Salem in the 1760s

Original Salem House Original Salem House

Salem Trials Salem Trials

Salem Arrest Warrant Salem Arrest Warrant

5

What Were the Salem Witch Trials? What Were the Salem Witch Trials?

Salem, Massachusetts during the 1690s. Salem, Massachusetts during the 1690s.

In 1563, a little more than a century In 1563, a little more than a century before the witch hunts of the1690s, Queen before the witch hunts of the1690s, Queen Elizabeth legalized the killing of witches. Elizabeth legalized the killing of witches.

First offense = public ridicule. First offense = public ridicule.

Second offense = death. Second offense = death.

King James I King James I decided first offense = death. decided first offense = death.

Examination of an Accused Witch Examination of an Accused Witch

Petition of John Proctor Petition of John Proctor Awaiting Execution Awaiting Execution

SALEM-PRISON, July 23, 1692. SALEM-PRISON, July 23, 1692.

Mr. Mather, Mr. Allen, Mr. Moody, Mr. Willard, and Mr. Mather, Mr. Allen, Mr. Moody, Mr. Willard, and Mr. Bailey Mr. Bailey

Reverend Gentlemen. Reverend Gentlemen.

The innocency of our Case with the Enmity of our The innocency of our Case with the Enmity of our Accusers and our Judges, and Jury, whom nothing Accusers and our Judges, and Jury, whom nothing but our Innocent blood will serve their turn, but our Innocent blood will serve their turn, having Condmened us already before our Tryals, having Condmened us already before our Tryals, being so much incensed and engaged against us being so much incensed and engaged against us by the Devil, makes us bold to Beg by the Devil, makes us bold to Beg


and Implore your Favourable Assistance of and Implore your Favourable Assistance of this our Humble Petition to his Excellency, this our Humble Petition to his Excellency, That if it be possible our Innocent Blood That if it be possible our Innocent Blood may be spared, which undoubtedly may be spared, which undoubtedly otherwise will be shed, if the Lord doth not otherwise will be shed, if the Lord doth not mercifully step in. The Magistrates, mercifully step in. The Magistrates, Ministers, Jewries, and all the People in Ministers, Jewries, and all the People in general, being so much inraged and general, being so much inraged and incensed against us by the Delusion of the incensed against us by the Delusion of the Devil, which we can term no other, by Devil, which we can term no other, by reason we know in our own Consciences, reason we know in our own Consciences, we are all Innocent Persons. we are all Innocent Persons.


Here are five Persons who have lately Here are five Persons who have lately confessed themselves to be Witches, and do confessed themselves to be Witches, and do accuse some of us, of being along with them accuse some of us, of being along with them at a Sacrament, since we were committed at a Sacrament, since we were committed into close Prison, which we know to be Lies. into close Prison, which we know to be Lies. Two of the 5 are (Carriers Sons) Youngmen, Two of the 5 are (Carriers Sons) Youngmen, who would not confess any thing till they who would not confess any thing till they tyed them Neck and Heels till the Blood was tyed them Neck and Heels till the Blood was ready to come out of their Noses, and ‘tis ready to come out of their Noses, and ‘tis credibly believed and reported this was the credibly believed and reported this was the occasion of making occasion of making


them confess that they never did, by them confess that they never did, by reason they said one had been a Witch a reason they said one had been a Witch a Month, another five Weeks, and that Month, another five Weeks, and that their Mother had made them so, who has their Mother had made them so, who has been confined here this nine Weeks. My been confined here this nine Weeks. My son William Proctor, when he was son William Proctor, when he was examin'd, because he would not confess examin'd, because he would not confess that he was Guilty, when he was that he was Guilty, when he was Innocent, they tyed him Neck and Heels Innocent, they tyed him Neck and Heels till the Blood gushed out of his Nose, and till the Blood gushed out of his Nose, and would would


have kept him so 24 Hours, if one more have kept him so 24 Hours, if one more Merciful than the rest, had not taken pity Merciful than the rest, had not taken pity on him, and caused him to be unbound. on him, and caused him to be unbound. These actions are very like the Popish These actions are very like the Popish Cruelties. They have already undone us Cruelties. They have already undone us in our Estates, and that will not serve in our Estates, and that will not serve their turns, without our Innocent Bloods. their turns, without our Innocent Bloods.

If it cannot be granted that we can If it cannot be granted that we can have our Trials at Boston, we humbly have our Trials at Boston, we humbly beg that you would endeavour to beg that you would endeavour to


have these Magistrates changed, and others have these Magistrates changed, and others in their rooms, begging also and beseeching in their rooms, begging also and beseeching you would be pleased to be here, if not all, you would be pleased to be here, if not all, some of you at our Trials, hoping thereby you some of you at our Trials, hoping thereby you may be the means of saving the shedding our may be the means of saving the shedding our Innocent Bloods, desiring your Prayers to the Innocent Bloods, desiring your Prayers to the Lord in our behalf, we rest your Poor Afflicted Lord in our behalf, we rest your Poor Afflicted Servants, Servants,

John Proctor, John Proctor, etcetc..

Salem HangingsSalem Hangings

The Dead: 19 Were HangedThe Dead: 19 Were Hanged Bridget BishopBridget Bishop

George BurroughsGeorge Burroughs

Martha CarrierMartha Carrier

Martha CoreyMartha Corey

Mary EastyMary Easty

Sarah GoodSarah Good

Elizabeth HoweElizabeth Howe

George JacobsGeorge Jacobs

Susannah MartinSusannah Martin

Rebecca NurseRebecca Nurse

Alice ParkerAlice Parker

Mary ParkerMary Parker

John ProctorJohn Proctor

Ann PudeatorAnn Pudeator

Wilmott ReddWilmott Redd

Margaret ScottMargaret Scott

Samuel WardwellSamuel Wardwell

Sara WildesSara Wildes

John WillardJohn Willard

The Dead: Means Other Than The Dead: Means Other Than Hanging Hanging

Pressed to death Pressed to death when he failed to when he failed to plea guilty or not plea guilty or not guilty:guilty:

Giles CoreyGiles Corey

Died in prison:Died in prison:

Sarah OsbornSarah Osborn

Roger ToothakerRoger Toothaker

Lyndia DustinLyndia Dustin

Ann FosterAnn Foster

Salem Memorial Salem Memorial

Memorial: Rebecca Nurse Memorial: Rebecca Nurse

Memorial: Sarah Good Memorial: Sarah Good

So…What is McCarthyism?So…What is McCarthyism?

… … and what’s it have and what’s it have to do with to do with The The CrucibleCrucible??

AllegoryAllegory

Main Entry: Main Entry: al·le·go·ryal·le·go·ry Pronunciation: 'a-l&-"gor-EPronunciation: 'a-l&-"gor-EFunction: Function: nounnounInflected Form(s): Inflected Form(s): pluralplural -ries-riesEtymology: Middle English Etymology: Middle English allegorie,allegorie, from Latin from Latin allegoria,allegoria, from Greek from Greek allEgoria,allEgoria, from from allEgoreinallEgorein to speak figuratively, from to speak figuratively, from allosallos other + other + --EgoreinEgorein to speak publicly, from to speak publicly, from agoraagora assembly -- more at assembly -- more at ELSE, , AGORA

11 :: the expression by means of symbolic the expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or fictional figures and actions of truths or generalizations about human existence; generalizations about human existence; alsoalso :: an instance (as in a story or painting) of such an instance (as in a story or painting) of such expressionexpression22 :: a symbolic representation a symbolic representation : : EMBLEM 2 2

Defination from Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary: http://webster.com/dictionary/AllegoryDefination from Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary: http://webster.com/dictionary/Allegory

Salem 1690’s

McCarthy Trials 1947

1938 - House Un-American 1938 - House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Activities Committee (HUAC)

EstablishedEstablished The Committee's task: "to make from time The Committee's task: "to make from time

to time investigations of to time investigations of (1) the extent, character, and objects of un-(1) the extent, character, and objects of un-

American propaganda activities in the American propaganda activities in the United United States, States, (2) the diffusion within the United State of (2) the diffusion within the United State of

subversive and un-American subversive and un-American propaganda that propaganda that is instigated from is instigated from foreign countries or of a foreign countries or of a domestic origin domestic origin and attacks the principle of and attacks the principle of the form of the form of government as guaranteed by our government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and Constitution, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto (3) all other questions in relation thereto that that would aid Congress in any necessary would aid Congress in any necessary remedial remedial legislation."legislation."

1945 and on1945 and on Post WWII distrust of Post WWII distrust of

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

China falls to CommunistsChina falls to Communists

A consensus developed A consensus developed based on a several key based on a several key assumptions:assumptions:

All Communists owed their All Communists owed their primary loyalty to Moscow” primary loyalty to Moscow”

They unblinkingly followed They unblinkingly followed the party linethe party line

They would, whenever They would, whenever possible, work to subvert possible, work to subvert the American system.the American system.

Late Late 1940s1940s

The Communist Party of AmericaThe Communist Party of America, , which had been in existence for which had been in existence for decades, started to be viewed as a decades, started to be viewed as a threat to U.S. national security. threat to U.S. national security.

19471947

The Truman administrationThe Truman administration barred barred communists or people who associated with communists or people who associated with communists from government jobs.communists from government jobs.

The Department of JusticeThe Department of Justice deported deported foreign-born communists and in 1948, foreign-born communists and in 1948, indicated and convicted the party's top indicated and convicted the party's top leaders under the Smith Act, a 1940 law leaders under the Smith Act, a 1940 law prohibiting the "teaching and advocating" prohibiting the "teaching and advocating" of subversive doctrines. Several hundred of subversive doctrines. Several hundred communists went to jail. communists went to jail.

19471947

HUACHUAC began public began public hearings to investigate the hearings to investigate the influence of communism influence of communism in the film industry. in the film industry.

Ex-members of the Ex-members of the Communist Party testified Communist Party testified about Hollywood actors, about Hollywood actors, directors, screenwriters, directors, screenwriters, and producers, accusing and producers, accusing many of being secret many of being secret communists. communists.

19471947

With television cameras With television cameras rolling, Hollywood stars rolling, Hollywood stars testified at the testified at the HUACHUAC hearings. Some named hearings. Some named names. Others refused to names. Others refused to testify and were cited for testify and were cited for Contempt of Congress. Contempt of Congress.

The Hollywood 10The Hollywood 10 The Hollywood 10 The Hollywood 10

were found cited for were found cited for contempt and contempt and served one year of served one year of jail time for refusing jail time for refusing testify and refusing testify and refusing to name names. to name names. They were also They were also blacklisted, making blacklisted, making it impossible for any it impossible for any of them to find work of them to find work in Hollywood for in Hollywood for decades, if ever.decades, if ever.

But the “Hollywood But the “Hollywood 10” were not the 10” were not the only Hollywood only Hollywood figures to be figures to be blacklisted. blacklisted. Thousands of Thousands of people in Hollywood people in Hollywood lost their jobs or lost their jobs or had difficulty finding had difficulty finding work after refusing work after refusing to name names in to name names in front of HUAC...front of HUAC...

Red Channels could be considered THE “Blacklist.” It contained short biographies of those people in radio, television and film who were thought to be associated somehow with Communism and were called to testify

in front of HUAC.

Some of Those Blacklisted in Some of Those Blacklisted in Hollywood:Hollywood:

Dalton Trumbo, Dalton Trumbo, Screenwriter Screenwriter

(one of the (one of the “Hollywood 10”)“Hollywood 10”)

Ruth Gordon, Actress/WriterRuth Gordon, Actress/Writer

José Ferrer, ActorJosé Ferrer, Actor

Burgess Meredith, Burgess Meredith, Actor/Producer/DirectorActor/Producer/Director

Lena Horne, Singer/ActressLena Horne, Singer/Actress

Orson Wells, Orson Wells, Actor/Producer/Director/WriterActor/Producer/Director/Writer

Paul Robeson, Paul Robeson, Actor/Singer/ActivistActor/Singer/Activist

““...my father was a ...my father was a slave, and my slave, and my people died to build people died to build this country, and I this country, and I am going to stay am going to stay here and have a part here and have a part of it just like you. of it just like you. And no Fascist-And no Fascist-minded people will minded people will drive me from it. Is drive me from it. Is that clear?…. I am that clear?…. I am here because I am here because I am opposing the neo-opposing the neo-Fascist cause which Fascist cause which I see arising in this I see arising in this committee.”committee.”

Arthur Miller, WriterArthur Miller, Writer

1948-19501948-1950

The University of CaliforniaThe University of California started started requiring all employees to sign an requiring all employees to sign an anti-Communist loyalty oath. Many anti-Communist loyalty oath. Many faculty and staff objected to the oath, faculty and staff objected to the oath, calling it a political test as a condition calling it a political test as a condition of employment. Thirty-one of employment. Thirty-one professors lost their jobs when they professors lost their jobs when they refused to sign, as did many more refused to sign, as did many more teaching assistants, student teaching assistants, student employees and staff. The professors employees and staff. The professors sued and won in court, and resumed sued and won in court, and resumed their jobs.their jobs.

1948 - 19501948 - 1950 People became afraid to People became afraid to

speak out about liberal speak out about liberal issues or even criticize issues or even criticize the government, for fear the government, for fear of being labeled a of being labeled a communist. Ironically communist. Ironically people in the U.S. were people in the U.S. were afraid to speak out in afraid to speak out in their own country while their own country while US soldiers were fighting US soldiers were fighting against communism all against communism all around the world—to around the world—to protect freedom and protect freedom and democracy!democracy!

19501950

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were charged with Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage (they allegedly sold conspiracy to commit espionage (they allegedly sold secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union). secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union). They pled "not guilty." In 1951 the Rosenbergs were They pled "not guilty." In 1951 the Rosenbergs were convicted of spying, sentenced to death and executed convicted of spying, sentenced to death and executed in 1953. The Rosenbergs along with many supporters in 1953. The Rosenbergs along with many supporters all over the US and the world declared their innocence all over the US and the world declared their innocence up until their deaths.up until their deaths.

Senator Joseph McCarthySenator Joseph McCarthy Senator McCarthy was the Senator McCarthy was the

Chairman of the House Chairman of the House Un-American Activities Un-American Activities Committee, and he is Committee, and he is credited with leading the credited with leading the aggressive pursuit of aggressive pursuit of those called before the those called before the Committee. Today he is Committee. Today he is often characterized as often characterized as paranoid and paranoid and “McCarthyism” is “McCarthyism” is synonymous with “witch synonymous with “witch hunt”hunt”

McCarthy Speaks:McCarthy Speaks:

““Our job as a Our job as a Americans and Americans and as Republicans is as Republicans is to dislodge the to dislodge the traitors from traitors from every place every place where they’ve where they’ve been sent to do been sent to do their treacherous their treacherous work.”work.”

February 9, 1950February 9, 1950 Senator Joseph Senator Joseph

McCarthy announced in McCarthy announced in a speech that he had a a speech that he had a list of 205 communists list of 205 communists in the U.S. Department in the U.S. Department of State. This of State. This allegation was never allegation was never proven (and the proven (and the number seemed to vary number seemed to vary every time he made every time he made this announcement), this announcement), but it got McCarthy a but it got McCarthy a lot of publicity.lot of publicity.

1950-19541950-1954

McCarthy's fame allowed him to McCarthy's fame allowed him to publicly attack various government publicly attack various government agencies including the U.S. Army. agencies including the U.S. Army. He also accused high-level government He also accused high-level government

officials of being communists. officials of being communists.

Because the Republicans won control Because the Republicans won control of the White House and the Congress in of the White House and the Congress in 1952, McCarthy was now attacking his 1952, McCarthy was now attacking his own party. Many Republicans became own party. Many Republicans became impatient with McCarthy...impatient with McCarthy...

April 22, 1950 - June 17, 1954April 22, 1950 - June 17, 1954 Senator McCarthy conducted Senator McCarthy conducted

televised hearings of those televised hearings of those thought to be affiliated with thought to be affiliated with the Communist party. the Communist party. Republicans worried that Republicans worried that McCarthy's public hearings McCarthy's public hearings were beginning to make him were beginning to make him (and the entire Republican (and the entire Republican Party) look ridiculous. Party) look ridiculous. During a broadcast, Edward During a broadcast, Edward R. Murrow, CBS news R. Murrow, CBS news anchor, said,anchor, said, "We must not "We must not confuse dissent with confuse dissent with disloyalty."disloyalty."

December 2, 1954December 2, 1954

The U.S. Senate officially states The U.S. Senate officially states

"Joseph R. McCarthy…tended to bring "Joseph R. McCarthy…tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and the Senate into dishonor and disrepute, to obstruct the disrepute, to obstruct the constitutional processes of the Senate constitutional processes of the Senate and to impair its dignity, and such and to impair its dignity, and such conduct is hereby condemned." conduct is hereby condemned." By a vote of 67 to 22, Joseph McCarthy By a vote of 67 to 22, Joseph McCarthy was censured.was censured.

May 2, 1957May 2, 1957

Joe McCarthy dies of hepatitis at Joe McCarthy dies of hepatitis at the age of 47the age of 47

How Are These Two Events How Are These Two Events Alike?Alike?

In many ways, the McCarthy In many ways, the McCarthy hearings resembled the hearings resembled the notorious Salem Witch Hunts of notorious Salem Witch Hunts of the 1690s...the 1690s...

DiscussDiscuss

The End?

Response Question: 10 minutesResponse Question: 10 minutes

McCarthyism and McCarthyism and The CrucibleThe Crucible

Having learned about the era of Having learned about the era of McCarthy and read McCarthy and read The CrucibleThe Crucible, , what can you say about the what can you say about the nature of the human need to find nature of the human need to find a scapegoat (someone to a scapegoat (someone to blame)? Explain your thoughts blame)? Explain your thoughts and use examples.and use examples.

the crucible and mccarthyism the crucible and mccarthyism american literature mr. grande

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