McCarthyism RecapMcCarthyism RecapArthur MillerArthur Miller

Puritans Puritans The CrucibleThe Crucible

Who was Joe McCarthy?Who was Joe McCarthy?► Joseph McCarthy was elected Senator Joseph McCarthy was elected Senator

for Wisconsin and rose to public for Wisconsin and rose to public attention when in a 1950 speech he attention when in a 1950 speech he claimed to have in his hand the names claimed to have in his hand the names of 205 members of the communist of 205 members of the communist party.party.

► It was found that McCarthy actually had It was found that McCarthy actually had a bunch of ‘random’ papers in his a bunch of ‘random’ papers in his hands. Nothing about communism.hands. Nothing about communism.

►He changed his facts in subsequent He changed his facts in subsequent speeches, and people still followed him.speeches, and people still followed him.

After the speech…After the speech…►U.S. and Russia were struggling to be the U.S. and Russia were struggling to be the main superpower in the world. Because main superpower in the world. Because Russia was a communist country, there was Russia was a communist country, there was a lot of fear of communism and communist a lot of fear of communism and communist spies in the United States.spies in the United States.

►Most people in America didn’t truly Most people in America didn’t truly understand the principles of communism.understand the principles of communism.

►In 1947, the House Un-American Activities In 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) interviewed 41 people Committee (HUAC) interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood.who were working in Hollywood.

►These people named 19 people who they These people named 19 people who they accused of holding left-wing communist accused of holding left-wing communist views.views.

►Ten of these people appeared before Ten of these people appeared before the committee and became known the committee and became known as the Hollywood Ten.as the Hollywood Ten.

►They refused to answer any They refused to answer any questions and were held in contempt questions and were held in contempt of court. They were sentenced to 6-of court. They were sentenced to 6-12 months in jail.12 months in jail.

►The committee was quiet until 1951 The committee was quiet until 1951 when they compiled a list of 324 when they compiled a list of 324 present and former Hollywood present and former Hollywood workers who supposedly were or had workers who supposedly were or had been communists.been communists.

► The accused included Leonard The accused included Leonard Bernstein, Charlie Chaplin, Burl Ives, Bernstein, Charlie Chaplin, Burl Ives, Orson Wells, and Arthur Miller among Orson Wells, and Arthur Miller among others.others.

► The accused had two choices:The accused had two choices:1.1. Confess to being a communist and give Confess to being a communist and give

the committee the names of other the committee the names of other communists.communists.

2.2. Deny being a communist, be held in Deny being a communist, be held in contempt of court (jail time or fine), and contempt of court (jail time or fine), and get blacklisted in Hollywood (no longer get blacklisted in Hollywood (no longer allowed to work).allowed to work).

► Arthur Miller refused to confess and Arthur Miller refused to confess and was blacklisted.was blacklisted.

The CrucibleThe Crucible

A play by Arthur MillerA play by Arthur Miller

►The Red Hunt experience motivated The Red Hunt experience motivated Arthur Miller to write Arthur Miller to write The Crucible.The Crucible.

►The Crucible The Crucible is an allegory for the is an allegory for the Red Hunt.Red Hunt. Allegory = a story in which characters, Allegory = a story in which characters,

actions, themes, plots, and/or settings actions, themes, plots, and/or settings represent other characters, actions, represent other characters, actions, themes, plots, and/or settings.themes, plots, and/or settings.

►Miller spent several years researching Miller spent several years researching the Salem Witch Trials before writing the Salem Witch Trials before writing the play.the play.

Although based on the actual events, Although based on the actual events, elements of the play elements of the play

are different for many reasons:are different for many reasons:► Many more people were involved in the Many more people were involved in the

actual case.actual case.► Names were changed to avoid confusion.Names were changed to avoid confusion.► There were many more judges in the actual There were many more judges in the actual

trial… too confusing for the stage.trial… too confusing for the stage.► The play changed the ages of many The play changed the ages of many

characters for reasons of acceptance.characters for reasons of acceptance.► Dates of execution were changed to increase Dates of execution were changed to increase

the drama.the drama.► Events were altered to add to the dramatic Events were altered to add to the dramatic

effect.effect.

PuritanismPuritanism

History and BeliefsHistory and Beliefs

HistoryHistory

►Only about 27 of the 100 people Only about 27 of the 100 people aboard the Mayflower were Puritans.aboard the Mayflower were Puritans.

►Puritans thought of themselves as Puritans thought of themselves as soldiers in a war against Satan – the soldiers in a war against Satan – the arch enemy who planned to ruin the arch enemy who planned to ruin the kingdom of God on Earth.kingdom of God on Earth.

►They saw no hope of reforming a They saw no hope of reforming a national church so they formed their national church so they formed their own church.own church.

History (cont.)History (cont.)

► 1608 – The Puritans left England and moved 1608 – The Puritans left England and moved to Holland because King James (King of to Holland because King James (King of England) was an enemy of Puritanism and England) was an enemy of Puritanism and they faced persecution.they faced persecution.

► They began to fear that they would They began to fear that they would eventually lose their identity as a religious eventually lose their identity as a religious community living in a foreign land, so they community living in a foreign land, so they applied for a charter to settle in the Virginia applied for a charter to settle in the Virginia plantation – a large area of land that plantation – a large area of land that included what is now New England.included what is now New England.

History (cont.)History (cont.)

► They sailed from Southampton, England in They sailed from Southampton, England in September 1620. 66 days later, taken by September 1620. 66 days later, taken by strong winds much farther north than they strong winds much farther north than they had anticipated, they landed at Cape Cod had anticipated, they landed at Cape Cod and established their first colony at and established their first colony at Plymouth.Plymouth.

► Puritanism lasted only about a century in Puritanism lasted only about a century in America. It was revived briefly in the 1740s, America. It was revived briefly in the 1740s, but had mostly disappeared by the time of but had mostly disappeared by the time of the American Revolution.the American Revolution.

BeliefsBeliefs

► GRACEGRACE An experience God granted some people which allowed An experience God granted some people which allowed

them to love truly.them to love truly. Spent a lot of their lives looking for signs that they had Spent a lot of their lives looking for signs that they had

been granted “grace.”been granted “grace.”

► PLAINNESSPLAINNESS Everything in Puritan life was very simple – their homes, Everything in Puritan life was very simple – their homes,

their clothing, and their furniture did not have a lot of their clothing, and their furniture did not have a lot of decoration.decoration.

Their churches were very simple square wooden Their churches were very simple square wooden buildings, painted white, and stripped of ornament buildings, painted white, and stripped of ornament such as decorative altars and stained glass windows.such as decorative altars and stained glass windows.

Beliefs (cont.)Beliefs (cont.)

►PREDESTINATIONPREDESTINATION Believed that God had decided if you were Believed that God had decided if you were

going to heaven or hell before you were going to heaven or hell before you were born. People would be given ‘signs’ such as born. People would be given ‘signs’ such as wealth to show they were going to heaven wealth to show they were going to heaven and poverty for hell.and poverty for hell.

►DIVINE MISSIONDIVINE MISSION Believed that God led them to the New Believed that God led them to the New

World to be an example to the rest of the World to be an example to the rest of the world.world.

Beliefs (cont.)Beliefs (cont.)

►OTHEROTHER Feared God’s wrathFeared God’s wrath Feared HellFeared Hell Believed the devil was very real and Believed the devil was very real and

would try to lead them away from God.would try to lead them away from God. Believed we are all inherently evil and Believed we are all inherently evil and

sinful because of Adam and Eve (Original sinful because of Adam and Eve (Original Sin).Sin).

Puritan LivingPuritan Living

►Wore heavy black clothing because Wore heavy black clothing because that was the only thing they had.that was the only thing they had.

►Would occasionally drink beer and Would occasionally drink beer and celebrate, but otherwise no dancing, celebrate, but otherwise no dancing, partying, etc.partying, etc.

►Arrogant about their lifestyle and Arrogant about their lifestyle and religion- proven through the treatment religion- proven through the treatment of Native Americans.of Native Americans.

THE SALEM WITCH THE SALEM WITCH TRIALSTRIALS

16921692

►Salem Village, MassachusettsSalem Village, Massachusetts►A group of young girls began to A group of young girls began to

display bizarre behavior (convulsive display bizarre behavior (convulsive seizures, blasphemous screaming, seizures, blasphemous screaming, and trance-like states).and trance-like states).

►Doctors could not find a medical Doctors could not find a medical cause for it.cause for it.

►People in the community decided it People in the community decided it had to be the work of Satan.had to be the work of Satan.

► In February, the village began In February, the village began praying and fasting in order to rid praying and fasting in order to rid itself of the devil’s influence.itself of the devil’s influence.

► The girls who were affected were pressured The girls who were affected were pressured to reveal who in the community controlled to reveal who in the community controlled their behavior.their behavior.

► Three women were identified and examined.Three women were identified and examined.► One woman, Tituba (a slave), confessed to One woman, Tituba (a slave), confessed to

seeing the devil and said that a conspiracy seeing the devil and said that a conspiracy of witches lived in Salem.of witches lived in Salem.

► In March, the afflicted girls accused Martha In March, the afflicted girls accused Martha Corey. The three women accused before Corey. The three women accused before this were not highly regarded in the this were not highly regarded in the community, but Martha Corey was different. community, but Martha Corey was different. She was an upstanding member of the She was an upstanding member of the community.community.

► She was found guilty which made the She was found guilty which made the people of Salem believe that Satan’s people of Salem believe that Satan’s influence reached to the very core of the influence reached to the very core of the community.community.

► During the period from March into the fall, During the period from March into the fall, many were charged, examined, tried, and many were charged, examined, tried, and condemned to death.condemned to death.

► The hangings started in June with the The hangings started in June with the death of Bridget Bishop and continued death of Bridget Bishop and continued through September.through September.

► In October, the colonial governor dissolved In October, the colonial governor dissolved the local court of inquiry. The convictions the local court of inquiry. The convictions and condemnations for witchery stopped.and condemnations for witchery stopped.

►BY THE END, 19 VICTIMS OF THE BY THE END, 19 VICTIMS OF THE WITCH HUNT HAD BEEN HANGED, WITCH HUNT HAD BEEN HANGED, ONE CRUSHED TO DEATH UNDER ONE CRUSHED TO DEATH UNDER THE WEIGHT OF STONES, AND AT THE WEIGHT OF STONES, AND AT LEAST 4 DIED IN PRISON AWAITING LEAST 4 DIED IN PRISON AWAITING TRIAL.TRIAL.

The TrialsThe Trials

►There was no physical evidence to There was no physical evidence to prove whether or not someone was a prove whether or not someone was a witch.witch.

►The courts believed the afflicted girls The courts believed the afflicted girls over the accused people. The girls over the accused people. The girls were very convincing and the courts were very convincing and the courts believed that witches would obviously believed that witches would obviously deny witchcraft.deny witchcraft.

If you were accused, you had If you were accused, you had two options:two options:

1.1. Confess to being a witch, give the courts Confess to being a witch, give the courts the names of other witches and be labeled the names of other witches and be labeled as a witch for the rest of your life.as a witch for the rest of your life.

2.2. Deny being a witch and die by hanging.Deny being a witch and die by hanging.

Problems with confessionProblems with confession

According to Puritan beliefs:According to Puritan beliefs: Lying = Going to HellLying = Going to Hell

Also, if you confessed, you had to name other Also, if you confessed, you had to name other witches which meant you would be sending other witches which meant you would be sending other people in your community to die.people in your community to die.

This was a small village and people did not want This was a small village and people did not want to accuse their friends and neighbors.to accuse their friends and neighbors.

People had a lot of self-respect and pride. People had a lot of self-respect and pride. Witches could not own land, so you would loose Witches could not own land, so you would loose

it. it. Your families name would be destroyed.Your families name would be destroyed.

Problems with denialProblems with denial

► If you denied being a witch, you kept If you denied being a witch, you kept your pride and dignity, but you died.your pride and dignity, but you died.

►You abandoned your friends and You abandoned your friends and family.family.

►The good thing was that you had a The good thing was that you had a chance at going to heaven.chance at going to heaven.

The Salem WitchesThe Salem Witches&&

Their WitchcraftTheir Witchcraft

When accused of witchcraft, the When accused of witchcraft, the suspect was searched for …suspect was searched for …

►Witches’ Teats- a ‘witch’ would have Witches’ Teats- a ‘witch’ would have extra nipples for Satan to ‘suck’ from. extra nipples for Satan to ‘suck’ from. Any questionable brownish markAny questionable brownish mark

►Devil’s Marks- spots were Satan Devil’s Marks- spots were Satan brands his followers with a blue or red brands his followers with a blue or red ‘bite’.‘bite’. To check for these marks a silver needle To check for these marks a silver needle

was inserted into the spot. If it did not was inserted into the spot. If it did not bleed you were a witch… duh!bleed you were a witch… duh!

If it was difficult to determine If it was difficult to determine whether someone was a witch whether someone was a witch

they would …they would …►Perform a swimming test.Perform a swimming test.

Sprinkle the suspect with holy water.Sprinkle the suspect with holy water. Tie his left thumb to his right big toe and Tie his left thumb to his right big toe and

tie his right thumb to his left big toe.tie his right thumb to his left big toe. Fasten a rope around the suspects Fasten a rope around the suspects

waist.waist. Dump them into a body of water.Dump them into a body of water. If they floated they were a witch; if they If they floated they were a witch; if they

drown they were humandrown they were human

Various torture techniques were Various torture techniques were used to get the suspects to used to get the suspects to

admit:admit:►The Rack: a bed of nails or stretching The Rack: a bed of nails or stretching

device.device.►Thumbscrews: placing the suspects Thumbscrews: placing the suspects

thumbs under great pressure.thumbs under great pressure.►Water: water was funneled into a Water: water was funneled into a

suspects swelling body.suspects swelling body.

Serious tortures that were Serious tortures that were inflected on those who inflected on those who

confessed or did not confess:confessed or did not confess:►Strappado- being suspended from the Strappado- being suspended from the

ceiling by arms and then having weight ceiling by arms and then having weight added to the legs.added to the legs.

►Red-hot pincers- to tear fleshRed-hot pincers- to tear flesh►Severing limbsSevering limbs► Iron Chair- a fire was created under the Iron Chair- a fire was created under the

victim’s iron chair.victim’s iron chair.►Tongue- a victim’s tongue was torn out.Tongue- a victim’s tongue was torn out.

WICCAWICCA

The real witchesThe real witches

►THERE ARE NOT WITCHES THERE ARE NOT WITCHES SUCH AS THOSE BELIEVED SUCH AS THOSE BELIEVED

TO BE IN SALEM.TO BE IN SALEM.

►THERE NEVER WERE.THERE NEVER WERE.

►THERE WERE NO WITCHES IN THERE WERE NO WITCHES IN SALEM.SALEM.

►Wicca is a religion in which the Wicca is a religion in which the members sometimes call themselves members sometimes call themselves witches, but they are much different witches, but they are much different than the witches we think of at than the witches we think of at Halloween.Halloween.

►Wicca is an earth-based nature Wicca is an earth-based nature centered religion.centered religion.

► It is centered around the use of It is centered around the use of positive thought, positive action, and positive thought, positive action, and love of nature in order to create an love of nature in order to create an atmosphere of positive energies.atmosphere of positive energies.

► According to Wicca, there is a higher power. According to Wicca, there is a higher power. Some believe in one god or goddess. Some Some believe in one god or goddess. Some believe in many gods and goddesses.believe in many gods and goddesses.

► According to Wicca, the goddess is always According to Wicca, the goddess is always attainable because she is everywhere (in the attainable because she is everywhere (in the tree, the leaf, the ant, within ourselves, etc.)tree, the leaf, the ant, within ourselves, etc.)

► The central law of Wicca is “And it harm The central law of Wicca is “And it harm none, do what ye will.” This means that you none, do what ye will.” This means that you can do anything as long as it will not hurt can do anything as long as it will not hurt anyone or anything (including yourself).anyone or anything (including yourself).

► The second major belief is that “Everything The second major belief is that “Everything you put out comes back to you three-fold.” you put out comes back to you three-fold.” This applies to both good and bad things.This applies to both good and bad things.

The ‘Cult Effect’The ‘Cult Effect’

►Cults are formed and led by individuals Cults are formed and led by individuals or small groups who ‘believe’ in a or small groups who ‘believe’ in a ‘non-popular’ ideologies.‘non-popular’ ideologies.

►Cults are bonded through their beliefs Cults are bonded through their beliefs and strange attitudes or bizarre and strange attitudes or bizarre behavior.behavior.

►The Salem Witchcraft Trials produced The Salem Witchcraft Trials produced its own cult in the group of teenage its own cult in the group of teenage girls who all believed they were being girls who all believed they were being controlled by witches.controlled by witches.

Persuasion Techniques Persuasion Techniques Used By Cults:Used By Cults:

►Hyperventilation: continuous over breathing Hyperventilation: continuous over breathing would cause dizziness, light headedness, would cause dizziness, light headedness, panic, muscle cramps and convulsions. Cults panic, muscle cramps and convulsions. Cults have members do loud shouting and chanting have members do loud shouting and chanting to produce this state.to produce this state.

►Repetitive Motion: constant swaying, Repetitive Motion: constant swaying, clapping, chanting can produce a dizzy or clapping, chanting can produce a dizzy or altered state.altered state.

►Body Manipulations: leaders would force eye Body Manipulations: leaders would force eye reactions and ear buzzing through pressure.reactions and ear buzzing through pressure.

Psychological Techniques Psychological Techniques Used By Cults:Used By Cults:

►Trance & Hypnosis: used to alter the Trance & Hypnosis: used to alter the mind of a subject done through mind of a subject done through chanting, meditation and phrase chanting, meditation and phrase repetition.repetition.

►Guided Imagery: telling a long, Guided Imagery: telling a long, detailed story can place people in a detailed story can place people in a trance like state.trance like state.

Persuasion Tactics…Persuasion Tactics…

►Bandwagon Technique- If one person is Bandwagon Technique- If one person is doing it, everyone else should.doing it, everyone else should.

►Propaganda- Materials used to lure or Propaganda- Materials used to lure or persuade people into doing something persuade people into doing something or believing something.or believing something.

►Fear- scaring people into doing Fear- scaring people into doing something.something.

►Authority- using your position to push Authority- using your position to push someone into something.someone into something.

Persuasion Tactics Persuasion Tactics continued…continued…

►Testimonial- having an expert or member/ Testimonial- having an expert or member/ product user speak about the topic. Their product user speak about the topic. Their ‘good’ experience may help convince others.‘good’ experience may help convince others.

►Spokesperson- generally a well known Spokesperson- generally a well known person/ celebrity who tells of a products/ person/ celebrity who tells of a products/ groups positive qualities.groups positive qualities.

►Snob Appeal- everyone else is doing it.Snob Appeal- everyone else is doing it.►Debate- showing the pros/ cons of a Debate- showing the pros/ cons of a

situation.situation.

The Crucible:The Crucible:What you need to know so you What you need to know so you are not confused while reading are not confused while reading

it…it…

A couple of things…A couple of things…

- The word Goody replace Ms..The word Goody replace Ms..- The events and people, for the most part, The events and people, for the most part,

are actual history. Our country really did do are actual history. Our country really did do this.this.

- Salem is not the only example of the trials. Salem is not the only example of the trials. They were occurring in many towns and They were occurring in many towns and cities throughout the world.cities throughout the world.

- When referring to the action of having a When referring to the action of having a rope tied around your neck for death… it is rope tied around your neck for death… it is always hanged and never hung.always hanged and never hung.