the cold war and nationalism

The Cold War The Cold War and Nationalismand Nationalism

1945-20011945-2001

Chapter 30-1Chapter 30-1

Origins of the Cold War: Origins of the Cold War: War-time ConferencesWar-time Conferences

War-time Conferences:War-time Conferences:

Tehran Conference 1943Tehran Conference 1943 Yalta Conference 1945Yalta Conference 1945 Potsdam Conference 1945Potsdam Conference 1945

Tehran Conference 1943Tehran Conference 1943

USSR was guaranteed to be the only USSR was guaranteed to be the only power to liberate Eastern Europepower to liberate Eastern Europe

Yalta 1945Yalta 1945

Stalin agreed to allow free elections Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Eastern Europe…will later renegein Eastern Europe…will later renege

Germany to be divided into 4 zones Germany to be divided into 4 zones controlled by: USSR, U.S., France, controlled by: USSR, U.S., France, BritainBritain

After the war, the Russians bled After the war, the Russians bled reparations from their sector and reparations from their sector and would not allow reunificationwould not allow reunification

Potsdam 1945Potsdam 1945

Truman demanded free elections in Truman demanded free elections in EuropeEurope

Stalin would not agree: wanted a Stalin would not agree: wanted a buffer zone between USSR and the buffer zone between USSR and the WestWest

Origins of the Cold War: Origins of the Cold War: Different World Views Different World Views

The Soviet POV: The Soviet POV: Democracies were traditionally hostile to Democracies were traditionally hostile to

communism and the USSR (Archangel & communism and the USSR (Archangel & recognition)recognition)

Americans and British did not open up a Americans and British did not open up a western front early enough. Millions of western front early enough. Millions of Soviet soldiers died while holding off the Soviet soldiers died while holding off the Germans aloneGermans alone

USSR was not privy to atomic bomb projectUSSR was not privy to atomic bomb project Soviets wanted a buffer zone (especially Soviets wanted a buffer zone (especially

Poland)Poland)

The U.S. POVThe U.S. POV

Stalin seemed intent on creating Stalin seemed intent on creating “spheres of influence” in Eastern Europe“spheres of influence” in Eastern Europe

Stalin broke pledges regarding Stalin broke pledges regarding reunification of Germanyreunification of Germany

Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (1946) Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (1946) alerted the West (especially U.S.) to a alerted the West (especially U.S.) to a future conflict with USSRfuture conflict with USSR

U.S. wanted to spread democracy U.S. wanted to spread democracy globallyglobally

The Partition of GermanyThe Partition of Germany

Germany divided:Germany divided: U.S., Brits and French combined sectors U.S., Brits and French combined sectors

=FRG (German Federal Republic) =FRG (German Federal Republic) became independent in 1949. became independent in 1949. Konrad Konrad AdenaurAdenaur to 1963 to 1963

USSR = GDR (German Democratic USSR = GDR (German Democratic Republic) By 1949 called East Germany. Republic) By 1949 called East Germany. Led by Walter Ulbright 1950-1971. Led by Walter Ulbright 1950-1971. Reparations to USSRReparations to USSR

Containment Containment

By 1947 the U.S. was committed to By 1947 the U.S. was committed to stop the spread of communismstop the spread of communism

George Kennan (American George Kennan (American ambassador to USSR) wrote a memo ambassador to USSR) wrote a memo to Truman leading to Containment to Truman leading to Containment and the Truman Doctrine and The and the Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan Marshall Plan

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

Established the U.S. Policy of Established the U.S. Policy of Containment that lasted for four decadesContainment that lasted for four decades

The U.S. would assist free peoples The U.S. would assist free peoples requesting aid against aggressive requesting aid against aggressive communismcommunism

1947: Aid to Greece and Turkey. USSR 1947: Aid to Greece and Turkey. USSR was after a foothold in the was after a foothold in the Mediterranean Mediterranean

The Marshall Plan 1949-The Marshall Plan 1949-19511951

European reconstruction: the U.S. sent European reconstruction: the U.S. sent $13 billion in aid (no strings) to help $13 billion in aid (no strings) to help rebuild war-torn Europerebuild war-torn Europe

Part of Containment: To prevent the Part of Containment: To prevent the spread of communism to Western Europespread of communism to Western Europe

Was called “Economic Miracle”Was called “Economic Miracle” Soviets refused aid to itself or Eastern Soviets refused aid to itself or Eastern

European countries…saw it as a power European countries…saw it as a power play by U.S. play by U.S.

The Berlin Crisis & The Berlin Crisis & AirliftAirlift

Berlin was divided after the war just like Berlin was divided after the war just like Germany but entire city was in Soviet zoneGermany but entire city was in Soviet zone

Most talented East Berliners fled to the West Most talented East Berliners fled to the West to avoid reparation payments at the rate of to avoid reparation payments at the rate of 200 a day200 a day

Stalin blocked toads from West Berlin to West Stalin blocked toads from West Berlin to West GermanyGermany

U.S. and others 11 month airlift 277,000 U.S. and others 11 month airlift 277,000 flights to keep West Berliners alive (Food, Rx, flights to keep West Berliners alive (Food, Rx, Coal)Coal)

Stalin gave up and opened roads in 1949 Stalin gave up and opened roads in 1949

NATO 1949NATO 1949

The North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization Founded in response to the Berlin CrisisFounded in response to the Berlin Crisis Collective security organization: U.S., Collective security organization: U.S.,

Canada, and European democracies (12 Canada, and European democracies (12 members total)members total)

An attack on one = an attack on allAn attack on one = an attack on all Today more than two dozen membersToday more than two dozen members

The Warsaw Pact 1955The Warsaw Pact 1955

Similar to NATOSimilar to NATO Response of USSR after West Response of USSR after West

Germany joined NATO in 1954Germany joined NATO in 1954 USSR and Eastern Bloc countries USSR and Eastern Bloc countries

arranged for collective securityarranged for collective security

ChinaChina

After Japanese were driven out of After Japanese were driven out of ChinaChina

Civil war between Nationalist Chinese Civil war between Nationalist Chinese led by led by Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek and Communist and Communist Chinese led by Chinese led by Mao ZedongMao Zedong (tse-tong) (tse-tong)

Mao won and created Mao won and created The People’s The People’s Republic of China Republic of China 19491949

Big blow to U.S. Policy of Containment Big blow to U.S. Policy of Containment

The BombThe Bomb

USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb in 1949in 1949

Hydrogen Bomb: U.S. 1952 then USSR Hydrogen Bomb: U.S. 1952 then USSR 19531953

Above led to “Doctrine of Massive Above led to “Doctrine of Massive Retaliation” by Dulles (Sec of State under Retaliation” by Dulles (Sec of State under Eisenhower)Eisenhower)

U.S. vowed to nuke the USSR if it tried to U.S. vowed to nuke the USSR if it tried to expandexpand

Korean War 1950-1953Korean War 1950-1953 Was promised independence at Cairo ConferenceWas promised independence at Cairo Conference After WWII was divided at 38After WWII was divided at 38thth // // North of 38North of 38thth // supported by USSR // supported by USSR South supported by U.S. Syngman RheeSouth supported by U.S. Syngman Rhee 1947 USSR refused to allow U.N. inspectors in1947 USSR refused to allow U.N. inspectors in 1948 UN declared S. Korea as lawful government1948 UN declared S. Korea as lawful government 1949 U.S. occupational troops left S. Korea1949 U.S. occupational troops left S. Korea 1950 North Korea with Soviet support invaded 1950 North Korea with Soviet support invaded

SouthSouth

Korean WarKorean War USSR was boycotting Security Council USSR was boycotting Security Council

(because U.S. would not allow (because U.S. would not allow Communist China to take over Communist China to take over Nationalist China’s seat)Nationalist China’s seat)

So UN Security Council voted that North So UN Security Council voted that North Korea was guilty of breach of peace and Korea was guilty of breach of peace and authorized Harry Truman to send troopsauthorized Harry Truman to send troops

MacArthur made a surprise landing well MacArthur made a surprise landing well North of 18North of 18thth // and Chinese poured in // and Chinese poured in and forced MacArthur’s troops back to and forced MacArthur’s troops back to 3838thth // //

KoreaKorea

Result: 1953 Cease fire at 38Result: 1953 Cease fire at 38thth // // U.S. Policy of containment success U.S. Policy of containment success

in Korea…the SPREAD of in Korea…the SPREAD of communism was preventedcommunism was prevented

Russia under Stalin Russia under Stalin 1945-19531945-1953

During WWII repression was relaxed During WWII repression was relaxed due to increased nationalismdue to increased nationalism

But after WWII the Cold War But after WWII the Cold War inspired more repression, terrorinspired more repression, terror

Between 1946-1953 over 12 million Between 1946-1953 over 12 million Soviets killed by the governmentSoviets killed by the government

Most died in gulagsMost died in gulags More 5-Year PlansMore 5-Year Plans Culture and art purged tooCulture and art purged too

Eastern Europe under Eastern Europe under StalinStalin

Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary, Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, AlbaniaBulgaria, Albania

Yugoslavia led by Tito had freed itself from Yugoslavia led by Tito had freed itself from Nazi domination without USSR’s helpNazi domination without USSR’s help

Was communist but not controlled by Was communist but not controlled by SovietsSoviets

Had mixed economy…some private Had mixed economy…some private ownershipownership


The Red Army and the KGB (Soviet The Red Army and the KGB (Soviet Secret Police) established communist Secret Police) established communist one-party systems in Eastern European one-party systems in Eastern European countriescountries

Czechs seen as a real threat (had been Czechs seen as a real threat (had been a democracy) a democracy)

Over ½ million Czechs were purgedOver ½ million Czechs were purged 200,000 in Hungary, 189,000 Romania200,000 in Hungary, 189,000 Romania 80,000 Albania80,000 Albania


1953 uprising in East Germany was 1953 uprising in East Germany was crushedcrushed

5-Year plans established in Eastern Europe5-Year plans established in Eastern Europe Emphasized heavy industry and Emphasized heavy industry and

agricultureagriculture Economic recovery slow and unevenEconomic recovery slow and uneven

Czechoslovakia fared better than mostCzechoslovakia fared better than most

Nikita Khrushchev 1953-Nikita Khrushchev 1953-19641964

Stalin died in 1953Stalin died in 1953 Widespread fear and hatred of Widespread fear and hatred of

Stalin’s political terrorStalin’s political terror Agriculture in bad shapeAgriculture in bad shape Significant shortages of consumer Significant shortages of consumer

goodsgoods Poor living conditionsPoor living conditions

Khrushchev’s De-Khrushchev’s De-StalinizationStalinization

1956 at 201956 at 20thth Party Congress Party Congress Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s crimes in a secret anti-Stalin speechcrimes in a secret anti-Stalin speech

GosplanGosplan: shifted the focus from : shifted the focus from military and heavy industry to military and heavy industry to agriculture and consumer goodsagriculture and consumer goods

Khrushchev wanted to prove that Khrushchev wanted to prove that communism was superior to the Westcommunism was superior to the West

KhrushchevKhrushchev

During Cold War many newly During Cold War many newly independent Asian and African nations independent Asian and African nations were wooed by both Soviets and were wooed by both Soviets and U.S….promises of aid, etc.U.S….promises of aid, etc.

Told the West (at the UN while banging Told the West (at the UN while banging his shoe on the table) “We will bury his shoe on the table) “We will bury you!” meaning the Soviets would surpass you!” meaning the Soviets would surpass the economies of the U.S. and its alliesthe economies of the U.S. and its allies

The ArtsThe Arts

Anti-Stalinism was toleratedAnti-Stalinism was tolerated Dr. ZhivagoDr. Zhivago by Boris Pasternak: told by Boris Pasternak: told

the story of an intellectual who the story of an intellectual who rejected the brutality of the Bolshevik rejected the brutality of the Bolshevik revolution & Stalinism and is revolution & Stalinism and is ultimately destroyed.ultimately destroyed.

One Day in the Life of Ivan DenisvitchOne Day in the Life of Ivan Denisvitch by Aleksandr Solzenitsyn portrayed by Aleksandr Solzenitsyn portrayed the grim life in a Stalinist gulag the grim life in a Stalinist gulag (Solzenitsyn had been a prisoner)(Solzenitsyn had been a prisoner)

ReformersReformers

Khrushchev was flexibleKhrushchev was flexible Would allow different forms of Would allow different forms of

communism as long as the Communist communism as long as the Communist Party remained in controlParty remained in control

Poland 1956 (Gomulka) rioting in Poland 1956 (Gomulka) rioting in Poland for reform.Poland for reform.

Khrushchev responded by removing Khrushchev responded by removing some troops and allowing limited some troops and allowing limited freedoms freedoms

1956 Hungary1956 Hungary

Students and workers in Budapest Students and workers in Budapest installed a liberal Communist reformer installed a liberal Communist reformer as new leader…as new leader…Imre NagyImre Nagy

Huge demonstrations by Hungarian Huge demonstrations by Hungarian nationalists demanding legalization of nationalists demanding legalization of non-communist partiesnon-communist parties

Rebellion spread throughout the Rebellion spread throughout the countrycountry

Hoped for help from U.S.Hoped for help from U.S. Rebellion was crushed with Soviet tanksRebellion was crushed with Soviet tanks

HungaryHungary

Janos Kadar was installed as leaderJanos Kadar was installed as leader Firm communist rule was Firm communist rule was

establishedestablished Other Eastern European countries Other Eastern European countries

hoped for small gains while hoped for small gains while following party linefollowing party line

Peaceful CoexistencePeaceful Coexistence

Relations with the West improved in Relations with the West improved in the 50’sthe 50’s

Khrushchev wanted to concentrate on Khrushchev wanted to concentrate on improving USSR’s economyimproving USSR’s economy

1955 USSR removed itself from 1955 USSR removed itself from Austria and allowed independenceAustria and allowed independence

Austria had been divided like Austria had been divided like Germany after WWIIGermany after WWII

=huge easing of tensions=huge easing of tensions

Geneva SummitGeneva Summit

USSR, U.S., France, Britain met to USSR, U.S., France, Britain met to discuss disarmamentdiscuss disarmament

No agreement reachedNo agreement reached

Berlin: Khrushchev demanded that the Berlin: Khrushchev demanded that the allies leave Berlinallies leave Berlin

Gave a 6-month deadlineGave a 6-month deadline They did not leave and USSR took no They did not leave and USSR took no

actionaction

Sputnik 1957Sputnik 1957

Demonstrated that the Soviets were Demonstrated that the Soviets were ahead of the U.S. in space ahead of the U.S. in space technologytechnology

Led to the Led to the Space RaceSpace Race with the U.S. with the U.S.

The U-2 IncidentThe U-2 Incident

1960 American U-2 spy plane was 1960 American U-2 spy plane was shot down over USSRshot down over USSR

Pilot lived…Gary PowersPilot lived…Gary Powers Khrushchev demanded an apologyKhrushchev demanded an apology Eisenhower would not give itEisenhower would not give it The scheduled Paris Summit was The scheduled Paris Summit was

cancelledcancelled

The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall

Khrushchev again demanded that Khrushchev again demanded that the West give up their sector of the West give up their sector of BerlinBerlin

They would notThey would not Khrushchev built the Berlin WallKhrushchev built the Berlin Wall

The Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis 19621962

1959 Cuba became a communist 1959 Cuba became a communist countrycountry

Led by Fidel CastroLed by Fidel Castro 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion was U.S. 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion was U.S.

failed attempt to remove Castrofailed attempt to remove Castro Castro agreed to allow USSR to build Castro agreed to allow USSR to build

missile sitesmissile sites U.S. discovered this during Fly-bys U.S. discovered this during Fly-bys

(Kennedy)(Kennedy)

The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

U.S. placed a blockade around CubaU.S. placed a blockade around Cuba Soviet and U.S. ships at a stand-offSoviet and U.S. ships at a stand-off

In the end: Khrushchev agreed to In the end: Khrushchev agreed to remove Cuban missile sites if U.S. would remove Cuban missile sites if U.S. would remove theirs in Turkeyremove theirs in Turkey

U.S. promised to stop trying to remove U.S. promised to stop trying to remove CastroCastro

The crisis led to Khrushchev’s downfall The crisis led to Khrushchev’s downfall

1963 Nuclear Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Test Ban TreatyTreaty

U.S., USSR, Britain signed a treaty U.S., USSR, Britain signed a treaty banning atmospheric testing in order to banning atmospheric testing in order to ease tensionsease tensions

France refused to sign (she was still France refused to sign (she was still developing her nukes)developing her nukes)

China became a nuclear power in 1964. China became a nuclear power in 1964. Split with USSR because Russia did not Split with USSR because Russia did not share secrets of the bombshare secrets of the bomb

The End of KhrushchevThe End of Khrushchev

Khrushchev’s policies seemed Khrushchev’s policies seemed unsuccessful and erratic by Politburo unsuccessful and erratic by Politburo (Berlin, Missile Crisis, losing China)(Berlin, Missile Crisis, losing China)

Space program expensiveSpace program expensive No improvement in consumer goodsNo improvement in consumer goods Agricultural projects unsuccessfulAgricultural projects unsuccessful Quiet removal of Khrushchev by Quiet removal of Khrushchev by

conservative Stalinists October 1964conservative Stalinists October 1964

the cold war and nationalism

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