the cell cycle and cell division. think about it… why do cells stay small? dna overload = limit to...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE CELL CYCLE and
CELL DIVISION
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Think about it…why do cells stay small?
DNA Overload = Limit to Cell Growth
The information stored in that DNA is able to meet all of the cell’s needs in a small cell
If a cell grows too large, the DNA cannot produce enough proteins to supply the cell
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CELL DIVISION-before it becomes too large, a growing
‘parent’ cell divides into 2 ‘daughter’ cells
**Before cell division occurs, the cell replicates all of its DNA, one set/daughter
**2 main stages of eukaryotic cell division:1. Mitosis – division of the cell nucleus
2. Cytokinesis – division of cell cytoplasm
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Liver cell completes cell division – Magnification 11,500x
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Chromosomes Genetic information is passed from one
generation to the next on chromosomes (made of DNA).
Chromosomes are only visible in most cells during cell division (other times, the DNA is in the not visible chromatin state)
Before cell division, the DNA condenses into compact structures, chromosomes
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Chromosomes Once copied, each
chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids.
Centromere –attachment
After cell division, each new cell receives one sister chromatid
Centromere
Sister chromatids
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THE CELL CYCLE
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The Cell Cycle
During the cell cycle: a cell grows prepares for division divides
Interphase is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions
-followed by mitosis and cytokinesis
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The Cell Cycle
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increases in sizesynthesizes proteins & organelles
chromosome replicatedDNA synthesis takes place
Enters S phase
completes cycle
organelles and molecules required for cell division are producedOnce G2 is complete, the cell is ready to start the M phase—Mitosis
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Mitosis
The process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells
from a single parent cell
The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent
cell.
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Animated Cycle
http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
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Mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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ProphaseSpindle forming
Chromosomes (paired
chromatids)Centromere
Mitosis: PROPHASE
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Prophase 1st & longest phase
Centrioles separate and take up positions @ nuclear poles
Spindle, a microtubule structure, forms between the centrioles
Nuclear envelope breaks down.
Spindle forming
CentromereChromosomes(paired chromatids)
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Centriole
Centriole
Spindle
Metaphase
Mitosis: METAPHASE
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Metaphase
The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell aka
metaphase plate
Microtubules connect the centromeres to the fibers of the spindle.
Centriole
Spindle
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Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Mitosis: ANAPHASE
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Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes.
The chromosomes move and separate into two groups.
Individualchromosomes
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Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Mitosis: TELOPHASE
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TelophaseChromosomes gather
at opposite ends of the cell & lose their distinct shape
New nuclear envelopes forms around each cluster
Spindle breaks apart & nucleoli reappear
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Cytokinesis
CYTOKINESIS
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Cytokinesis
Not a phase of mitosis
Cell membrane pinches in and the cytoplasm is split between the 2 cells
Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes
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Cytokinesis in Plants Cell plate
forms midway between the divided nuclei.
Cell wallCell plate
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Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Animal Mitosis
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Plant Mitosis Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
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Cells in Mitosis
http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/mitosis1.html
http://web.mac.com/mrgaskell/iWeb/Science%20Extras/Mitosis%20Slides.html
Things to look:Shape of Cell & If there is a division forming between cells
Chromosomes & Location Presence of a nucleus
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Mitosis Animations
http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB
0
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/biochem.swf
http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/anim_mitosis.html
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/Cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
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Controls on Cell Division Normal cells reproduce until they come
into contact with other cells. When cells come into contact with other
cells, they respond by not growing. This shows that cell growth and division
can be turned on and off.
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Cell Cycle Regulators Regulated by a specific protein called cyclin Cyclin concentration rises and falls in time
with the cell cycleo Internal Regulators:
-Proteins responding to events inside cell
- Allow the cell cycle to proceed only when certain processes have happened inside the cell.
o External Regulators:
-Proteins responding to events outside cell
-direct cells to speed up/slow down the cell cycle
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Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth
cells lose the ability to control growth.
Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells.
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably and form masses of cells called tumors that can damage the surrounding tissues.
Metastasis-cancer cells may break loose from tumors and spread throughout the body
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Cancer Cells
http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer/activities/activity2_animations.htm
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Interphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Prophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Metaphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Anaphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Telophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Meiosis
cell division by which germ cells (eggs and sperm) are produced.
One parent cell produces four daughter cells (not genetically identical)
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During meiosis, DNA replicates once, but the nucleus divides twice.
Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes (n=haploid) found in
the original parent cell (2n=diploid)
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Meiosis I• Prophase 1: Each chromosome duplicates and
remains closely associated. These are called sister chromatids.
• Metaphase 1: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
• Anaphase 1: Chromosome pairs separate with sister chromatids remaining together.
• Telophase 1: Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter containing only one chromosome of the chromosome pair.
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Prophase I
http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
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Prophase I
http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
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Metaphase I
http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
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Telophase I
http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
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MEIOSIS II• Prophase 2: DNA does not replicate.
• Metaphase 2: Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
• Anaphase 2: Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move separately to each pole
• Telophase 2: Cell division is complete
4 haploid daughter cells are formed
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Prophase II
http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
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Metaphase II
http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
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Telophase II
http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
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Meiosis
http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/apr_3.html.
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Meiosis Animation
http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/movie/meiosis.htm
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Crossing OverA section of 1 chromosome switches places with
the same section from the other chromosome
http://www.accessexcellence.org
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http://post.queensu.ca/
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Differences in Mitosis & Meiosis
• Mitosis– Asexual– Cell divides once– Two daughter cells– Genetic information is
identical
• Meiosis– Sexual– Cell divides twice– Four haploid daughter
cells– Genetic information is
different
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Purpose of Reproduction
• To make sure a species can continue.– Definition: Reproduction is the process by
which an organism produces others of its same kind.
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Asexual Reproduction
• A new organism produced from 1 organism
• The offspring will have hereditary material uniform with the hereditary material of the parent organism. This means they will be genetically alike.
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Sexual Reproduction
• Requires two sex cells – egg and sperm
• The egg and sperm join to form an entirely new organism– Different from the parent organism
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IMPORTANT!
• Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism
• Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically different from the parent organisms-more energy so….
WHY IS IT WORTH IT?
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Comparison Animations
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sciber/animatin.htm