unit 5: cell division & dna
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Unit 5: Cell Division & DNA
What you need to Know:
1. HE.5.B.1: Model the components of a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide.
2. HE.5.B.2: Describe the Watson-Crick double helix model of DNA, using base-
pairing rule.
3. HE.5.B.3: Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA.
4. HE.5.B.4: Describe and model the processes of replication, transcription, and
translation.
5. MC.2.B.8: Describe the main events of the cell cycle, including the differences in
plant and animal cell division:
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
6. MC.2.B.9: List in order and describe the stages of mitosis:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
7. MC.2.B.10: Analyze the meiotic maintenance of a constant chromosome number
from one generation to the next.
Vocabulary
Anaphase Third phase of mitosis when the sister chromatids begin to separate at the centromere and reach opposite poles.
Base Pairs Pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule.
Cancer Uncontrolled cell division
Cell Cycle The events of cell division; includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Cell Division The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. (referred to as mitosis in eukaryotic cells and binary fission in prokaryotic cells.)
Centriole A barrel-shaped cell structure involved in cell division and found in most animal eukaryotic cells, though it is absent in higher plants and most fungi.
Chromatid One strand from a copied chromosome joined by a centromere.
Chromosome A tightly coiled strand of DNA. Visible with light microscope.
Codon A section of mRNA that is three nitrogen bases long and codes for an amino acid.
Cytokinesis The division of cytoplasm of one cell into two cells
Diploid (2n) Cells which have two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father.
DNA The genetic material of most organisms
Double Helix Shape of DNA molecule made of repeating nucleotides. Looks like a twisting ladder.
G1 Phase (Growth phase 1) Period of activity in the cell cycle in which cells do most of their growing, and proteins and organelles are also produced.
G2 Phase (Prep for mitosis) Following the S phase it’s the shortest phase of the 3, when organelles and molecules are produced during the cell cycle and the cell prepares for division.
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Haploid (n) Cells which have one copy of each chromosome: The number of chromosomes in a gamete of an individual.
Homologous Chromosomes
Identical Chromosome set with the same genes -one from mom and one from dad.
Interphase Time period in the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA and prepares to divide.
Meiosis The reproduction division process when haploid (n) gametes are formed.
Metaphase Second phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell.
Mitosis The replication of a nucleus to form 2 nuclei with identical sets of chromosomes.
Nitrogen Bases Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine (and uracil in RNA). Paired up, they make the steps of the DNA “ladder.”
Peptide bond Bonds between amino acids
Prophase The first phase of mitosis when duplicated chromosomes shorten and thicken (condense) and spindle fibers form. The nuclear envelope also disappears.
Replication A biological process occurring during S phase of the cell cycle when DNA is copied.
S phase (Synthesis phase) Part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase.
Sex chromosome The X and Y chromosomes that determine sex. 23rd pair in humans.
Spindle Fibers Cytoskeleton structure formed from the centrioles that attaches to the centromeres and separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division.
Telophase Final phase of mitosis when the nuclear envelope re-appears, chromosomes uncoil and the cell is pinching inward.
Transcription Copying a section of DNA to make mRNA.
Translation (Protein synthesis) Process of taking the genetic code on mRNA and making a chain of amino acids (protein).
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1. HE.5.B.1: Model the components of a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide.
RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide
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2. HE.5.B.2: Describe the Watson-Crick double helix model of DNA, using base-pairing rules.
Use the base pairing rules to create the
other side of the DNA molecule:
A T C C G A A A T G T G G A T
__________________________________
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DNA Facts:
_____ meters of DNA in each cell of your body
DNA wraps around ______________ proteins to form chromatin
Before cell division, _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
How DNA condenses:
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3. HE.5.B.3: Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA.
RNA DNA
Structure:
Function:
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4. HE.5.B.4: Describe and model the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.
Explain in your own words the process of replication:
DNA Replication:
What stage of the cell cycle does
DNA Replication occur in?
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Terminology for Protein Synthesis:
Transcription:
Translation:
mRNA:
tRNA:
rRNA:
Codon:
Anticodon:
Ribosome:
Example: The table to the right is used to determine the amino acid to add.
DNA
TAC CGG TAA CGC
Process:
mRNA
Process:
Amino Acids
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Step 1 of Protein Synthesis: Transcription
Draw and label transcription:
Explain transcription in words:
Step 2 of Protein Synthesis: Translation
Draw translation:
Explain translation in words:
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5. MC.2.B.8: Describe the main events of the cell cycle, including the differences in plant and
animal cell division: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
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Step 1: ______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: ________________
Purpose: Purpose: Purpose: Gap 1 (G1):
Prophase:
Cytokinesis:
In plants:
In animals:
Synthesis (S):
Metaphase:
Gap 2 (G2): Anaphase
Telophase:
Why we need cell division:
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6. MC.2.B.9: List in order and describe the stages of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase
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7. MC.2.B.10: Analyze the meiotic maintenance of a constant chromosome number from one
generation to the next.
Purpose of Meiosis:
Importance of creating haploid cells:
How does each sex
cell become
unique?
Fertilization:
Egg and Sperm each created through meiosis
Egg and Sperm combine during Fertilization
Fertilization creates a new individual
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Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis: Vocabulary
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Cell divides twice
Makes diploid cells
Creates identical cells
Makes somatic cells
Makes haploid cells
Makes gametes
Used to grow and heal
Used to create sex cells for reproduction
Creates unique cells
Cell divides once
Mitosis Meiosis 1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Fertilization: Gamete + Gamete = Zygote or Egg + Sperm = Zygote
Haploid + Haploid = Diploid or 1 + 1 = 2
Complete the table below:
Haploid Diploid Egg/sperm Zygote
Human 23 Maize (corn) 10
Earthworm 36 Dog 78
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Test Review:
1. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
2. Draw a nucleotide.
3. What are the base pairing rules for DNA?
4. Use the base pairing rules to complete the complementary side of the DNA sequence:
A T G C C G A A T G T _________________________
5. What is the shape of DNA called?
6. What are the base pairing rules for RNA?
7. Use the base pairing rules to complete an mRNA molecule from the DNA template below:
A T G C C G A A T G T _________________________
8. List three differences between DNA and RNA.
9. List the functions of each of the following:
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
10. Describe the DNA molecules that are created in DNA replication.
19 11. Describe the two steps of protein synthesis:
Trans____________
Trans____________
12. Fill in the following table for protein synthesis:
DNA TAC GCA TTC AAA
Process:
mRNA
Process:
Amino
Acid
13. What are the 3 main events of the cell cycle, what are their main functions, and what phases/stages are included in
each?
Event: Main Function: Phases/Stages/Steps
14. What occurs in each of the following stages:
a. G1:
b. S:
c. G2:
20 15. List the phases of mitosis and describe what happens in each:
Phase: What happens:
16. Describe the difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and cytokinesis in plant cells.
17. Why do cells created through meiosis have to be haploid?
18. What would happen to an organism if their gametes were diploid and not haploid?