cell growth & division. limits to cell growth dna “overload”: if a cell gets to big, dna...
DESCRIPTION
Cell Size Surface Area (length x width x 6) Volume (length x width x height) Ratio of Surface Area to VolumeTRANSCRIPT
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Cell Growth & Division
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Limits to Cell Growth
• DNA “Overload”: if a cell gets to big, DNA cannot serve the increasing needs of the growing cell.
• Exchanging Material: If a cell gets to big, food, oxygen, water, cannot get in quick enough and wastes cannot get out quick enough.
• Ratio of Surface Area to Volume: Volume increases much more rapidly than surface area
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Cell Size
Surface Area (length x width x 6)
Volume (length x width x height)Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
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Chromosomes
• Contain the genetic information (DNA)
• They are not visible except during cell division.
• Humans have 46• Fruit flies have 8• Carrots have 18
Sister ChromatidsCentromere
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includes
is divided into is divided into
Concept Map
Cell Cycle
M phase (Mitosis)
Interphase
G1 phase S phase ProphaseG2 phase Metaphase TelophaseAnaphase
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M phase
G2 phase
S phase
G1 phase
Cell Cycle
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The Cell Cycle
• Interphase: the “in-between” period of growth; longest & busiest phase of the cell cycle
• During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides into 2 daughter cells, then each begin the cycle again.
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Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Interphase: Cell Growth
• G1 cells are growing, synthesizing proteins and organelles.
• S: chromosomes are replicated• G2: organelles and other molecules
required for cell division are produced
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Mitosis
• It is divided into 4 phases• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase
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Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Prophase
• First and longest phase.• Centrioles separate and move to opposite
sides of the nucleus.• Centrioles help to organize the spindle
fibers• Chromatin condenses into chromosomes• Nuclear envelope breaks down.
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Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Metaphase
• The chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell (at the equator).
• Each chromosome is connected to the spindle fiber by the centromere.
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Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Anaphase
• The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart to opposite poles.
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Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Telophase
• Chromosomes begin to untangle.• Two nuclear envelopes will form• Spindle begins to break down.• Nucleolus becomes visible.
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Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Cytokinesis
• The cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.
• In plants the cells do not separate but form a cell plate between the 2 nuclei and the cell wall starts to form.
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Results of Cell Division
• 2 daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as the original (parent) cell.
• Ex. 24 → 2 cells each with 24• All of our body cells go through mitosis.• Mitosis is used for growth and
development, healing, & when cells die from old age.