Chapter Three

The Cardiorespiratory System

Figure 3.1 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

THE HEART-TWO PUMPS IN ONE McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved4

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedArteries Veins

Blood pressure: What is it?

Systolic (systole)Diastolic (diastole)BLOOD VESSELS McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedCARDIORESPIRATORY TERMS Resting Heart Rate (RHR)

Maximum Heart Rate (HR Max or MHR)

Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)

Stroke Volume

Cardiac Output

VO2 Max (Maximal Oxygen Consumption)

Frank Starling Law of the Heart

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedATP (adenosine triphosphate)

What? Where? How?ENERGY PRODUCTION

Mitochondria McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedImmediate Energy System ATP-PCr phosphocreatine

Nonoxidative (anaerobic) Energy System Lactic Acid System Anaerobic Glycolysis

Oxidative (aerobic) Energy System THREE ENERGY SYSTEMS McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

CHANGES IN CARBOHYDRATE and FAT UTILIZATION DURING 90 MINUTES of AEROBIC EXERCISE. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

THE ENERGY CONTINUUM McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

THE ENERGY CONTINUUM McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

CONTRIBUTIONS OF AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedImmediateNonoxidativeOxidativeDuration of Activity0-10 seconds10 seconds-2 minutes2 minutesIntensity of ActivityVery highHighLowRate of ATP ProductionImmediate, very rapidRapid(2 ATP per 1 molecule glucose)Slower, but prolonged (38 ATP per 1 molecule of glucose)FuelATP and Creatine PhosphateGlycogen and GlucoseGlucose, Fat, ProteinOxygen?No (Anaerobic)No (Anaerobic)Yes (Aerobic)Limited by?Creatine PhosphateLactic AcidFuel sources, fatigueENERGY SYSTEM COMPARISONS McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedBenefits of Cardiorespiratory Endurance ExerciseImproved Cardiorespiratory FunctioningImproved Cellular MetabolismReduced Risk of Chronic DiseaseCardiovascular DiseasesCancerType 2 DiabetesOsteoporosisDeaths from All Causes

Better Control of Body FatImproved immune FunctionImproved Psychological and Emotional Well-Being

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedBENEFITS OF CARDIORESPIRATORY EXERCISE TRAINING EFFECT

Improvements in Cardio-respiratory Function

a. VO2 Max (maximal oxygen consumption) b. heart works less at given work load. Why? 1. stroke volume 2. cardiac output 2. rest for heart between beats (RHR) 3. oxygen carrying capacity of blood c. heart rate d. blood pressure at given work load e. increased lactate threshold

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedVO2 Max

Age Declines after age 25-30

2. Heredity Contributes 25-40%

3. Body Composition Profound effect

4. Nutritional Habits Profound effect

5. Training 20-30% increase

6. Mode of Exercise Depends on quantity of muscle mass used McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedBob weighs 220 lbs or 100 kg with 20 % body fat (2.2 lbs = 1 kg) Bobs VO2 = 40 ml/kg minWhat effect would a 10% weight lose have on Bobs VO2 Max?

4L / 100 kg = 40 ml/kg min4L / 90 kg = 44.4 ml/kg min

Bob starts training and gains a 20% improvement. What is his VO2 Max?

44.4 X 20% = 8.88 + 44.4 = 53.3 ml/kg minEFFECT of TRAINING and BODY COMPOSITION on VO2Max McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedLACTATE (ANAEROBIC ) THRESHOLDWHAT? WHEN? WHY? McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

LACTATE (ANAEROBIC) THRESHOLD McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedTwo male runners are competing in a 10 K race (6.2 miles)Each has a VO2 Max of 40 ml/kg min.Runner As lactate threshold is 70% of his VO2Runner Bs lactate threshold is 85% of his VO2All things being equal who will win?

A. 40 ml/kg min X 70% = 28 ml/kg min

40 ml/kg min X 85% = 34 ml/kg min

Winner B !!!LACTATE (ANAEROBIC ) THRESHOLD in ENDURANCE ACTIVITIES McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved2. Health Benefits a. Risk of Heart Disease b. blood pressure c. high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol d. low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol e. body fatness (easier weight control) f. risk Type 2 diabetes) g. bone density h. immune function i. long term quality of life

BENEFITS of IMPROVED CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved3. Muscular adaptations a. size and number of mitochondria b. ability to use fat for energy c. size of muscle fibers being trained d. capillaries e. muscle tone and endurance BENEFITS of IMPROVED CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved4. Emotional Benefits a. anxiety and depression b. feelings of well being (self-esteem) c. work, recreational, and sport performance d. improved sleep e. easier weight controlBENEFITS of IMPROVED CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedMonitoring Your Heart RateCarotid artery in the neck

Radial artery in the wrist

Count beats for 10 seconds and multiply the result by 6 to get rate in beats per minute

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedComponents of an Exercise Prescription to Improve Cardiorespiratory FitnessModeFrequencyIntensityDuration McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedFREQUENCY =

INTENSITY =

TIME =

TYPE =F.I.T.T. FORMULA McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedTARGET HEART RATE (INTENSITY)64%-90% of Heart Rate Max (HRmax)

Or

40%-85% of Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved

RPE RATE of PERCEIVED EXERTION McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved Warm Up Conditioning Bout Cool Down 5-15 minutes 20-30 minutes 5-15 minutes HEART

RATEResting RateMaximum Rate Target Heart Rate McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights ReservedUntrained or people with certain cardio-respiratory diseases will have larger DEBTS and DEFICITSOxygen DEBT & Oxygen DEFICITOxygen Debt(EPEOC)Oxygen DeficitSteady StateVO2VO2RestOnsetTerminationEXERCISE TIMEOxygen Debt and DeficitOxygen Deficit due to: delay in time for aerobic ATP production to supply energyOxygen Debt due to: resynthesis of PCr (creatine phosphate), ATP replace oxygen stores lactate conversion to glucose Change in HR, respiration, body temperature McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved