UNCLASSIFIED

Defense Technical Information CenterCompilation Part Notice

ADP010763TITLE: The B-Hunter UAV System

DISTRIBUTION: Approved for public release, distribution unlimited

This paper is part of the following report:

TITLE: Development and Operation of UAVs forMilitary and Civil Applications [Developpement et

utilisation des avions sans pilote [UAV] pour des

applications civiles et militaires]

To order the complete compilation report, use: ADA390637

The component part is provided here to allow users access to individually authored sections

f proceedings, annals, symposia, ect. However, the component should be considered within

he context of the overall compilation report and not as a stand-alone technical report.

The following component part numbers comprise the compilation report:

ADPO10752 thru ADPO10763

UNCLASSIFIED

11-1

The B-HUNTER UAV System(October 1999)

Robert DELOGNE, IrB-HUNTER UAV Program Manager

EAGLE Temporary Associationc/o SONACA S.A.

Parc Industriel -- Route Nationale CinqB-6041 GOSSELIES

Belgium

Abstract

"File purpose of this paper consists to provide a general overview of the B-HUNTER UAV System that has been chosenby the Belgian Army Ground Forces. From year 2001, the B-HUNTER UAV system will replace the Epervier UAVSystem which was in use in the Belgian Army since more than 20 years.

The B-HUNTER UAV System is derived from the US Short Range HUNTER Tactical UAV that has been developedand qualified according to the most severe NATO requirements by a joint venture composed of Israel Aircraft

Industries Ltd. (IAI) and TRW Inc. It has been recently successfully deployed in Kosovo operation with provenoperational results that have been reported in profusion of press releases.

This paper will describe the main upgrades at system and subsystem level that will be performed in the frame of the

Belgian Contract by the Belgian EAGLE Temporary Association. The B-HUNTER UAV system and subsystem aredescribed.

In the course of the B-HUNTER UAV Program, a lot of attention will be paid to the potential integration of the B-

HUNTER UAV System in the civil air space. According to the Belgian law, UAV Systems have to comply with thefollowing overall safety objective : "The B-HUNTER UAV System must allow during all its life safely execution of

UAV missions above populated areas taking into account Belgian environmental conditions". A short introduction to

the activities performed in the frame of the B-HUNTER UAV program with regards to airworthiness issues ispresented.

Introduction according to MIL-810 standards under the following

conditions : altitude, rain, humidity, warm and coldconditions, salt environment, fog, dust and sand, roadtest , and rail impact.

1.1. The heritage of the B-HUNTER.

The operational success of the B-HUNTER comes from f .. ..the heritage of the developments of UAV by theMALAT Division of IAI started from 1974. In 1982, thefirst SCOUT UAV generation was used in mission inLebanon by the Israeli ground and airforces. SecondIAI-MALAT UAVs generation were deployed during 7-the Gulf War with the US Government PIONEERSystems. These systems have also been extensively usedduring operations in Bosnia for peace keepingoperations. The third generation of IAI-MALAT UAVs

include the HUNTER Short Range Tactical UAV, the -SEARCHER and other systems that fly today with -----------

success in more than 18 countries all over the world. The propulsion system has been subject to altitude and

Seven HUNTER Tactical UAV Systems have been temperature tests according to FAR 33 standards from

delivered to the US Army in 1995 after an extensive the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR). These US Shrt

qualification program aimed to efficiently operate the Range HUNTER Tactical UAV Systems are now usedsystem in all climatic and extreme meteorological by the military intelligence 15"' battalion of the III US

conditions. The system as been extensively tested Corps and are currently successfully deployed in Kosovo

Paper presented at the RTO AVT Course on "Development and Operation of UAVs for Military and Civil Applications",

held in Rhode-Saint-Genz~se, Belgium, 13-17 September 1999, and published in RTO EN-9.

11-2

operations. Description

More recently a modernised F-HUNTER UAV System 2.1. System Overview.has been purchased by the French ground and airforces.It is currently used with success and has reached the The B-HUNTER UAV System is designed to be utilisedsame performances in terms of operational availability in the Belgian Armed Forces for information gatheringthan the American system. in threat environments that pose risk to a manned or

piloted air mission, or where extended surveillanceAfter a huge tendering process including extensive flight mission times are required. The system is based on theand ground evaluation tests, the Belgian UAV Contract HUNTER system that has been fielded by the USof the Belgian Army ground forces has been awarded to Ground Forces.the EAGLE Temporary Association ina December 1998. Information is gathered by the system for intelligence,

It is to be mentioned that three NATO countries have target acquisition, and battle damage assessment. Thenow chosen the HUNTER based UAV system with all information is returned to the ground station via a full

the advantages that their choice could bring in terms of duplex RF link operating in the C band.

international cooperation, life cycle cost monitoring andcommonalties for future improvements. The B-HUNTER UAV System is capable of being

operated, maintained, transported and deployed as a self-contained system. Each B-HUNTER System comprises

1.2. B-HUNTER UAV System major the following:improvements • 6 B-HUNTER UAVs (including airbornecommunication and IMINT payload)

Since its original conception, major improvements have 2oGrundc ation s (GCa)0 2 Ground Control Stations (GCS)continuously been made on the original HUNTER

System which is today a proven system in the fields of a 2 Ground Data Terminals (GDT)software, aids to mission planing, use of ground control . I Lot of Integrated Logistic Support (ILS)stations and interface with modern tactical * 1 Lot of Ground Support and Test Equipmentcommunications. (GSTE)

New improvements of the HUNTER UAV System will Additionally, a total of five (5) Portable Ruggedizedbe made in the framne the B-HUNTER UAV Program Control Stations (PRCS) and two (2) Operatorordered by the Belgian Ground Forces. These include : Proficiency Trainers (OPT) are provided.

* Implementation of a new airborne avionicscomputer Figure 2. depicts the major components and interfaces of

* Automatic Take-Off and Landing System the system.

* Fourth Generation Ground Control Station withupgraded mission planning and control software B- HUNTERSYSTEM

* Integration within the Belgian Army infrastructure GPS

(tactical communications, reporting to Intelligenceechelon, ... ) AV

While still complying with the environmentalrequirements, where ever it is possible, it will be calledto extensive use of Commercial Of The Shelve (COTS)equipment as well as Non Developmental Items (NDI), GSE GDT GDTin order to reduce the life cycle cost.

These improvements will be performed by the EAGLETemporary Association constituted under the Belgian RAPS Claw of Israel Aircraft Industries Ltd., SAlT Systems - RAT GCS GCS

Brussels, SONACA Charleroi, THOMSON-CSF (LRS) (MS)Electronics Belgium - Tubize and THOMSON-CSFSystems Belgium - Antwerpen.

Figure 2. B-HUNTER UA U' .,stcm Major ComponentsB-HUNTER UAV System The UAV is a twin engine, fixed wing configuration. It

11-3

is either flown remotely from the GCS or autonomouslyusing a predetermined flight plan. GDT Camouflage &

f•:iOption Enornal K Personal Equip•,.1Ph 22U VAC • -i_•%:,

The UAV is capable of carrying a payload to accomplish 1 ,,2---the system's missions. The payload is a dual sensor- / ,GCSconfiguration using a CCD camera and a FLIR, thuscapable of operating in both day and night. The payload 3a 3 Ph Gen

provides Real-time video images to the GCS, via theGDT. The video images and target position data from Iigure 4. Alissio, ('ureol Site

the system may be used directly by commanders at theground or relayed to external Command-Control- The B-IIUNTER UAV system will meet theCommunication Information systems (C31). requirements concerinmg Security, Hygiene,

Embellishment and the legislation concerning theThe flight path for specific missions may be pre- Environment, as apply to military equipment anddetermined by specifying waypoint coordinates on a foreseen in the RFP and the proposal.map displayed by the mission planning computer in theGCS. Using digitized maps, waypoints and flight times 2.2. Missionsare specified to create a flight plan. Payload control The UAV System will be capable of fulfilling thecommands are determined to carry out the specified following missionsmission. The mission, air vehicle and payload . Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) Combat Informationcommands are downloaded to the air vehicle mission with day/night capabilitycomptuter during thle pre-flight procedure. Damage Assessment with a day/night capacity

0 Target AcquisitionAny of the pre-programmed flight commands, stored in T

the UAV mission comnputer, may be overridden or * Artillery Adjustment

changed by the air vehicle operator at the grotind controlstation during flight. New waypoints may be specified The main tasks of the IMINT combat information for theand Real-timle operation of the payload can be provided division consist of locating the reserves, the headquartersby the payload operator. and the artillery positions of the enemy through the

interpretation of images. The UAV System will alsohave the capability of performing the following tasksThe UAV takeoff is either a conventional runway

takeoff or by launching, using a RATO lancher. Both - Gathering information about certain parts of the

methods use the ATLS to accomplish an automatic terrainiprocess. The UAV is automatically landed by the Gathering information about infrastructure havingAutomatic Take-Off and Landing System (ATLS). In military importance

case of an emergency, the recovery is by Using a Localization ant attitude of enemy unitsparacte. - Confirming information gathered by other means

- Directing the search for other means of information

The B-HUNTER UAV System is capable of deployment - Delivery of proof through imagesin two sites: Zone surveillancea Launch and Recovery Site (LRS) - Figure 3. - Border Strveillance

- Control of disarmament agreements• MisionConrol ite(MCS - igur 4.Following movements of troops and refugesThe sites may be at a distance limited by the Belgian - sFoloing movmnts

- - Escorting Of Coltumnstactical communication range.

In the Damage Assessment mission, the UAV System~ - - 7 will supply contintots and reliable information to theWillltn Su pl C ntnu usa

at- . division level relating to the results of the fire support.

For Target Acquisition missions, the UAV System willPC.. "- 3.Ph G- provide continuous and reliable information to the

- - 7 division level relating to the detection and the.....- acquisition of possible targets for- support in depth, in

order to make accurate localization of enemy commandMSF MM posts, liaison centres, logistic installations, rocket

,: launching ramps, AA and AT units and reserves.

Figure 3 launch aMd Recovcr' Site For Artillery AdiUstlnent missions, the UAV System will

11-4

provide reliable information to the fire control centre of * Capture still imagesthe supported field artillery unit relating to the distance * Visualize and interpret the already captured(in meters) between the effect of one artillery shot and images (analog video from playback and stills)the target. of an earlier or an ongoing mission

* Transmit the relevant information (intrep,overlays, still images) from the captured images

2.3. Operators and Tasks to the higher echelon Branch 2.The main operational tasks are

"* Mission Commander"* Mission Planner"* Pilot Navigator" Real Time Observer It"* Off Line Analyst"* Field Operators

Each one of these main tasks comprises either real-time A:tasks or off-line tasks; the real time tasks are the PilotNavigator and the Real Time Observer tasks, the off-linetasks are the Mission Planner and the Off Line Analysttasks, while the Mission Commander tasks are dividedinto real-time tasks and off -line tasks. Three operatorswill manage the tasks as follows: Figure 5. GCS operations

- Operator No. I - Mission Commander, The Pilot Navigator has the capabilities required toPlanner and Off Line Analyst

execute and follow up the flight mission, including:- Operator No. 2 - Pilot Navigator

- Operator No.3- Real Time ZObserver Perform self test of his console and the GDTSOperator No. 4. - Field Operators Perform Pre-set procedure of the flightassociated

data

The Mission Commander, Planner and Offline Analyst * Update Overlay datawill have the following capabilities : * Plan flight routes, analyze them and load to thea) Functions Commander: UAV

"* Receive in the GCS the alphanumeric * Monitor the UAV launch, and systems duringOperation Order (00) containing the necessary flightdata a Select the flight modes and steer the UAV

"* Evaluate in the GCS the tactical situation * Operate the UAV sub-systemsthrough a Tac Sit overlay received in the 0 Perform emergency proceduresframework of the operation order ( threat,meteo. data, etc.) The Real Time Observer will have the capabilities

"* Monitor the execution of the flight mission and required to execute and follow up the flight mission,take the necessary action in case of an including:emergency situation. 0 Perform self test of his console

"* Inforn the responsible operators of the UAV 0 Visualize real time images coming from theSystem and its higher echelon concerning the IMINT payloadconduct of the flight mission so that the * Control all IMINT payload functions andnecessary measures can be taken to adjust the operational modesmission, to correct the execution of future * Monitor payload statusmissions and/or to analyze eventual human 9 Annotate images for later analysis by the Off-errors and/or failures of the material during theexectedmisson.Line Analyst (this capability is also availableexecuted mission. for the Off-Line Analyst)

b) Planner Functions:* Annotate items of interest on the image for later

* Make a correct plan of the flight mission,including overlay updates, route planning and analisy the OLine Analy this

capability can also be performed by the Off-route analysis (this function can also be Line Analyst)performed by the Pilot Navigator)

c) Off-line Analysis Functions: * Steer the UAV

* View real-time video The Field Operators in the LRS Site are responsible for

11-5

testing of the UAV, preparing it for launch, setting upthe Auto-land sensor, post flight activities and other Its main technical performance allow to the following

activities concerning the operation of the UAV and the * Video tracker

fits operation. • [LR and CCD sensor capabilities- Detection (NFOW) :: 7.5 km- Detection (WFOW) -- 5 kim- Recognition -2.5 kn- Identification > 1.5 kmi

2.5. Data-link

The B-HUNTER UAV System employs primary andsecondary (back-up) uplink comrnunication channels

and one downlink (wideband). The same frame format isused by the prinary and backup channel, through each

of the operational phases described below. The UAVemploys an emiergency logic in which the functional

. uplink replaces the malfunction uplirik, as the active

I 'gurc6 lI01d()fl'ryuis, controlling channel, in case of UAV control channelfailure (either primary or backup).Thiis logic is

2.4. Modulari Optronic Stabilized Payload implemented through all operational phases of the UAV.(MOSP) a. Operational Modes (Takeoff/ Landing / Mission )

"The MOSP is a IAI-TAMAM stabilized passive electro- The UAV communication system operates via the GDT

optical system. variable line of sight. designed to and the ADT. During the Takeoff/Landing phase, omni

provide the observer with the capabi lity for acquiring antennas are used in both the UAV and GDT, while in

and tracking targets under day and inight conditions. tthe Mission phase, the GDT and/or UAV use directionalantenna. The onboard transmitter and receiver arecontrolled by the DCPA

b. Uplink Backup OperationBoth primary and backup channels are suitable to serveas the UAV sole controlling channel (distancedependent). Normally, both uplinks are continuouslytransmitted by the GDT and received by the UAV,constituting a "lHot Backup Logic" within the UAV.The functional uplink channels immediately replaces theSmalfunction uplink, as the active controlling channel,without the need for re-synchronization. This backup

operation automatically occurs in case of malfunction inthe controlling channel.

c. UAV I-land-overIn this phase. UAV control is transferred between the

-i,,', t /k'I(lU(J~ n GCS of the MCS and the GCS of the LRS and viceversa. This process is performed while both stations

The MOSP payload: receive downlink channel (via the UAV omni antenna).

"* Enables the operator to acquire targets during day At a start of a mission the GCS of the LRS controls the

and night engagements. UAV via the primary channel and the GCS of the MCS

"* Provides the capability to track targets either communicates with the UAV via the backup channel.manually by using a uostick or automatically b% The process starts when the G(CS of the MCS requests

usinM, the TV tracker with either Camera Lens the LAV to grant control via the backup channel. The

Assembly (CLA) or Forward Looking Infra Red process is accomplished when the GCS of the LRSFLIAR) sensoras image source, approves the request. Both uplink channels, primary

• Provides the capability to select between thle CLA (UPL I) and backulp (UPI, 2) are Used for this Hand-"image aP d the aIaR image, over to assure continuous control during the changeover.

* Provides Line of Sight (ILOS) direction (bearing and

depression) in reference to the UAV axes.

11-6

d. Operator Initiated Change-Over The UAV is capable of landing on a straight and levelThe operator can change, upon request, the controlling terrain area of 25x300 meters maximum. The surface atchannel of the UAV friom the primary channel to the the two ends of the runway should be free of obstaclesbackup and vice versa. This process is implemented higher than 10 meters, at a distance of 200 meters fromsimply by using the same logic of UAV hand-over in the each end of the runway. The runway should maintain anframe work of one station. appropriate leveling to support RAPS tracking

capability.

2.6. Real Time Information and Command of The ATLS uses a Range Automatic Positioning Sensorthe UAV (RAPS) to measure the UAV spatial location through a

LASER retro reflector mounted on the UAV win-The B-HUNTER UAV systemn transmits the video from Lmthe payload in real time to the GCS. The operators in leading edge. The location data is provided to the GCS,the GCS receive tile video in real time. The UAV also through fiber optics cables. The OPBY at the GCStransmits status information, concerning the flight and performs the Automatic Takeoff/ Landing (ATOL)

the payload, to the GCS in real time. The video and geometric calculations and prepares the data forUAV status information are available whenever the transmittal to the UAV where the DCPA performs the

ATOL control laws and algorithmns.UAV is within operating range of the GDT.

The mission console displays the video and the statusinformation in real time to the operators. The mission 2.8. Emergency Recoveryconsole derives additional information froom the down The UAV is equipped with an Emergency Recoverylink data reported by the UAV. System (ERS) based on a Flight Termination System

(FTS). In the event of system failure which wouldThe GCS enables the operators to command and control preclude a normal recovery, the Flight Terminationthe IMINT payload and the flight of the UAV in real System (FTS) is activated. The FTS is activated by atime as long as the UAV is within the operating range of manual command from the GCS or automatically in thethe GDT. event of loss of communication or total failure of the

DCPA.The GCS can handle two UAVs : one "on duty" and one"inbound" or "outbound" under autonomous The DCPA is capable of initiating the emergencyprogram med flight, recovery process according to operator's command

received through the ADT, or as part of the Loss-of-Link2.7. Automatic Takeoff and Landing (ATLS) flight plan, independently, in the event of loss of

communication. The Flight Terminal Logic (FTL) unit isThe UAV System is equipped with an AutomnaticTakeoff aid Landing System (ATLS). The ATLS capable of initiating the emergency recovery process in

the event of a total failure of the DCPA itself. The FTLsupports automatic rocket launching, automatic runway

activates the FTS which performs: UAV payload Lift-uptakeoff and autom atic landing. T he A T L S process is to s f y p si on ( f -U r m a d ; C s U Acontrolled and monitored from the GCS by the Pilot s ( Lf- command); Co ts aVNavigator (PN). The UAV is capable of taking off from engines (FWD and AFT Engine Cut Command) andreleases the parachute (Shoot Parachute).a straight and level unprepared terrain area of 25x300

meters maximum. A Rocket Assisted Take-Off (RATO)launching - zero length launching - is used for takeoffwhenever the takeoff area is smaller. 2.9. System Built In Test (BIT)

The B-HUNTER UAV system is provided with BITcapability to decrease the time required for checkouts orfault isolation, and to provide status monitoring. TheUAV, GCS, GDT and the MOSP are provided with BITto detect failures and isolate the failures to the LRU

<I .level. The BIT is used to ascertain mission readinessstatus and to indicate which equipment ismalfunctioning.

BIT features are provided in the electronic LRUs/DUs.The BIT operates in three modes: Power Up BIT,

_ _ .... _ _ _Initiated BIT and Periodic BIT.Figure 8 RA10 Take-()f

Power Up BIT is initiated as power is applied to the

11-7

systcem/subsystem, and is capable of systen/subsystemcheckout and fault isolation to an L[RU. Go,,No-Go tAX ,.,,,

indication shall be displayed and the failtire log shall be P1updated. Failure data is stored in the Non Volatile -

Memory (NVM) of the end item computer. Power Upalso checks circuitry that cannot be tested duringoperation without interfering with normal systemoperation. Z

Initiated BIT is activated by the operator. The operator is ,,-------____guided by the BIT m01enus displayed on the GCS or the IFlight Line Tester screens to check the functions that can imv

be tested off-Iine onlv due to interference with the Co-- d

system operation and to perform functional tests aftermaintenance or during preflight or pre-operational tests."This mode is also used to display failluire data. Failure Udata is stored in the NVM of the end item computer.

periodic B IT is performed automatically, withoutinterference to the system normal operation after o",initialization, as a background task of the system'snormal operation. Periodic BIT detects and isolatesfailures that occur during system operation. Safety

critical and mission critical faihnles arc automaticallydisplayed to the operator (luring system operation.Failure data is stored in the NVM of the end itemconiputer. Figure 9 hilcgalion ol 7Zit'OAf Radio Networ'ks

iilhintt he U". 1" ,I yS.'leln

2.10. Tactical Communications NetworkThe Platoon Command Network is used to manage the

The following tactical communication networks are UAV System. It is composed of a network of VHFrealised in tile UAV Platoon BAMS radios for the ground elements (GCS, GDT,

* Battery Technical Net LRS) of each platoon and the S&TE for Single Field

* Platoon Command Net Level (SFL) Level maintenance. The VHF BAMS radios• I ligher Echelon Intelligence Net of this network are integrated in the corresponding

elements of the UAV System. For each Platoon, theFigure 9. depicts the integration of the UAV system VHF BAMS radios connect, as a backup means, all of itswithin tile three tactical comm1unication networks, elements and tile S&TE level B3, by voice

communication.The Battery Technical Network is used to transmit theUAV operation orders from the Battery Commander to The Higher Echelon Intelligence Network is used tothe UAV Platoons. In addition, it also enables transmit the Intelligence data of the various UAVtransmission of tactical overlays from the Battery Platoons to the division ASIC, including fixed (still)Commander. It is composed of QUICK DATA VHF images with overlaid data. It is composed of a network13AMS radios for the Battery Commander and the three of VHF BAMS radios connecting the Division ASICGCS Mission Commanders. The transmission includes with the offline analysis in each GCS. The systemthe fbllowing transmits information obtained friom the payload to the

a) Operational Orders (00) ASIC by the Intelligence networkb) UAV RECCE Request a) Intelligence Reports (INTREP) with text andc) Warning Order nueinric data. This information includes dated) Movement Order and time, identification of target, coordinates ofc) Free Text target.f) Overlays for tactical maps. b) Overlays of digital maps with graphical and

alphanumeric (label) dataEach VHF BAMS radio in this network is functionally c) Single friame images from the IMINT payload.connected with the respective mission console of the Each image is annotated with system data, andMission Commander in the GCS and the PRCS of the marked tip with symbols and text. The imagesBattery Comnmander. will be transmitted in JPEG format.

11-8

Each VHF BAMS radio of this network is functionally The system also has backup modes of operation that

connected to the respective GCS (Mission console with allow it to continue to operate in a degraded fashionthe Off Line Analyst function) and the PRCS of the following a non-critical item failure.division ASIC.

Autonomous FlightThe UAV System has also the capability to realise The UAV is capable of performing pre-programmedconmmnications between its elements and to external mission profiles independent of GCS navigationalauthorities via telephone voice communications. Three guidance. The autonomous navigation is the normalfield telephones are supplied for each system which navigation method during the flight. The pre-plannedinterconnects with the intercom system, mission consists of a series of commands stored in

DCPA to be executed in sequence when the UAV isThere is also the possibility, as growth potential to operating under pre-programmed control. Eachintegrate the UAV Systern in a Air Traffic Control command in this series is defined as a waypoint and the(ATC) Network and in a Chase Heli Network. mission planning is the end result of the series of

commands. The commands include: UAV guidance,

payload operation. communication control, etc. During2.11. System Performance operation, the way points serve as a destination for the

Operational Range UAV navigation system for the duration of that

The operational range of the air vehicle, when there is a command. During autonomous flight, the GCS isclear line of sight between the Ground Data Terminal constantly monitoring the down link received from the

(GDT) and the air vehicle, is 100 kil. UAV.

Endurance Mission Continuity

The Endurance as related to the flight profile is 10 hours The B-HUNTER UAV System can operate during 30(including reserve time of 30 minutes) with maximtim consecutive 24 hour days following user operational

fuel (takeoff weight 1600 Ib). The UAV maximum loiter profile.time above target (at 100 km range and same flight Data Link Performance

profile) is 7 hours.A communication range of downlink channel of at least

Target Localization 100 km between the GDT and the UAV in Line Of

When the UAV is at an altitude of 1000 m and at a slant Sight (LOS) condition. Fail safe architecture isrange of 1500 mn from the target, it measures the established in the ADT and the GDT by separating the

coordinates of the target in the UTM system relative to Primary and the Backup terminals by means ofwas 84 with an accuracy of 81 meters CEP. When the fiunction, power supply and communication with theWGS84 it anaCCray o 81meersCEP Wen he DCPA/GCS.UAV is at an altitude of 1000 in and at a slant range2500 in from the target, it measures the coordinates ofthe target in the UTM system relative to WGS 84 with The CDT is constantly transmitting via two up-linkan accuracy of 148 meters CEP. channels, each capable of serving as the UAV

controlling channel. The UAV DCPA receives both the

UAV Localization primary and the back-up channels and uses theThe UJAV system uses the GPS receiver, located on functional channel by a "Hot Backup Logic".board the UAV, as the primary method for UAVlocalization. As as s heond ary method the UAV sThe downlink contains either analog video or a digitallocalization. As a secondary method, the UAV systemtracks the air vehicle and provides its distance and compressed video signal as selected by the operator. In-

azimuth measurements, in relation to the GDT location, flight selection of 7 pre-set frequencies (for each uplinkto the operators. The distance accuracy in this method is or downlink link).

200 meters. It is possible to calibrate the distance andazimuth information in flight, or oln the ground, by using Co-existence of 3 UAVs controlled by their respectivethe information provided by the UAV on-board GPS and CDT is maintained by using adequate frequencythe known location of the CDT. separation among the uplink, downlink and back up

channels, within the area of 70 km x 35 km and

Redundancy minimumn separation of 300 meters between UAVs.

The UAV avionics. the GCS and the Data Link haveredundant hardware in cases where a component iscritical for safety of the UAV. If a redundant item fails, Inherent Availabilitythe system can continue safe operation by using the The inherent availability for the UAV System isspare hardware. calculated as 97.5 0.

11-9

Operational AvailabilityThe operational availability for the UAV system is The UAV system wvill be integrated with vehicles tocalculated as 71.6%. provide it with autonomous mobility. The vehicles and

integration will meet the "all roads" requirement in the

foreseen theatres.2.12. System De)ployment

The UAV System is deployed in two sites as depicted in The crew for the deployment and the operation of aF'igucre 3 and Figure 4. Figure 10. depicts the UAV UAV system consists of 13 persons, 9 for the LRS and 4System mobilization to thle delloyment sites, for the MCS. Operation of the system, once it has beendeployed, requires a crew of at most 6 persons. Refer toLaunch and Recovery Site incI udes: the ILSP for mininmum traininjg required to operate the* Six UAVs in containers system with maximum safety. Deployment andSix O in contTeardown Times are

O Deployment time for the MCS (GCS site) is 44

* One GDT minutes.

* Six IMINi' pay'loads Teardown time for the MCS is 25 minutes.

* One Mobile Maintenance Facility (workshop, tent. a Deployment time for the LRS is 90 in utes.storage space) with the associated Sinigle Field 0 Teardown time for the ILRS is 52 minutes.Level support equipment and spare parts

* One RATO Launcher The UAV System is capable of being transported by* Take-off / landing area aircraft. t'pe C5. C141 or ANTONOV. Transportation

* RAPS Sensor of the system while the elements are mounted on their

* One Flighit L_ ine Tester respective road vehicles is possible uip to the maximuiii

* Power supply generators, 3 12.5KVA (x4) - height limit of the respective transport aircraft. TransportGoverniient Furnished Equipment (GFE) by Belgian Cl130 1-lercules aircraft without road vehicles.

* GIrounld Support and Test Equipment.The components of the UAV system and their associated

Mission Control Site inicludes: vehicles may be transportable by' rail. All components

* One GCS and vehicles can be loaded into the railway carriages.

* Power supp)ly generator. 12.35 KVA (x3)Governiiment Furi ished Lqu ipm ent

" ()Oie GDT (at Up to 500 meters distance from the Major B-HUNTER IJAVGIcs) Subsystems Elements

"* Grouiid Support and Test IEquipmCnt.

3.1. B-HUNTER major subsystemsC,-The B-IUNTER Svstem includes the following miajor

- ~compoineiits:a. Air Vehicle (AV)b. Payload (MOSP)

C1j4/zi7,i I.. - c. Portable Ruggedized Control Station (PRCS)e'MAN d. Ground Control Station ((CS)

__,_,,___,__ I__,__,_,, e. Ground Data Terminal (GDT)f. Ground Support Equipmenit (GSE)

- ,-I 2G Vehicl 2 )'A

• ••'• • '"77•' '" • Gen 3.2. Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV)

UNMN , , The air vehicle (Figure I) is the remotely-controlledUNIMLIC) 1.9 .1

airborne platform of the System. It is a twin engineýFl. MIVF>C, ToRT high wing aircraft. An operational UAV System consists

eqprn!

E , ..... of 6 UAVs. The major groups of equipment which

egl -7 • coiprise the AV are"* Airframe

IP, 'u.g 10 .. loud Oil/ Pl/u1 • Propu lsioii and fuel system

"* Electrical Power system

I -10

* Digital Central Processing Assembly (DCPA) electrically operated UAV component items including

• Sensors the Payload and the ADT.

* Electromechanical Units For Ground Operation, the UAV is equipped with anelectrical power connector enabling the connection of all"• Airborne Data Terminal (ADT)"28V buses and all DC/DC converter inputs to a 28VDC

* Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder (IFF external (ground) power source."Transponder) The UAV is equipped with an emergency battery which

* Flight Termination System supplies critical loads through the 28V battery bus in

case of a failure in the generator. The battery suppliesthe flight critical consumers. The emergency battery is a

Boom sealed Ni-Cd battery which is connected in parallel toEMPENNAGE DIRECTIONAL the generator.

AT ANTENNAN The UAV is equipped with aircraft standard position-k"%.<s/ TmrR •VR ..•--% lights and astrobe-lighit.CHx

Digital Central Processing Assembly (DCPA)I ( 4- * The Avionics in the UAV is controlled by the DCPA.AVIONICS - ' )< REFI.T The DCPA receives commands from the GCS through

BA . • FORWARD the communication system, or uses the stored missionCENTIER-WIN ENGINE

ATTADNUE program. The DCPA provides flying qualities that match

the specified requirements in all the flight modes. The

PAYLOAD .. DCPA is capable of detecting failures of sensor,"LANI COMPARTMENT NOSE computer and actuator and has the ability to backup each

EIO NAIR OEN faulty item. The DCPA status and flight parameters are

COMPARTMENT transmitted to the GCS. The DCPA provides all therequired facilities for control and operation of the AV. It

Figure IL B-HU\,TER Air Vehicle manages the important UAV subsystems including the

MOSP and the ADT. The DCPA consists of twoAirframe identical digital computers (AVCI and AVC2). The twoThe airframe houses, and supports all airborne digital computers are connected to each other via a RS-equipment within an aerodynamic shape that provides 422 digital data link (Cross Channel Data Link). Bothlift and control surfaces. The airframe has a fixed wing computers include software and hardware modules, and

and is constructed of lightweight composite materials I/O cards. During normal operation AVC-1 is the activewhich allows ease of repair. The airframe consists of the computer, while AVC-2 is in stand-by mode. All thestructural elements including fuselage, wing and inputs and most of the outputs are connected to both

empennage assemblies required to carry UAV computers, but only the active computer outputs areequipment and the payload. The airframe includes a actually issued. In the event of a failure in the AVC-1,fixed landing gear, an arresting hook and a payload lift. the AVC-2 becomes the active computer and takesThe UAV is designed to be capable of packaging in the control of all the common outputs, providing a full back-UAV storage/shipping container, up for the related functions.The UAV airframe can be disassembled (fuselage, wing,boom, tail, etc) for storage and transportation in the SensorsUAV container. The AV is equipped with the following sensors:

* Air Data Unit (ADU) includes the airspeedPropul]sion and Fuel System transducer and the altitude transducerTile AV is powered by two engines. The forward engine * (pitot system).

drives a two blade tractor propeller and the rear engine 0 One Vertical Gyro Unit (VGU) providing pitch anddrives a two blade pusher propeller. The propellers aretwo blades laminated wood propellers equipped with roll attitude information for flight control system

Estane leading edge protection. The propellers comply and for attitude display.with the requirements of FAR part 35. One Sensor Block containing triple axis rate gyros

and accelerometers providing angular velocities andThe fuel is stored in the integral tank of the center winan accelerations to back LIP tihe flight control system inand the fuselage and is pumped by the membrane pumps acelon to backup hsof the carburetors. case of VGU failure.

* The UAV is designed with provisions for

Electrical System replacement of the VGU and sensor block with two

The AV electrical power system generates, distributes Fiber Optic Gyro (FOG) based Directional

and controls the required electrical power for the various Measurement Units (DMU). The DMUs provide

11-t1

redundant pitch and roll attitude as well as three payload Lift-up to safety position (Lift-UP command);

axes rate and acceleration. Cuts UAV engines (FWD and AFT Engine Cut

* Three axes Flux Valve Unit (FVU). Command) and releases the parachute (Shoot

* Global Position Sensor (CiPS) and Antenna. Parachute).

* Engine Temperature Sensor (ETS) inserted in theengine head.

* Fuel Level Sensor (FLS) inserted in the fuel tank. 3.3. Multi Mission Optronic Payload (MOSP)* Two accelerometers (X and Y axes) provide the The Multi-Mission Optronic Stabilized Payload (MOSP)

decision to enter to the is a Day/Night stabilized passive electro-optical system* Emergency mode. designed to provide the observer with the capability to

detect, recognize and acquire tactical targets under dayElectromechanical Assemblies and night conditions. A complete UAV- System includes

The following electromechanical assemblies are 6 MOSP.

installed: The payload is installed onboard the UAV and is

S6 flight control servo actuiators (aileron, rudder, controlled by an observer in the Ground Control Station.

elevator). The MOSP:e Enables the operator to acqvir) targets during day

* 2 throttle servo actuators (FWD, AFT).and night engagements using two fields of view -

* 2 flap servo actuators. Narrow (NFOW) and Wide (WFOV).

• Nose wheel steering servo actulator.Narw(FWad io(FO)N Provides the capability to track targets either

* Payload lift actuator. manually by using a joystick or automatically by

ATusing the TV tracker with either Camera LensAirborne Data Terminal (ADT) Asml C~ rFradLodgIf' e

Commands, Video images and reports are transferred i Assembly (CLA) or Forward Looking Infra Red

real time from and to the GCS/GDT by the airborne (ELIR) sensor as image source.* Provides the capability to select between the CLA

section of' the communication system. the ADT. The iimage and the FlIRf limage.ADT is divided into three major assemblies: the primary

A Provides Line of Sight (LOS) direction (bearingADT receiver.- the Backup ADT receciver: and the

antenna group - provided as part of the UJAV airframe. and depression) in reference to the UAV axes.The MOSP is composed of:

Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder * Stabilized Gimbals Assembly (SGA) containing

The UAV is equipped with an IFF Transponder, capable Stabilized Platform Assembly (SPA) and Payload

of operating at 1, 2, 3/A, C, S, 4 and TEST modes. The Control and Logic (PCL)IDENT and emergency reply codes are in accordance 0 Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) containing 2nd

with NATO STANAG 4193 rules. The transponder is generation 8-121 Thermal Sensor Unit (TSU) and

controllable by the Pilot Navigator. FLIR Electronic Box (FEB).

a Camera Lens Assembly (CLA) containing TV

Flight Termination System camera and 20mm-280minm contiiuous zoom lens.

The JUAV is equipped with a Flight Termination System 0 Tracker contained in PCL.(FTS). In the event of system faihtire which would

preclide a normal recovery, the Flighit TerminationSystem (FTS) is activated using a parachute. The FTS is 3.4. Ground Control Station (GCS)activated by a manual command from the GCS or The GCS is a shelter type control station mounted on a

automatically in the event of loss of link and total DCPA 4-ton MAN vehicle. The shelter configuration is capable

failure. Fihe parachute pack is installed in the parachute of supporting electronic equipment installations andcompartment in the forward Upper section of the UAV. protection of the operators in the specified environment.

The DCPA is capable of initiating the emergency Two identical GCS are provided with each UAV

recovery process according to the operator command System, where one unit is employed at the launch andreeie thl'ougl, Whee ADT, Uni is empoye at the launch aLinreceived throughi the APT, or as part ofthe Loss-of-Linik recovery site and is used for the pre-flight, take-off and

flight plan, or independently, in the event of system landing, while the other is used for the mission planning,

failure. The Flight Terminal Logic (FTL) unit is capable mission control and observation.of initiatin, the emergency recovery process in the event

of a system failure that results in total failure of the ShelterDCPA itself, or according to a flight termination The shelter is S 280 type shelter with consoles for 3

comimandl received from the F ighIt Term ination operators. The shelter is transportable by a MAN 4T.

Receiver (separately from the normal GDT-ADT data The shelter is air conditioned. The shelter provides all

link).. The FTL activates the FTS which performs: UAV necessary electrical and mechanical interfaces for the

11-12

BAMS tactical coinmunication equipment.Operators' Consoles - OPBY-R/L, CMBY Supplies Bay (SBY)The GCS uses a generic console as a building block. The SBY bay is the electrical power center for the GCS.The generic console has all the hardware and all the It hosts the 230 VAC to 28 VDC power converters, asoftware needed to control the UAV, its payload and battery pack, five UPS for all bays and the electricalalso the datalink. The GCS has two generic consoles control panel.each of which may be configured to perform all themission and flight critical functions. If mission critical Operator Proficiency Simulator (OPT)hardware fails in one generic console, it is possible to The Operator Procedure Trainer (OPT) consists of areconfigure tile system so that the second generic commercial Personal Computer and interfaceconsole takes over the functions of the failed hardware. components. When connected to the GCS it enables the

A third console contains hardware that is not critical for operators to performn their respective functions as if an

the safety of the UAV or for its mission. The GCS AV was in flight. The OPT also simulates the function

configuration includes three operators' consoles as of the GDT. The three consoles of the GCS send

depicted Figure 12. commands to the OPT (as if it were an AV) and receivesthe appropriate responses (data, status and video). Thus,

Commander the operator is able to operate the system, in all theGeneric console console Generic console modes of operation that are pertinent to an AV in flight.

Delivery of an OPT can significantly reduce the risks

OPBY- L CMBY OPBY- R associated to human errors by appropriate training of all

the mission operators involved in a UAV battalion.

Mission TACOM

Real Time Commander Pilot Navigator The GCS includes a full duplex intercom system, based+

Observer Mission Planner on SOTAS system, for voice communication among the+ operators.

-or--or-

Mission PlannerPilot Navigator Real Time

+ + Observer 3.5. Ground Data Terminal (GDT)Mission Planner

Off Line Analyst A complete UAV- System consists of 2 GDTs (Figure13), each connected to an GCS. The GDT is mounted ona UNIMOG and integrated with a vehicle mounted DC

Figure 12, , S 280 Shelter, M1ission Ctiso, l Assignment Generator (Figuire 14).

An operator will be stationed at each console, i.e. 3operators.

The functions for the left generic console and the right

generic console are software assigned.

In a typical configuration, the generic console on theright will assume the ftnctions of Mission Planner +Pilot Navigator and the generic console oln the left will I 'assume the functions of the Real Time Observer. Tile "'I t .. ,

functions of the Mission Commander + Mission Planner-+ Off Line Analyst are assigned to the central console. I . . LThe generic consoles are symmetric, so their functionscan he exchanged between left and right. The functions AO-',, ,,U"of the Mission Commander and of the Off-Line Analyst "',may also be available at any of the other consoles.

Instructor Bay (INBYThe INBY bay contains the necessary instrumentationfor connection to and switching of the up-link anddown-link data between the operators bay via the TLM-SW. Tile bay is also used to host two 50W BAMS radios

see GCS SSDD. Figure 14. : Gromid Data Terminal

11-13

b. Transceiver Unit (C band)

c. Directional Antenna Positinnerd. Backlup Transm itter (U I11F)e. Digital Video Expansion Uinit

f. Equipment ,oxg. Power Supply Unit

j71 1. Generator

K 3.6. Portable Ruggedized Control Station

' Fil/ . . The PRCS is a comlputer stalion for on-line mission, , management (planning, ordering, reporting, overlays

/ sending and receiving) remotely from the GCS. It

provides a computer termninal for communication with•'-1 .' i the GCS via the Batterv technical net and the

Intelligence net radio networks, Msing the QUICK11,41urc 15 (;I)1'017 1.IfO(; liuck (I)/u/h..l l/) DATA BAMS 50W radio.

lhe communication between the Ground Control Station The PRCS is used by the Battery Commander to(GCS) and the UJAV flows via the (Ground Datalinlk transmit Operational Orders (00) to 3 operational GCS

Terminal (GIDT) and the Airborne l)atalink Terminal of his Battery. The PRCS is used by the ASIC to receive(A DT). It is designued to provide fu II duplex and exploit in formation lfom 3 operational GCSs in the

communication link between the [ JA\ and the GCS. Battery. The PRCS is based on a workstation, usingThe GDT tralnsm its to the A D" two upl)ink channels and UNIX as the operating sy stem, and on a subset of the

receives from it a single dowolink channel. The uplink GCS software for mission planning. The PRCS softwarechannel includes the real time command and the control uses the same resources used by the GCS software formessage. The donlhink channel inchldes real time video mission planning. ThePRC can be carried one

and telemetry. person.

The functions of the GDT are as follows:

" RPeceiving the uIplink message and the ground 3.7. Ground Support Equipment (GSE)I)atalink control from the GCS via RS422 protocol. Launcher

"* Transmission of real time primary commland uplink The B-HUNTER uses a specifically designed HUNTER(JPL- I ) to the 1JAV via the radio link. launcher for RAlO take-n ff.

"* Transmission of real time secondary command

UPL-2 to the UAV via the radio link. RAPS (Figure 16)

"• Receivini real time down linlk (DNI,) information(video and telemetry) from the U(AV via the radio

linlk.

"• Transm itting the down linik message (video and TM)

and Datalink status to the GCS via RS422 (TM) and ,CCIR format (VIDEO). A

* Tracking the UAV transmitted RI signals.

* Measure the azimuth and ranmc from the GDT to the

ItJAV.

0 IxecCu te the 13BuiIt In' Test funiictionn. " /6 IAc,,il , IIh IIIultI 'IIvitIio ig Siesor

The GDT major elements are: The ground portion of the RAPS consists of thea. Antenna System lllowing elements:

"* Directional Antenna (C band) (for UPL & * Tripod - serves as a basis for the sensor platform

DNL) * Sensor Platform with Transportation Case -

"* Omni directional Antenia (C band) (for Contains Actuator Motors. Position Sensors, Gears

UPI, & DNL) and Sensing I lead

"* Omni i directional (UI IF) (for backup UPL1 0 The CORA Scnsing I-lead - Consists of Laser Diodeonly Emitter, Distance Sensor, Angle Sensor, and TV

11-14

camera potentialities of UAV systems to perform safely civil"* Electronic Unit with Transportation Case - applications which today cannot be achieved mainly

Encompasses Compact electronic cabinet with because restrictions are still imposed to deploy safelyembedded computer and interface electronics for UAVs above populated areas.actuators and sensors

"* Battery Pack - provides electrical energy to RAPS Definition of UAV Systems certification rules byinternational regulation authorities and compliance of

The airborne portion of the RAPS consists of a UAV Systems to these rules is a major objective of the

retroreflector, mounted in the UAV wing leading edge next century, should all the UAV users and

and used to reflect the laser beam to the RAPS ground manufacturers want to extend the application range and

portion. the market of future UAV Systems.

Other Ground Support EquipmentThe B-HUNTER UAV Single Field Level of 4.2. The B-HUNTER UAV System

maintenance concept consists of the following (see also Certification Process.Figure 10) per B-HUNTER UAV System The B-HUNTER UAV System airworthiness can todaya) GFE Supplied Volvo lOT with 10T Crane for hopefully count on the fact that the HUNTER UAV

0 Launcher System accumtulates an experience of more than ten

* Support Equipment thousand (10.000) flight hours which are the combinedb) 3 GFE MAN 5T Trucks, each capable of result of a two engines concept which has undergone

transporting 2 UAV Containers extensive endurance tests according to the FAR 33c) LRS : One GFE Truck for GSTE and operational standard, of built in redundancies included in all safety

equipment incl. Flight Line Tester critical items of the system, of an emergency parachuted) MCS : One GFE Truck for personnel and tested and approved. The Air Traffic Control (ATC)

camouflage equipment mode %/4 IFF and the anti-collision strobe lights allowe) Mobile and Maintenance Facility already the HUNTER System to be integrated in the US

"* One Mobile Workshop civil air space.

S S280 Shelter on GFE MAN 5TTruck• Maintenance Tent During all stages of its custom isation to the Belgian

"* PC and GSTE Ground Forces needs, the B-HUNTER UAV System"will follow an extensive Airworthiness Certification

process in order to comply with an overall safety"* Support Equipment objective consisting of the following ""The B-HUNTER

"* Spare parts UAV System must allow during all its life safely"• One GFE Cargo truck for GSTE and Spare execution of UAV missions above populated areas

parts taking into account Belgian environmental conditions".

The goals of the airworthiness activities to be held in theAirworthiness Certification course of the B-HUNTER Program are the granting of

two certificates required by the Belgian law whichProcess defines the legal airworthiness requirements to which

UAV systems have to comply

a) the Airworthiness Type Certificate4.1. Introduction b) the Individual Airworthiness Certificates which

The worldwide UAV community faces today to the civil shall include

airspace management and regulations organization • the initial Individual Airworthiness Certificate

demands to be able to make fly their Air Vehicles in the 0 the Maintaining of the Aptitude to fly

civil air space, over populated areas. Flying UAVs is inmost of the case still restricted over dedicated areas 4.3. Airworthiness Type Certificationwhich belong to military organisations. Deployment of The following steps are to take place towards theUAV systems in the civil airspace over populated areas granting of Type Airworthiness Certificates according tois one of the major challenges UAV manufacturers will the following logic structure:have to comply in the very future.

1. Definition of certification basis compositionBy reaching this goal, there is no doubt that this will containing the following elements

allow not only military users to extend the range of their 1) System Safety Program Plan (SSPP)systems, but also will significantly increase the 2) Tailored JAR-VLA compliance elements

3) Specific ReqUirements HUNTER pro-grami is presented in Table 2 below.4) Relation with 10ogiStiCS support._______

2. Decfinition ot' methods and levels of' verification as )5Rilo - f-T SIHI DImN

Well as verification procedure1-s for all elements of 01l~ -A -udu ,, loloeclt

the certification basis PO 11111\i\ IS

3 . EXecuLtion1 of' the yerification plan related to thle CAto I~ AS"~- *111)t~ I RONlI K .......

basis Of' certitiCation (ilnelUd ing analyses and tests CR Sp.llhIilii) ofthc UAV to cupo rt oilih-crRI I K A .p-lun COilldittiollto ill cti c l 03 10,0 t ft lice

reports) I.1,ld 1),a mg-r,, o rc iictiot t . .....lu1o itdoa capi b I i itics. ot cause sot crc

4. Ciompilation of the f-inal Certification File including ________________________

all elements as defined in paragraph I11.2.5.Folr tljtII IhittttilnM GNI \ LC S ,,1,IiI I (t A ilpalh\o ti 00)10 Ito o ictilt ait cisc

5. Presentation of the Certification File and the opcltul cnitinstoth ct, iwlwwiqtonnf

111:111111 Itt sir i fir c atio c-~tIticitio. ilr Coifct

airworthiness type cert ific ate to r approval bN al f lciona -pabiblisoal,

11MOD certification au-thority (GST). Iridirlc condiltjions INullc ttIIld lin

These activities will be execuLted in close coordination l:is ~I ... ....... o1

X~iuluu (ICIIS

with Other hrogramn encinecerine1 activ'it ies in order to/T/I/C 2 I/watlt 1 .Sutwujt"* Reach the Overall System S, afctv Objective for the

11-lUNTITE IJAV System Software components are classified as:"* Establish accordingly the Final Certification File (a Sfey CiclSotre ie.stwe whe

that will serve as a ju1.stitication for the granting ot nmlufea'ra honb ucinlhzrthe Airworthiness Type Certificate. assessment woudhcv seor css owntrbyutctional failure

A. Certfifcatioit hasis condition of category I Or 11 as defined in TFable 2.(b) Noii Safety Critical Software i.e. software whose

Systm Saety ro-rm -anomalous behavior as shown by functional hazardSysemSaet Pogamactivities assessmnent would caulse or contribute to a failure

Those activities are related to thec risk analy'sis are condition of' category Ill or IV ais defined in Tabledetai led in a System Safety Pro(eram Plan based on theContract requirements and on requireCd MILE STID 882Ctasks. Speci lie Saf~ety Analyses outputs areC : Acceptable risk levels can be dleducted from the matrix,

* Sytem1-lzar Anlyss auI Sb Sste Haard presented in Table 3, as per- MIL-STD-882, whichAnalysis (SIIA & SSFIA) depicts the risk levels (iindex), as a function of hazard

* Operational Su~pport H-azard Analysis (OSHA) probability and severity class and the requested actions* Safety Assessment Report (SAR) for each risk category (Table 4).

The hazard probability is a qualitative expression of the HAZARD HAZARD LEVEL

probable occurrence of the identified hazards dluring thePRBILT

planned life expectancy of the system in accordance 1it~II Ceti1 ilrbtl NcIVg

with MIL-STD-882C, paragraphi 4.5.2. _______ Calat~rtpircr I

[A 2A 3A 4A

The application for B3-lIUIJTER program is presented in A-Foorot () (3) (7) (1B

Table I1, below. 8H-P,.Ivblebl 2 3 (16)

SPECIFIC FLEET OR Ic 2C 1C 4C

DSRPIN LEVEL INDIVIDUJAL ITEMI INVENTORY C.Occortotr (4) (6) (11) (18)

____________________ID 2D 3D 4DFREQUENT A Likeic to -orr Coutintuoushl osttrietce04R oe 8 ) 1)(

PROBABLE B Will occur smr tt l timest Wil ocure fraetolooo.r IS 2E 3E 4E

lt life I: of o,(111 E-Inrutoboblc (12) (1)) (17) (211)

OCCASIONAL C Likely to oocurt toottoitoc Wrill ocurt -mool rot i fC f/lt//?Rik -'citt lif- te of ni Itohl 3 .it-c 1ittriksLe e

REMOTE 0 Untiko,h. tort poesoible to Urrilokoir bet oroceot itt life of fire it.o, trtnorribl be espceial to _______________ _____________________________

meurl [I% /,~ [ick RIS 113M ION 1 <1ý13 1 LI 1ici

IMPROBABLE E So tr~n~iko. it o.. be u~lirrroty to ocoto bot0100 Oitto flroc 0103 possible . irgirl Rolt I -qL0

11:I c

not be otfO6OtrO0 4

. _______ ________________

The hazard severit's categories are tailored as per- M IL- n/4Rik/l/tIt/ItIt/

STD-882C requirements. The application for 13-

11-16

Specifically required airworthiness procedures will beRisk level Management is the basis of all the safety identified with regards to related to airworthinessassessment activities to be performed in the frame of the requirements and will be integrated within theB-HUNTER UAV Program which are depicted in Figure verification procedures and activities taking place in the17 here under which provides interrelationship between frame of compliance demonstration with the functional,engineering activities and Integrated Logistics Support technical and logistics requirements of the Contract.Activities with the safety analysis tasks to be performedin the frame of the B-HUNTER UAV Program Analyses, demonstration, tests or inspection on all

airworthiness related items will be performed accordingto an Airworthiness Verification Plan.

Credit will be taken from the existing data and emphasiswill be put on the specific adaptations from theHUNTER Baseline configurations to the B-HUNTER

Si• .. UAV System. Credit from existing data supposes thatthe configuration items to which similarity is referred are

L J __ L1J,_ equivalent to the one of the B-HUNTER Contract;

. -'C. Final Certification FileA final Certification File will be subsequentlyestablished. Upon this basis, the Airworthiness Type

Certificate will be granted by which it is attested that the

Presentation of a Tailored JAR-VLA B-HUNTER UAV System in its final configuration

There currently don't exist any Joint Air Regulations satisfies the above mentioned Overall Safety Objective.

related to UAV Systems. During the course of the B-1HUNTER UAV Program, a tailoring of the existing The final Certification File shall be fully adapted to the

B-HUNTER UAV Systern and shall include theJoint Air Regulations for Very Light Aircrafts (JARVLA) will be made more specifically with regard to the following informationB-HUNTER UAV System. Identification of the B- (1) An identification and reference to the B-HUNTERHUNTER UAV System compliance to the JAR UAV System configuration.requirements is performed. (2) The certification basis containing compliance

statement, and summnary of related compliance

Specific Requirements demonstration related to airworthiness requirements

Attention will be paid in the fraame of the airworthiness namely :

type certification to the following items . System Safety Program requirements

(I) Fail safe design a Tailored JAR/VLA

(2) Built in Test * Demonstration of B-HUNTER UAV System(3) Software Compliance to airworthiness requirements(4) Flight Management System * Operational, Technical and Logistical(5) Electrical System requirements shall also be taken into account.(6) Communications/Datalink (3) Verification levels and methods used to prove(7) Navigation System compliance to the contract requirements related to(8) Propulsion System airworthiness(9) Ground Control Station (GCS) (4) Reference to the corresponding substantiation data(10) Flight Recovery and Termination System (test results and analyses)(11) UAV air vehicle (5) Airworthiness Type Certificate attesting that the B-

HUNTER UAV System, in its final configurationImpact on logistic support satisfies with the Overall System Safety ObjectiveThe Contractor will also execute the activities foreseen with"in view of the functional, technical and logistics & Reference to the B-HUNTER UAV Systemrequirements of the Contract which are related to configuration, with mention of the limitationsAirworthiness Type Certification. of its performances and characteristics;

* Mention of the conditions or restrictionsB. Airworthiness Verification Activities relative to the deployment of the B-HUNTERVerification methods and levels as specifically related to UAV System;Airworthiness requirements will be reviewed and will be 0 Reference to the procedures which permit toincluded in the overall Program Verification Plan. cope with these limitations or restrictions;

11-17

Rel'erence to the requirements (certification Compliance with the requirements concerning

basis) which constitute a sulricient basis for the qualification of' the personnelsystem airworthi ness.

4.4. Initial Individual Airworthiness ConclusionsCcrtilicates

This paper has presented the B-1-IUNTER UAV SystemIndividual A irworthiness Certification wii be based that will be delivered to the Belgian Army Ground

uipon Qualitv Control / Cont'olrity Inspection activities Forces friom year 2001, aid the maini adaptations orto enlSuLre that each individual system has been built ill custom isat ions that Will be done with regards to the USaccordance with the Technical Dcliinition Dossier and IUNTER Short Ranc Tactical UAV or to the F-upoii Acceptance lsts. IHUNTER UAV System. An overview of the B-

1-IUNTE-R niain subsysreni has been described togetherIn order to demonstrate that each i diidi idual air vehicle with its peraorieiaiices.

and the associated UAV system satist\ the requirenients

conicernlingi official initial individual certification. Airworthiness Certiltication is a Belgian legal conditionnecessary test arid aiialyses, inclding light tests are ti before to be authorised to lly in Belgium over populated

he made beforedelivery. areas arid is consequently aii essential part of theProgram. The airworthiniess certification process which

After these iiiitial individual test, ai inidividual has to conclude to a final salety assessment has beencertificationi file shall be drawn up and shall be delivered detailed. The activities performed ini the frame of the B-along withi the relevant systeni and (AV air vehicle. 1HUNTER UAV program will coitribute to the execution

in safety conditions of the Belgian Ground Forcesmission0s in the Framie of their participation to fuiture

4.5. Preservation of Flight Capability NATO peace keepiig missions, arid, why riot, of futurePreservationi of flight capability meaiis that periodicall> civil miiissioris ini Belgium ini a UAV controlled Air

(every lifty flight hours) the individual airvorthliness Space Managemeit.certificate has to be renexewed by the Ground Forces.

The following requirements have to be fulfilled for

preservation of flight capabilityI) User regulations. the conlterit of' which has beeii

deteriii ned, have to be fornmlated for the UAVsysteni.

(2) Maintenance and support reenulations Iii ust bedefined.

(3) The requireriIents coicernliing the qualitilation of thepersoinel responsible for the operationl and themiaintenarce of the UAV system are to be met. Thisapplies to the establishment of the responsibilitiesand the correct filline in of the necessarycertificates.

(4) Control Systems must be defined to make possiblethe control ofthe followxing:

" CIomilialnice With the user's regIulatioiis

"* Comipliiace with the niailteinice ainid supplircgu latioiis

"• The apilicatiiou of an uiidating, systemi formairntenance aid supply docuenicuts

"* The descriptioi of every alteration arid itsapproval by the personnel of the Ground Forcesresponiisible for the mariaemei t of thedefiiiition file

"* The inclusioii Of these alterations in thedefirition File arid iii the mainitenanice andstulipp Clocumiierits