THE AMELIORATING EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT AGAINST

CYROMAZINE AND CHLORPYRIFOS INDUCED LIVER TOXICITY IN MALE RATS

TAREK M.HEIKAL1*; ABDEL- TAWAB H. MOSSA1; MONA A. ABDEL

RASOUL2; GEHAN I. KH. MAREI2

1*Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department,

National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt,

2Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt, Email: tarekhl@yahoo.com

Received: 1 October 2012, Revised and Accepted: 27 October 2012

ABSTRACT

In the present study, the protective effect of an aqueous extract of green tea (GT) against hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage induced by cyromazine (Cyr), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and their combination in male rats was undertaken. Eight groups containing six rats each were selected. Group I served as control. Groups II, III and IV rats were given a single daily oral doses of Cyr (169.35 mg/kg, 1/20 LD50, in corn oil), CPF (6.75 mg/kg, 1/20 LD50, in corn oil) and their combination for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Group V permitted free access to solubilised GT (1.5%) as the sole drinking fluid. Groups VI, VII and VIII rats were given the same doses as groups II, III and IV and simultaneously permitted free access to solubilised GT as the sole drinking fluid. Insecticides administration to rats resulted in significant reduction in body weight and elevation in liver weight compared to control. Insecticides administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST & ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO)

expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decrease of serum albumin (Alb). Furthermore, significant elevation of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduction of hepatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), depletion of hepatic glutathione reduced (GSH) and elevation of hepatic protein carbonyl (PC) content were noticed in insecticides-treated rats. Histopathological studies of liver revealed that supplementation of GT resulted in mild degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes. Furthermore, GT had normalized CAT, SOD, GPx, ALT, AST, ALP, serum LDH, total proteins and PC content, whereas attenuated Alb, hepatic LDH, GSH and LOP. In Conclusion, the use of green tea extract appeared to be beneficial to rats, to a great extent in attenuating and restoring the damage sustained by insecticide exposure. Keywords: Biochemical, Cyromazine, Chlorpyrifos, Green tea, Lipid peroxidation, Liver, Oxidative stress, Histopathology.

Published in: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research

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Cyromazine and Chlorpyrifos Induced Renal Toxicity in Rats: The Ameliorating Effects of Green Tea Extract

Tarek M. Heikal1, Abdel-Tawab H. Mossa1*, Gehan I. Kh. Marei2, Mona A. Abdel

Rasoul2 1Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department,

National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt

2Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt

Abstract In the present study, the protective effect of an aqueous extract of green tea (GT) against renal oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity induced by cyromazine (Cyr), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and their combination in male rats was undertaken. Eight groups containing six rats each were selected. Group I served as control. Groups II, III and IV rats were given a single daily oral doses of Cyr (169.35 mg kg-1, 1/20 LD50, in corn oil), CPF (6.75 mg kg-1 kg-1,1/20 LD50, in corn oil) and their combination for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Group V permitted free access to solubilised GT (1.5%w/v in water) as the sole drinking fluid. Groups VI, VII and VIII rats were given the same doses as groups II, III and IV and simultaneously permitted free access to solubilised GT as the sole drinking fluid. Significant reduction in body weight and elevation in kidney weight were observed in insecticides exposed rats compared to control. Significant perturbations of renal function as evidenced via increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine level were observed in treated rats. Also, renal oxidative damage was observed in insecticide-treated rats as evidenced via augmentation in kidney lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as depletion in kidney antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Histopathological analysis of the kidney revealed that supplementation with GT resulted in nil to mild in vacuolization,

swelling and degeneration in the endothelium of glomerular tuft and the epithelium of lining tubules. In conclusion, the use of green tea extract appeared to be beneficial to rats, to a great extent by attenuating and restoring the damage sustained by insecticide exposure.

Keywords: Cyromazine; Chlorpyrifos; Green tea; Oxidative stress; Renal toxicity; Rat

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Comparative antifungal activities and biochemical effects of monoterpenes on plant pathogenic fungi

Gehan I.Kh. Marei a, Mona A. Abdel Rasoul a, Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil b,� a Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt b Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

a b s t r a c t

The antifungal activity of twelve monoterpenes, camphene, (R)-camphor, (R)-carvone, 1,8-cineole, cuminaldehyde, (S)-fenchone, geraniol, (S)-limonene, (R)-linalool, (1R,2S,5R)-menthol, myrcene and thymol was evaluated against four plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Penecillium digitatum and Asperigallus niger by using mycelial growth inhibitory technique. (S)-limonene and thymol were examined for their inhibitory effects on pectin methyl esterase (PME), cellulase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) of tested fungi. Thymol was the most potent antifungal compound against the four test fungi with EC50 values of 33.50, 50.35, 20.14 and 23.80 mg/L on R. solani, F. oxysporum, P. digitatum and A. niger, respectively. The antifungal activity of thymol was comparable to a reference fungicide, carbendazim. (S)-limonene and 1,8-cineole exhibited pronounced antifungal activity against the four tested fungi. The most effective antifungal compounds thymol and (S)-limonene showed strong inhibitory effect on the activity of PME and cellulase but revealed no inhibitory effect on

PPO. The results showed that PME was more sensitive than cellulase to thymol and (S)-limonene. This is the first report on the inhibitory effects of monoterpenes thymol and (S)-limonene on PME, cellulase and PPO. The results indicated that monoterpenes may cause their antifungal activity by inhibiting PME and cellulase. The strong antifungal activity of thymol, (S)-limonene and 1,8-cineole reported in this study indicated that these compounds have a potential to be used as fungicides. Keywords: Monoterpenes Plant pathogenic fungi Antifungal activity Biochemical effect

Published in: Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pest

References [1] K. J. Brent, D. W. Hollomon, Fungicide resistance: the assessment of risk. FRAC, Global Crop Protection Federation, Brussels, Monograph No. 2 (1998) 1-48. [2] T.R. Costa, F.L.F. Fernandes, S.C. Santos, C.M.A. Oliveria, L.M. Liao, P.H. Ferri, J.R. Paulo, H.D. Ferreira, B.H.N. Sales, M.R.R. Silva, Antifungal activity of volatile constituents of Eugenia dysenterica leaf oil, J. Ethnopharmcol. 72 (2000) 111– 117. [3] M. Windholz, S. Budavari, R.F. Blumetti, E.S. Otterbein, The Merck index, Merck, Rahway, NJ, 1983. [4] W. Templeton, An introduction of Chemistry of Terpenoids and Steroids, Butterworths, London, 1969. [5] M.B. Isman, Plant essential oils for pest and disease management, Crop Protect 19 (2000) 603–608.

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Evaluation of antibacterial properties and biochemical effects of monoterpenes on plant pathogenic bacteria

Mona A. Abdel Rasoul1, Gehan I. Kh. Marei1 and Samir A. M. Abdelgaleil2*

1Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour,

Egypt. 2Department of Chemistry of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby,

Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Abstract

The antibacterial activity of twelve monoterpenes, namely camphene, (R)-camphor, (R)-carvone, 1,8- cineole, cuminaldehyde, (S)-fenchone, geraniol, (S)-limonene, (R)-linalool, (1R,2S,5R)-menthol, myrcene and thymol was tested against two plant pathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora using agar dilution method. For a better understanding of monoterpenes mechanisms of action, the inhibitory effect of three monoterpenes (R)-linalool, myrcene and thymol was assessed on dehydrogenases and polyglacturonase activities. Among the tested monoterpenes, thymol, (S)-limonene and myrcene were the most potent antibacterial compounds against A. tumefaciens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 mg/L. Thymol was also the most effective compounds against E. carotovora var. carotovora, while camphene, cunimaldhyde and 1,8- cineole were the less effective compounds against both bacteria. In biochemical studies, myrcene caused the highest inhibitory effect on dehydrogenases activity of the two tested bacteria, followed by

thymol. However, thymol showed the highest inhibitory effect on polygalacturonase activity of both tested bacteria, followed by (R)-linalool. In general, there was a positive correlation between the antibacterial activity of monoterpenes and their inhibitory effects on both enzymes. This is the first report for the determination of MIC and enzymes inhibitory effects of tested monoterpenes on plant pathogenic bacteria. Key words:Monoterpenes, antibacterial activity, plant pathogenic bacteria, dehydrogenases, polygalacturonase.

Published in : African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(15), pp. 3667-3672, 23 April, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR DOI: 10.5897/AJMR12.118 ISSN 1996-0808 ©2012 Academic Journals

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Comparative antifungal activities and biochemical effects of monoterpenes

on plant pathogenic fungi

Gehan I.Kh. Marei a, Mona A. Abdel Rasoul a, Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil b,� a Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt b Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

a b s t r a c t The antifungal activity of twelve monoterpenes, camphene, (R)-camphor, (R)-carvone, 1,8-cineole, cuminaldehyde, (S)-fenchone, geraniol, (S)-limonene, (R)-linalool, (1R,2S,5R)-menthol, myrcene and thymol was evaluated against four plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Penecillium digitatum and Asperigallus niger by using mycelial growth inhibitory technique. (S)-limonene and thymol were examined for their inhibitory effects on pectin methyl esterase (PME), cellulase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) of tested fungi. Thymol was the most potent antifungal compound against the four test fungi with EC50 values of 33.50, 50.35, 20.14 and 23.80 mg/L on R. solani, F. oxysporum, P. digitatum and A. niger, respectively. The antifungal activity of thymol was comparable to a reference fungicide, carbendazim. (S)-limonene and 1,8-cineole exhibited pronounced antifungal activity against the four tested fungi.

The most effective antifungal compounds thymol and (S)-limonene showed strong inhibitory effect on the activity of PME and cellulase but revealed no inhibitory effect on PPO. The results showed that PME was more sensitive than cellulase to thymol and (S)-limonene. This is the first report on the inhibitory effects of monoterpenes thymol and (S)-limonene on PME, cellulase and PPO. The results indicated that monoterpenes may cause their antifungal activity by inhibiting PME and cellulase. The strong antifungal activity of thymol, (S)-limonene and 1,8-cineole reported in this study indicated that these compounds have a potential to be used as fungicides.

Keywords: Monoterpenes Plant pathogenic fungi Antifungal activity Biochemical effect

Published in: Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pest

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