The Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914The Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914

Aim:Aim: Why did nationalism emerge as such a Why did nationalism emerge as such a powerful political force in the later half of the 19powerful political force in the later half of the 19 thth century, and what role did it play in European century, and what role did it play in European politics?politics?

Napoleon III in FranceNapoleon III in France

• The 2The 2ndnd Republic under Louis Napoleon- vision of Republic under Louis Napoleon- vision of national unity and social progressnational unity and social progress

Extension of universal male suffrage gave LN unprecedented Extension of universal male suffrage gave LN unprecedented support from middle and urban worker classessupport from middle and urban worker classes

Authoritative ruler could preserve order from socialist forces of Authoritative ruler could preserve order from socialist forces of 48’ revolutions48’ revolutions

Belief that strong leader needed to preserve economic well Belief that strong leader needed to preserve economic well being of citizens, as well as protect them from bureaucratic govt being of citizens, as well as protect them from bureaucratic govt thru direct democracythru direct democracy

1851- Dissolved French Assembly and seized power in coup 1851- Dissolved French Assembly and seized power in coup d’etat due to no constitutional provision making 2 terms possibled’etat due to no constitutional provision making 2 terms possible

92% approval thru plebiscite for 10 year term92% approval thru plebiscite for 10 year term Elected as hereditary emperor in 1852Elected as hereditary emperor in 1852

• Why were French people so willing to support Louis Why were French people so willing to support Louis Napoleon?Napoleon?

Louis Napoleon’s 2Louis Napoleon’s 2ndnd Empire (1852-1870) Empire (1852-1870)

• Louis Napoleon self proclaimed Emperor Louis Napoleon self proclaimed Emperor Napoleon IIINapoleon III

• Goal: Economic progress = political and social Goal: Economic progress = political and social stabilitystability Investment banks & RR constructionInvestment banks & RR construction Public works programs of ParisPublic works programs of Paris Middle class prospered and unemployment dwindledMiddle class prospered and unemployment dwindled Working class support due to better living conditions Working class support due to better living conditions

and formal recognition of labor unionsand formal recognition of labor unions

Louis Napoleon’s 2Louis Napoleon’s 2ndnd Empire (1852-1870) Empire (1852-1870)

• Political Actions:Political Actions: Restricted Assembly- members voted by universal Restricted Assembly- members voted by universal

male suffrage every 6 yearsmale suffrage every 6 years 1860’s- decline in political power due to international 1860’s- decline in political power due to international

pressures and loss of middle class liberal support; pressures and loss of middle class liberal support; granted liberal reforms to Assemblygranted liberal reforms to Assembly

1869- granted new constitution- dual govt. made up of 1869- granted new constitution- dual govt. made up of parliament and hereditary emperorparliament and hereditary emperor

• Was France under Napoleon III becoming more Was France under Napoleon III becoming more authoritative or democratic?authoritative or democratic?

Not the 1Not the 1stst, Not the 2, Not the 2ndnd, but the 3, but the 3rdrd Republic for France!!Republic for France!!

• Franco-Prussian war reopened class antagonisms and Franco-Prussian war reopened class antagonisms and created political upheaval in 1871created political upheaval in 1871

France declared 3France declared 3rdrd Republic in midst of war and flight of Louis Republic in midst of war and flight of Louis NapoleonNapoleon

• Due to surrender of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia, Due to surrender of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia, Liberals formed the Paris Commune to challenge Liberals formed the Paris Commune to challenge National Assembly for govt controlNational Assembly for govt control

National Assembly, led by Adolphe Thiers, crushed uprising by National Assembly, led by Adolphe Thiers, crushed uprising by sending troops into Parissending troops into Paris

Civil War resulted in death of Commune, as well as 20k FrenchCivil War resulted in death of Commune, as well as 20k French

Growth of French NationalismGrowth of French Nationalism

• Why did French Nationalism grow after bloody events of Why did French Nationalism grow after bloody events of 1871?1871?

33rdrd Republic demonstrated social and political conservatism- Republic demonstrated social and political conservatism- least divisive form of govt.least divisive form of govt.

Growth of moderate Republican leaders- led by Leon Gambetta, Growth of moderate Republican leaders- led by Leon Gambetta, established absolute parliamentary supremacy over Presidentestablished absolute parliamentary supremacy over President

Republicanism preserved thru legalization of trade unions, Republicanism preserved thru legalization of trade unions, imperial conquest, public education (secular republicanism)imperial conquest, public education (secular republicanism)

• The Dreyfus Affair (1901-1905)The Dreyfus Affair (1901-1905) Jewish captain wrongfully accused and convicted of treasonJewish captain wrongfully accused and convicted of treason Affair split France b/w conservative and liberal forcesAffair split France b/w conservative and liberal forces Although declared innocent, paved they way toward greater Although declared innocent, paved they way toward greater

separation of church and state within govt and society- separation of church and state within govt and society- NationalismNationalism

Italian NationalismItalian Nationalism

• Never united before 1850, reorganized by Congress of Never united before 1850, reorganized by Congress of Vienna in 1815- broken into 4 KingdomsVienna in 1815- broken into 4 Kingdoms

• Question of Nationalism? Possible approaches:Question of Nationalism? Possible approaches: Radical approach by Giuseppe Mazzini- democratic republic Radical approach by Giuseppe Mazzini- democratic republic

based upon universal male suffragebased upon universal male suffrage Federation by Vincenzo Gioberti- progressive pope to serve as Federation by Vincenzo Gioberti- progressive pope to serve as

presidentpresident Autocratic kingdom inspired by Kingdom of SardiniaAutocratic kingdom inspired by Kingdom of Sardinia

• Victor Emanuel- Monarch of Sardinia- sought to preserve Victor Emanuel- Monarch of Sardinia- sought to preserve liberal constitution of 1848 from Austrian Empire liberal constitution of 1848 from Austrian Empire

Emanuel and Constitution perceived as possible solution to Emanuel and Constitution perceived as possible solution to unificationunification

RCC would stand vehemently opposed to unification due to RCC would stand vehemently opposed to unification due to liberal conceptsliberal concepts

Count Camilio Benso di Cavour & Italian Count Camilio Benso di Cavour & Italian UnificationUnification

• Cavour- Cavour- Symbolized strong bond b/w Symbolized strong bond b/w aristocracy and middle classaristocracy and middle class

• Goal: unification of N and C ItalyGoal: unification of N and C Italy Need to drive out Austria from N Italy led to secret Need to drive out Austria from N Italy led to secret

Alliance w/FranceAlliance w/France War with Austria led to annexation of Lombardy to War with Austria led to annexation of Lombardy to

Sardinia, but fell short of Northern unificationSardinia, but fell short of Northern unification Central Italy aligned with SardiniaCentral Italy aligned with Sardinia

Giuseppe Garibaldi & Italian UnificationGiuseppe Garibaldi & Italian Unification

• Liberal Nationalist and leader of the Red ShirtsLiberal Nationalist and leader of the Red Shirts Overran Sicily and threatened papacy in RomeOverran Sicily and threatened papacy in Rome Political competition b/w Cavour and GaribaldiPolitical competition b/w Cavour and Garibaldi

• Garibaldi and Cavour met in Naples- symbolized Garibaldi and Cavour met in Naples- symbolized unification of Northern and Southern Italyunification of Northern and Southern Italy

• Kingdom of Italy evolved into parliamentary Kingdom of Italy evolved into parliamentary monarch under Victor Emanuelmonarch under Victor Emanuel Suffrage limited to propertied malesSuffrage limited to propertied males Italy united theoretically, yet deep divisions due to Italy united theoretically, yet deep divisions due to

industrial north and agrarian southindustrial north and agrarian south

Germany before Otto von BismarckGermany before Otto von Bismarck

• German politics characterized by tension and stalemate German politics characterized by tension and stalemate following Frankfurt Assemblyfollowing Frankfurt Assembly

• Growth of German industry under customs union Growth of German industry under customs union (Zollverein)(Zollverein)

German states growing rich, led by Prussia- but Austria German states growing rich, led by Prussia- but Austria excludedexcluded

Leading factor moving towards national unificationLeading factor moving towards national unification• William I of Prussia- believed in merits of larger armyWilliam I of Prussia- believed in merits of larger army• Growth of Prussian parliament following 1848 Rev Growth of Prussian parliament following 1848 Rev

Tried to establish de-militarized Prussia Tried to establish de-militarized Prussia Parliament held real political powerParliament held real political power Military to answer to parliamentMilitary to answer to parliament

• William I appointed Otto von Bismarck to help transform William I appointed Otto von Bismarck to help transform Prussia into military state to combat power of parliamentPrussia into military state to combat power of parliament

The Emergence of Bismarck in Prussian The Emergence of Bismarck in Prussian PoliticsPolitics

• Bismarck emerged as most influential German Bismarck emerged as most influential German leader b/w Luther and Hitlerleader b/w Luther and Hitler

• Master politician- pragmaticMaster politician- pragmatic• Declare that govt would rule w/o parliamentary Declare that govt would rule w/o parliamentary

consentconsent ““The great questions of the day will not be decided by The great questions of the day will not be decided by

speeches and resolutions…that was the blunder of speeches and resolutions…that was the blunder of 1848…but by 1848…but by BLOOD & IRON”BLOOD & IRON”

Opposition to plans demonstrated thru public support Opposition to plans demonstrated thru public support for liberal in parliamentfor liberal in parliament

The Austro-Prussian War (1866)The Austro-Prussian War (1866)

• Area of Schleswig-Holstein- Danish attempt to Area of Schleswig-Holstein- Danish attempt to bring under control sparked war with Prussian-bring under control sparked war with Prussian-Austrian forcesAustrian forces Bismarck quick to turn against Austria at conclusion of Bismarck quick to turn against Austria at conclusion of

war to kick out of Northern German affairswar to kick out of Northern German affairs

• 7 week war7 week war Utilization of RR’s and heavy artilleryUtilization of RR’s and heavy artillery German Confederation dissolvedGerman Confederation dissolved Austria withdrew from German affairsAustria withdrew from German affairs Prussian expansion successfulPrussian expansion successful

Bismarck and ParliamentBismarck and Parliament

• Bismarck’s belief about nationalism- not dangerous ideology that Bismarck’s belief about nationalism- not dangerous ideology that challenged conservative rule, but one that could be used for challenged conservative rule, but one that could be used for unification and prosperity of ALL classesunification and prosperity of ALL classes

• New Constitution drafted following war with Austria for new North New Constitution drafted following war with Austria for new North German Confederation German Confederation

Each state retained local govt.Each state retained local govt. King of Prussia (Wilhelm I) became president of confederationKing of Prussia (Wilhelm I) became president of confederation Chancellor Bismarck only responsible to presidentChancellor Bismarck only responsible to president Both President and Chancellor controlled army and foreign affairsBoth President and Chancellor controlled army and foreign affairs Creation of bicameral legislature, with lower house elected by universal Creation of bicameral legislature, with lower house elected by universal

male suffrage (eliminate power & influence of middle class)male suffrage (eliminate power & influence of middle class) Liberals of legislature fully backed Bismarck- dreams of unificationLiberals of legislature fully backed Bismarck- dreams of unification Societal value shift from middle class liberals to aristocratic Prussian Societal value shift from middle class liberals to aristocratic Prussian

officerofficer

The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)

• Final step towards German unification was Final step towards German unification was eliminating French threat and driving remaining eliminating French threat and driving remaining German states into Prussian controlGerman states into Prussian control

• During course of War, Louis Napoleon During course of War, Louis Napoleon captured and 3captured and 3rdrd Republic proclaimed!!! Republic proclaimed!!!

• Prussian victory led to proclamation of Wilhelm Prussian victory led to proclamation of Wilhelm I as Emperor of Germany (2I as Emperor of Germany (2ndnd Reich) Reich)

Prussian Constitution applied to all GermanyPrussian Constitution applied to all Germany• Terms of Peace Treaty with FranceTerms of Peace Treaty with France

France to pay $5 billion indemnityFrance to pay $5 billion indemnity France to ceded eastern province of Alsace and France to ceded eastern province of Alsace and

LorraineLorraine

The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)

• Impact of War:Impact of War: Surge in German nationalismSurge in German nationalism Illustration of Social DarwinismIllustration of Social Darwinism Prussia emerged as most powerful state in Prussia emerged as most powerful state in

EuropeEurope ““New Conservatism”- alignment of King and New Conservatism”- alignment of King and

propertied classes, with growing support from propertied classes, with growing support from working classesworking classes

German UnificationGerman Unification

The German Empire (1870-1914)The German Empire (1870-1914)

• German Empire = union of Prussia and 24 statesGerman Empire = union of Prussia and 24 states• National govt headed by Chancellor Bismarck, and National govt headed by Chancellor Bismarck, and

representative assembly thru Reichstagrepresentative assembly thru Reichstag Bismarck’s Kulturkampf- “struggle for civilization” launched Bismarck’s Kulturkampf- “struggle for civilization” launched

against RCCagainst RCC• 1873 Depression- hurt German agricultural economy 1873 Depression- hurt German agricultural economy

with importation of cheap grain from US and Russiawith importation of cheap grain from US and Russia Calls for economic nationalism/economic protectionism = Calls for economic nationalism/economic protectionism =

protective tariffprotective tariff• Bismarck outlawed German socialist parties- Bismarck outlawed German socialist parties-

revolutionary force that transcended nation-staterevolutionary force that transcended nation-state Sought to win over working classes thru social security reforms Sought to win over working classes thru social security reforms However, socialism growing thru Marxian Social Democratic However, socialism growing thru Marxian Social Democratic

PartyParty

Wilhelm II and the Fall of BismarckWilhelm II and the Fall of Bismarck

• Wilhelm II succeeded to become emperor in Wilhelm II succeeded to become emperor in 18901890 Opposed Bismarck’s policy of outlawing German Opposed Bismarck’s policy of outlawing German

socialists and forced him to resign!!!socialists and forced him to resign!!! ““Dropping the Pilot”Dropping the Pilot”

• Govt. legalized socialist political parties and Govt. legalized socialist political parties and foreign policy shiftedforeign policy shifted By 1912- German Socialist Party became majority in By 1912- German Socialist Party became majority in

ReichstagReichstag German socialists were ardent nationalists and liberal German socialists were ardent nationalists and liberal

reformers- but opposed expansionism and increased reformers- but opposed expansionism and increased military spendingmilitary spending

““Dropping the Pilot”Dropping the Pilot”

Austro-Hungarian EmpireAustro-Hungarian Empire

• Empire divided in 2 by war with Prussia- Dual Empire divided in 2 by war with Prussia- Dual Monarchy- Austrian Empire and Hungarian Monarchy- Austrian Empire and Hungarian (Magyars) Empire(Magyars) Empire

• Ethnic diversity became political Achilles heal of Ethnic diversity became political Achilles heal of Austrian politicsAustrian politics Minority German population troubled by language Minority German population troubled by language

differences and educationdifferences and education• Hungarian politics just as difficultHungarian politics just as difficult

Hungarian minority eligible to voteHungarian minority eligible to vote Croatians and Romanians alienatedCroatians and Romanians alienated Nationalism worked to weaken and destroy the state, Nationalism worked to weaken and destroy the state,

not enhancenot enhance

European Politics after 1870European Politics after 1870

• Nation building and unification complete by “blood and Nation building and unification complete by “blood and iron” approachiron” approach

• National state dominated politics there after wardNational state dominated politics there after ward Emergence of mass politics and political partiesEmergence of mass politics and political parties Growing mass loyalty towards the nation state (nationalism)Growing mass loyalty towards the nation state (nationalism)

• Reasons for growing support of masses:Reasons for growing support of masses: Extension of universal male suffrageExtension of universal male suffrage Women suffrageWomen suffrage Political parties represented massesPolitical parties represented masses

• The “Golden Rule” for political stability- domestic or The “Golden Rule” for political stability- domestic or international crisis could divert attention and prevent international crisis could divert attention and prevent internal strife/revolution/demands for reformsinternal strife/revolution/demands for reforms

Modernization of RussiaModernization of Russia

• 1919thth century Russia characterized by century Russia characterized by multinational population, thus self-multinational population, thus self-determination was perceived as determination was perceived as subversive ideologysubversive ideology

• Autocratic rule still firmly in placeAutocratic rule still firmly in place• Russia’s greatest challenge- Russia’s greatest challenge-

MODERNIZATION- allow Russia to MODERNIZATION- allow Russia to compete with fellow European nationscompete with fellow European nations

Russia in the 19Russia in the 19thth Century Century

• 1850’s Russia- poor agrarian society 1850’s Russia- poor agrarian society (90%)(90%) Little industrial developmentLittle industrial development Serfdom still firmly entrenched- hereditary Serfdom still firmly entrenched- hereditary

subjugationsubjugation Serfdom emerged as great political issue of Serfdom emerged as great political issue of

1840’s1840’s

The Crimean War (1853-56)The Crimean War (1853-56)

• Cause – dispute with France over who should protect Cause – dispute with France over who should protect Christian shrines in Ottoman EmpireChristian shrines in Ottoman Empire

• Fighting- concentrated in Crimean peninsula of Black Fighting- concentrated in Crimean peninsula of Black SeaSea

• Russia suffered humiliating defeat due to inability to Russia suffered humiliating defeat due to inability to adequately supply army due to poor transportation, lack adequately supply army due to poor transportation, lack of industry, and poor military developmentof industry, and poor military development

• Defeat illustrated inferiority of Russian economy, military, Defeat illustrated inferiority of Russian economy, military, and govt organizationand govt organization

Fear of massive peasant/serf revolt sparked need for reformsFear of massive peasant/serf revolt sparked need for reforms

Russia’s “Great Reforms”Russia’s “Great Reforms”

• Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom in 1861Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom in 1861 Peasant villages became collectivesPeasant villages became collectives Limited mobility and progressLimited mobility and progress

• Establishment of zemstvo- new local assemblies Establishment of zemstvo- new local assemblies that deal with local problemsthat deal with local problems Liberal hopes of evolution towards representative Liberal hopes of evolution towards representative

assembly met with disappointmentassembly met with disappointment• Judicial reforms included equality before the law Judicial reforms included equality before the law

and independent courtsand independent courts• Censorship declined, education liberalizedCensorship declined, education liberalized

Russia IndustrializesRussia Industrializes

• Russian modernization = economic developmentRussian modernization = economic development• Industry and transportation #1Industry and transportation #1

Govt subsidies encouraged construction Govt subsidies encouraged construction RR development aided agrarian Russia- grain economyRR development aided agrarian Russia- grain economy Development of factories at St. Petersburg and MoscowDevelopment of factories at St. Petersburg and Moscow

• Industrial development = military developmentIndustrial development = military development Desire for Imperial expansion accompanied industrialization- Desire for Imperial expansion accompanied industrialization-

Chinese sphere of influenceChinese sphere of influence

• Industrialization also fostered growth of Marxism among Industrialization also fostered growth of Marxism among working classesworking classes

Russia After Alexander IIRussia After Alexander II

• Tsar Alexander II assassinated in 1881, bringing reform Tsar Alexander II assassinated in 1881, bringing reform era to and endera to and end

Succeeded by Reactionary Tsar Alexander III- sought to extend Succeeded by Reactionary Tsar Alexander III- sought to extend economic modernization, but freeze political modernization economic modernization, but freeze political modernization (conservative reactionary)(conservative reactionary)

• Sergei Witte (Minister of Finance)- inspired by both Sergei Witte (Minister of Finance)- inspired by both nationalism and industrialization, believed that Russia nationalism and industrialization, believed that Russia suffering from lack of modernizationsuffering from lack of modernization

Doubled nationalized RR’s (trans-Siberian line)Doubled nationalized RR’s (trans-Siberian line) Currency based on gold standardCurrency based on gold standard Encouraged western nations to invest capital and factories in Encouraged western nations to invest capital and factories in

Russia-spurred development of steel, coal, and oil industriesRussia-spurred development of steel, coal, and oil industries

The Russo- Japanese War (1904-05)The Russo- Japanese War (1904-05)

• Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) Rooted in Russian desire for N. KoreaRooted in Russian desire for N. Korea Russia suffered humiliating defeat- brought about calls for Russia suffered humiliating defeat- brought about calls for

political reformspolitical reforms

• Calls for reform:Calls for reform: Business and professional classes seeking representative Business and professional classes seeking representative

regimeregime Working classes and peasants seeking more radical reformsWorking classes and peasants seeking more radical reforms Nationalist calls for self- determination from Russia’s ethnic Nationalist calls for self- determination from Russia’s ethnic

minoritiesminorities Separatist nationalist calls from Ukraine and PolesSeparatist nationalist calls from Ukraine and Poles

The Russian Revolution of 1905The Russian Revolution of 1905

• Causes/Actions:Causes/Actions: Working classes marched upon St. Petersburg with petition for Working classes marched upon St. Petersburg with petition for

reformsreforms ““Bloody Sunday”- Crowd met by troops who fired upon crowdBloody Sunday”- Crowd met by troops who fired upon crowd Event turned working class against Tsar Nicholas IIEvent turned working class against Tsar Nicholas II

• Events of 1905 included strikes, peasant uprisings, Events of 1905 included strikes, peasant uprisings, revolts among ethnic minorities, and troop mutiniesrevolts among ethnic minorities, and troop mutinies

• General Strike of October of 1905 paralyzed Russian General Strike of October of 1905 paralyzed Russian economy and industryeconomy and industry

Tsar Nicholas II issued October Manifesto- granted full civil Tsar Nicholas II issued October Manifesto- granted full civil rights and promised popularly elected legislature (Duma)rights and promised popularly elected legislature (Duma)

Manifesto split liberal (Working class) and conservative (middle Manifesto split liberal (Working class) and conservative (middle class) forcesclass) forces

The Duma under Nicholas IIThe Duma under Nicholas II

• Duma drafts new constitution- The Duma drafts new constitution- The Fundamental LawsFundamental Laws Tsar exercised executive powers, including Tsar exercised executive powers, including

vetoveto Duma dismissed by Nicholas II due to Duma dismissed by Nicholas II due to

opposition to Tsar’s policiesopposition to Tsar’s policies• By 1914- Russia was an established By 1914- Russia was an established

conservative constitutional monarchy with conservative constitutional monarchy with a peasant based, but industrializing a peasant based, but industrializing economyeconomy

Great Britain in the late 19Great Britain in the late 19thth Century Century

• Peaceful political evolution from classical Peaceful political evolution from classical liberalism towards full-fledged democracyliberalism towards full-fledged democracy

• Accurate synopsis?Accurate synopsis? 1832 Reform Bill extended suffrage 1832 Reform Bill extended suffrage John Stuart Mill’s John Stuart Mill’s On LibertyOn Liberty- discussed importance of - discussed importance of

protecting individual liberties during times of electoral protecting individual liberties during times of electoral expansionismexpansionism

1884 Reform Bill- Universal male suffrage1884 Reform Bill- Universal male suffrage

Nature of British PoliticsNature of British Politics

• Conservatism vs. Liberalism in British politicsConservatism vs. Liberalism in British politics Court decisions ruled against labor unionsCourt decisions ruled against labor unions H of C passed “People’s Budget” (welfare programs)H of C passed “People’s Budget” (welfare programs) Ascension of Liberal Party in British politics overcame Ascension of Liberal Party in British politics overcame

aristocratic conservatism aristocratic conservatism

• David Lloyd George- leading Liberal Party David Lloyd George- leading Liberal Party membermember Advocated taxing the rich to pay for social benefits for Advocated taxing the rich to pay for social benefits for

masses (welfare state)masses (welfare state)

The Irish ProblemThe Irish Problem

• Potential Civil War- England slow to make needed Potential Civil War- England slow to make needed reforms to lessen oppressionreforms to lessen oppression

Bills to introduce self-govt. to Ireland failed to passBills to introduce self-govt. to Ireland failed to pass Irish supported Liberal party seeking favorable legislation- Irish supported Liberal party seeking favorable legislation-

successful as home rule establishedsuccessful as home rule established

• But- Religious conflict within Ireland b/w Catholics But- Religious conflict within Ireland b/w Catholics (Southern Ireland) and Protestants (Northern Ireland- (Southern Ireland) and Protestants (Northern Ireland- Ulsterites) blocked attempts to reformUlsterites) blocked attempts to reform

Ulsterites raised army of 100k to block attempt at home ruleUlsterites raised army of 100k to block attempt at home rule Compromise bill that applied only to S. Ireland rejectedCompromise bill that applied only to S. Ireland rejected Irish question postponed by WWI in 1914Irish question postponed by WWI in 1914 Nationalism prevented progress!!Nationalism prevented progress!!

Jewish EmancipationJewish Emancipation

• 1848- turning point in Jewish life in Europe1848- turning point in Jewish life in Europe Gained civil rights in France & GermanyGained civil rights in France & Germany Momentum continued thru 1850’s- 70’s during Momentum continued thru 1850’s- 70’s during

conservative reactionconservative reaction 1871 German Constitution abolished all forms of 1871 German Constitution abolished all forms of

Jewish discriminatory lawsJewish discriminatory laws• Impact of “Freedom”:Impact of “Freedom”:

Entered free market economy as professionals and Entered free market economy as professionals and entrepreneursentrepreneurs

Increased social mobilityIncreased social mobility Nationalism for respective nation statesNationalism for respective nation states

Modern Anti-SemitismModern Anti-Semitism

• Theodore Herzl- Jewish German nationalist who Theodore Herzl- Jewish German nationalist who promoted idea of Zionism for Jews in midst of promoted idea of Zionism for Jews in midst of Ant- Semitic revival following financial panics of Ant- Semitic revival following financial panics of 1870’s and 1890’s1870’s and 1890’s Zionism- Safe haven for religiously oppressed groups- Zionism- Safe haven for religiously oppressed groups-

sought independent Jewish statesought independent Jewish state Modern Anti-Semitism- when govts funnel political Modern Anti-Semitism- when govts funnel political

and economic discontent thru Anti-Semitic channels, and economic discontent thru Anti-Semitic channels, especially in E. Europe and Russiaespecially in E. Europe and Russia

Marxism & the Socialist MovementMarxism & the Socialist Movement

• Question facing Europe- how did socialism fit into Question facing Europe- how did socialism fit into nationalist theories and support to nation state?nationalist theories and support to nation state?

• Growth in numbers of socialist followers following events Growth in numbers of socialist followers following events of 1870 resulted in The Socialist International- of 1870 resulted in The Socialist International- confederation of national socialist partiesconfederation of national socialist parties

In midst of failed political revolutions of 1848, Marx wrote in In midst of failed political revolutions of 1848, Marx wrote in Das Das CapitalCapital (1867) that revolution would surely follow economic crisis (1867) that revolution would surely follow economic crisis

May Day- May 1May Day- May 1stst designated as international strike day by designated as international strike day by working class as symbolic of working class demandsworking class as symbolic of working class demands

Many feared that increased solidarity and membership growth Many feared that increased solidarity and membership growth would result in ultimate Marxian objective- WORLDWIDE would result in ultimate Marxian objective- WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION by the PROLATARIATREVOLUTION by the PROLATARIAT

Unions and RevisionismUnions and Revisionism

• Socialism not marked by gross radicalism, but thru moderationSocialism not marked by gross radicalism, but thru moderation Suffrage replaced revolution as a means to progress and changeSuffrage replaced revolution as a means to progress and change Nationalism transcended class antagonismsNationalism transcended class antagonisms Lack of clear agendaLack of clear agenda Overall increased standard of living and quality of lifeOverall increased standard of living and quality of life

• Growth of moderate labor unions demonstrated that workers not Growth of moderate labor unions demonstrated that workers not seeking radical revolutionary changeseeking radical revolutionary change

Concentrated on tangible goalsConcentrated on tangible goals Successful collective bargaining agreements favored German industrial Successful collective bargaining agreements favored German industrial

workersworkers• Marxian Revisionism- belief that Marxist ideas should be updated to Marxian Revisionism- belief that Marxist ideas should be updated to

reflect the timesreflect the times Advocated gradual evolution for working class demands rather that Advocated gradual evolution for working class demands rather that

outright Revolutionoutright Revolution

Chapter Review QuestionsChapter Review Questions

1.1. Describe the impact of nationalism on Louis Describe the impact of nationalism on Louis Napoleon's 2Napoleon's 2ndnd Republic. Republic.

2.2. Discuss how Italy was able to overcome regional Discuss how Italy was able to overcome regional differences for unification.differences for unification.

3.3. Analyze the evolution of Prussia as a great power in Analyze the evolution of Prussia as a great power in 1919thth century Europe. century Europe.

4.4. Explain the challenges facing France during the 3Explain the challenges facing France during the 3rdrd Republic.Republic.

5.5. Assess the causes for the evolution of democracy in Assess the causes for the evolution of democracy in Great Britain.Great Britain.

6.6. Although Marxian ideology spread via political Although Marxian ideology spread via political influence in 19influence in 19thth century Europe, it never evolved into century Europe, it never evolved into international revolution. Why?international revolution. Why?

Chapter Essay QuestionChapter Essay Question

1.1. Describe the impact of Nationalism on Describe the impact of Nationalism on the affairs of 2 of the following 4 the affairs of 2 of the following 4 countries in 19countries in 19thth century Europe: century Europe:

ItalyItaly GermanyGermany FranceFrance RussiaRussia