Goal Two Goal Two PowerPointPowerPoint

Part OnePart One

Competency Goal 2Competency Goal 2Expansion and Reform (1801-1850)Expansion and Reform (1801-1850)

- The learner will assess the competing - The learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, forces of expansionism, nationalism,

and sectionalism. and sectionalism.  2.01 Analyze the effects of territorial 2.01 Analyze the effects of territorial

expansion and the admission of new expansion and the admission of new states to the Union.states to the Union.

2.02 Describe how the growth of 2.02 Describe how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism were nationalism and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language.reflected in art, literature, and language.

2.03 Distinguish between the economic 2.03 Distinguish between the economic and social issues that led to sectionalism and social issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism.and nationalism.

2.04 Assess political events, issues, and 2.04 Assess political events, issues, and personalities that contributed to personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism.sectionalism and nationalism.

Goal 2 Objectives, Goal 2 Objectives, continuedcontinued

2.05 Identify the major reform 2.05 Identify the major reform movements and evaluate their movements and evaluate their effectiveness.effectiveness.

2.06 Evaluate the role of religion 2.06 Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery and in the debate over slavery and other social movements and other social movements and issues.issues.

Industry and Industry and TransportationTransportation

New ways of transporting and New ways of transporting and manufacturing goods helped to manufacturing goods helped to usher in the industrial revolution in usher in the industrial revolution in America.America.

This course would shape America’s This course would shape America’s future in many ways.future in many ways.

Transportation Transportation RevolutionRevolution

Improving the roads included Improving the roads included development of turnpikes – roads users development of turnpikes – roads users paid a toll to access.paid a toll to access.

The National Road was built, made of The National Road was built, made of crushed rock. It was the most advanced crushed rock. It was the most advanced road in the United States at the time. road in the United States at the time. The road was paid for by the federal The road was paid for by the federal government and connected Maryland to government and connected Maryland to the Ohio River (present-day West the Ohio River (present-day West Virginia).Virginia).

Steamboat TravelSteamboat Travel

First major development in travelFirst major development in travel Used wood or coal to run the engine Used wood or coal to run the engine

(created steam)(created steam) Robert Fulton designed the first Robert Fulton designed the first

commercially successful steamboat, commercially successful steamboat, called the Clermont.called the Clermont.

Made it easier to travel upstreamMade it easier to travel upstream Steam-powered ships also Steam-powered ships also

revolutionized transatlantic travel.revolutionized transatlantic travel.

The Erie CanalThe Erie Canal

Canal network grew from 100 miles Canal network grew from 100 miles in 1816 to 3300 miles in 1840.in 1816 to 3300 miles in 1840.

The Erie canal ran 363 miles across The Erie canal ran 363 miles across New York State from Lake Erie to New York State from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. This helped New the Hudson River. This helped New York City become the nation’s York City become the nation’s greatest commercial center.greatest commercial center.

Erie Canal

RailroadsRailroads

Technology was largely developed in Great Technology was largely developed in Great Britain, but began to appear in the U.S. in Britain, but began to appear in the U.S. in the 1820s. Horses pulled the first trains.the 1820s. Horses pulled the first trains.

Steam-powered engines soon took over.Steam-powered engines soon took over. Railroads cost less to build and could more Railroads cost less to build and could more

easily get over hills. Trains moved faster easily get over hills. Trains moved faster than ships and could carry more weight.than ships and could carry more weight.

The RR industry was the first big business The RR industry was the first big business in America. It led to a decline in the canal in America. It led to a decline in the canal industry.industry.

Railroads in America

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Samuel Slater opened the first textile mill.Samuel Slater opened the first textile mill. He used his knowledge of the textile He used his knowledge of the textile

machinery to build America’s first water-machinery to build America’s first water-powered textile mill in 1793 at Pawtucket, powered textile mill in 1793 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island.Rhode Island.

These factories used the family-system; These factories used the family-system; whole families were employed in the mills whole families were employed in the mills and settled in villages owned by factory and settled in villages owned by factory owners and located around the mills.owners and located around the mills.

The Lowell MillsThe Lowell Mills

Francis Cabot Lowell developed another Francis Cabot Lowell developed another system in Massachusetts.system in Massachusetts.

He opened a mill at Waltham, He opened a mill at Waltham, Massachusetts. Massachusetts.

The system employed young, single The system employed young, single women recruited from area forms. They women recruited from area forms. They were called the “Lowell girls”; they lived were called the “Lowell girls”; they lived in company-owned boardinghouses and in company-owned boardinghouses and followed strict rules of behavior.followed strict rules of behavior.

Lowell Mill

The Impact of the Factory The Impact of the Factory SystemSystem

Machines increased the work pace.Machines increased the work pace. Labor was divided in to many small Labor was divided in to many small

taskstasks Reduced the amount of skilled Reduced the amount of skilled

workers needed.workers needed. Owners benefited because untrained Owners benefited because untrained

workers were more numerous and workers were more numerous and cost less to employ.cost less to employ.

InventionsInventions

Eli Whitney- cotton gin- designed to make it Eli Whitney- cotton gin- designed to make it faster to gin cotton; should have reduced the faster to gin cotton; should have reduced the need for slaves, but actually led to an increase need for slaves, but actually led to an increase in slave labor.in slave labor.

Elias Howe, Jr. – sewing machineElias Howe, Jr. – sewing machine I.M. Singer- made improvements on the sewing I.M. Singer- made improvements on the sewing

machine design by adding a foot treadle.machine design by adding a foot treadle. Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaperCyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper Samuel F.B. Morse – telegraph and Morse Samuel F.B. Morse – telegraph and Morse

CodeCode John Deere – steel plowJohn Deere – steel plow

Impact of InventionsImpact of Inventions Interchangeable parts led to greater Interchangeable parts led to greater

efficiency; Eli Whitney was the inventor of efficiency; Eli Whitney was the inventor of this.this.

The telegraph greatly improved The telegraph greatly improved communication and helped to unite areas of communication and helped to unite areas of the country. the country.

Agriculture remained the largest industry in Agriculture remained the largest industry in the U.S. for the time. This was, in part, the U.S. for the time. This was, in part, because of new Midwestern farms, new because of new Midwestern farms, new methods of planting and harvesting, and methods of planting and harvesting, and new inventions (such as steel plow and new inventions (such as steel plow and mechanical reaper).mechanical reaper).

Sectional DifferencesSectional Differences

In the first half of the 1800s, the In the first half of the 1800s, the North and the South developed in North and the South developed in very different ways.very different ways.

North and SouthNorth and South Embraced Embraced

industrializationindustrialization Northeast had greater Northeast had greater

access to capital access to capital resourcesresources

Cheap labor was Cheap labor was available to work in available to work in factoriesfactories

Rivers provided water Rivers provided water power for factoriespower for factories

Remained primarily Remained primarily agriculturalagricultural

Land and climate Land and climate favored farmingfavored farming

Slave laborSlave labor Cotton became “King”Cotton became “King” Plantations in Florida, Plantations in Florida,

Tennessee, Alabama, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas Arkansas and Texas began to grow cotton.began to grow cotton.

North and SouthNorth and South Reduced the need for Reduced the need for

skilled laborskilled labor Unions formedUnions formed Middle class grewMiddle class grew Immigration led to a boost Immigration led to a boost

in population (new in population (new immigrants were primarily immigrants were primarily Catholic or Jewish)Catholic or Jewish)

Favored strong central Favored strong central governmentgovernment

Favored tariffsFavored tariffs

Filled a growing demand Filled a growing demand from textile factories and from textile factories and the Northeast and Europethe Northeast and Europe

Too dependent on a cash Too dependent on a cash cropcrop

Plantations dispersed the Plantations dispersed the population.population.

Did not attract immigrants Did not attract immigrants for cheap laborfor cheap labor

Because of the use of slave Because of the use of slave labor, there was little labor, there was little consumer demand.consumer demand.

Favored states rightsFavored states rights Against tariff due to Against tariff due to

dependency on importsdependency on imports

Social Issues that Impacted Social Issues that Impacted SectionalismSectionalism

Slavery – tensions over slavery Slavery – tensions over slavery continued as the South remained continued as the South remained agricultural and the North agricultural and the North industrialized. People in the North were industrialized. People in the North were beginning to see slavery as a moral beginning to see slavery as a moral issue and were calling for abolition.issue and were calling for abolition.

Nativism – Immigrants tended to settle Nativism – Immigrants tended to settle together in poorer neighborhoods together in poorer neighborhoods where there was a shared culture.where there was a shared culture.

Nativism, continuedNativism, continued

Between 1825 and 1855, more than 5 Between 1825 and 1855, more than 5 million immigrants came to the U.S. million immigrants came to the U.S. Most were from western Europe. Most were from western Europe. Many were Roman Catholic, and Many were Roman Catholic, and became targets of the Protestants. became targets of the Protestants.

Northern industries began to depend Northern industries began to depend on immigrants for cheap labor; on immigrants for cheap labor; however, Northerners also felt that however, Northerners also felt that the immigrants competed for the jobs the immigrants competed for the jobs that were available in the North.that were available in the North.

Nativism, continuedNativism, continued

Immigrants often suffered Immigrants often suffered discriminatio an violence.discriminatio an violence.

The Know-Nothing Party formed as a The Know-Nothing Party formed as a secret society to fight against secret society to fight against immigrants.immigrants.

By 1850, Know-Nothing candidates By 1850, Know-Nothing candidates were actually winning some state were actually winning some state elections. However, by 1861, the elections. However, by 1861, the party had died out for the most part.party had died out for the most part.

Nativism,continuedNativism,continued

The south feared that the North The south feared that the North would get more representatives in would get more representatives in Congress since immigrants were Congress since immigrants were causing the North's population to causing the North's population to grow rapidly.grow rapidly.

Immigrants opposed abolition Immigrants opposed abolition because they feared that freed because they feared that freed slaves would move to the North and slaves would move to the North and take their jobs.take their jobs.

NationalismNationalism

Following the War of 1812, the Following the War of 1812, the nation entered a period known as nation entered a period known as the Era of Good Feelings (1814-the Era of Good Feelings (1814-1824).1824).

The American System and the The American System and the Second Bank of the U.S. can be Second Bank of the U.S. can be associated with this idea. Also, associated with this idea. Also, internal improvements indicate the internal improvements indicate the increased level of nationalism.increased level of nationalism.

Henry Clay’s American Henry Clay’s American SystemSystem

Internal improvements (roads, Internal improvements (roads, canals, transportation canals, transportation improvements)improvements)

Bank of the US Bank of the US Protective tariffProtective tariff

Clay’s American System/Free Enterprise

Supreme Court Cases in the Supreme Court Cases in the Marshal CourtMarshal Court

McCulloch vs. Maryland- “sanctity of McCulloch vs. Maryland- “sanctity of contracts”)contracts”)

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward – Dartmouth College vs. Woodward – limited the state government’s power to limited the state government’s power to interfere with contractsinterfere with contracts

Fletcher vs. Peck – same concept as Fletcher vs. Peck – same concept as aboveabove

Gibbons vs. Ogden – established that Gibbons vs. Ogden – established that control over interstate commerce control over interstate commerce belonged to the federal government, not belonged to the federal government, not the statesthe states

Economic PanicsEconomic Panics

1819,1837,and 18571819,1837,and 1857 Factory workers lost their jobs.Factory workers lost their jobs. Hurt farmers because demand Hurt farmers because demand

declineddeclined Many blamed the banks, especially Many blamed the banks, especially

the Bank of the U.S.the Bank of the U.S.

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 – U.S. Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 – U.S. gained Florida from Spain, and gained Florida from Spain, and ended Spanish claims to the Pacific ended Spanish claims to the Pacific Coast Territory of Oregon.Coast Territory of Oregon.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823- warned Monroe Doctrine, 1823- warned Europe from intervening into the Europe from intervening into the Western Hemisphere. Implied that Western Hemisphere. Implied that the U.S. had the power to police the the U.S. had the power to police the Americas. Americas.

Adams Onis Treaty, 1819

Monroe Doctrine

The Missouri The Missouri CompromiseCompromise

Maine would come in as a free state.Maine would come in as a free state. Missouri would come in as a slave state. Missouri would come in as a slave state. A line of demarcation would be drawn A line of demarcation would be drawn

at 36*30’ N. latitude. Above the line at 36*30’ N. latitude. Above the line would be closed to slavery; below could would be closed to slavery; below could be open to slavery.be open to slavery.

This was a temporary solution. It This was a temporary solution. It restored the balance in congress for the restored the balance in congress for the moment.moment.