the age of imperialism 1880-1914. imperialism: the policy of a strong, industrialized nation to take...
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The Age of Imperialism
1880-1914
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Imperialism:
• The policy of a strong, industrialized nation to take over territories which are outside its own borders.
• The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition OR by establishing economic and political dominance over another land.
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• In the last few decades of 19th c- a change occurred- from commercial interests to active conquest, political control and the exploitation of untouched lands.
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Degrees of control:
• Least control most control
• Give economic establish a create a annexation
or military aid sphere of puppet state of the land
influence or protectorate
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Why did Europeans begin their “New” Imperialistic adventures?
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-The Economic interpretation…
• Need for raw materials for growing industrialization in Europe
• Markets for the new, manufactured goods
• Places for excess capital investment
• Other explanations…
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Strategic Location: places for European ships to re-supply on the long voyages around the globe
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Militant Nationalism: “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire.” Other European nations wanted to control foreign lands as the British had done
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The popular press: “Jingoism”- instigated attitudes of expansion
• A typical music hall song…
• We don’t want to fight, But by jingo if we do, We’ve got the men, We’ve got the ships, We’ve got the money too!
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• Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and the idea of the survival of the fittest became “Social Darwinism”
• Europeans believed their civilization had evolved to be the “most fit”
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• Religious Convictions and Missionary Activity
• “The White Man’s Burden.” by Rudyard Kipling
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To Europeans: “The Unknown Continent”
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• Special interests:• Geographic
Societies
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European Imperialism in China
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• Chinese leaders and the general population exhibited attitudes of ethnocentrism and rejected European advances
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Imperialism in China
• Until the 1500’s Europe had very little contact with China
• Early Europeans (The Portuguese and the Dutch) encountered a Chinese emperor who rejected requests for trade missions
• 18th century British attempts were equally refused
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Opium smoking – recreational drug?- The British plot- to create a nation of addicts in need of the opium illegally imported into China.
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The Opium Wars, (1839-1842) a turning point- China went to war to stop the British import of the drug
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The Treaty of Nanjing, 1842- China lost the Opium Wars and was forced to agree to this treaty which was very unfair to China
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The Treaty of Nanking, 1842
• Britain could trade in four ports
• China had to pay $100 million indemnity
• Britain acquired Hong Kong
• Britain gained extraterritoriality
• Soon, other European nations won similar concessions…
• These treaties undermined the Emperor’s ability to control foreigners in his country
• European racism antagonized the Chinese
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The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864
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The Sino-Japanese War, 1894
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1900, The Boxer Rebellion
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Japan becomes the exception…
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Japan becomes the exception…
• From 1600 thru 1853, Japan was isolated from the rest of the world.
• Japan’s feudal society was ruled by a Shogun, the emperor was a figurehead.
• Matthew Perry “opened“ Japan to trade
• The Meiji Restoration of 1867 marks the beginning of modern, industrial Japan.
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• From 1603 thru 1853, Japan was isolated from the rest of the world by the Tokugawa shoguns
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• The American naval force, commanded by Matthew Perry in Edo Bay to “open” Japan to trade in 1853
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• 1867, The Meiji Enlightenment
• The young emperor, Mutsuhito embarks upon a policy of modernization for his country.
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Imperialism in India
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The Mughal Empire – India before the Europeans
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-Imperialism in India
• First encounters -17th century-Dutch and Portuguese explorers faced wealthy, powerful princes who allowed small concessions for trade.
• By the 18th c. the British and French found a different India-torn apart by a “civil war”
• In 1757, the British East India Company defeated the French and Indian forces in the Battle of Plassey and for the next 100 years, dominated most of the sub-continent
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The Battle of Plassey, 1757
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The turning point in India: The Sepoy Mutiny, 1857
• Sepoys- hired and trained by the British East India Company
• In India; The first War of Independence
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• The Sepoy Mutiny failed but the British government ended the monopoly of the British East India Company (BEIC) and administered the colony directly.
• The British government remained in India until its independence in 1947.
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-British rule India
• Despite the British advances, Indian nationalism was strong…
• In 1885 the Indian National Congress was formed to gain independence
• In 1906, the Muslim League organized to represent the minority of Muslims
• Independence was not achieved until 1947, when Britain, exhausted from WWII, gave India the choice of self-determination.
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Nationalist feelings spread across India, beginning with the Sepoy Mutiny and became more intense after World War Two, led by Mohandas Gandhi.
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-British rule in India, 1757-1947
• Ended 100 years of intermittent warfare
• English-educated Indians became the backbone of the civil service …
• Parliamentary democracy was permitted in villages and towns…
• Modern technology- railroads, telegraph, medicine, schools, sanitation & irrigation was introduced.
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Imperialism in Africa
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• The most rapid example of Imperialism took place in Africa, Europeans wanted its undeveloped natural resources.
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King Leopold II of Belgium started the “scramble for Africa” in 1876
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British explorer and adventurer, Cecil Rhodes advocated for a British-controlled railroad from Cairo in Egypt to Capetown in the south.
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• The Berlin Conference of 1885- Europeans met to lay out the ground rules for the conquest and division of Africa
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The Legacy of Imperialism
• The influence of western ideas, institutions and technologies is apparent everywhere
• Feelings of animosity and distrust among the people of Africa and Asia
• Development of a non-western strain of nationalism which includes a strong religious and cultural conservatism
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Any Questions?