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The Age of Imperialism
(1800-1914)
Main Ideas
• Through a “new imperialism”
Westerners sought to control vast
territories
• Colonial export policies often exploited
native populations and opened up
markets for European manufactured
goods while supplying raw goods
• Western nations imposed their values
and institutions
Main Ideas
• Nationalism gave subjects the means
to seek their freedom
• Great social divisions were created
between colonizers and those being
colonized
Key Events
• Competition among European nations
leads to the partitioning of Africa
• Colonial rule creates a new social class
of Westernized intellectuals
• British rule brings order and stability to
India, but with a cost
• The US begins its own imperialist
policies
Imperialism in Africa
• Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium,
Italy, Spain, and Portugal divide Africa
• Muhammad Ali leads revolt against the
Ottoman Empire and established a separate
Egyptian State
• Ali leads Egypt into the modern world, but
British interests (Suez Canal), lead to Egypt
becoming a British protectorate.
Muhammad Ali
Imperialism in Africa
• British also hope to control the Sudan in
order to protect Egyptian interests, but are
defeated by Muhammad Ahmad. British do
eventually gain the Sudan in 1898.
• French gain Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco
• Italy attempts to gain Ethiopia but is defeated.
Imperialism in Africa
• David Livingstone explored Africa for over 30
years. After disappearing he was found by
Henry Stanley. Livingstone and other explorers
fueled popular interest in Africa.
• Belgium claims the Congo region.
Imperialism in Africa
• Boers, or Afrikaners, occupied areas of
South Africa. The British seized these areas
from the Dutch. The Boers formed 2
independent republics. The British eventually
defeated the Boers over the course of two wars.
• Cecil Rhodes founds Rhodesia and largely
influences British policy in South Africa.
Imperialism in Africa
• The Zulu had established an African empire
under Shaka, who had improved the Zulu
military.
• The British and Zulu War only lasted about a
year. Technology and Western discipline
enabled the British to win. However the British
suffered a huge defeat at the Battle of
Isandlwana, which stunned the British public.
The British won against seemingly impossible
odds at Rorke’s Drift.
Shaka
British Rule in India
• The British East India Company was actively
involved in Indian political and military affairs
with its own soldiers= Sepoys who were native
Indians.
• 1857- Sepoy Rebellion: Indian troops
outnumbered British troops by about 230,000 to
40,000 but were eventually crushed. Hindu and
Muslim rivalries hurt the Indian cause
• Kanpur and Delhi massacres
• Parliament transfers power from British East
India Company to the British Government.
British Rule in India
• British viceroy ruled as a representative of
the Queen. Around 3,500 officials ruled 300
million people.
• British colonial government was efficient and
brought stability and order to Indian society.
Upper-caste Indians were given a British
education. A vast railroad system was created.
• Peasant unrest resulted from British rule due
to tax increases and lack of food. Cotton
production hurt the food supply. Most British
colonists considered themselves far superior to
the Indians.
British Rule in India
• 1885- Indian National Congress calls for a
share in the governing process. Muslims want
a separate Muslim league.
• Mohandas Gandhi returns to India in 1915.
He begins a nonviolent resistance movement.
He will be a huge influence in the fight for
Indian independence.
Gandhi
Colonialism in Southeast Asia
• Britain acquires Singapore and Burma.
Singapore was a gateway to China. Burma
helped Britain protect its Indian possessions.
• France forced Vietnam to accept French
protection, thus forming a protectorate.
• Thailand becomes only free state in
Southeast Asia through the work of Kings
Mongkut and Chulalongkorn. Thailand remains
a buffer between British and French
possessions.
King Mongkut King Chulalongkorn
Colonialism in Southeast Asia
• The US, under President William McKinley, turns the
Philippines into an American colony. This helped the
US in trade with China and also protected it from the
Japanese (who would later invade it in WWII)
• Emilio Aguinaldo leads a revolt against the US but is
defeated.
Challenges in East
Asia
1800-1914
Main Ideas
• Western nations used political
persuasion and military strength to gain
trading privileges with China and Japan
• China’s internal problems made it easier
for Western nations to penetrate the
country and strengthen their influence
• Japan’s ability to adopt Western ways
and to maintain its own traditions enabled
it to develop into a modern, powerful
nation
Impact on Today’s World
• Issues raised by the Opium War
continue to be addressed, since drug
addiction and the drug trade remain
major international problems
• Japan has one of the world’s largest
industrialized free markets
• China’s large market continues to
attract Western business and trade
The Qing Dynasty
• Created by Manchus
• lasted over 250 years as the last imperial
Chinese dynasty
• bitterly resented as a foreign, occupying
dynasty
• Famine, rapid population growth and
pressure from European nations led to its
decline
The Opium Wars
• Britain had an unfavorable trade balance
with China and turned to selling opium,
which was grown in Northern India. Tons
were shipped.
• Opium parlors spread throughout China,
creating huge numbers of addicts
• Chinese outlaw opium in 1836
• The Chinese attempted to block British
traders in 1839 but were technologically
inferior and were badly defeated
The Opium Wars
• This led to the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 in
which the Chinese were forced to open 5
ports, limit taxes on British imports, pay for
war costs, give the British Hong Kong, and
give the British extraterritoriality
The Tai Ping Rebellion
• Led by Hong Xiuquan
• appealed to many because it called for
reforms like giving land to peasants and
treating women as equals
• one of the most devastating civil wars in
history (between 20-30 million believed dead
in a 14 year period)
• eventually put down by Qing forces with
European aid
Hong Xiuquan
Efforts at Reform
• Self-strengthening- idea that China should
adopt Western technology while keeping
Confucian values and institutions
• democracy was considered too radical
• Overall, technology and industry were
improved but the Chinese value system
remained unchanged
The Confucian Code
• state policy from 210 B.C. until A.D. 1912.
• 3 Concepts: 1. the emperor is superior to all
others on Earth and is accountable for all
events that influence the welfare of the people
2. administrators in the government are
selected on the basis of merit and
competence 3. the Chinese people are taught
to value order and social cohesion above
personal gain
• Submission to authority, respect for
tradition, and moderation in all things are key
Efforts at Reform
• (1898) Emperor Guang Xu attempts a reform
campaign but many conservatives at court
opposed it. Also, his aunt the Empress
Dowager Ci Xi opposed them, and eventually
imprisoned the emperor.
Ci Xi
Emperor Guang Xu
Open Door policy
• Proposed by John Hay. Ensured equal
access to the Chinese market for all nations
and preserved the unity of the Chinese
empire.
Boxer Rebellion
• Anti-Western and anti-Christian
• supported by Ci Xi
• members of the “Society of Harmonious
Fists” or “Righteous and Harmonious Fists”
• International response was swift and
crushed the rebellion
Fall of the Qing
• Reforms were attempted to save the
dynasty
• civil service exams were replaced by a
Western educational model
• legislative assemblies formed at local level
but could only “advise” the ruler
• Sun Yat-Sen forms the “Revive China
Society”
Sun Yat-Sen
Fall of the Qing
• Sun devised a 3 stage plan to make China a
democracy: 1. military takeover 2.
transitional phase in which his party would
prepare the people for democracy 3.
constitutional democracy
• advocated 3 principles: nationalism,
democracy, and the right for people to pursue
their own livelihoods
• Ci Xi and Guang Xu both died and Henry Pu
Yi, an infant, became China’s last emperor
Fall of the Qing
• 1911-Followers of Sun Yat-Sen revolt and
the Qing dynasty collapses
• Sun’s party turns to General Yuan Shigai
• Yuan was unsuccessful and despised by
reformers and traditionalists
• Sun’s party becomes the “Guomindang”, or
nationalist party. They attempt a rebellion
against Yuan but fail
• After Yuan’s death in 1916, China slips into
civil war
Yuan Shigai
Isolation in Japan
• 1800- Tokugawa shogunate had ruled Japan for
200 years and isolated it from the outside world
• 1853- 4 US warships led by Commodore
Matthew Perry arrive in Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay).
Perry carried a letter from President Millard
Fillmore (p. 487) asking for the opening of trade
and better treatment of shipwrecked sailors
• Treaty of Kanagawa signed: 2 ports opened,
return of shipwrecked sailors, US consulate
opened
Isolation in Japan
• The main reason for the opening of Japan=
US firepower and Japanese fear of it. When
they first saw the steam-powered ships, the
Japanese described them as “giant dragons
puffing smoke” and “black ships of evil
appearance”
• Many samurai (Sat-Cho alliance) resisted
and wanted no part of the West. In 1868 they
attacked the Shogun and proclaimed the
emperor to be restored.
Matthew Perry Millard Fillmore
Meiji Restoration
• Emperor Mutsuhito, or Emperor Meiji, was
the figurehead of the restoration
• local nobles stripped of titles but named
governors of territories, or prefectures
• Iwakura Mission and Ito Hirobumi sent
abroad to study Western culture and politics
• Japanese economy modernizes
• government based on Germany’s with
Emperor as figurehead and power in the
hands of prime minister and his cabinet
Emperor Mutsuhito
Ito Hirobumi Iwakura Mission
Meiji Restoration
• Military was Westernized and drastically
changed. All Japanese men served 3 years.
Western tactics and weapons adopted.
• Education system modeled after the US.
• Women’s rights improved
• Imperialism was also copied……..
Imperialism
• Japan has very few natural resources and is
small. Japanese leaders felt the only way to
compete would be to expand. (colonize)
• 1894- Rivalry between Japan and China over
Korea leads to war. Japan wins easily.
• Japan also has rivalry with Russia over
influence in Korea. The Russians think little
of the Japanese. 1904- Japanese launch
surprise attack on the Russian naval base at
Port Arthur. They defeat the Russians on land
and at sea and shock the world.
Results
• Japan becomes a new world power