the 2010 iowa child and family household health surveythis text portion of the report summarizes the...

The 2010 Iowa Childand Family Household Health Survey

Statewide results

First report in a series

April 2012

Public Policy CenterThe University of Iowa

Iowa Department of Public Health

Child Health Specialty Clinics

April 2012

The 2010 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey

Statewide results

First report in a series Peter C. Damiano Director Jean C. Willard Senior Research Assistant Ki H. Park Graduate Student Research Assistant University of Iowa, Public Policy Center This study was supported by the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH); the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Blank Children’s Hospital; American Academy of Pediatrics–Iowa Chapter; Child Health Specialty Clinics, and ARRA funding through Early ACCESS.

The results and views expressed are the independent products of university research and do not necessarily represent the views of the sponsors or the University of Iowa.

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Table of contents Introduction 3 Methods 4 Number of children in iowa 6 Child health status 7 Health insurance coverage 9 Health care 12 Early childhood Issues 16 Child emotional/behavioral health 17 Social determinants of health 18 Nutrition 19 Physical activity 22 Parent health and well-being 24 Smoking, drugs, alcohol and gambling 27 Conclusions 27

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INTRODUCTION The Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey (IHHS) is a comprehensive, statewide effort to evaluate the health and well-being of children and families in Iowa, including health status, access to health care, and social environment. This survey, conducted every 5 years, represents a collaboration between the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH), the Public Policy Center (PPC), and Child Health Specialty Clinics (CHSC). Funding for the 2010 survey was provided by the IDPH, with additional funding from: the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), Blank Children’s Hospital; American Academy of Pediatrics –Iowa Chapter; Child Health Specialty Clinics; and ARRA funding through Early ACCESS.

The primary goals of the 2010 IHHS were to: 1) assess the health and well-being of children and families in Iowa, 2) assess a set of early childhood issues, 3) evaluate the health insurance coverage of children in Iowa and features of the uninsured, and 4) assess the health and well-being of racial and ethnic minority children in Iowa.

Questions in the 2010 survey included a wide range of topic areas encompassing health, overall well-being, and family environment of children in Iowa with a special emphasis on early childhood issues.

Topic areas in the 2010 survey include:

• Functional health status

• Access/need

• Medical home

• Prescription medication

• Dental care

• Emergency room use

• Behavioral and emotional health

• Early childhood

• Child care

• Social determinants of health

• Nutrition, physical activity, food insecurity

• Parent health status/family health

• Substance use and gambling

• Demographics

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This text portion of the report summarizes the findings from the 2010 survey for the state as a whole. The results for the individual questions from the survey, organized by frequency percent of children in Iowa, as well as by age category and Federal Poverty Level (FPL) of the child, can be found in the appendices at the end of this report.

METHODS The 2010 Iowa Household Health Survey was a population-based statewide survey using a mixed-mode approach to the data collection, and included an oversample of African-American and Latino children. The survey was conducted with parents of children in Iowa using an address-based sampling design. Data collection was completed using a combination of telephone and Internet survey methods. The University of Northern Iowa Center for Social and Behavioral Research coordinated the data collection efforts.

For the survey process: 1) A packet was mailed to a statewide random sample of addresses drawn from the United States Postal Service (USPS) Delivery Sequence File (DSF). The packet included an information letter with instructions for completing a web-based questionnaire; 2) The USPS DSF included telephone numbers for about 60% of addresses. Non-respondents for whom a phone number was available were called if they did not complete the web survey within the first week.

During the core data collection period, 2,386 participated: 1,859 phone and 527 online interviews took place with the parent or guardian of one randomly selected child age 0-17 years living in the household. The data were weighted to account for family size and post-stratified to reflect the 2010 child population in Iowa. As the 2010 Census had just been completed at the time of the 2010 Iowa Household Health Survey, a relatively precise count of children in Iowa was obtained. This was used to determine if the characteristics of the population who completed the survey varied significantly from the total population as identified in the census data.

A weight related to the design effect was added to the analysis in order to make statistical testing more accurate. Weights for individual cases range from .28 to 3.84, with a mean weight of .7629.

Respondents were primarily mothers (78%), although 16% were fathers. The remaining 6% were other types of guardians, primarily relatives of the child. There were almost equal numbers of boys (51%) and girls (49%) represented in the sample. The demographic characteristics of the children in the sample is shown in Table 1

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Table 1. Demographics of children in survey, 2010 (weighted data)

Demographics (weighted) 2010

Age 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17

27.8% 27.6% 27.6% 17.1%

Income 0-$25,000 $25,001-$40,000 $40,001-$55,000 $55,001-$70,000 $70,001-$80,000 More than $80,000

9.4% 12.1% 15.2% 14.9% 11.7% 36.7%

Sex % Female

48.7%

Race (check all that apply) African/American White Other

4.7% 92.2% 7.9%

Ethnicity % Spanish/Hisp

6.5%

For these analyses, results were calculated for children by age group (0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-17 years) and family income (lower: <133% FPL, moderate: 133-200% FPL, and higher: >200% FPL).

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NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN IOWA

There were about 820,000 children in Iowa in 2010 according to the US Census. The number of children remained relatively constant from 2000 to 2010 (Table 2).1

Table 2. Iowa child population change, 2000 and 2010

2000 Census

2010 Census

Percent change

Children ages 0-19 years in Iowa 827,983 820,510 -0.01%

Table 3 presents data concerning the number of births and the number of children enrolled in Iowa schools from 2000-2010. According to the Iowa Department of Education, between the 1999-2000 and the 2009-2010 school years, there was a 6.3% decline in students K-12. Meanwhile, it is interesting to note that the number of births in Iowa has increased since 2000, leveling out in the past few years at around 40,000 births/year.

Table 3. Change in number of Iowa births and Iowa K-12 school enrollment,

2000, 2005 and 2010

2000 2005 2010 Percent change 2000-2010

Iowa births 2 38,250 39,275 39,662 +3.7%

School enrollment 3

540,887 518,355 507,048 -6.3%

The number of families with children in Iowa decreased during the past decade. In the 2000 Census, there were 377,687 families in Iowa. By the 2010 Census, the number dropped to 347,118 families with children under 18 years, an 8.1% decrease. Thus, there was a slight increase in the average number of children in a household in Iowa over the past ten years.

1 State Library of Iowa, State Data Center Program. Available at www.iowadatacenter.org. Accessed December 2011. 2 Iowa birth: http://www.idph.state.ia.us/apl/vital_stats.asp#summary. Accessed December 2011. The number shown is the 2009 Iowa births, which is the most current information available. 3 Iowa school enrollment: http://educateiowa.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1348&Itemid=2410 . Accessed December 2011.

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CHILD HEALTH STATUS

Overall, the health status of children in Iowa was reported to be very positive. Ninety percent of children were rated to be in ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ health. As Figure 1 shows, this is slightly higher than in 2005, when 89% of children had these ratings.

Figure 1. Overall health status of Iowa children, 2000, 2005 and 2010

Iowa children are healthier than children nationally, where 84% have parents who rate their health as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good.’4 Health status did vary significantly by income, with 46% of children in families with incomes less than 133% FPL being rated as ‘excellent’ compared to 67% of higher income children (>200% FPL).

About one-in-five children in Iowa (19%) were reported to have a special health care need (Figure 2), as defined by the CAHMI children with special health care needs (CSHCN) screening tool.5 This represents a slight decrease from 2005, when 21% of Iowa children had a special health care need. Nationally in 2005, about 14% of children had special health care needs.6

4 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health, National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: http://childhealthdata.org/browse/survey?s=2. Accessed December 2011. 5 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI). The Children with Special Health Care Needs Screener. Available at: http://cahmi.org/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=115 . Accessed December 2011. 6 The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs http://mchb.hrsa.gov/cshcn05/ . Accessed December 2011.

25% 29% 26%

8% 9% 9% 1% 2% 2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2005 2010

Fair/Poor

Good

Very good

Excellent

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Figure 2. Iowa Children with Special Health Care Need, 2000, 2005 and 2010

Of the 19% of children in Iowa identified as having a special health care need, 53% had parents who reported that their child had been diagnosed with a chronic health condition. Older children were more likely to be identified as a having a special health care need (Figure 3). Boys (22%) were more likely to have a special health care need than girls (17%).

Figure 3. Percent of Iowa children with a special health care need, by age in years

17%

21% 19%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

2000 2005 2010

CSHCN

7%

19%

25%

30%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Age 0-‐4 Age 5-‐9 Age 10-‐14 Age 15-‐17

CSHCN

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Children living in households with the lowest incomes were also more likely to have a special health care need (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Percent of Iowa children with a special health care need, by income status

HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE Parents were asked about the type and amount of health insurance coverage they had for their children and themselves.

Child’s health insurance coverage Three percent of children in Iowa were uninsured at the time of the interview. This was similar to the rate of uninsured children found in 2005 (3%), and half that found in 2000 (6%). The percentage of children without insurance varied by income. While only 1% of children in higher income families (>200% FPL) were without health insurance, about 6% of children in households with incomes between 134-199% FPL, and 4% of children in households with incomes equal to or less than 133% FPL, were uninsured. Most lower income children are likely eligible for either the Medicaid or hawk-i programs, since income eligibility for these programs extends up to 300% FPL.

Among children with insurance, about 3% had been uninsured at some point in the previous 12 months, with lower income children being most likely to have been without coverage (8%). The period of time without insurance was relatively low, however, with 80% of those who had been uninsured being without insurance for less than 6 months. Most Iowa children (70%) were

31%

18% 18%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0-‐133% FPL 134-‐200% FPL 201+% FPL

CSHCN

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covered by employer-based insurance. Once again, however, type of coverage varied significantly by income. About 18% of lower income children (<133% FPL) had employer-based insurance, while 50% of moderate-income children (134-200% FPL) and 85% of higher income children (>200% FPL) had such insurance. Public insurance program participation showed the reverse trend, with 77% of lower income, 43% of moderate-income, and 6% of higher income children having public insurance. The proportion of lower income children and moderate-income children with public insurance did increase from 2005-2010 (65% and 27%, respectively). This corresponds to a general decrease in employer-based coverage in the past decade.7

Iowa’s 3% uninsured rate compares favorably to the national rate of 9% for children (2007).8 Iowa’s decline in uninsured children from 2000 to 2010 parallels a national decline from the mid-1990s to 2007. The national rate for uninsured (non-Hispanic white) children declined from 12.6 percent to 6.1 percent from 1996-2007. Much of this decline is attributed to the start of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in 1997, and the concurrent expansion of eligibility of Medicaid for children. Iowa has seen an increase in the number of children enrolled in the Medicaid and hawk-i (Iowa’s Children’s Health Insurance Program) programs. Our results indicate that the proportion of children with public insurance has increased from 11% in 2000 to 22% in 2010, as the number of uninsured children declined in the state.

The perceived adequacy of insurance coverage varied by income: parents of lower income children were more likely to rate their child’s insurance as excellent (50%) than parents of higher income children (40%). Lower income children, however, were most likely to have parents who had a ‘big’ or ‘moderate’ problem paying for uncovered services.

Almost all respondents (97%) indicated that they believed that it was very important for children to have health insurance, with no difference by age or income status of the child. Improved insurance coverage did not eliminate parent’s concerns about health care costs. The parents of one-third of children reported that they had worried ‘a great deal’ (5%), ‘somewhat’ (9%) or ‘a little’ (16%), about their ability to pay for their children’s health care in the previous 12 months. Moderate-income parents were significantly more likely to have these concerns.

Questions were asked about the two public insurance program options for children: Medicaid and hawk-i. Ninety-four percent of all respondents had heard of the Medicaid program, and one in six children (16%) not currently enrolled in Medicaid had been in the program at some point in their lives. This was highest for lower income children (58%); however, almost one in 10 of the higher income children had also been in the program at some point in their

7 Employer-Based Health Coverage Declined Sharply Over Past Decade. Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, Dec. 2010: http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3335 8 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health, National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: http://childhealthdata.org/browse/survey?s=2 . Accessed December 2011.

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lives (11%). As for the hawk-i program, 6% of children not currently in the program had been enrolled in hawk-i at some point in their lives.

Parent’s health insurance coverage Eleven percent of Iowa’s children had parents who were uninsured at the time of the survey. This was the same percentage of uninsured parents as in 2000 and 2005. Figure 5 shows the change in uninsured children compared to the change for their parents in 2000, 2005 and 2010. Eighty-nine percent of parents had the same insurance plan as their child, similar to the 88% in 2000, and up from the 83% in 2005. Having the same insurance was most common for higher income children (86%) and least common for lower income children (58%). Over half of adults had employer-based insurance (53% through their employer, 16% through someone else’s employer), 14% had individually purchased policies, and the rest had either Medicare or Medicaid (11%) or some other source (6%). This varied by income: parents of lower income children were more likely to have public insurance through Medicaid.

Figure 5. Health insurance status of children and their parents, 2000, 2005, and 2010

In 2010, about the same number of parents purchased their own health insurance as in 2005, and about 2% fewer had employer-sponsored insurance. As in 2000 and 2005, adults had mixed perceptions about how well their own health insurance coverage met their needs. About one-third of children had parents who rated their own coverage ‘excellent’ (33%) or ‘very good’ (34%). Twenty-three percent rated coverage as ‘good,’ 7% as ‘fair,’ and 3% as ‘poor.’ Parents of higher income children were most likely to rate their own insurance as ‘excellent’ (34%). Adults considered health insurance to be slightly less important for themselves than for their children: parents of 88% of children indicated that it was ‘very important’ for them to have health insurance,

6%

11%

3%

11%

3%

11%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Uninsured children Children with uninsured parents

2000

2005

2010

12

compared with 97% for their children. Parents of lower income children were least likely to rate having insurance themselves as ‘very important’ (81%).

HEALTH CARE

Access and need Over half of children (57%) were reported to have needed medical care of any kind at some point during the previous 12 months. Need was reported to be highest for children ages 15-17 years (64%) and lowest for children ages 5-9 years (55%). Need also varied by income: the highest income children (200+% of FPL) had the highest reported need (61%).

Access to medical care declined slightly for children in Iowa from 2005 to 2010. Three percent of children who needed any medical care had an unmet need for medical care in the previous year in 2010, compared to 3% in 2000, and 1.6% in 2005. Meanwhile, 98% of children reported to have ‘always’ (86%) or ‘usually’ (12%) received care for an illness or injury as soon as they wanted. Unmet need for specialty care was higher than unmet need for medical care. About one-third of all children (38%) were reported to have needed care from a specialist in the previous 12 months, and adolescents (46%) and lower income children (44%) were most likely to need specialty care. Eight percent of children who needed such care had an unmet need for specialty care in the previous 12 months. Moderate-income children (134-199% FPL) had the highest unmet need (11%). Seventeen percent of all children who needed care indicated it was a ‘big’ (3%) or ‘small’ (14%) problem receiving care from a specialist.

Medical home The patient-centered medical home concept is a movement in the health care industry to provide care to patients that assures ease of access to care, including extended hours of care, improved communication and care coordination, and team-based approaches to health care.9 The goal is to increase quality of health care while reducing costs. The 2010 IHHS included a series of new questions designed to measure the percent of children in the state whose health care is provided through a medical home. In order to qualify as having a medical home for the purposes of this study, children needed to have 1) a personal doctor or nurse, AND 2) if care was needed, a regular source of both sick and well-child care; children also were required to have adequate referrals, or care coordination, or family-centered care when needed. 9 http://www.ncqa.org/tabid/631/default.aspx

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Eighty percent of children in the state had a medical home, and this did not differ statistically by age. However, children in lower income groups were less likely to meet the definition of having a medical home; 68% of children living below 133% FPL had a medical home, along with 75% of those between 134-199% FPL, and 84% of those over 200% FPL. Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) were less likely to have a medical home than children without special health care needs (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Iowa children with a personal doctor or nurse, 2000, 2005, and 2010

Personal Doctor or Nurse Ninety-four percent of children had a (one or more) personal doctor or nurse in 2010, up from 90% in 2000 (Figure 7). However, more than one in ten lower income children (13%) were without a personal doctor or nurse.

68% 76%

84%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<134% FPL 134-‐200% FPL >200% FPL

Medical Home

90% 93% 94%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2000 2005 2010

Personal doctor or nurse

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Figure 7. Iowa children with a personal doctor or nurse, 2000, 2005, and 2010

Main place for care When parents were asked if they had a main place they usually go for care when their child is sick, almost all parents (98%) said yes. Children in the lowest income group were least likely to have a main place for care when ill (94%). A main place for routine preventive care was also common among all Iowa children (97%).

Referrals Twenty-nine percent of children were reported to have a need for a referral to see doctors or receive services, and of those who needed referrals, 86% were able to receive them without a problem. In the lower income group, 46% of children needed a referral, compared with 29% of the 134-199% FPL group and 26% of the 200% or more FPL group. The middle income category had the most trouble receiving a referral, with 26% reporting having a problem receiving needed referrals.

Preventive care Access to routine preventive care was generally good for children in Iowa, but varied by the age of the child. Four out of five children in Iowa received routine preventive care in the year prior to the survey, with less than one percent being unable to receive needed preventive care. Young children (ages 0-4 years) were most likely to receive a preventive visit (97%), while children ages 5-9 years were least likely (83%). The parents of 27% of children remembered receiving anticipatory guidance for their child (e.g., told to use car seats or bike helmets depending on the age of child). Young children had parents who were most likely to recall receiving this message (68%), while older children ages 10-14 years (35%) and adolescents (43%) had parents who were least likely to recall hearing this message.

Emergency care Twenty-six percent of children in Iowa went to a hospital emergency room (ER) in the 12 months prior to the survey. This was a decline from 28% in 2005 and 32% in 2000. Eight percent of children went two or more times in 2010. Lower income children (43%) were most likely to have gone to the ER. When asked about their child’s most recent visit, 37% indicated it was for an emergent situation such as ‘trauma/broken bones/stitches’ with the remainder (63%)

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being for non-traumatic reasons (e.g., colds, high fever). A doctor or other health professional had told the parent to take the child to the ER in about one-third of the situations (35%). Parents of 71% of children indicated that their most recent ER care could have been provided at a doctor’s office or clinic if one had been available. For 78% of these children, parents indicated that ‘inconvenient hours/clinic not open when care needed’ was the main reason they took the child to the ER. Seven percent of children had parents who reported not knowing where to receive care at night or on the weekend as the reason for going to the ER.

Prescription medicine More than half (59%) of all children were reported to have needed a prescription drug during the 12 months prior to the survey. Among those who needed a prescription medication, unmet need was less, with 4% unable to receive a needed prescription in 2010, as compared to 10% in 2005.

Dental care Eighteen percent of children in Iowa did not have dental insurance in 2010, similar to 2005. This is an improvement from one in four children in 2000. Ninety-one percent of children over age 1 had a main place to receive dental care, and almost 9 out of 10 children (89%) in the state had been to the dentist at least once in the previous 12 months. Children ages 0-4 were least likely to have received dental care in the past year (68%), with almost one third (29%) never having been to the dentist. Ninety-six percent of children ages 5-9 years had a dental visit in the previous 12 months, 94% of children ages 10-14 years, and 90% of adolescents ages 15-17 years. Eighty eight percent of lower income children had an annual dental visit, compared to 90% of higher income children.

Almost 60% of children over age 1 year had parents reporting that their child needed dental care within the last 12 months. Of those, about 95% needed check-ups or cleaning, and about 28% needed treatment, such as fillings or emergency care. Young children ages 0-4 years were least likely to have a treatment need (15% of all 1-4 year old children), while children age 5-9 years (33%), and 10-17 years (27%), were most likely to need dental treatment. Unmet need for dental care was slightly higher than for medical care (4% vs. 3%). It should be noted, however, that the rate has declined from 8 percent in 2000. Children under 133% FPL were most likely to have an unmet dental need (10%). Cost was the most common reason given for having an unmet need for dental care.

Children’s dental health was reported to be generally good, with over three-quarters rated as ‘excellent’ (43%) or ‘very good’ (34%). Five percent were

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rated as ‘fair’ or ‘poor.’ Higher income children were most likely to be rated as being in excellent dental health (47%) and lower income least likely (31%).

Although dental insurance is not as prevalent as medical insurance, coverage did improve from 2000 to 2005, and remained steady until 2010, similar to the trend for medical insurance. The increase in the number of children receiving public insurance (i.e., Medicaid and hawk-i) increased dental care coverage, since both programs cover a comprehensive list of dental services. In contrast, many private health insurance policies have limited or no dental insurance benefits. However, the higher unmet need for dental care indicates that the increase in insurance coverage did not automatically translate into better access to dental care for lower income children.

Behavioral and emotional health care Nine percent of children in Iowa were reported to have needed care for a behavioral or emotional problem in the previous 12 months. Most of the need occurred in children over age five. This was an increase from 8% for all Iowa children in 2000, and a decline from 10% in 2005. Need varied by income, with 19% of lower income children needing behavioral/emotional care as compared to 9% of higher income children. Fifteen percent of children who needed care for a behavioral or emotional problem were unable to get that care due to cost issues.

EARLY CHILDHOOD ISSUES Parents of children ages 0-5 years were asked questions regarding issues of early childhood, including parental engagement and child care. A more extensive report is planned to address in-depth issues related to early childhood. The following is a brief preview of some of the results related to early childhood.

Parental engagement The frequency of parents participating in activities with their children—such as reading, telling stories, working on letters, singing songs and playing music, working on arts and crafts, and playing games—were measured in this survey. Almost 8 in 10 children ages 0-5 years in Iowa had parents who reported reading a story to them ‘almost every day’ or ‘most days.’ In the last week, 94% of children were told a story, 79% worked on letters or numbers, 97% sang songs or played music, 66% worked on arts and crafts, and 87% played

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a game with a family member. All of the children participated in at least one of the activities in the last week, and over 50% participated in all of them.

Childcare To thoroughly examine the issue of childcare, questions about childcare arrangements were asked of parents of children ages 0-5 years, including hours in childcare and types of settings.

Almost two-thirds of children in Iowa ages 0-5 years spent at least some time in childcare in the week prior to the survey, with lower income children being less likely to have been in any childcare. Just under half of all children ages 0-5 years who were in childcare in Iowa received at least some of their care at a home-based childcare setting. Thirty-three percent received care in a childcare center, 33% were cared for by grandparents, and 24% were in a preschool. About one-fifth of all young Iowa children (1/3 of children in any childcare setting) had received care in more than one setting in the previous week. The number of childcare settings did not differ by income level for those receiving childcare.

CHILD EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIORAL HEALTH In order to gain a better understanding of the behavioral and emotional health of children, respondents were asked a series of six questions. Responses were then combined for analysis as a scale score of the behavioral and emotional health of children. These questions were only asked of parents with children ages 6-17 years. There was a core set of three questions, plus another three items in each of two age groups (6-11 years and 12-17 years) pertaining more specifically to children in those groups. Questions included how often during the past month the child:

1) Didn’t get along with other kids 2) Couldn’t concentrate or pay attention for long 3) Was unhappy, sad, or depressed

Parents of 6-11 year old children were also asked how often during the past month the child:

1) Felt worthless or inferior 2) Was high-strung or tense 3) Acted too young for his or her age

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Parents of 12-17 year olds were asked how often during the past month the child:

1) Had trouble sleeping 2) Lied or cheated 3) Did poorly on school work

When these items were scaled together and compared to standardized norms, 7% of children ages 6-17 years in Iowa had scores suggesting higher levels of behavioral and emotional health problems. This rate varied by income status: 12% of children in the under 133% FPL group had higher scores on the behavior and emotional health status scale, compared to about 11% in the 134-200% FPL group, and 6% of the 200+ FPL group.

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH In order to understand more about how neighborhood and community characteristics are related to health and well being, the 2010 IHHS introduced a new set of questions designed to measure some of the social determinants of health.10 These questions were similar to the children’s health indicators from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health that were related to a supportive neighborhood and safety at home and school.

A supportive neighborhood was assessed by rating levels of agreement with four statements:

1) People in this neighborhood help each other

2) We watch out for each other’s children in this community

3) There are people I can count on in this community

4) If my child were outside playing and got hurt or scared, there are adults nearby who I trust to help my child

These statements created an indicator resulting from a mean value of the four questions.11

Eighty-seven percent asserted that their neighborhood is supportive. This indicator varied by income status, however; parents of 73% of children in the under 133% FPL group said their neighborhood is supportive, compared to about 84% in the 134-200% FPL group, and 90% of the 200+ FPL group.

Two additional indicators measured perceived safety: 10 World Health Organization: Social Determinants of Health: http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/ 11 Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI). 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health SPSS Code for Data Users, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health, www.childhealthdata.org.

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1) How often do you feel that your child is safe in your community or neighborhood?

2) How often do you feel your child is safe at school?

More than 9 out of 10 respondents (92%) said that they feel their children are safe in their community or neighborhood. This indicator also varied by income status: 81% of children in the under 133% FPL group said their neighborhood is safe, compared to about 87% in the 134-200% FPL group, and 95% of the 200+ FPL group.

The vast majority of respondents (95%), with children between 6-17 years, reported that they feel their children are safe at school. Again, this indicator varied by income: 90% of children in the under 133% FPL group said children are safe in school, compared to about 93% in the 134-200% FPL group, and 97% of the 200+ FPL group.

NUTRITION Nutrition and exercise among children in Iowa are a very important concern, especially in relationship to childhood obesity and life-long wellness. To learn more about these issues for children in Iowa, parents were asked about the eating and exercise practices of their children. Nine out of 10 children usually or always eat breakfast (90%). Younger children were more likely to eat breakfast every day than older children (Figure 8). Ninety-six percent of children ages 0-4 years usually or always eat breakfast, compared with 73% of teens ages 15-17 years.

Figure 8. Percent of Iowa children who ‘usually’ or ‘always’ eat breakfast, by age category

96% 97% 90%

73%

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40%

50%

60%

70%

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90%

100%

Age 0-‐4 Age 5-‐9 Age 10-‐14 Age 15-‐17

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Four out of five children (80%) don’t drink any soda on an average day, up from 69% in 2005. Sixteen percent drink one serving per day, and 4% drink 2 or more servings per day. Girls were less likely to drink soda than boys. Older children drink more soda than younger children (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Daily soda consumption of Iowa children, by age category

Food Insecurity In 2010, new questions were added to the IHHS in order to document family issues regarding paying for food. Overall, about 13% of children lived in a household where it was sometimes (11%) or often (2%) true that purchased food did not last and there was not enough money to buy more. Eight percent of children lived in a household where adults sometimes cut the size of meals or skipped meals because there was not enough money for food, and 5% of children had a parent who said sometimes they were hungry but did not eat because there was not enough money for food.

This varied by income level (Figure 10). Almost one-quarter of children in families living below 133% FPL had adults in the household who cut portions or skipped meals because of money. Sixteen percent of children living in the 134-199% FPL range had such issues, while 4% of children over 200% FPL had parents reporting this food insecurity.

2% 12% 22%

32% 2% 6%

13%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Age 0-‐4 Age 5-‐9 Age 10-‐14 Age 15-‐17

2 or more

1 soda a day

22

Figure 10. Inadequate food in home and no money for more, by income

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Almost nine out of ten (85%) children were physically active for at least 60 minutes per day, 4 or more times per week. Boys (88%) were more likely to be physically active than girls (83%). Younger children were more likely to be active than older children (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Percent of Iowa children who were physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day, 4 or more times per week, by age category

Sedentary activities such as watching television or videos, playing video games, and using computers have been raised as a factor affecting childhood

38%

23%

6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<134% FPL 134-‐200% FPL >200% FPL

Often or Sometimes

95% 90%

81% 74%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Age 0-‐4 Age 5-‐9 Age 10-‐14 Age 15-‐17

23

obesity, as these prevent children from doing physical activities. Eighty percent of children watched some television daily, a decline from 90% in 2005. Among those that did watch television, 1.8 hours was the average time spent watching daily. Over half of children (53%) watch over 2 hours of television, videos, or movies each day. Children in lower income households were more likely to watch 2 or more hours a day than children in higher income households. Also, younger children were more likely to watch 2 or more hours daily than older children.

Sixty percent of children use the computer or play video games daily, with an average time of 1.5 hours. Almost 20% of children in Iowa play video games or use computers for at least 2 hours daily. Older children were more likely to play video games or use computers for at least 2 hours daily than younger children. Also, boys were more likely than girls to play video games or use computers for at least 2 hours daily.

Children who watch less television or videos are more likely to have parents reporting their weight to be ‘the right amount’ or ‘too little’ (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Parental report of Iowa children’s weight status, by daily hours of television watched

55% 57% 40%

41% 40%

51%

3% 4% 9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Weighs too little

Weighs the right amount

Weighs too much

4 or more hours

2-‐3 hours

0-‐1 hour 55% 57%

40%

24

PARENT HEALTH AND WELL-BEING Respondents were asked a number of questions about, their own mental health, stress in parenting and health. Because respondents were primarily parents, (mothers (78%) and fathers (16%)) we have included only their results.

Parent mental health Parent mental health was calculated using a series of 5 questions derived from the Medical Outcomes Study Mental Health Inventory short form (MHI-5). Questions asked included how frequently parents have:

1) Been a very nervous person

2) Felt calm or peaceful

3) Felt downhearted and blue

4) Been a happy person, and

5) Felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up

These items were scaled and the results were calculated using a standardized cut-off for symptoms suggesting poor mental health status.

About 10% of Iowa’s children lived with a parent whose symptoms suggested poor mental health status. Mothers (11%) were more likely than fathers (5%) to have poor mental health status. Mental health status also varied by income, with 22% of children having parents in the under 133% FPL group reporting poor mental health, compared to about 15% in the 134-200% FPL group, and 7% of the 200+ FPL group (Figure 13). In addition, mental health status varied by children’s age group; parents with older children were more likely to have poorer mental health status than parents with younger children.

25

Figure 13. Percent of parents’ with poor mental health status by income status

Parenting stress Parenting stress was defined using a series of 4 questions that asked how much time in the past month respondents had felt:

1) Your child is much harder to care for than most

2) Your child does things that really bother you a lot

3) You are giving up more of your life to meet your child’s needs than you ever expected

4) You have felt angry with your child

These items were combined together and the results were calculated using a standardized approach for evaluating symptoms suggesting levels of parenting aggravation or stress.

Parents of most children (64%) reported moderate stress related to parenting. About 5% of children were living in households with a ‘highly stressed’ parent. This represents a slight decline from the 2000 and 2005 surveys, and is lower than nationwide data indicating that 8% of children have highly stressed parents. Parenting stress differed by income status. In the under 133% FPL group, 10% of children lived with a highly stressed parent, compared with 6% in the 134-200% FPL group and 4% in the 201+ % FPL group.

22%

15%

7%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

0-‐133% FPL 134-‐200% FPL 201+% FPL

26

As may be seen in Figure 14, there were also variations in parenting stress by child age group.

Figure 14. Percent of Iowa children with ‘highly stressed’ parents, by age category

A link between reported child behavior problems and reported parenting stress was evident in this data. As Figure 15 shows, parents who reported high levels of stress in parenting were far more likely to have reported significant problems with child behavioral and emotional health status. Among children of parents reporting high levels of parenting stress, 54% were reported to have significant behavioral problems. Zero percent of children with parents reporting low parenting stress were reported to have significant behavioral problems.

Figure 15. Percent of children with behavior problems, by parenting stress level

3% 3%

6%

8%

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%

Age 0-‐4 Age 5-‐9 Age 10-‐14 Age 15-‐17

37%

67%

43%

6%

54%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Low parenting stress

Moderate stress

High stress

SigniUicant problems

Moderate problems

Few behaviral problems

63%

27% 3%

27

Marriage Eighty-four percent of children in Iowa live with parents who are married, and another 5% in a married-like relationship. Eighty percent of children have married parents who rate their relationship as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good.’ The percent of children with married parents varied by income group: over half of those in the 0-133% FPL group had married parents, while three-quarters in the 134-200% FPL group, and more than 9 in 10 in the 200+%FPL group did.

SMOKING, DRUGS, ALCOHOL AND GAMBLING To further investigate the environment in which Iowa children live, parents were asked about problems with tobacco, alcohol, and drug use in the household. Overall, 82% of children live in households where tobacco, alcohol, and drug use are not a reported problem. Eleven percent of children were living in a household where smoking was reported as a problem, 9% with problems with alcohol use, 2% prescription or illegal drugs. Two percent of Iowa children were reported to be living in a household where gambling was a problem.

CONCLUSIONS This report presents the results of the third Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey, providing an assessment of the health and well being of children and families in Iowa over a ten-year period. In general, the health and well being of Iowa children is as good if not better than children nationally in many areas for which data are available. For example, Iowa has one of the highest rates of health insurance coverage in the country (97%) as a result of expansions in Medicaid and the hawk-i program. About two-thirds of the uninsured children are likely to be eligible for either Medicaid or hawk-i already. The access to care and health status of children is also generally good. Ninety percent of children are rated in excellent or very good health, and among the 57% who needed care, only 3% of were not able to receive needed medical care in the past year. However the proportion of children with a special health care need is slightly higher than national estimates (19% vs 15%). Of concern is also that over half of these children have a diagnosed chronic health condition.

28

Although there are few medical homes in Iowa that are certified through the accrediting body—the National Center for Quality Assurance (NCQA)12—the proportion of children receiving care that includes many of the services of a medical home is quite high (80%). Over 90% had a personal doctor or nurse and over 95% had a main place for sick and preventive care. Parents in Iowa tend to support activities that lead to positive development for their young children. Iowa continues to have a large proportion of children in childcare with about 2/3rds of children ages 0-5 in a childcare setting during the week. Emergency room (ER) use for non-urgent situations remains an issue. Among the 1 in 4 kids who received care in an ER in the past year, almost ¾ were seen for health issues that parents reported could have been cared for in a primary care setting. This can contribute to higher health care costs. There were some areas of concern identified, especially among the most vulnerable children in families with incomes below 133% FPL. Traditional health issues included slightly lower health status and access to care, as well as being more likely to have a special health care need, a behavioral or emotional problem, and subsequent need for behavioral or emotional care. Many of the disparities found fall outside the health care delivery system itself and relate to factors often considered to be the social determinants of the health of a child. For example, having enough food on a consistent basis (food insecurity) was an issue for families of 4 out of 10 low-income children. Safe and supportive neighborhoods were a significantly greater issue for ¼ of lower income children. Parents of low-income children were under greater stress and reported to have lower mental health status, and low-income children were more likely to have behavioral or emotional problems. Thus, while there are many positives concerning the state of children and families in Iowa, health and social disparities exist for the most vulnerable, low-income children in the state.

12 http://www.ncqa.org/tabid/631/default.aspx

2010 Iowa Child and FamilyHousehold Health Survey

This report is the first in a series presenting the results from the 2010 Iowa Child and FamilyHousehold Health Survey (IHHS). The IHHS a comprehensive, statewide effort to evaluate thehealth and well being of children and families in Iowa including the health status, access to health care, and social environment. This survey, conducted every 5 years, is collaboration between theIowa Department of Public Health (IDPH), the Public Policy Center (PPC), and Child Health Specialty Clinics (CHSC). Funding for the 2010 survey was provided by the IDPH, with additional funding from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), Blank Children’s Hospital; American Academy of Pediatrics—Iowa Chapter;Child Health Specialty Clinics; and ARRA funding through Early ACCESS.

Researchers at the University of Iowa Public Policy Center, in collaboration with the IDPH and CHSC developed the survey instrument, completed the data analysis, and produced this report. Data collection for the telephone and online surveys were facilitated by the University of Northern Iowa Center for Social and Behavioral Research. For more information about this study, contact the Iowa Department of Public Health, Bureau of Family Health , 321 E. 12th St., Lucas State Office Bldg, Des Moines, IA 50319, 1-800-443-8336, or the University of Iowa Public Policy Center, 227 South Quadrangle, Iowa City, IA 52242, 319-335-6800.

2010 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey 1

APPENDIX 1: STATEWIDE TOTAL PERCENTS FROM 2010 IOWA CHILD AND FAMILIY HOUSEHOLD HEALTH SURVEY

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL HEALTH STATUS 2

SECTION 2. INSURANCE COVERAGE 6

SECTION 3. ACCESS/NEED 11

SECTION 3A. MEDICAL HOME 17

SECTION 3B. PRESCRIPTION MEDICINE 23

SECTION 3C. DENTAL CARE 24

SECTION 3D. BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH CARE 28

SECTION 4. CHILD EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 29

SECTION 5. EARLY CHILDHOOD 31

SECTION 6. CHILD CARE 35

SECTION 7. SCHOOL 37

SECTION 8. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 38

SECTION 9. NUTRITION 43

SECTION 10. CHILD HEALTH – PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 48

SECTION 11. PARENT HEALTH STATUS AND FAMILY 50

SECTION 12. SMOKING, DRUGS, ALCOHOL, AND GAMBLING 52

SECTION 13. DEMOGRAPHICS 54

Statewide totals 2

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL HEALTH STATUS

HS1 - In general, how would you rate your child’s overall health now? (n = 2,386)

Percent 2010 Percent 2005 Percent 2000

Excellent 63.4 60.3 66.0

Very good 26.3 29.0 25.0

Good 8.8 9.1 8.0

Fair 1.2 1.4 1.0

Poor 0.3 0.2 <1.0

HS – Children with Special Health Care Needs CAHMI screener (n=2,386)

Percent 2010

Yes 19.2

No 80.8

HS2 - Does your child currently need or use medicine prescribed by a doctor other than vitamins? (n = 2,385)

Percent 2010 Percent 2005

Yes 20.0 23.0

No 80.0 77.0

HS2A - Is this because of any medical, behavioral or other health condition? (n = 520)


Yes 87.6 87.5

No 12.4 12.5

HS2B - Is this a condition that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 442)


Yes 90.4 86.7 13.0

No 9.6 13.3 87.0


HS3 - Does your child need or use more medical care, mental health or educational services than is usual for most children of the same age? (n = 2,357)


Yes 10.7 13.3

No 89.3 86.7



Yes 84.2 79.0

No 15.8 21.0



Yes 96.1 92.5 93.0

No 3.9 7.5 7.0

HS4 - Is your child limited or prevented in any way in his or her ability to do the things most children of the same age can do? (n = 2,381)


Yes 4.4 5.9

No 95.6 94.1



Yes 78.8 86.0

No 21.2 14.0



Yes 95.8 98.5 97.0

No 4.2 1.5 3.0

Statewide totals 4

HS5 - Does your child need or get special therapy, such as physical, occupational or speech therapy? (n = 2,384)

Percent 2005

Yes 6.0

No 94.0



Yes 57.6 64.0

No 42.4 36.0



Yes 91.7 93.5 98.0

No 8.3 6.5 2.0

HS6 - Does your child have any kind of emotional, developmental or behavioral problem for which he or she needs or gets treatment or counseling? (n = 2,385)


Yes 6.7 6.9

No 93.3 93.1

HS6A - Is this a condition that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 175)


Yes 95.4 91.8 96.0

No 4.6 8.2 4.0


HS7 - Has your child been diagnosed with a chronic condition or disease that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 486)


Yes 52.9 57.3

No 47.1 42.7

HS8 - What is your child’s primary chronic condition or diagnosis? (n = 266)

Percent 2010

ADD/ADHD 18.0

Asthma 28.2

Autism 3.5

Depression, anxiety, or emotional problems 3.5

Mental Retardation 1.2

Other 45.6

HS9 - How would you rank the severity of your child’s condition, compared to other children with the same condition? (n = 248)


0 2.1 4.3 4.0

1 8.1 5.5 15.0

2 13.6 12.7 13.0

3 12.6 14.3 10.0

4 9.8 13.7 9.0

5 30.0 21.4 21.0

6 5.6 8.7 9.0

7 5.4 6.6 8.0

8 8.4 6.7 7.0

9 3.1 3.1 2.0

10 1.4 2.9 2.0

Statewide totals 6

SECTION 2. INSURANCE COVERAGE

IC1 - Do you or someone else have any kind of health care coverage for your child, including health insurance, prepaid plans (e.g. HMOs), or government plans (e.g. Medicaid or Title 19)? (n = 2,316)


Yes 97.2 97.3 94.0

No 2.8 2.7 6.0

IC2 - What type of health care coverage do you use to pay for most of your child’s medical care? (n = 2,316)


Your employer 29.5 30.0 34.0

Someone else’s employer 40.2 42.2 46.0

A plan that you or someone else buys on your own 7.2 6.7 7.0

The hawk-i program (state child health insurance plan) 3.5 3.4 1.0

Medicaid or title 19 18.2 16.9 10.0

The military, Champus or the VA 0.8 0.6 <1.0

Some other source 0.6 0.2 1.0

IC3 - Thinking about how well that health insurance coverage meets your child’s health care needs, would you say that the health insurance is...? (n = 2,296)


Excellent 41.1 34.3 31.0

Very good 33.3 32.9 35.0

Good 20.0 22.2 23.0

Fair 4.6 8.3 8.0

Poor 1.1 2.4 2.0


IC4 - During the last 12 months, how much of a problem, if any, have your child’s health care costs that were not covered by insurance been for your family? (n = 2,318)


Big problem 2.4 2.7

Moderate problem 8.1 9.7

Small problem 16.0 17.9

Not a problem 73.5 69.7

IC5 - During the last 12 months, has there been any time when you delayed getting needed health care for your child because of the costs, (including waiting to go to doctor, filling prescriptions, etc.)? (n = 2,385)

Percent 2010

Yes 6.3

No 93.7

IC6 - During the last 12 months, how much, if at all, have you worried about your ability to pay for your child’s health care? (n = 2,384)

Percent 2010

A great deal 5.1

Somewhat 8.7

A little 15.5

Not at all 70.8

IC7 - During the last 12 months, has there been any time that your child has not had any health insurance? (n = 2,319)


Yes 2.7 4.4

No 97.3 95.6

Statewide totals 8

IC8 - For how many months, during the last 12 months, was your child without any health insurance? (n = 123)


0 11.1 5.8

1 25.7 13.5

2 10.8 21.1

3 5.6 17.5

4 4.4 9.0

5 2.5 2.0

6 8.7 5.5

7 2.6 1.9

8 0.6 4.0

9 1.9 0.5

10 0.6 0.9

12 0.6 18.3

More than 12 months* 19.1

Child has never had insurance* 5.7

*Categories added in 2010 IC9 - What was the main reason your child was without health insurance during this time? (n = 127)


Costs too much 30.3 28.7

Don’t need insurance / child doesn’t get sick 0.0 0.4

Can’t get insurance through employer 7.4 9.4

Used up available benefits 4.6 0.0

Don’t know how to get insurance 0.0 0.0

I / my spouse lost their job and benefits 19.0 26.6

Other 38.8 34.9

IC10 - Has your child ever received health care coverage through Medicaid or Title 19 program? (n = 1,994)


Yes 15.5 20.2 20.0

No 84.5 79.8 80.0


IC11 - Has your child ever received health care coverage through Iowa's Child Health Insurance Program, called Hawk-i? (n = 2,268)


Yes 6.4 5.7

No 93.6 94.3

IC12 - How important is it to you for your child to have health insurance coverage? (n = 2,383)


Very important 97.1 97.4

Moderately important 2.2 1.8

Somewhat important 0.4 0.4

Not very important 0.3 0.3

IC13 - Do you have any kind of health care coverage for yourself, including health insurance, prepaid plans (e.g. HMOs), or government plans (e.g. Medicaid or Title 19)? (n = 2,384)


Yes 89.2 89.0 89.0

No 10.8 11.0 11.0

IC14 - Do you and your child have the same insurance plan? (n = 2,118)


Yes 80.4 83.1 88

No 19.6 16.9 12

Statewide totals 10

IC15 - What type of health care coverage do you use to pay for most of your medical care? (n = 457)


Your employer 53.2 56.4 59.0

Someone else’s employer 15.8 15.2 15.0

A plan that you or someone else buys on your own 14.0 12.0 7.0

Medicare 5.8 8.2 4.0

Medicaid or Title 19 4.8 4.2 8.0

The military, Champus, or the VA 1.3 2.5 2.0

Some other source 5.0 1.5 6.0

IC16 - Thinking about how well your health care coverage meets your health care needs, would you say that your health care coverage is...? (n = 2,131)


Excellent 33.1 27.3 29.0

Very good 34.2 34.9 35.0

Good 23.1 24.1 24.0

Fair 7.1 10.4 9.0

Poor 2.5 3.3 3.0

IC17 - How important is it to you that you have health insurance coverage for yourself? (n = 2,382)


Very important 88.4 89.3

Moderately important 7.9 6.5

Somewhat important 2.5 2.8

Not very important 1.2 1.3


SECTION 3. ACCESS/NEED

AN1 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when you or a health professional thought your child needed medical care of any kind? (n = 2,379)


Yes 57.4 53.5 52.0

No 42.6 46.5 48.0

AN2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed medical care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,408)


Yes 3.0 1.6 3.0

No 97.0 98.4 97.0

AN3 - What was the main reason your child could not get needed medical care? (n = 42)


Could not afford the care or have no insurance 33.5 43.5

Insurance / HMO coverage was inadequate 11.9 29.8

Trouble getting an appointment 4.4 12.4

Distance or transportation problems 2.6 5.1

Not comfortable with providers available at the time 1.2 0.0

Available providers did not have expertise child needed 4.4 0.0

Inconvenient hours, not open when care needed 0.0 9.3

Did not know where to go at night or on weekend 0.0 0.0

Could not get off work 0.0 0.0

Language or communication problems 0.0 0.0

Bad past experience or heard about bad experiences 0.0 0.0

Child was too afraid to go 0.0 0.0

Not comfortable due to cultural, ethnic or religious reasons 0.0 0.0

Family not comfortable seeking care for specific problem 0.0 0.0

Doctor / Nurse sent me to the ER 0.0 0.0

Doctor wouldn’t prescribe the medicine child needed 0.0 0.0

Other 41.9 0.0

Statewide totals 12

AN4 - During the last 12 months, when your child needed care right away for an illness or injury, how often did your child get care as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,407)


Never 0.3 0.3 1.0

Sometimes 1.9 2.1 3.0

Usually 11.0 10.0 10.0

Always 82.2 87.5 85.0

No care needed right away* 4.7

*Categories added in 2010 AN5 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when you or a health professional thought your child needed care from a specialist? (n = 1,407)


Yes 37.7 33.3 32.0

No 62.3 66.7 68.0

AN6 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed specialty care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 541)


Yes 7.9 5.4

No 92.1 94.6

AN7 - During the last 12 months, how much of a problem, if any, was it to get the care your child needed from a specialist? (n = 539)


A big problem 3.4 5.0 7.0

A small problem 13.6 9.9 10.0

Not a problem 83.0 85.1 84.0


AN8 - During the last 12 months, how many times did your child go to a hospital emergency room? (n = 1,407)


None 74.2 71.7 68.0

1 time 17.6 19.6 21.0

2 to 4 times 7.6 7.8 9.0

5 to 9 times 0.4 0.6 1.0

10 or more times 0.2 0.3 1.0

AN9 - What was the main reason for this visit to the ER? [Thinking about last ER visit] (n = 336)


Trauma / broken bones / stitches 36.9 40.7

Cold / flu 4.8 7.2

Ear infection 5.9 7.1

High fever only 7.7 7.5

Trouble breathing (asthma) 5.7 8.2

Severe cough / croup only 1.9 2.9

Rash 2.1 0.1

Other 35.0 26.3

AN10 - Did a doctor, nurse, or emergency personnel tell you to go to the ER for this care? [Thinking about last ER visit] (n = 370)


Yes 34.5 35.3

No 65.5 64.7

AN11 - Do you think this care could have been provided by a doctor's office or clinic if one had been available? [Thinking about last ER visit] (n = 364)


Yes 70.6 71.8

No 29.4 28.2

Statewide totals 14

AN12 - What was the main reason you did not go to a doctor's office or clinic for this care? [Thinking about last ER visit] (n = 248)


















Other 6.2 10.1

AN13 - During the last 12 months, not counting times went to emergency room, how many times did your child go to the doctor's office or clinic, including all types of visits? (n = 1,407)


None 0.7 1.3 9.0

1 time 8.4 8.9 23.0

2 to 4 times 54.6 51.6 45.0

5 to 9 times 24.6 24.6 17.0

10 or more times 11.8 13.6 7.0


AN14A - During the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what he/she eats or using car seats)? [Age < 3] (n = 189)

Percent 2010

Yes 70.7

No 29.3

AN14B - In the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what he/she eats or using bicycle helmets or seat belts)? [Age 3-9] (n = 454)

Percent 2010

Yes 61.7

No 38.3

AN14C - In the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what eats or keeping your child from smoking or using alcohol)? [Age 10+] (n = 748)

Percent 2010

Yes 38.3

No 61.7

AN15 - When was your child’s last visit for routine preventive care such as a check-up or vaccination shots? (n = 1,395)


Less than 12 months ago 87.4 79.4 77.0

1-2 years ago 9.9 15.1 15.0

More than 2 years ago 2.4 5.4 7.0

Never 0.3 0.1 <1.0

Statewide totals 16

AN16 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed routine preventive care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,407)


Yes 2.0 0.7

No 98.0 99.3

AN17 - What was the main reason your child could not get preventive care? (n = 25)








Inconvenient hours not open when care needed 0.0 0.0








Doctor/Nurse sent me to the ER 0.0 0.0


Other 34.5 6.9


SECTION 3A. MEDICAL HOME

MH Medical Home (n = 2,340)

Percent 2010

Has a medical home 80.1

Does not have a medical home 19.9

MH1 - Do you have one or more persons you think of as your child's personal doctor or nurse? (n = 2,383)

Percent 2010

Yes, one person 62.4

Yes, more than one person 31.1

No 6.5

MH2 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child’s doctors and other health care providers spend enough time with your child? [All MH Qs asked only if thought needed medical care] (n = 1,401)

Percent 2010

Never 0.8

Sometimes 7.1

Usually 26.9

Always 65.2

MH3 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child’s doctors and other health care providers listen to you? (n = 1,403)

Percent 2010

Never 0.5

Sometimes 5.7

Usually 21.5

Always 72.3

Statewide totals 18

MH4 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child’s doctor or other health care providers help you feel like a partner in your child’s care? (n = 1,400)

Percent 2010

Never 0.9

Sometimes 6.0

Usually 22.4

Always 70.8

MH5 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child get an appointment for regular or routine health care as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,407)

Percent 2010

Never 0.9

Sometimes 7.2

Usually 30.0

Always 61.1

Didn’t need appointment the last 12 months 0.8

MH6 - During the last 12 months, how often were you able to get all the information you wanted about your child’s health from your child’s doctor as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,406)

Percent 2010

Never 0.4

Sometimes 4.4

Usually 27.6

Always 65.4

Didn’t get info about child’s health 2.3

MH7 - Have your child’s doctors or other health care providers talked with you or your child about health care needs when your child becomes an adult? [Age 12+ & special needs] (n = 210)

Percent 2010

Yes 65.5

No 34.5


MH8 - How often do your child’s doctor or other health care providers encourage your child to take responsibility for health care needs (e.g. taking meds, diagnosis, following advice)? (n = 217)

Percent 2010

Never 3.8

Sometimes 15.6

Usually 29.8

Always 50.7

MH9 - During the last 12 months, did your child need a referral to see any doctors or receive any services? (n = 1,400)

Percent 2010

Yes 28.6

No 71.4

MH10 - Was getting a referral a big problem, small problem, or not a problem? (n = 405)

Percent 2010

A big problem 2.6

A small problem 11.9

Not a problem 85.6

MH11 - Is there a place that your child usually goes when your child is sick or you need advice about your child’s health? (n = 1,409)

Percent 2010

Yes 97.9

No 2.1

Statewide totals 20

MH12 - What kind of place it is? (n = 1,380)

Percent 2010

Doctor’s office 72.1

Hospital emergency room 0.1

Hospital outpatient clinic 1.7

Clinic or health center 24.6

School (nurse’s office, athletic trainer, etc.) 0.1

Friend/relative 0.2

Mexico/other location out of U.S. 0.0

Some other place 1.2

Does not go to one place most often 0.0

MH13 - Is there a place that your child usually goes when needs routine preventive care (e.g. physical examination or well-child check-up)? (n = 1,409)

Percent 2010

Yes 99.0

No 1.0

MH14 - Does your child usually go to the same place for routine preventive care as goes to when is sick? (n = 1,370)

Percent 2010

Yes 96.7

No 3.3


MH15 - What kind of place does your child usually go to when your child needs routine preventive care? [Asked if goes to different place] (n = 64)

Percent 2010

Doctor’s office 54.3

Hospital emergency room 0.0

Hospital outpatient clinic 0.0

Clinic or health center 33.2

School (nurse’s office, athletic trainer, etc.) 0.0

Friend/relative 0.0

Mexico/other location out of U.S. 0.0

Some other place 12.5

Does not go to one place most often 0.0

MH16 - During the last 12 months, did you feel you could have used extra help arranging or coordinating care among different health care providers or services? (n = 1,403)

Percent 2010

Yes 6.5

No 93.5

MH17 - During the last 12 months, how often did you get as much help as you wanted with arranging or coordinating your child’s care? (n = 90)

Percent 2010

Never 10.2

Sometimes 45.9

Usually 24.8

Always 19.1

MH18 - Do your child’s doctors or other health care providers need to communicate with your child’s child care or school providers? (n = 1,390)

Percent 2010

Yes 15.2

No 84.8

Statewide totals 22

MH19 - Overall, are you very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied with that communication? (n = 206)

Percent 2010

Very satisfied 58.7

Somewhat satisfied 31.9

Somewhat dissatisfied 6.9

Very dissatisfied 2.3

No communication needed or wanted 0.2

MH20 - When your child is seen by doctors or other health care providers, how often are they sensitive to your family's values and customs? (n = 1,373)

Percent 2010

Never 1.0

Sometimes 3.6

Usually 19.7

Always 75.7

MH21 - How often has your child’s race or ethnicity affected the quality of your child’s health care? (n = 1,398)

Percent 2010

Never 96.6

Sometimes 1.9

Usually 0.7

Always 0.8


SECTION 3B. PRESCRIPTION MEDICINE

RX1 – During the last 12 months, was there a time when you or a health care professional thought your child needed prescription medication? (n = 2,378)


Yes 58.7 50.6 51.0

No 41.3 49.4 49.0

RX2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed prescription medicine but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,426)


Yes 3.8 10.3

No 96.2 89.7

RX3 - What was the main reason your child could not get prescription medication? (n = 54)

















Doctor wouldn’t prescribe the medicine needed 2.3 0.0

Other 24.1 73.4

Statewide totals 24

SECTION 3C. DENTAL CARE

DX1 - Does your child currently have insurance that covers dental care? (n = 2,365)


Yes 82.2 79.3 75

No 17.8 20.7 25

DX2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when you or a health professional thought your child needed dental care (including routine care/checkups)? [Age 1+] (n = 2,378)

Percent 2010 Percent 2005 Percent 2000*

Yes 58.7 66.7 46.0

No 41.3 33.3 54.0

*In 2000, parents were not prompted upon request about routine dental check-ups. DX3 - What kind of dental care did you or a health professional think your child needed? (nvalid = 1,819 ; ntotal = 2,383)


Of those who needed care

All Iowa children (over age 1)

All Iowa children (over age 1)

Check-up or cleaning 94.6 69.8 75.4

Emergency dental care 3.4 2.5 3.2

Other treatment such as fillings 24.1 17.7 21.4

Dental screening, sealants or fluoride treatment*

30.3 22.4

Don’t know what type of dental care was needed*

0.1 0.1

*Categories added in 2010 DX4 - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed dental care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,817)


Yes 4.2 4.3 8.0

No 95.8 95.7 92.0


DX5 - What was the main reason your child could not get dental care? (n = 82)


















Other 10.6 3.7

DX6A - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a WIC CLINIC? (n = 1,810)

Percent 2010

Yes 2.3

No 97.7

DX6B - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a HEAD START CENTER? [Age < 6] (n = 299)

Percent 2010

Yes 4.8

No 95.2

Statewide totals 26

DX6C - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a PRESCHOOL? [Age < 6] (n = 299)

Percent 2010

Yes 10.1

No 89.9

DX6D - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a CHILD CARE SETTING? [Age < 6] (n = 300)

Percent 2010

Yes 4.1

No 95.9

DX6E - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a SCHOOL? [Age 5+] (n = 1,601)

Percent 2010

Yes 8.1

No 91.9

DX7 - Is there one main place where you usually go for your child’s dental care? (n = 2,268)


Yes 90.5 91.0

No 3.3 9.0

Child has never been* 6.3

*Categories added in 2010 DX8 - What kind of place do you usually go for your child’s dental care? (n = 2,068)

Percent 2010

Dental office 92.9

Clinic 5.0

Community health center 1.4

Somewhere else 0.8


DX9 - When was your child’s last check-up by a dentist? (n = 2,130)


Less than 12 months ago 89.0 79.2 74.0

Between 1 and 2 years ago 4.3 6.3 8.0

More than 2 years ago 1.2 1.4 2.0

Child has never been to the dentist 5.5 13.0 15.0

DX10 - How often were you able to get dental care for your child as soon as you wanted? (n = 2,184)

Percent 2010

Never 1.0

Sometimes 6.5

Usually 22.0

Always 64.8

Never tried 5.6

DX11 - How would you rate your child’s overall dental health? (n = 2,260)


Excellent 43.1 39.8

Very good 34.4 36.6

Good 18.1 19.1

Fair 4.0 3.6

Poor 0.5 1.0

Statewide totals 28

SECTION 3D. BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH CARE

BC1 - During the last 12 months, was there a time when you or a health care professional thought your child needed behavioral or emotional care? (n = 2,381)


Yes 9.3 9.7 8.0

No 90.7 90.3 92.0

BC2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed care for behavioral or emotional problems but could not get it for any reason? (n = 249)


Yes 14.7 6.5 10.0

No 85.3 93.5 90.0

BC3 - What was the main reason your child could not get behavioral or emotional care? (n = 36)






Not comfortable with providers at the time 1.5 0.0

Available providers did not have expertise needed 7.7 4.4











Other 22.3 33.2


SECTION 4. CHILD EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIORAL HEALTH

BH Behavioral Health Problems Scale (n = 1,722)

Percent 2010

Significant problems 6.9

Moderate Problems 56.5

Few problems 36.6

BH1 - Your child does not get along with other children, not counting brothers and sisters. [Age 6+] (n = 1,724)


Often true 2.5 1.7 2.0

Sometimes true 25.1 33.3 37.0

Never true 72.3 65.0 62.0

BH2 - Your child cannot concentrate or pay attention for long periods compared to other children same age. [Age 6+] (n = 1,720)




Never true 71.9 72.4 70.0

BH3 - Your child has been unhappy, sad, or depressed. [Age 6+] (n = 1,722)




Never true 68.0 66.4 57.0

BH4 - Your child feels worthless or inferior. [Age 6-11] (n = 740)




Never true 87.3 81.1 77.0

Statewide totals 30

BH5 - Your child has been nervous, high-strung or tense. [Age 6-11] (n = 744)




Never true 68.8 62.3 63.0

BH6 - Your child acts too young for age. [Age 6-11] (n = 744)




Never true 83.0 77.8 78.0

BH7 - Your child has trouble sleeping. [Age 12+] (n = 977)




Never true 73.8 79.1 78.0

BH8 - Your child lies or cheats. [Age 12+] (n = 979)




Never true 77.9 74.8 71.0

BH9 - Your child does poorly at schoolwork. [Age 12+] (n = 978)


Often true 3.7 3.0 4

Sometimes true 21.7 21.9 25

Never true 74.5 75.2 71


SECTION 5. EARLY CHILDHOOD

EC1 - Do you have any concerns about your child’s learning, development, or behavior? [Age < 6] (n = 659)

Percent 2010

Yes 5.1

No 94.9

EC2A - Are you concerned about how your child talks and makes speech sounds? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

Percent 2010

Yes 58.1

No 41.9

EC2B - Are you concerned about how your child understands what you say? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

Percent 2010

Yes 39.3

No 60.7

EC2C - Are you concerned about how your child uses hands and fingers to do things? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

Percent 2010

Yes 20.0

No 80.0

EC2D - Are you concerned about how your child uses his/her arms and legs? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

Percent 2010

Yes 19.8

No 80.2

Statewide totals 32

EC2E - Are you concerned about how your child behaves? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

Percent 2010

Yes 64.1

No 35.9

EC2F - Are you concerned about how your child gets along with others? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

Percent 2010

Yes 52.1

No 47.9

EC2G - Are you concerned about how your child is learning to do things for him/herself? [Age 10 months to 5 years] (n = 33)

Percent 2010

Yes 44.9

No 55.1

EC2H - Are you concerned about how your child is learning pre-school or school skills? [Age 18 months to 5 years] (n = 31)

Percent 2010

Yes 35.3

No 64.7

EC3 - During the last 12 months, did your child’s doctors or other health care providers ask you if you have concerns about your child learning, development, or behavior? (n = 652)

Percent 2010

Yes 48.4

No 51.6


EC4 - During the last 12 months, did your child’s doctors or other health care providers give you specific information to address your concerns about learning, development, or behavior? (n = 22)

Percent 2010

Yes 80.4

No 19.6

EC5 - During the last 12 months, did a doctor or other health care provider have you fill out a questionnaire about specific concerns or observations? [Age 10 months+] (n = 534)

Percent 2010

Yes 35.3

No 64.7

EC6 - Does your child have any developmental problems for which he/she has a written an intervention plan called IEP, or is enrolled in Early Access or Early Intervention? (n = 658)

Percent 2010

Yes 3.0

No 97.0

EC7 - How often, during the last week, did you or someone in your family read to your child? (n = 660)


Almost every day 63.6 67.3

Most days 19.4 19.6

Some days 14.3 11.5

Not at all 2.7 1.6

EC8A - In the last week, did a family member tell your child a story? (n = 659)


Yes 94.0 95.1

No 6.0 4.9

Statewide totals 34

EC8B - In the last week, did a family member work with your child on letters, words, or numbers? (n = 658)


Yes 78.5 83.1

No 21.5 16.9

EC8C - In the last week, did a family member sing your child songs or play your child music? (n = 658)


Yes 97.0 96.2

No 3.0 3.8

EC8D - In the last week, did a family member work on arts and crafts with your child? (n = 658)


Yes 65.6 65.8

No 34.4 34.2

EC8E - In the last week, did a family member play a game with your child? (n = 658)


Yes 87.3 88.4

No 12.7 1.6


SECTION 6. CHILD CARE

CC1 - About how many hours last week did your child spend in child care (e.g. child care center, home-based child care, preschool, pre-k, or Head Start program)? [Age 5 & under] (n = 659)


0 36.7 37.1

1-10 10.5 15.5

11-20 10.9 12.3

21-30 9.3 9.3

31-40 8.1 17.7

40+ 24.5 8.2

CC2 - How many different child care centers, home-based child care, preschool, pre-k, or Head Start programs does your child currently go to during a typical week? (n = 420)

Percent 2010

0 0.2

1 80.4

2 18.4

3 1.0

CC3 - In the last week, what were the most hours your child spent at...? (n = 418)

Mean (Range) Percent with any hours in setting

Child care center 28.94 (1-50) 33.7

Home based child care provider 28.33 (1-55) 46.4

Head start program 22.36 (4-40) 3.8

Preschool, other than head start 14.03 (3-40) 24.1

Pre-kindergarten 21.23 (5-35) 5.3

Friend, neighbor or someone unrelated to the child 12.25 (2-45) 5.9

Child’s grandparent 11.64 (1-48) 32.8

Other relative 11.16 (1-40) 7.6

Statewide totals 36

CC4 - During the last 12 months, has your child been asked to leave a child care setting due to behavior such as biting, hitting or other disruptive behaviors? (n = 659)


Yes 0.3 1.8

No 99.7 98.2


SECTION 7. SCHOOL

SC1A - What grade in school is your child attending? [Age 4+] (n = 1,740)


Nursery / preschool / pre-kindergarten / head start / transitional kindergarten (before K) / not old enough 8.4 10.3

Kindergarten 4.8 5.4

Pre-first grade 0.1 0.6

First-eighth grade 50.3 56.2

Ninth-grade / freshman 6.7 7.2

Tenth grade / sophomore 6.2 6.8

Eleventh grade / junior 5.3 7.2

Twelfth grade / senior 4.6 4.0

Above twelfth grade 0.0 0.0

Ungraded 0.5 0.0

Special education 0.2 0.2

Child is home-schooled 0.6 0.3

Not attending 0.9 1.8

First to eighth grade unspecified* 11.3

*Category added in 2010 SC2 - How far would you like to see your child go in school? [Age 4+] (n = 1,924)


Leave high school before getting diploma 0.1 0.1 <1.0

Get a high school diploma 4.3 5.8 6.0

Graduate technical school 0.6 1.1 1.0

Get a 2-year college degree 5.8 7.1 6.0

Attend 4-year college 9.2 7.0 11.0

Get a 4-year college degree 51.2 59.5 58.0

Get more than 4-year college degree 28.8 19.4 18.0

Statewide totals 38

SECTION 8. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

SD1 - During the last week, how often did all the family members who live in the household eat a meal together? (n = 2,383)

Percent 2010

Everyday 40.2

Most days 39.0

Some days 18.7

Never 2.1

SD2 – In the last 12 months, about how often has your child attended a religious service or activity? (n = 2,382)

Percent 2010

Never 12.9

A few times a year 19.7

A few times a month 20.9

Once a week or more 46.5

SD Parenting Stress and Aggravation Scale (n = 2,383)

Percent 2010

High parenting stress Moderate parenting stress

4.7

63.6

Low parenting stress 31.7

SD3 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt your child is much harder to care for than most children the same age? (n = 2,381)


All of the time 1.1 1.0 1.0

Most of the time 2.9 3.3 3.0

Some of the time 17.9 21.7 21.0

None of the time 78.1 74.0 75.0


SD4 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt your child does things that really bother you a lot? (n = 2,382)






SD5 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt you are giving up more of your life to meet your child’s needs than you ever expected? (n = 2,376)






SD6 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt angry with your child? (n = 2,382)






SD7 - Is there someone that you can turn to for day-to-day emotional help with raising children? (Can include spouse) (n = 2,380)

Percent 2010

Yes 95.8

No 4.2

Statewide totals 40

SD8 - People in this neighborhood help each other out. (n = 2,343)

Percent 2010

Definitely agree 45.2

Somewhat agree 41.1

Somewhat disagree 8.2

Definitely disagree 5.5

SD9 - We watch out for each other’s children in this community. (n = 2,345)

Percent 2010


Somewhat agree 36.5



SD10 - There are people I can count on in this community. (n = 2,361)

Percent 2010


Somewhat agree 27.7



SD11 - If my child were outside playing and got hurt or scared, there are adults nearby who I trust to help my child. (n = 2,341)

Percent 2010


Somewhat agree 21.8




SD12 - How often do you feel your child is safe in your community or neighborhood? (n = 2,382)

Percent 2010

Never 1.1

Sometimes 7.2

Usually 38.8

Always 52.9

SD13 - How often do you feel your child is safe at school? [Age 6+] (n = 1,692)

Percent 2010

Never 0.3

Sometimes 4.3

Usually 30.1

Always 65.3

SD14 - Was your child ever breastfed or fed breast milk? (n = 2,341)

Percent 2010

Yes 72.6

No 27.4

SD15 - How old was your child when he/she completely stopped breastfeeding or being fed breast milk? (n = 1,608)

Percent 2010

Less than one week 1.2

1 week to 6 weeks 13.0

7 weeks to 3 months 17.1

4 months to 6 months 19.6



More than 12 months 17.8

Still breastfeeding 3.7

Statewide totals 42

SD16 - How old was your child when he/she was first fed formula? (n = 1,586)

Percent 2010

At birth 8.9

Less than 1 week 5.4

1 week to 6 weeks 16.5

7 weeks to 3 months 18.1




More than 12 months 2.0

Child has never been fed formula 20.2


SECTION 9. NUTRITION

NP1 - The food we bought just did not last, and we did not have money to get more? (n = 2,383)

Percent 2010

Often true 1.7

Sometimes true 11.3

Never true 87.0

NP2 - In the last 12 months, did you or other adults in your household ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there was not enough money for food? (n = 2,384)

Percent 2010

Yes 7.7

No 92.3

NP3 - In the last 12 months, were you ever hungry but did not eat because there was not enough money for food? (n = 2,386)

Percent 2010

Yes 4.8

No 95.2

NP4 - In an average week, how often does your child eat breakfast? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,322)


Never 0.9 1.7

Sometimes 8.9 11.8

Usually 15.3 16.6

Always 74.9 69.9

Statewide totals 44

NP5 - On an average day, not counting fruit juice, how many servings of fruit does your child eat? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,217)


0 3.4 7.0

1 25.2 28.5

2-3 61.7 55.0

4-5 8.7 8.7

6+ 1.0 0.8

NP6 - On an average day, not counting fruit juice, how many servings of fruit do you eat? (n = 2,341)


0 10.1 15.1

1 35.7 35.9

2-3 47.1 41.8

4-5 6.2 6.2

6+ 0.9 1.0

NP7 - On an average day, how many servings of vegetables does your child eat? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,256)


0 4.4 6.3

1 27.3 23.7

2-3 61.9 63.2

4-5 5.5 6.6

6+ 0.9 0.2


NP8 - On an average day, how many servings of vegetables do you eat? (n = 2,356)


0 3.0 3.0

1 27.3 25.3

2-3 58.1 60.4

4-5 10.4 10.2

6+ 1.2 1.2

NP9 - On an average day, how many cans of soda, pop, or soft drinks does your child drink in a single day? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,310)


0 79.9 68.7

1 15.6 22.5

2 3.3 5.7

3 0.8 1.9

4 0.3 0.5

5+ 0.1 0.6

NP10 - How often does your child drink any type of milk (including milk added to cereal)? (n = 2,383)

Percent 2010

Rarely (less than once a week) 1.0

Sometimes (once a week or more, but less than once a day) 3.1

Often (at least once a day) 18.2

More than once a day 74.5

Never 3.3

Statewide totals 46

NP11 - What type of milk was it? (n = 2,301)

Percent 2010

Whole or regular milk 10.4

2% fat or reduced-fat milk 32.3

1% low-fat milk 23.7

Fat-free skim or nonfat milk 28.5

Soy milk 1.0

Breast milk 1.6

Goat milk 0.0

Another type of milk 2.5

NP12 - How tall is your child?

Age Mean height (range) [inches]

0 25.86 (18-51)

1 31.62 (18-47)

2 34.58 (24-45)

3 37.90 (29-49)

4 41.84 (36-59)

5 44.11 (36-56)

6 46.86 (36-54)

7 48.27 (36-59)

8 51.15 (36-60)

9 53.41 (44-64)

10 56.18 (45-66)

11 59.24 (49-67)

12 61.23 (50-71)

13 63.58 (53-74)

14 65.79 (50-74)

15 67.35 (54-76)

16 68.24 (57-80)

17 68.08 (59-77)


NP13 - How much does your child weigh?

Age Mean weight (range) [pounds]

0 16.52 (4-30)

1 24.70 (17-35)

2 30.42 (21-48)

3 34.67 (25-50)

4 39.99 (26-65)

5 43.75 (29-65)

6 50.55 (35-90)

7 56.88 (38-109)

8 68.85 (27-130)

9 74.30 (42-125)

10 83.44 (52-158)

11 96.32 (53-200)

12 109.96 (52-223)

13 122.06 (74-190)

14 129.71 (60-280)

15 152.86 (85-340)

16 146.43 (91-240)

17 154.90 (17-290)

NP14 - Compared to other children the same age and height, do you think your child weighs the right amount, too much or too little? (n = 2,378)


The right amount 78.8 75.5

Too much 11.0 12.9

Too little 10.1 11.6

Statewide totals 48

SECTION 10. CHILD HEALTH – PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

NP15 - How far does your child live from school? [Age 5+ and not homeschooled] (n = 1,791)

Percent 2010

Less than ¼ mile 13.4

¼ to less than ½ mile 7.4

½ to less than 1 mile 10.8

1 to less than 2 miles 21.5

More than 2 miles 46.9

NP16 - On most days, how does your child arrive at school? (n = 1,795)

Percent 2010

Walk 9.1

Bike 1.8

School bus 31.9

Family vehicle (parent/sibling/babysitter drops child off) 41.4

Carpool (child is dropped off with children from other families) 2.3

Transit (city bus, etc.) 0.4

Other (skateboard, scooter, inline skates, etc.) 0.1

Child drives self to school 11.7

Child rides with friend who drives to school 1.2

NP17 - On most days, how does your child leave from school? (n = 1,794)

Percent 2010

Walk 14.1

Bike 1.8

School bus 34.6

Family vehicle (parent/sibling/babysitter drops child off) 32.9

Carpool (child is dropped off with children from other families) 2.5

Transit (city bus, etc.) 0.6

Other (skateboard, scooter, inline skates, etc.) 0.4

Child drives self to school 11.6

Child rides with friend who drives to school 1.5


NP18 - During the past 7 days, on how many days was your child physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day? [Age 2+] (n = 2,160)

Percent 2010

0 days 1.9

1 day 1.4

2 days 4.2

3 days 7.3

4 days 8.4

5 days 17.5

6 days 7.4

7 days 52.1

NP19 - On an average day, about how many hours does your child usually watch TV, videos or movies? (n = 2,353)


None 13.7 10.5

1 hour 40.5 32.8

2 hours 31.5 34.4

3 hours 9.4 14.6

4 hours 2.5 5.1

5 or more hours 1.8 2.6

Don’t own a TV* 0.6

*Categories added in 2010 NP20 - On an average day, about how many hours does your child use a computer or play video games for school, work or play? [Age 1+] (n = 2,221)


None 36.2 42.2

1 hour 42.8 39.4

2 hours 13.8 12.4

3 hours 3.4 3.8

4 hours 1.8 1.3

5 or more hours 1.3 0.9

Don’t own a TV or PC* 0.6

*Categories added in 2010

Statewide totals 50

SECTION 11. PARENT HEALTH STATUS AND FAMILY

PH Parent Mental Health Scale (n = 2,382)

Percent 2010

Poor Mental Health 10.3

Adequate Mental Health 89.7

PH1 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you been a very nervous person? (n = 2,384)


All of the time 2.0 2.6

Most of the time 3.9 2.9

Some of the time 39.3 33.2

None of the time 54.7 61.3

PH2 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up? (n = 2,385)






PH3 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you felt calm and peaceful? (n = 2,382)







PH4 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you felt downhearted and blue? (n = 2,381)






PH5 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you been a happy person? (n = 2,383)






PH6 - Are you currently...? [Marital Status] (n = 2,382)


Married 84.0 79.8 80.0

Divorced 6.1 8.2 7.0

Widowed 1.1 1.7 1.0

Separated 1.6 1.4 2.0

Never married 2.4 4.3 4.0

In a marriage-like relationship 4.8 4.6 7.0

PH7 - How would you rate the overall quality of your relationship with your spouse/partner? [Asked if married or living with partner] (n = 2,069)


Excellent 36.0 40.6 44.0

Very good 43.4 42.3 40.0

Good 15.6 13.7 12.0

Fair 3.5 2.8 2.0

Poor 1.6 0.6 1.0

Statewide totals 52

SECTION 12. SMOKING, DRUGS, ALCOHOL, AND GAMBLING

SM1 - In the last 12 months, how much of a problem for your household, if any, has been caused by a household member’s use of cigarettes? (n = 2,386)


A big problem 1.3 1.3

A moderate problem 2.7 3.7

A small problem 6.7 8.0


SM2 - In the last 12 months, how much of a problem for your household, if any, has been caused by a household members use of either prescription or illegal drugs? (n = 2,385)






SM3 - Was the drug problem related to prescription drugs, illegal drugs or both? (n = 42)


Prescription drugs 46.1 33.9

Illegal drugs 37.8 52.7

Both prescription and illegal drugs 16.1 13.4

SM4 - In the last 12 months, how much of a problem for your household, if any, has been caused by a household members use of alcohol? (n = 2,384)







SM5 - In the last 12 months, how much of a problem for your household, if any, has been caused by gambling in your household? (n = 2,385)






SM6 - Which type of gambling has caused a problem for someone in your household in the last 12 months? (n = 41)


Gambling in a casino 53.1 55.6

Lottery Tickets 23.4 45.6

Online gambling 24.7 13.7

Sports betting 14.7 20.5

Other 10.8 28.4

Bingo* 0.0

Racetracks* 1.3

Card games not at a casino* 18.3


Statewide totals 54

SECTION 13. DEMOGRAPHICS

DM1 - Is your child of Spanish or Hispanic origin? (n = 2,384)


Yes 6.5 3.7

No 93.5 96.3

DM2 - What is your child’s race? (Check all that apply) (n = 2,386)


African-American 4.7 3.6

White 92.2 94.8

American-Indian/Native American/Aleutian or Eskimo 0.9 0.5

Asian/Pacific Islander 2.3 1.3

Other 4.7 3.2

Don’t know* 0.3

Prefer not to answer* 0.2

*Categories added in 2010 DM3 - Are you of Spanish or Hispanic origin? (n = 2,385)


Yes 5.5 2.1

No 94.5 97.9

DM4 - What is your race? (n = 2,386)


African-American 1.5 2.2

White 93.0 95.9

American-Indian/Native American/Aleutian or Eskimo 0.8 0.3

Asian/Pacific Islander 1.3 0.7

Other 4.0 1.6

Prefer not to answer* 0.5



DM5 - Are you male or female? (n = 2,386)


Male 15.6 19.3

Female 84.4 80.7

DM6 - What is your age? (n = 2,372)

Percent 2010

18-24 2.1

25-44 73.1

45-64 23.9

65 or older 1.0

DM7 - What is the highest grade or level of school that you have completed? (n = 2,385)


8th grade or less 1.5 0.4

Some high school, but did not graduate 2.7 2.5

High school graduate or GED 14.7 24.0

Some college or 2-year degree 35.1 39.7

4-year college graduate 30.1 24.4

More than 4-year college degree 15.7 9.0

DM8 - Including yourself, how many adults (age 18 and over) live in your household? (n = 2,386)


1 8.1 12.5

2 77.2 76.7

3 10.2 8.1

4 3.2 2.0

5 0.7 0.4

6 or more 0.5 0.3

Statewide totals 56

DM9 - Is your spouse/partner your child’s biological or adoptive parent? [Asked if married or living with partner] (n = 1,576)


Yes 92.5 93.0

No 7.5 7.0

DM10 - What was the total combined income over the past year for all persons in your household? (n = 2,085)


$0 to $5,000 1.2 2.3

$5,001 to $10,000 0.9 2.5

$10,001 to $15,000 1.7 3.6

$15,001 to $20,000 2.4 4.8

$20,001 to $25,000 3.2 5.8

$25,001 to $30,000 3.6 5.7

$30,001 to $35,000 3.6 6.4

$35,001 to $40,000 4.9 6.7

$40,001 to $45,000 4.7 7.4

$45,001 to $50,000 5.7 6.5

$50,001 to $55,000 4.9 7.0

$55,001 to $60,000 4.9 6.1

$60,001 to $65,000 5.1 5.0

$65,001 to $70,000 4.9 4.2

$70,001 to $75,000 6.5 5.0

$75,001 to $80,000 5.2 2.5

More than $80,000 36.7 18.5

DM11 - What is your child’s age? (n = 2,386)


0-4 27.8 25.7

5-9 27.6 27.6

10-14 27.6 28.7

15-17 17.1 18.0


DM12 - Do you have a landline? [Not including lines used only by a computer or fax machine] (n = 2,374)

Percent 2010

Yes 88.4

No 11.6

DM13 - Does anyone in your household own a cell phone? (n = 2,382)


Yes 95.7 85.9

No 4.3 14.1

DM14 - How many people in your household regularly use a cell phone? (n = 2,281)


0 0.5 1.3

1 8.1 24.1

2 47.9 50.0

3 23.1 16.3

4 14.0 6.8

5 4.6 1.2

6 1.3 0.3

7 0.3 0.0

8* 0.3 *Categories added in 2010 DM15 - From all calls made by household members, would you say that cell phones are used for....? (n = 2,277)


Almost all calls 30.6 7.1

Most calls 36.9 23.9

Some calls 27.1 52.8

Rarely used 5.4 16.2

Statewide totals 58

Statewide results by age 1

APPENDIX 2: STATEWIDE TOTAL PERCENTS BY AGE FROM 2010 IOWA CHILD AND FAMILIY HOUSEHOLD HEALTH SURVEY

















2010 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey

2



0-4 years 5-9 years 10-14 years 15-17 years Total %

Excellent 68.1 65.4 64.6 50.4 63.4

Very good 23.1 26.3 25.1 33.4 26.3

Good 7.5 7.2 8.5 13.9 8.8

Fair 0.8 1.0 1.7 1.4 1.2

Poor 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.3

p = NA HS – Children with Special Health Care Needs CAHMI screener


Yes 7.4 18.9 24.6 30.0 19.2 No 92.6 81.1 75.4 70.0 80.8

p = .000 HS2 - Does your child currently need or use medicine prescribed by a doctor other than vitamins? (n = 2,385)


Yes 10.2 16.9 24.5 33.7 20.0

No 89.8 83.1 75.5 66.3 80.0

p = .000 HS2A - Is this because of any medical, behavioral or other health condition? (n = 520)


Yes 85.6 90.7 88.7 84.7 87.6

No 14.4 9.3 11.3 15.3 12.4

p = .609 HS2B - Is this a condition that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 442)


Yes 61.6 94.9 96.5 92.3 90.4

No 38.4 5.1 3.5 7.7 9.6

p = NA HS3 - Does your child need or use more medical care, mental health or educational services than


is usual for most children of the same age? (n = 2,357)


Yes 5.8 10.2 13.6 14.6 10.7

No 94.2 89.8 86.4 85.4 89.3



Yes 74.8 84.8 85.5 88.1 84.2

No 25.2 15.2 14.5 11.9 15.8



Yes 86.3 95.7 100.0 95.6 96.1

No 13.7 4.3 0.0 4.4 3.9

p = NA HS4 - Is your child limited or prevented in any way in his or her ability to do the things most children of the same age can do? (n = 2,381)


Yes 3.2 2.0 5.9 7.9 4.4

No 96.8 98.0 94.1 92.1 95.6



Yes 54.8 88.4 74.7 94.5 78.8

No 45.2 11.6 25.3 5.5 21.2

p = NA


4



Yes 84.2 91.6 100.0 97.1 95.8

No 15.8 8.4 0.0 2.9 4.2

p = .382 HS5 - Does your child need or get special therapy, such as physical, occupational or speech therapy? (n = 2,384)


Yes 4.1 5.8 3.4 3.6 4.3

No 95.9 94.2 96.6 96.4 95.7



Yes 34.0 42.1 98.2 76.1 57.6

No 66.0 57.9 1.8 23.9 42.4

p = NA HS5B - Is this a condition that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 63)


Yes 72.8 94.4 95.5 95.0 91.7

No 27.2 5.6 4.5 5.0 8.3

p = NA HS6 - Does your child have any kind of emotional, developmental or behavioral problem for which he or she needs or gets treatment or counseling? (n = 2,385)


Yes 1.3 6.8 10.0 9.7 6.7

No 98.7 93.2 90.0 90.3 93.3

p = .000


HS6A - Is this a condition that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 175)


Yes 100.0 92.0 96.3 96.7 95.4

No 0.0 8.0 3.7 3.3 4.6

p = NA HS7 - Has your child been diagnosed with a chronic condition or disease that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 486)


Yes 55.3 43.0 60.4 52.1 52.9

No 44.7 57.0 39.6 47.9 47.1

p = .092 HS8 - What is your child’s primary chronic condition or diagnosis? (n = 266)


ADD/ADHD 0.0 19.3 26.9 11.1 18.0

Asthma 40.9 31.1 21.2 31.1 28.2

Autism 0.0 0.0 6.8 3.0 3.5

Depression, anxiety, or emotional problems 0.0 4.3 2.3 6.2 3.5

Mental Retardation 3.3 1.0 1.4 0.0 1.2

Other 55.8 44.4 41.4 48.6 45.6

p = NA


6

HS9 - How would you rank the severity of your child’s condition, compared to other children with the same condition? (n = 248)


0 2.8 3.8 0.0 3.5 2.1

1 2.4 8.8 8.1 9.8 8.1

2 11.2 12.5 12.1 17.6 13.6

3 17.6 16.3 9.7 11.9 12.6

4 18.9 9.4 6.4 11.7 9.8

5 34.1 30.1 30.4 27.6 30.0

6 3.5 6.4 5.7 5.6 5.6

7 0.0 3.6 10.0 2.0 5.4

8 9.5 4.6 11.0 7.0 8.4

9 0.0 3.7 4.2 2.3 3.1

10 0.0 0.7 2.5 0.9 1.4

p = NA


SECTION 2. INSURANCE COVERAGE IC1 - Do you or someone else have any kind of health care coverage for your child, including health insurance, prepaid plans (e.g. HMOs), or government plans (e.g. Medicaid or Title 19)? (n = 2,316)


Yes 98.4 96.2 97.1 97.3 97.2

No 1.6 3.8 2.9 2.7 2.8

p = .201 IC2 - What type of health care coverage do you use to pay for most of your child’s medical care? (n = 2,316)


Private insurance 71.5 75.7 79.7 83.1 76.9

The HAWK-I program (SCHIP) 2.8 3.7 3.5 4.4 3.5

Medicaid or Title 19 24.6 18.3 15.4 11.9 18.2

Some other source 1.1 2.2 1.4 0.5 1.4

p = NA IC3 - Thinking about how well that health insurance coverage meets your child’s health care needs, would you say that the health insurance is...? (n = 2,296)


Excellent 45.9 37.2 42.1 37.8 41.1

Very good 31.9 38.2 31.1 31.2 33.3

Good 18.3 19.8 22.2 19.7 20.0

Fair 3.5 4.2 3.1 9.3 4.6

Poor 0.4 0.7 1.5 1.9 1.1

p = NA IC4 - During the last 12 months, how much of a problem, if any, have your child’s health care costs that were not covered by insurance been for your family? (n = 2,318)


Big problem 1.8 1.9 2.7 4.0 2.4

Moderate problem 6.9 8.4 8.0 9.5 8.1

Small problem 17.7 14.4 15.1 17.2 16.0

Not a problem 73.6 75.3 74.2 69.3 73.5

p = .397


8



Yes 4.0 5.5 7.1 9.7 6.3

No 96.0 94.5 92.9 90.3 93.7

p = .007 IC6 - During the last 12 months, how much, if at all, have you worried about your ability to pay for your child’s health care? (n = 2,384)


A great deal 4.1 3.6 6.7 6.3 5.1

Somewhat 5.3 10.1 8.8 12.0 8.7

A little 18.2 14.7 13.3 15.9 15.5

Not a lot 72.5 71.6 71.3 65.8 70.8

p = .005 IC7 - During the last 12 months, has there been any time that your child has not had any health insurance? (n = 2,319)


Yes 1.9 2.3 3.1 4.1 2.7

No 98.1 97.7 96.9 95.9 97.3

p = .257




0 8.9 20.2 4.0 9.4 11.1

1 29.2 30.8 23.1 18.6 25.7

2 7.7 12.0 14.7 6.6 10.8

3 12.3 0.0 7.8 4.9 5.6

4 0.0 4.5 3.3 9.7 4.4

5 7.9 0.0 0.0 4.7 2.5

6 0.0 7.4 17.4 6.7 8.7

7 0.0 6.4 0.0 2.9 2.6

8 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

9 4.0 0.0 1.1 3.7 1.9

10 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.6

12 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.6

More than 12 months 11.2 14.1 24.0 26.6 19.1

Child has never had insurance 15.8 4.6 2.3 3.3 5.7

p = NA IC9 - What was the main reason your child was without health insurance during this time? (n = 127)


Costs too much 20.4 25.9 43.7 25.5 30.3

Can’t get insurance through employer 10.2 17.7 0.0 1.4 7.4

Used up available benefits 5.9 0.0 11.2 0.0 4.6

I / my spouse lost their job and benefits 7.7 22.3 15.0 29.9 19.0

Other 55.8 34.2 30.1 43.1 38.8

p = NA


10

IC10 - Has your child ever received health care coverage through Medicaid or Title 19 program? (n = 1,994)


Yes 11.6 16.1 17.9 16.5 15.5

No 88.4 83.9 82.1 83.5 84.5

p = .081 IC11 - Has your child ever received health care coverage through Iowa's Child Health Insurance Program, called Hawk-i? (n = 2,268)


Yes 2.4 6.2 9.4 8.2 6.4

No 97.6 93.8 90.6 91.8 93.6

p = .000 IC12 - How important is it to you for your child to have health insurance coverage? (n = 2,383)


Very important 97.5 97.8 96.4 96.2 97.1

Moderately important 1.7 1.8 3.1 2.0 2.2

Somewhat important 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4

Not very important 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3

p = NA IC13 - Do you have any kind of health care coverage for yourself, including health insurance, prepaid plans (e.g. HMOs), or government plans (e.g. Medicaid or Title 19)? (n = 2,384)


Yes 88.0 87.8 91.0 90.6 89.2

No 12.0 12.2 9.0 9.4 10.8

p = .227 IC14 - Do you and your child have the same insurance plan? (n = 2,118)


Yes 79.9 81.3 80.5 79.5 80.4

No 20.1 18.7 19.5 20.5 19.6

p = .935




Your employer 46.9 57.6 52.7 57.0 53.2

Someone else’s employer 20.4 20.2 13.2 6.4 15.8

A plan that you or someone else buys on your own 19.0 8.8 13.1 15.7 14.0

The hawk-i program (state child health insurance plan) 6.0 3.4 7.8 6.1 5.8

Medicaid or title 19 3.7 4.9 7.1 2.8 4.8

The military, Champus or the VA 0.9 0.0 1.0 4.2 1.3

Some other source 3.1 5.0 5.1 7.7 5.0

p = NA IC16 - Thinking about how well your health care coverage meets your health care needs, would you say that your health care coverage is...? (n = 2,131)


Excellent 37.4 29.5 32.5 32.8 33.1

Very good 33.7 36.3 33.9 32.3 34.2

Good 22.1 24.1 23.8 22.1 23.1

Fair 4.9 7.9 7.6 8.1 7.1

Poor 1.8 2.2 2.1 4.6 2.5

p = .162 IC17 - How important is it to you that you have health insurance coverage for yourself? (n = 2,382)


Very important 84.4 87.4 91.1 92.3 88.4

Moderately important 9.7 9.6 6.4 4.5 7.9

Somewhat important 4.2 2.0 1.8 1.5 2.5

Not very important 1.6 1.0 0.8 1.8 1.2

p = NA


12




Yes 55.9 55.4 56.8 63.8 57.4

No 44.1 44.6 43.2 36.2 42.6

p = .085 AN2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed medical care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,408)


Yes 2.3 1.8 3.9 4.6 3.0

No 97.7 98.2 96.1 95.4 97.0

p = .280




Could not afford the care or have no insurance 32.2 18.4 46.8 25.7 33.5

Insurance / HMO coverage was inadequate 0.0 58.9 7.3 3.1 11.9

Trouble getting an appointment 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.2 4.4

Distance or transportation problems 0.0 0.0 7.3 0.0 2.6

Not comfortable with providers available at the time 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 1.2

Available providers did not have expertise child needed 0.0 0.0 12.3 0.0 4.4

Inconvenient hours, not open when care needed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Did not know where to go at night or on weekend 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Could not get off work 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Language or communication problems 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bad past experience or heard about bad experiences 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Child was too afraid to go 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Not comfortable due to cultural, ethnic or religious reasons 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Family not comfortable seeking care for specific problem 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Doctor / Nurse sent me to the ER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Doctor wouldn’t prescribe the medicine child needed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other 67.8 22.8 26.2 51.7 41.9

p = NA AN4 - During the last 12 months, when your child needed care right away for an illness or injury, how often did your child get care as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,407)


Never 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3

Sometimes 2.2 2.5 1.3 1.6 1.9

Usually 9.8 12.1 9.1 13.8 11.0

Always 84.5 80.7 83.6 78.7 82.2

No care needed right away 3.4 4.3 5.6 5.8 4.7

p = NA


14

AN5 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when you or a health professional thought your child needed care from a specialist? (n = 1,407)


Yes 36.4 34.7 36.1 45.9 37.7

No 63.6 65.3 63.9 54.1 62.3

p = .066 AN6 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed specialty care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 541)


Yes 4.7 7.8 11.1 7.9 7.9

No 95.3 92.2 88.9 92.1 92.1

p = .464 AN7 - During the last 12 months, how much of a problem, if any, was it to get the care your child needed from a specialist? (n = 539)


Big problem 1.9 3.4 3.4 5.2 3.4

Small problem 9.6 16.4 13.4 15.5 13.6

Not a problem 88.5 80.2 83.2 79.3 83.0

p = NA AN8 - During the last 12 months, how many times did your child go to a hospital emergency room? (n = 1,407)


None 70.0 74.6 78.6 73.2 74.2

1 time 18.3 17.2 17.2 21.6 17.6

2 to 4 times 10.9 7.5 6.5 4.7 7.6

5 to 9 times 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.4

10 or more times 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2

p = NA




Trauma / broken bones / stitches 21.0 41.7 42.9 49.0 36.9

Cold / flu 7.6 4.8 4.2 1.3 4.8

Ear infection 11.0 4.9 2.0 3.3 5.9

High fever only 15.1 4.3 3.8 4.7 7.7

Trouble breathing (asthma) 8.5 3.9 7.2 1.9 5.7

Severe cough / croup only 3.3 2.3 0.0 1.3 1.9

Rash 1.4 2.3 2.9 2.0 2.1

Other 32.1 35.7 37.1 36.5 35.0

p = NA AN10 - Did a doctor, nurse, or emergency personnel tell you to go to the ER for this care? [Thinking about last ER visit] (n = 370)


Yes 44.9 24.5 31.9 34.3 34.5

No 55.1 75.5 68.1 65.7 65.5

p = .052 AN11 - Do you think this care could have been provided by a doctor's office or clinic if one had been available? [Thinking about last ER visit] (n = 364)


Yes 76.1 73.0 64.5 65.6 70.6

No 23.9 27.0 35.5 34.4 29.4

p = .373


16



















Other 2.6 4.1 14.0 7.4 6.2

p = NA




None 4.5 9.3 10.6 9.4 8.4

1 time 41.7 62.6 58.5 55.8 54.6

2 to 4 times 35.1 20.0 21.1 21.2 24.6

5 to 9 times 18.1 7.4 8.5 13.6 11.8

10 or more times 0.5 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.7

p = NA AN14A - During the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what he/she eats or using car seats)? [Age < 3] (n = 189)


Yes 70.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.7

No 29.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.3

p = NA AN14B - In the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what he/she eats or using bicycle helmets or seat belts)? [Age 3-9] (n = 454)


Yes 63.3 61.1 0.0 0.0 61.7

No 36.7 38.9 0.0 0.0 38.3

p = NA AN14C - In the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what eats or keeping your child from smoking or using alcohol)? [Age 10+] (n = 748)


Yes 0.0 0.0 35.3 42.6 38.3

No 0.0 0.0 64.7 57.4 61.7

p = NA


18



Less than 12 months ago 96.9 82.7 83.3 86.1 87.4

1-2 years ago 1.6 15.7 11.5 11.2 9.9

More than 2 years ago 0.4 1.6 5.2 2.5 2.4

Never 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3

p = NA AN16 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed routine preventive care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,407)


Yes 2.4 1.4 1.5 3.1 2.0

No 97.6 98.6 98.5 96.9 98.0

p = NA




















Other 20.6 31.1 25.4 57.7 34.5

p = NA


20


MH Medical Home (n = 2,340)


Has a medical home 18.5 19.0 21.7 20.6 19.9 Does not have a medical home 81.5 81.0 78.3 79.4 80.1

p = .584 MH1 - Do you have one or more persons you think of as your child's personal doctor or nurse? (n = 2,383)


Yes, one person 64.7 59.3 65.2 59.1 62.4

Yes, more than one person 29.5 33.7 28.3 33.7 31.1

No 5.7 7.0 6.6 7.2 6.5

p = .372 MH2 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child’s doctors and other health care providers spend enough time with your child? [All MH Qs asked only if thought needed medical care] (n = 1,401)


Never 0.3 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.8

Sometimes 7.4 5.8 8.4 6.5 7.1

Usually 24.2 27.7 25.3 32.2 26.9

Always 68.1 65.2 65.5 60.9 65.2

p = NA MH3 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child’s doctors and other health care providers listen to you? (n = 1,403)


Never 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.5

Sometimes 7.3 5.1 4.7 5.8 5.7

Usually 21.0 24.3 16.6 25.4 21.5

Always 71.4 70.0 78.1 68.5 72.3

p = NA




Never 0.0 0.8 1.7 0.9 0.9

Sometimes 6.6 4.4 5.7 7.6 6.0

Usually 22.3 23.0 18.6 27.2 22.4

Always 71.1 71.8 74.0 64.3 70.8

p = NA MH5 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child get an appointment for regular or routine health care as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,407)


Never 0.4 0.8 2.0 0.4 0.9

Sometimes 6.3 6.7 7.7 8.5 7.2

Usually 30.7 28.9 29.9 30.8 30.0

Always 62.6 62.1 59.9 59.3 61.1

Didn’t need appointment the last 12 months 0.0 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.8

p = NA MH6 - During the last 12 months, how often were you able to get all the information you wanted about your child’s health from your child’s doctor as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,406)


Never 0.0 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.4

Sometimes 4.8 4.3 3.7 4.8 4.4

Usually 33.1 24.2 24.7 28.7 27.6

Always 61.7 68.0 67.1 64.4 65.4

Didn’t get info about child’s health 0.3 2.4 4.2 1.9 2.3

p = NA MH7 - Have your child’s doctors or other health care providers talked with you or your child about health care needs when your child becomes an adult? [Age 12+ & special needs] (n = 210)


Yes 0.0 0.0 59.9 69.2 65.5

No 0.0 0.0 40.1 30.8 34.5

p = NA


22



Never 0.0 0.0 3.4 4.1 3.8

Sometimes 0.0 0.0 20.2 12.4 15.6

Usually 0.0 0.0 31.4 28.7 29.8

Always 0.0 0.0 45.0 54.7 50.7

p = NA MH9 - During the last 12 months, did your child need a referral to see any doctors or receive any services? (n = 1,400)


Yes 29.9 23.1 26.8 36.9 28.6

No 70.1 76.9 73.2 63.1 71.4

p = .011 MH10 - Was getting a referral a big problem, small problem, or not a problem? (n = 405)


Big problem 0.0 2.5 2.4 5.9 2.6

Small problem 8.3 19.4 14.8 6.3 11.9

Not a problem 91.7 78.2 82.8 87.8 85.6

p = NA MH11 - Is there a place that your child usually goes when your child is sick or you need advice about your child’s health? (n = 1,409)


Yes 98.8 97.0 97.8 98.1 97.9

No 1.2 3.0 2.2 1.9 2.1

p = NA




Doctor’s office 70.4 73.0 74.2 70.3 72.1

Hospital emergency room 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1

Hospital outpatient clinic 3.3 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.7

Clinic or health center 25.0 24.1 23.1 26.8 24.6

School (nurse’s office, athletic trainer) 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1

Friend/relative 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2

Mexico/other location out of U.S. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Some other place 0.9 1.5 0.7 1.7 1.2

Does not go to one place most often 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

p = NA MH13 - Is there a place that your child usually goes when needs routine preventive care (e.g. physical examination or well-child check-up)? (n = 1,409)


Yes 99.3 99.3 98.4 99.3 99.0

No 0.7 0.7 1.6 0.7 1.0

p = NA MH14 - Does your child usually go to the same place for routine preventive care as goes to when is sick? (n = 1,370)


Yes 97.7 97.0 96.3 95.4 96.7

No 2.3 3.0 3.7 4.6 3.3

p = .493


24



Doctor’s office 48.3 60.4 65.0 36.6 54.3

Hospital emergency room 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hospital outpatient clinic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Clinic or health center 42.9 29.8 18.8 49.1 33.2

School (nurse’s office, athletic trainer) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mexico/other location out of U.S. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Some other place 8.7 9.8 16.1 14.2 12.5

Does not go to one place most often 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

p = NA MH16 - During the last 12 months, did you feel you could have used extra help arranging or coordinating care among different health care providers or services? (n = 1,403)


Yes 7.2 6.0 4.5 9.0 6.5

No 92.8 94.0 95.5 91.0 93.5

p = .232 MH17 - During the last 12 months, how often did you get as much help as you wanted with arranging or coordinating your child’s care? (n = 90)


Never 5.2 20.4 13.4 4.2 10.2

Sometimes 57.9 43.8 33.1 43.0 45.9

Usually 17.0 25.2 25.4 32.6 24.8

Always 19.9 10.5 28.1 20.0 19.1

p = NA MH18 - Do your child’s doctors or other health care providers need to communicate with your child’s child care or school providers? (n = 1,390)


Yes 13.8 14.0 18.7 13.8 15.2

No 86.2 86.0 81.3 86.2 84.8

p = .276




Very satisfied 63.9 60.3 52.4 61.5 58.7

Somewhat satisfied 32.7 26.7 36.6 28.7 31.9

Somewhat dissatisfied 3.4 8.2 7.6 8.6 6.9

Very dissatisfied 0.0 4.8 3.3 0.0 2.3

No communication needed or wanted 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2

p = NA MH20 - When your child is seen by doctors or other health care providers, how often are they sensitive to your family's values and customs? (n = 1,373)


Never 0.0 0.8 1.6 1.8 1.0

Sometimes 5.5 2.7 3.6 2.4 3.6

Usually 17.0 17.7 20.9 24.5 19.7

Always 77.5 78.8 74.0 71.3 75.7

p = NA MH21 - How often has your child’s race or ethnicity affected the quality of your child’s health care? (n = 1,398)


Never 96.2 98.1 94.8 97.7 96.6

Sometimes 2.7 0.5 2.7 1.6 1.9

Usually 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.7

Always 0.7 0.4 1.6 0.4 0.8

p = NA


26




Yes 59.9 58.7 55.2 62.3 58.7

No 40.1 41.3 44.8 37.7 41.3

p = .000 RX2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed prescription medicine but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,426)


Yes 1.2 3.0 6.0 5.9 3.8

No 98.8 97.0 94.0 94.0 96.2

p = NA




















Other 0.0 29.5 39.1 6.1 24.1

p = NA


28




Yes 78.7 82.7 85.6 81.8 82.2

No 21.3 17.3 14.4 18.2 17.8

p = .038 DX2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when you or a health professional thought your child needed dental care (including routine care/checkups)? [Age 1+] (n = 2,378)


Yes 59.9 58.7 55.2 62.3 58.7

No 40.1 41.3 44.8 37.7 41.3

p = .000 DX3 - What kind of dental care did you or a health professional think your child needed? (n = 1,819)


Check-up or cleaning 95.5 95.0 95.2 92.4 94.6

Emergency dental care 3.0 4.6 2.4 3.0 3.4

Other treatment such as fillings 12.3 28.1 25.0 23.6 24.1

Dental screening, sealants or fluoride treatment 16.6 33.9 36.6 23.1 30.3

Don’t know what type of dental care was needed 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1

p = NA DX4 - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed dental care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,817)


Yes 4.4 2.8 4.5 5.8 4.2

No 95.6 97.2 95.5 94.2 95.8

p = .200




















Other 27.9 0.0 12.2 8.4 10.6

p = NA DX6A - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a WIC CLINIC? (n = 1,810)


Yes 13.6 1.1 0.1 0.6 2.3

No 86.4 98.9 99.9 99.4 97.7

p = NA


30



Yes 6.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 4.8

No 93.3 98.9 0.0 0.0 95.2

p = NA DX6C - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a PRESCHOOL? [Age < 6] (n = 299)


Yes 8.3 13.6 0.0 0.0 10.1

No 91.7 86.4 0.0 0.0 89.9

p = NA DX6D - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a CHILD CARE SETTING? [Age < 6] (n = 300)


Yes 3.7 5.0 0.0 0.0 4.1

No 96.3 95.0 0.0 0.0 95.9

p = NA DX6E - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a SCHOOL? [Age 5+] (n = 1,601)


Yes 0.0 14.7 5.5 1.6 8.1

No 0.0 85.3 94.5 98.4 91.9

p = NA DX7 - Is there one main place where you usually go for your child’s dental care? (n = 2,268)


Yes 68.5 97.6 96.7 97.4 90.5

No 5.3 2.0 3.3 2.6 3.3

Child has never been 26.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 6.3

p = NA


DX8 - What kind of place do you usually go for your child’s dental care? (n = 2,068)


Dental office 89.2 93.5 93.3 94.5 92.9

Clinic 6.7 4.9 5.0 3.7 5.0

Community health center 3.0 1.3 1.0 0.4 1.4

Somewhere else 1.0 0.3 0.7 1.4 0.8

p = NA DX9 - When was your child’s last check-up by a dentist? (n = 2,130)


Less than 12 months ago 68.3 95.8 93.9 90.2 89.0

Between 1 and 2 years ago 2.5 3.0 4.9 7.1 4.3

More than 2 years ago 0.0 1.0 1.2 2.6 1.2

Child has never been to the dentist 29.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 5.5

p = NA DX10 - How often were you able to get dental care for your child as soon as you wanted? (n = 2,184)


Never 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.0

Sometimes 5.2 7.4 5.4 8.3 6.5

Usually 15.8 22.2 23.6 25.9 22.0

Always 51.9 69.1 69.8 64.0 64.8

Never tried 26.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 5.6

p = NA DX11 - How would you rate your child’s overall dental health? (n = 2,260)


Excellent 50.4 37.6 41.3 45.6 43.1

Very good 30.1 37.7 34.6 34.2 34.4

Good 16.6 19.0 19.6 15.8 18.1

Fair 2.1 5.4 4.0 4.1 4.0

Poor 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5

p = NA


32




Yes 2.1 10.1 12.5 14.8 9.3

No 97.9 89.9 87.5 85.2 90.7

p = NA BC2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed care for behavioral or emotional problems but could not get it for any reason? (n = 249)


Yes 7.9 19.4 13.8 12.3 14.7

No 92.1 80.6 86.2 87.7 85.3

p = NA




















Other 0.0 16.0 33.2 18.5 22.3

p = NA


34


BH Behavioral Health Problems Scale (only children ages 6-11 yrs) (n = 1,722)

6-11 years 12-17 years Total %

Significant problems Moderate Problems

5.6 8.2 6.9

57.1 55.9 56.5

Few problems 37.3 35.8 36.6 p = .221 BH1 - Your child does not get along with other children, not counting brothers and sisters. [Age 6+] (n = 1,724)


Often true NA 2.3 2.9 2.2 2.5

Sometimes true NA 26.8 23.8 25.1 25.1

Never true NA 70.8 73.3 72.7 72.3

p = NA BH2 - Your child cannot concentrate or pay attention for long periods compared to other children same age. [Age 6+] (n = 1,720)


Often true NA 8.6 8.9 7.6 8.5


Never true NA 67.8 72.4 76.5 71.9

p = NA BH3 - Your child has been unhappy, sad, or depressed. [Age 6+] (n = 1,722)


Often true NA 2.1 1.8 5.0 2.7


Never true NA 72.2 71.1 57.4 68.0

p = NA




Often true NA 0.5 1.5 0.0 0.9


Never true NA 87.0 87.7 0.0 87.3

p = NA BH5 - Your child has been nervous, high-strung or tense. [Age 6-11] (n = 744)


Often true 0.0 3.2 2.7 0.0 3.1

Sometimes true 0.0 27.5 29.3 0.0 28.1

Never true 0.0 69.3 68.0 0.0 68.8

p = NA BH6 - Your child acts too young for age. [Age 6-11] (n = 744)


Often true 0.0 2.0 7.0 0.0 3.7

Sometimes true 0.0 13.8 12.2 0.0 13.3

Never true 0.0 84.1 80.8 0.0 83.0

p = NA BH7 - Your child has trouble sleeping. [Age 12+] (n = 977)


Often true 0.0 0.0 3.0 4.9 4.0

Sometimes true 0.0 0.0 21.0 23.4 22.2

Never true 0.0 0.0 76.0 71.7 73.8

p = NA BH8 - Your child lies or cheats. [Age 12+] (n = 979)


Often true 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.7 2.3

Sometimes true 0.0 0.0 22.0 17.4 19.7

Never true 0.0 0.0 75.8 79.9 77.9

p = NA


36



Often true 0.0 0.0 1.9 5.5 3.7

Sometimes true 0.0 0.0 23.0 20.5 21.7

Never true 0.0 0.0 75.1 74.0 74.5

p = NA





Yes 5.1 5.3 0.0 0.0 5.1

No 94.9 94.7 0.0 0.0 94.9

p = NA EC2A - Are you concerned about how your child talks and makes speech sounds? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)


Yes 61.3 42.7 0.0 0.0 58.1

No 38.7 57.3 0.0 0.0 41.9

p = NA EC2B - Are you concerned about how your child understands what you say? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)


Yes 42.2 25.8 0.0 0.0 39.3

No 57.8 74.2 0.0 0.0 60.7

p = NA EC2C - Are you concerned about how your child uses hands and fingers to do things? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)


Yes 18.8 25.8 0.0 0.0 20.0

No 81.2 74.2 0.0 0.0 80.0

p = NA EC2D - Are you concerned about how your child uses his/her arms and legs? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)


Yes 20.3 17.6 0.0 0.0 19.8

No 79.7 82.4 0.0 0.0 80.2

p = NA


38



Yes 60.0 83.6 0.0 0.0 64.1

No 40.0 16.4 0.0 0.0 35.9

p = NA EC2F - Are you concerned about how your child gets along with others? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)


Yes 47.2 75.5 0.0 0.0 52.1

No 52.8 24.5 0.0 0.0 47.9

p = NA EC2G - Are you concerned about how your child is learning to do things for him/herself? [Age 10 months to 5 years] (n = 33)


Yes 48.1 28.0 0.0 0.0 44.9

No 51.9 72.0 0.0 0.0 55.1

p = NA EC2H - Are you concerned about how your child is learning pre-school or school skills? [Age 18 months to 5 years] (n = 31)


Yes 37.0 28.0 0.0 0.0 35.3

No 63.0 72.0 0.0 0.0 64.7

p = NA EC3 - During the last 12 months, did your child’s doctors or other health care providers ask you if you have concerns about your child learning, development, or behavior? (n = 652)


Yes 47.9 50.6 0.0 0.0 48.4

No 52.1 49.4 0.0 0.0 51.6

p = NA




Yes 75.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 80.4

No 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.6

p = NA EC5 - During the last 12 months, did a doctor or other health care provider have you fill out a questionnaire about specific concerns or observations? [Age 10 months+] (n = 534)


Yes 37.0 28.1 0.0 0.0 35.3

No 63.0 71.9 0.0 0.0 64.7

p = NA EC6 - Does your child have any developmental problems for which he/she has a written an intervention plan called IEP, or is enrolled in Early Access or Early Intervention? (n = 658)


Yes 2.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 3.0

No 97.3 95.8 0.0 0.0 97.0

p = NA EC7 - How often, during the last week, did you or someone in your family read to your child? (n = 660)


Almost every day 62.4 69.6 0.0 0.0 63.6

Most days 19.1 21.1 0.0 0.0 19.4

Some days 15.3 9.2 0.0 0.0 14.3

Not at all 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7

p = NA EC8A - In the last week, did a family member tell your child a story? (n = 659)


Yes 93.1 98.7 0.0 0.0 94.0

No 6.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 6.0

p = NA


40



Yes 75.0 96.5 0.0 0.0 78.5

No 25.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 21.5

p = NA EC8C - In the last week, did a family member sing your child songs or play your child music? (n = 658)


Yes 97.9 92.3 0.0 0.0 97.0

No 2.1 7.7 0.0 0.0 3.0

p = NA EC8D - In the last week, did a family member work on arts and crafts with your child? (n = 658)


Yes 61.1 87.9 0.0 0.0 65.6

No 38.9 12.1 0.0 0.0 34.4

p = NA EC8E - In the last week, did a family member play a game with your child? (n = 658)


Yes 86.1 93.2 0.0 0.0 87.3

No 13.9 6.8 0.0 0.0 12.7

p = NA





0 33.9 50.7 0.0 0.0 36.7

1-10 8.1 22.7 0.0 0.0 10.5

11-20 10.8 11.6 0.0 0.0 10.9

21-30 10.6 2.7 0.0 0.0 9.3

31-40 8.8 4.6 0.0 0.0 8.1

40+ 27.8 7.8 0.0 0.0 24.5

p = NA CC2 - How many different child care centers, home-based child care, preschool, pre-k, or Head Start programs does your child currently go to during a typical week? (n = 420)


0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

1 80.9 76.9 0.0 0.0 80.4

2 18.0 21.0 0.0 0.0 18.4

3 0.9 2.1 0.0 0.0 1.0

p = NA CC3 - In the last week, what were the most hours your child spent at...? (n = 418)










p = NA


42



Yes 0.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.3

No 99.8 99.1 0.0 0.0 99.7

p = NA


SECTION 7. SCHOOL



Nursery / preschool / pre-kindergarten / head start / transitional kindergarten (before K) / not old enough

84.5 8.4 0.0 0.0 8.4

Kindergarten 1.8 12.8 0.0 0.0 4.8

Pre-first grade 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

First-eighth grade 0.0 62.0 72.1 0.9 50.3

Ninth-grade / freshman 0.0 0.0 11.2 13.1 6.7

Tenth grade / sophomore 0.0 0.0 0.3 32.2 6.2

Eleventh grade / junior 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.8 5.3

Twelfth grade / senior 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.1 4.6

Above twelfth grade 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

Ungraded 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.5

Special education 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2

Child is home-schooled 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.3 0.6

Not attending 7.5 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.9

First to eighth grade unspecified 0.0 15.8 14.6 0.0 11.3

p = NA SC2 - How far would you like to see your child go in school? [Age 4+] (n = 1,924)


Leave high school before getting diploma 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1

Get a high school diploma 0.0 4.9 4.1 4.7 4.3

Graduate technical school 0.0 0.2 0.3 1.7 0.6

Get a 2-year college degree 4.1 4.3 5.6 8.8 5.8

Attend 4-year college 12.4 8.9 8.8 9.6 9.2

Get a 4-year college degree 55.7 51.7 51.7 48.6 51.2

Get more than 4-year college degree 27.8 29.7 29.5 26.6 28.8

p = NA


44




Everyday 52.6 43.5 35.7 21.9 40.2

Most days 35.5 39.5 40.1 42.0 39.0

Some days 11.2 15.8 21.9 30.6 18.7

Never 0.7 1.2 2.3 5.5 2.1

p = NA SD2 – In the last 12 months, about how often has your child attended a religious service or activity? (n = 2,382)


Never 18.3 9.9 10.6 12.6 12.9

A few times a year 20.9 18.4 18.2 22.2 19.7

A few times a month 23.9 19.2 18.8 22.5 20.9

Once a week or more 36.9 52.5 52.4 42.7 46.5

p = .000 SD Parenting Stress and Aggravation Scale (n=2,383)


High parenting stress Moderate parenting stress

3.4 2.9 6.0 7.9 4.7

60.5 68.1 62.8 62.6 63.6

Low parenting stress 36.2 29.0 31.3 29.5 31.7 p = .003




All of the time 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.1

Most of the time 2.4 1.7 3.4 5.0 2.9

Some of the time 20.6 19.1 14.5 17.3 17.9

None of the time 76.0 78.2 80.6 77.1 78.1

p = NA SD4 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt your child does things that really bother you a lot? (n = 2,382)


All of the time 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7

Most of the time 0.4 1.0 1.9 4.4 1.7

Some of the time 38.1 47.2 44.5 48.4 44.1

None of the time 61.1 50.7 52.8 46.6 53.5

p = NA SD5 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt you are giving up more of your life to meet your child’s needs than you ever expected? (n = 2,376)


All of the time 2.6 1.3 2.3 2.8 2.2

Most of the time 2.9 3.0 3.9 4.9 3.5

Some of the time 18.0 15.7 20.9 22.3 18.9

None of the time 76.5 80.1 73.0 69.9 75.4

p = .093 SD6 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt angry with your child? (n = 2,382)


All of the time 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1

Most of the time 0.6 0.2 1.0 2.4 0.9

Some of the time 39.1 56.2 52.7 49.9 49.4

None of the time 60.3 43.7 46.1 47.1 49.5

p = NA


46

SD7 - Is there someone that you can turn to for day-to-day emotional help with raising children? (Can include spouse) (n = 2,380)


Yes 96.8 97.0 94.7 94.4 95.8

No 3.2 3.0 5.3 5.6 4.2

p = .101 SD8 - People in this neighborhood help each other out. (n = 2,343)


Definitely agree 43.0 47.8 48.0 40.0 45.2

Somewhat agree 41.5 38.5 40.9 45.0 41.1

Somewhat disagree 8.6 9.2 7.0 7.8 8.2

Definitely disagree 6.9 4.5 4.2 7.1 5.5

p = .153 SD9 - We watch out for each other’s children in this community. (n = 2,345)



Somewhat agree 37.4 36.0 34.0 40.1 36.5



p = .226 SD10 - There are people I can count on in this community. (n = 2,361)



Somewhat agree 31.8 25.8 23.8 30.5 27.7



p = .015


SD11 - If my child were outside playing and got hurt or scared, there are adults nearby who I trust to help my child. (n = 2,341)



Somewhat agree 25.0 19.6 20.4 22.4 21.8



p = .097 SD12 - How often do you feel your child is safe in your community or neighborhood? (n = 2,382)


Never 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.1

Sometimes 7.2 6.7 6.8 8.8 7.2

Usually 38.0 40.2 39.1 37.6 38.8

Always 53.2 51.9 53.5 52.7 52.9

p = NA SD13 - How often do you feel your child is safe at school? [Age 6+] (n = 1,692)


Never 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3

Sometimes 0.0 1.7 4.8 6.7 4.3

Usually 0.0 23.0 30.8 38.0 30.1

Always 0.0 74.9 64.2 55.3 65.3

p = NA SD14 - Was your child ever breastfed or fed breast milk? (n = 2,341)


Yes 81.5 72.7 67.6 65.8 72.6

No 18.5 27.3 32.4 34.2 27.4

p = .000


48

SD15 - How old was your child when he/she completely stopped breastfeeding or being fed breast milk? (n = 1,608)


Less than one week 0.7 1.6 0.9 1.5 1.2

1 week to 6 weeks 16.1 8.6 11.3 17.3 13.0

7 weeks to 3 months 17.3 17.3 15.4 19.1 17.1

4 months to 6 months 16.4 20.7 23.3 18.3 19.6

7 months to 9 months 11.3 13.3 13.1 12.0 12.4

10 months to 12 months 10.8 17.9 17.6 15.4 15.2

More than 12 months 15.7 20.6 18.3 16.4 17.8

Still breastfeeding 11.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.7

p = NA SD16 - How old was your child when he/she was first fed formula? (n = 1,586)


At birth 12.9 7.3 6.4 7.2 8.9

Less than 1 week 8.1 4.2 3.9 4.3 5.4

1 week to 6 weeks 16.2 12.9 17.0 23.3 16.5

7 weeks to 3 months 14.9 19.7 20.1 18.5 18.1

4 months to 6 months 15.4 15.7 21.1 16.0 17.0

7 months to 9 months 7.3 8.9 7.1 8.0 7.8

10 months to 12 months 3.6 3.3 5.4 4.7 4.1

More than 12 months 0.3 1.8 4.0 3.0 2.0

Child has never been fed formula 21.3 26.2 15.1 15.0 20.2

p = NA





Often true 2.3 1.2 1.1 2.2 1.7

Sometimes true 10.6 10.0 12.9 12.1 11.3

Never true 87.0 88.8 85.9 85.7 87.0

p = .429 NP2 - In the last 12 months, did you or other adults in your household ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there was not enough money for food? (n = 2,384)


Yes 9.2 6.2 6.0 10.4 7.7

No 90.8 93.8 94.0 89.6 92.3

p = .043 NP3 - In the last 12 months, were you ever hungry but did not eat because there was not enough money for food? (n = 2,386)


Yes 5.3 5.1 3.6 5.8 4.8

No 94.7 94.9 96.4 94.2 95.2

p = .454 NP4 - In an average week, how often does your child eat breakfast? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,322)


Never 0.1 0.0 1.3 3.1 0.9

Sometimes 4.2 3.1 9.3 24.2 8.9

Usually 7.1 13.1 17.7 26.6 15.3

Always 88.6 83.8 71.6 46.1 74.9

p = NA


50



0 2.2 2.1 4.1 6.2 3.4

1 14.8 23.9 30.2 34.9 25.2

2-3 70.8 63.1 58.1 51.4 61.7

4-5 11.0 9.5 6.8 7.1 8.7

6+ 1.2 1.4 0.8 0.5 1.0

p = NA NP6 - On an average day, not counting fruit juice, how many servings of fruit do you eat? (n = 2,341)


0 9.7 9.9 10.4 10.8 10.1

1 34.1 36.2 37.0 35.7 35.7

2-3 48.2 48.4 44.2 47.7 47.1

4-5 7.2 4.8 7.1 5.0 6.2

6+ 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.9

p = NA NP7 - On an average day, how many servings of vegetables does your child eat? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,256)


0 3.2 4.2 4.1 6.9 4.4

1 21.0 27.8 28.6 33.9 27.3

2-3 67.9 61.3 61.9 54.1 61.9

4-5 7.3 5.4 4.4 4.6 5.5

6+ 0.6 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.9

p = NA




0 2.9 2.0 3.7 3.6 3.0

1 26.3 25.8 26.9 32.1 27.3

2-3 59.3 59.6 59.0 52.1 58.1

4-5 10.4 11.1 9.1 11.3 10.4

6+ 1.1 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.2

p = NA NP9 - On an average day, how many cans of soda, pop, or soft drinks does your child drink in a single day? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,310)


0 98.3 86.2 72.1 55.4 79.9

1 1.6 12.2 21.6 31.8 15.6

2 0.0 1.3 4.4 9.8 3.3

3 0.0 0.2 1.4 1.8 0.8

4 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.3

5+ 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1

p = NA NP10 - How often does your child drink any type of milk (including milk added to cereal)? (n = 2,383)


Rarely (less than once a week) 0.1 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.0

Sometimes (once a week or more, but less than once a day) 1.6 1.6 33.3 7.4 3.1

Often (at least once a day) 11.8 17.4 19.9 27.1 18.2

More than once a day 78.3 79.0 73.8 62.2 74.5

Never 8.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 3.3

p = NA


52



Whole or regular milk 24.5 5.5 4.7 6.3 10.4

2% fat or reduced-fat milk 23.7 34.8 36.5 34.7 32.3

1% low-fat milk 20.3 24.3 26.1 24.1 23.7

Fat-free skim or nonfat milk 18.6 31.2 31.5 34.0 28.5

Soy milk 1.9 1.4 0.1 0.4 1.0

Breast milk 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6

Goat milk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Another type of milk 4.9 2.8 1.1 0.6 2.5

p = NA NP12 - How tall is your child?


0 25.86 (18-51)

1 31.62 (18-47)

2 34.58 (24-45)

3 37.90 (29-49)

4 41.84 (36-59)

5 44.11 (36-56)

6 46.86 (36-54)

7 48.27 (36-59)

8 51.15 (36-60)

9 53.41 (44-64)

10 56.18 (45-66)

11 59.24 (49-67)

12 61.23 (50-71)

13 63.58 (53-74)

14 65.79 (50-74)

15 67.35 (54-76)

16 68.24 (57-80)

17 68.08 (59-77)

p = NA




0 16.52 (4-30)

1 24.70 (17-35)

2 30.42 (21-48)

3 34.67 (25-50)

4 39.99 (26-65)

5 43.75 (29-65)

6 50.55 (35-90)

7 56.88 (38-109)

8 68.85 (27-130)

9 74.30 (42-125)

10 83.44 (52-158)

11 96.32 (53-200)

12 109.96 (52-223)

13 122.06 (74-190)

14 129.71 (60-280)

15 152.86 (85-340)

16 146.43 (91-240)

17 154.90 (17-290)

p = NA NP14 - Compared to other children the same age and height, do you think your child weighs the right amount, too much or too little? (n = 2,378)


The right amount 86.6 81.0 74.1 70.3 78.8

Too much 2.9 9.0 15.6 20.1 11.0

Too little 10.5 10.0 10.3 9.6 10.1

p = .000


54




Less than ¼ mile 0.0 19.0 11.9 7.0 13.4

¼ to less than ½ mile 0.0 11.0 5.2 5.1 7.4

½ to less than 1 mile 0.0 11.2 9.9 11.5 10.8

1 to less than 2 miles 0.0 18.8 21.6 25.8 21.5

More than 2 miles 0.0 40.0 51.4 50.6 46.9

p = NA NP16 - On most days, how does your child arrive at school? (n = 1,795)


Walk 0.0 10.7 9.0 6.7 9.1

Bike 0.0 0.7 3.1 1.3 1.8

School bus 0.0 34.5 40.9 13.4 31.9

Family vehicle (parent / sibling / babysitter drops child off) 0.0 51.4 41.7 25.0 41.4

Carpool (child is dropped off with children from other families) 0.0 1.9 3.5 1.0 2.3

Transit (city bus, etc.) 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.4

Other (skateboard, scooter, inline skates, etc.) 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1

Child drives self to school 0.0 0.0 0.1 49.3 11.7

Child rides with friend who drives to school 0.0 0.2 0.9 3.3 1.2

p = NA




Walk 0.0 15.7 14.4 10.8 14.1

Bike 0.0 0.7 3.1 1.3 1.8

School bus 0.0 39.4 44.2 11.4 34.6

Family vehicle (parent / sibling / babysitter drops child off) 0.0 41.0 31.9 21.6 32.9

Carpool (child is dropped off with children from other families) 0.0 2.2 4.0 0.8 2.5

Transit (city bus, etc.) 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.6

Other (skateboard, scooter, inline skates, etc.) 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4

Child drives self to school 0.0 0.0 0.1 48.8 11.6

Child rides with friend who drives to school 0.0 0.2 1.0 4.3 1.5

p = NA NP18 - During the past 7 days, on how many days was your child physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day? [Age 2+] (n = 2,160)


0 days 0.0 0.3 2.0 6.3 1.9

1 day 0.5 0.3 1.6 3.5 1.4

2 days 1.1 3.5 4.6 7.5 4.2

3 days 3.0 5.4 10.8 9.0 7.3

4 days 5.4 7.4 9.7 10.5 8.4

5 days 14.1 14.4 21.5 19.3 17.5

6 days 4.1 6.7 8.7 9.6 7.4

7 days 71.8 61.9 41.2 34.3 52.1

p = NA


56



None 30.2 7.7 6.5 7.9 13.7

1 hour 34.2 47.8 42.2 36.2 40.5

2 hours 25.5 31.9 34.2 36.4 31.5

3 hours 6.1 8.3 13.1 10.5 9.4

4 hours 1.4 2.2 2.5 4.5 2.5

5 or more hours 1.8 1.5 1.4 3.2 1.8

Don’t own a TV 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.2 0.6

p = NA NP20 - On an average day, about how many hours does your child use a computer or play video games for school, work or play? [Age 1+] (n = 2,221)


None 86.0 37.0 13.6 5.4 36.2

1 hour 11.5 53.2 56.2 45.6 42.8

2 hours 1.5 8.0 20.0 29.7 13.8

3 hours 0.3 0.7 6.2 7.7 3.4

4 hours 0.2 0.1 1.8 6.8 1.8

5 or more hours 0.1 0.3 1.3 4.7 1.3

Don’t own a TV or PC 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.6

p = NA



PH Parent Mental Health Scale (n = 2,382)


Poor Mental Health 8.7 9.4 9.5 15.5 10.3

Adequate Mental Health

91.3 90.6 90.5 84.5 89.7

p = .011 PH1 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you been a very nervous person? (n = 2,384)


All of the time 1.0 1.9 3.2 2.0 2.0

Most of the time 3.5 3.6 3.1 6.2 3.9

Some of the time 39.3 41.5 35.9 41.5 39.3

None of the time 56.2 53.0 57.8 50.3 54.7

p = .065 PH2 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up? (n = 2,385)


All of the time 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4

Most of the time 0.7 1.2 1.1 2.7 1.3

Some of the time 18.2 19.3 18.7 20.8 19.1

None of the time 80.9 79.0 79.9 76.0 79.2

p = NA PH3 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you felt calm and peaceful? (n = 2,382)


All of the time 9.5 9.8 10.2 9.0 9.7

Most of the time 54.3 52.6 55.3 50.4 53.5

Some of the time 31.9 34.5 32.0 36.4 33.4

None of the time 4.3 3.1 2.5 4.2 3.4

p = .724


58



All of the time 0.6 0.2 0.7 1.5 0.7

Most of the time 2.4 2.0 1.6 2.2 2.0

Some of the time 39.6 38.9 41.2 44.9 40.8

None of the time 57.4 58.9 56.5 51.3 56.5

p = NA PH5 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you been a happy person? (n = 2,383)


All of the time 12.8 14.6 14.8 12.5 13.8

Most of the time 70.7 68.8 66.5 62.5 67.6

Some of the time 15.5 15.6 17.7 23.9 17.6

None of the time 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0

p = NA PH6 - Are you currently...? [Marital Status] (n = 2,382)


Married 85.1 84.1 83.3 82.9 84.0

Divorced 2.9 5.6 8.6 8.0 6.1

Widowed 0.3 1.0 1.1 2.6 1.1

Separated 2.4 1.7 0.7 1.6 1.6

Never married 3.5 2.6 1.7 1.3 2.4

In a marriage-like relationship 5.7 5.0 4.6 3.6 4.8

p = NA PH7 - How would you rate the overall quality of your relationship with your spouse/partner? [Asked if married or living with partner] (n = 2,069)


Excellent 36.1 37.4 36.8 32.1 36.0

Very good 45.3 44.4 40.8 42.5 43.4

Good 15.2 13.8 15.3 19.8 15.6

Fair 2.7 3.4 4.6 3.1 3.5

Poor 0.7 1.0 2.5 2.6 1.6

p = .163





A big problem 1.5 0.4 2.2 1.3 1.3

A moderate problem 1.2 2.1 3.1 5.4 2.7

A small problem 5.7 6.4 7.4 7.8 6.7

Not a problem 91.7 91.1 87.3 85.5 89.2

p = NA SM2 - In the last 12 months, how much of a problem for your household, if any, has been caused by a household members use of either prescription or illegal drugs? (n = 2,385)


A big problem 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.3


A small problem 0.4 0.5 1.4 1.1 0.8

Not a problem 99.4 99.0 97.8 96.7 98.4

p = NA SM3 - Was the drug problem related to prescription drugs, illegal drugs or both? (n = 42)


Prescription drugs 32.0 34.3 67.6 31.8 46.1

Illegal drugs 68.0 65.7 5.9 51.3 37.8

Both prescription and illegal drugs 0.0 0.0 26.5 16.9 16.1

p = NA SM4 - In the last 12 months, how much of a problem for your household, if any, has been caused by a household members use of alcohol? (n = 2,384)


A big problem 0.7 1.2 1.2 2.5 1.3


A small problem 4.8 4.0 6.9 7.2 5.6

Not a problem 93.9 92.3 89.8 88.6 91.4

p = NA


60



A big problem 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2


A small problem 0.8 1.4 1.0 2.5 1.3

Not a problem 99.2 98.3 98.7 97.4 98.5

p = NA SM6 - Which type of gambling has caused a problem for someone in your household in the last 12 months? (n = 41)


Gambling in a casino 31.1 45.0 76.2 54.1 53.1

Lottery Tickets 0.0 9.7 69.0 12.8 23.4

Online gambling 32.1 37.7 0.0 27.5 24.7

Sports betting 11.4 28.0 0.0 14.3 14.7

Bingo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Racetracks 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 1.3

Card games not at a casino 9.2 37.7 0.0 17.7 18.3

Other 0.0 15.8 15.6 7.2 10.8

p = NA


SECTION 13. DEMOGRAPHICS DM1 - Is your child of Spanish or Hispanic origin? (n = 2,384)


Yes 7.8 5.9 6.8 4.7 6.5

No 92.2 94.1 93.2 95.3 93.5

p = .340 DM2 - What is your child’s race? (Check all that apply) (n = 2,386)


African-American 4.6 5.5 4.3 4.1 4.7

White 92.6 92.6 91.0 92.7 92.2

American-Indian/Native American/Aleutian or Eskimo 0.3 1.1 0.8 1.9 0.9

Asian/Pacific Islander 1.6 2.9 2.8 1.8 2.3

Other 5.2 4.1 5.2 3.9 4.7

Don’t know 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3

Prefer not to answer 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

p = NA DM3 - Are you of Spanish or Hispanic origin? (n = 2,385)


Yes 7.2 4.7 5.1 4.5 5.5

No 92.8 95.3 94.9 95.5 94.5

p = .286 DM4 - What is your race? (Check all that apply) (n = 2,386)


African-American 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.5

White 92.1 93.3 92.9 94.3 93.0

American-Indian/Native American/Aleutian or Eskimo 0.2 0.5 1.4 1.2 0.8

Asian/Pacific Islander 0.8 2.0 1.5 0.6 1.3

Other 4.9 3.6 4.3 3.0 4.0

Don’t know 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Prefer not to answer 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5

p = NA


62



Male 15.5 13.2 17.6 16.5 15.6

Female 84.5 86.8 82.4 83.5 84.4

p = .281 DM6 - What is your age? (n = 2,372)


18-24 5.3 1.6 0.3 0.2 2.1

25-44 88.7 83.5 65.3 43.4 73.1

45-64 5.4 14.3 33.0 55.0 23.9

65 or older 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.3 1.0

p = NA DM7 - What is the highest grade or level of school that you have completed? (n = 2,385)


8th grade or less 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.5

Some high school, but did not graduate 3.5 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.7

High school graduate or GED 13.3 14.5 15.3 16.4 14.7

Some college or 2-year degree 32.3 35.6 35.9 37.6 35.1

4-year college graduate 33.5 29.6 29.5 26.6 30.1

More than 4-year college degree 15.9 16.8 14.8 15.3 15.7

p = NA DM8 - Including yourself, how many adults (age 18 and over) live in your household? (n = 2,386)


0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 5.3 8.6 8.9 10.5 8.1

2 85.2 80.9 75.8 60.5 77.2

3 6.3 8.1 10.1 20.3 10.2

4 1.6 1.8 4.4 6.4 3.2

5 1.1 0.4 0.3 1.4 0.7

6 or more 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.5

p = NA




Yes 97.7 94.7 88.8 87.0 92.5

No 2.3 5.3 11.2 13.0 7.5

p = .000 DM10 - What was the total combined income over the past year for all persons in your household? (n = 2,085)


$0 to $5,000 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.2

$5,001 to $10,000 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.9

$10,001 to $15,000 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.9 1.7

$15,001 to $20,000 3.5 1.7 2.5 1.7 2.4

$20,001 to $25,000 4.4 3.4 2.4 2.1 3.2

$25,001 to $30,000 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.6

$30,001 to $35,000 4.4 3.3 2.6 4.4 3.6

$35,001 to $40,000 5.9 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.9

$40,001 to $45,000 4.2 6.3 3.4 5.0 4.7

$45,001 to $50,000 5.9 7.3 3.2 6.6 5.7

$50,001 to $55,000 6.3 3.7 5.0 4.2 4.9

$55,001 to $60,000 6.0 2.5 5.3 6.6 4.9

$60,001 to $65,000 4.9 5.9 4.3 5.2 5.1

$65,001 to $70,000 4.8 6.3 4.0 4.1 4.9

$70,001 to $75,000 8.1 7.3 5.4 4.4 6.5

$75,001 to $80,000 4.6 4.3 7.4 4.2 5.2

More than $80,000 29.6 35.9 43.0 39.6 36.7

p = NA


64



Yes 81.4 88.3 92.3 93.5 88.4

No 18.6 11.7 7.7 6.5 11.6

p = .000 DM13 - Does anyone in your household own a cell phone? (n = 2,382)


Yes 94.9 95.2 96.4 96.6 95.7

No 5.1 4.8 3.6 3.4 4.3

p = .457 DM14 - How many people in your household regularly use a cell phone? (n = 2,281)


0 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.5

1 11.5 10.8 4.9 3.5 8.1

2 72.5 65.1 28.1 13.0 47.9

3 12.3 14.8 35.6 33.3 23.1

4 1.7 6.5 21.5 33.5 14.0

5 0.7 1.5 8.0 10.2 4.6

6 0.7 0.7 1.1 3.6 1.3

7 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.3

8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.3

p = NA DM15 - From all calls made by household members, would you say that cell phones are used for....? (n = 2,277)


Almost all calls 36.5 31.1 24.1 31.1 30.6

Most calls 30.8 36.0 39.5 44.0 36.9

Some calls 25.3 28.4 30.8 22.0 27.1

Rarely used 7.4 4.5 5.6 2.9 5.4

p = .000

Statewide results by income category 1

APPENDIX 3: STATEWIDE TOTAL PERCENTS BY INCOME CATEGORY FROM 2010 IOWA CHILD AND FAMILIY HOUSEHOLD HEALTH SURVEY






SECTION 3C. DENTAL CARE 27















133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Excellent 46.3 59.8 67.4 63.7

Very good 30.3 28.5 25.5 26.5

Good 18.8 9.7 6.2 8.3

Fair 2.8 1.8 0.6 1.1

Poor 1.9 0.3 0.1 0.4

p = NA HS – Children With Special Health Care Needs CAHMI screener (n = 2,085)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 30.8 18.3 18.4 19.8 No 69.2 81.7 81.6 80.2

p = .000 HS2 - Does your child currently need or use medicine prescribed by a doctor other than vitamins? (n = 2,385)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 27.9 17.3 19.8 20.3

No 72.1 82.7 80.2 79.7


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 94.9 90.1 87.7 89.2

No 5.1 9.9 12.3 10.8


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 94.5 98.9 87.4 90.2

No 5.5 1.1 12.6 9.8


p = NA HS3 - Does your child need or use more medical care, mental health or educational services than is usual for most children of the same age? (n = 2,357)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 19.2 11.7 9.6 11.1

No 80.8 88.3 90.4 88.9


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 85.0 78.6 84.6 83.6

No 15.0 21.4 15.4 16.4


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 96.2 100.0 94.6 95.7

No 3.8 0.0 5.4 4.3

p = NA HS4 - Is your child limited or prevented in any way in his or her ability to do the things most children of the same age can do? (n = 2,381)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 8.4 4.9 3.6 4.4

No 91.6 95.1 96.4 95.6

p = NA HS4A - Is this because of any medical, behavioral or other health condition? (n = 107)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 78.9 65.3 84.5 79.6

No 21.1 34.7 15.5 20.4

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 97.6 100.00 94.2 95.8

No 2.4 0.0 5.8 4.2

p = NA HS5 - Does your child need or get special therapy, such as physical, occupational or speech therapy? (n = 2,384)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 7.0 6.1 3.9 4.6

No 93.0 93.9 96.1 95.4


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 87.5 44.8 50.1 55.7

No 12.5 55.2 49.9 44.3


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 100.0 100.0 85.1 91.8

No 0.0 0.0 14.9 8.2

p = NA HS6 - Does your child have any kind of emotional, developmental or behavioral problem for which he or she needs or gets treatment or counseling? (n = 2,385)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 14.4 8.0 5.5 6.9

No 85.6 92.0 94.5 93.1

p = .000 HS6A - Is this a condition that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 175)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 93.0 95.9 95.4 94.9

No 7.0 4.1 4.6 5.1

p = NA


HS7 - Has your child been diagnosed with a chronic condition or disease that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months? (n = 486)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 51.4 46.0 55.0 53.0

No 48.6 54.0 45.0 47.0

p = .522 HS8 - What is your child’s primary chronic condition or diagnosis? (n = 266)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

ADD/ADHD 8.6 22.4 19.8 18.2

Asthma 43.7 22.3 24.2 27.3

Autism 5.0 4.1 3.6 3.9

Depression, anxiety, or emotional problems 0.0 8.1 3.2 3.3

Mental Retardation 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.1

Other 42.6 43.1 47.7 46.2

p = NA HS9 - How would you rank the severity of your child’s condition, compared to other children with the same condition? (n = 248)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 2.2 0.0 2.8 2.3

1 5.6 0.0 11.6 9.0

2 15.4 0.0 16.0 13.7

3 1.5 9.2 13.2 10.6

4 4.6 20.4 8.5 9.4

5 48.9 39.5 23.4 30.0

6 4.4 9.9 6.0 6.2

7 1.1 6.5 6.9 5.8

8 14.7 3.0 7.9 8.4

9 1.5 11.4 2.4 3.5

10 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.9

p = NA


SECTION 2. INSURANCE COVERAGE

IC1 - Do you or someone else have any kind of health care coverage for your child, including health insurance, prepaid plans (e.g. HMOs), or government plans (e.g. Medicaid or Title 19)? (n = 2,316)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 95.9 94.5 98.6 97.7

No 4.1 5.5 1.4 2.3

p = .000 IC2 - What type of health care coverage do you use to pay for most of your child’s medical care? (n = 2,316)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Private insurance 22.0 54.3 92.5 78.5

The HAWK-I program (SCHIP) 3.1 8.8 2.1 3.3

Medicaid or Title 19 73.8 34.3 4.1 16.7

Some other source 1.1 2.5 1.3 1.5

p = NA IC3 - Thinking about how well that health insurance coverage meets your child’s health care needs, would you say that the health insurance is...? (n = 2,296)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Excellent 49.7 40.2 40.2 41.3

Very good 23.9 27.5 36.1 33.4

Good 16.4 25.5 18.7 19.5

Fair 8.7 4.8 4.0 4.7

Poor 1.3 2.0 1.0 1.2

p = NA IC4 - During the last 12 months, how much of a problem, if any, have your child’s health care costs that were not covered by insurance been for your family? (n = 2,318)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Big problem 2.9 4.9 2.0 2.5

Moderate problem 10.2 6.2 8.4 8.3

Small problem 8.3 18.4 15.9 15.4

Not a problem 78.6 70.5 73.7 73.8

p = .007



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 8.4 8.4 5.8 6.5

No 91.6 91.6 94.2 93.5

p = .145 IC6 - During the last 12 months, how much, if at all, have you worried about your ability to pay for your child’s health care? (n = 2,384)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

A great deal 9.5 7.1 2.8 4.2

Somewhat 8.5 11.3 8.5 9.0

A little 11.7 19.7 15.8 15.9

Not at all 70.4 61.9 72.9 70.9

p = .000 IC7 - During the last 12 months, has there been any time that your child has not had any health insurance? (n = 2,319)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 7.7 4.4 1.6 2.7

No 92.3 95.6 98.4 97.3

p = .000



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 0.0 15.7 16.4 11.7

1 41.0 18.8 30.6 29.7

2 9.5 7.6 17.0 12.0

3 6.8 0.0 3.3 3.2

4 14.2 3.5 1.2 5.5

5 3.3 6.8 0.0 3.1

6 6.9 10.4 6.5 7.9

7 0.0 7.8 1.9 3.3

8 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.7

9 0.0 1.2 4.7 2.3

10 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.8

12 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.8

More than 12 months 15.4 20.3 14.8 16.7

Child has never had insurance 0.0 5.6 2.0 2.6

p = NA IC9 - What was the main reason your child was without health insurance during this time? (n = 127)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Costs too much 19.0 35.8 31.3 29.2

Can’t get insurance through employer 6.7 8.6 6.2 7.0

Used up available benefits 4.9 0.0 3.6 2.9

I / my spouse lost their job and benefits 22.2 11.0 27.5 21.3

Other 47.3 44.6 31.4 39.6

p = NA IC10 - Has your child ever received health care coverage through Medicaid or Title 19 program? (n = 1,994)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 58.1 33.8 10.6 15.4

No 41.9 66.2 89.4 84.6

p = .000


IC11 - Has your child ever received health care coverage through Iowa's Child Health Insurance Program, called Hawk-i? (n = 2,268)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 13.1 13.5 3.8 6.4

No 86.9 86.5 96.2 93.6

p = .000 IC12 - How important is it to you for your child to have health insurance coverage? (n = 2,383)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Very important 99.3 95.2 97.5 97.4

Moderately important 0.7 3.6 1.8 2.0

Somewhat important 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.4

Not very important 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.2

p = NA IC13 - Do you have any kind of health care coverage for yourself, including health insurance, prepaid plans (e.g. HMOs), or government plans (e.g. Medicaid or Title 19)? (n = 2,384)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 63.4 81.3 96.2 90.0

No 36.6 18.7 3.8 10.0

p = .000 IC14 - Do you and your child have the same insurance plan? (n = 2,118)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 58.1 65.6 86.1 80.9

No 41.9 34.4 13.9 19.1

p = .000



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Your employer 29.2 37.6 70.6 54.8

Someone else’s employer 9.2 30.1 12.5 16.4

A plan that you or someone else buys on your own 16.0 17.4 10.7 13.4

The hawk-i program (state child health insurance plan) 6.5 8.4 1.2 4.0

Medicaid or title 19 18.2 3.3 1.6 4.9

The military, Champus or the VA 3.1 0.5 1.2 1.4

Some other source 17.8 2.6 2.2 5.1

p = NA IC16 - Thinking about how well your health care coverage meets your health care needs, would you say that your health care coverage is...? (n = 2,131)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Excellent 25.8 26.1 34.1 32.3

Very good 25.7 22.1 37.4 34.3

Good 24.5 34.0 21.3 23.4

Fair 14.2 10.7 6.0 7.4

Poor 9.9 7.0 1.1 2.6

p = .000 IC17 - How important is it to you that you have health insurance coverage for yourself? (n = 2,382)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Very important 80.9 79.3 92.3 88.9

Moderately important 10.4 14.6 5.7 7.6

Somewhat important 6.1 3.1 1.5 2.3

Not very important 2.6 3.1 0.5 1.1

p = .000




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 53.9 52.5 61.2 59.0

No 46.1 47.5 38.8 41.0

p = .013 AN2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed medical care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,408)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 7.5 4.1 1.8 2.7

No 92.5 95.9 98.2 97.3

p = .007



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Could not afford the care or have no insurance 22.2 55.8 26.5 31.7

Insurance / HMO coverage was inadequate 28.6 0.0 13.8 14.9

Trouble getting an appointment 0.0 0.0 2.7 1.4

Distance or transportation problems 0.0 0.0 6.4 3.2

Not comfortable with providers available at the time 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Available providers did not have expertise child needed 0.0 6.0 0.0 1.3

Inconvenient hours, not open when care needed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Did not know where to go at night or on weekend 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Could not get off work 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Language or communication problems 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bad past experience or heard about bad experiences 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Child was too afraid to go 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Not comfortable due to cultural, ethnic or religious reasons 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Family not comfortable seeking care for specific problem 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Doctor / Nurse sent me to the ER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Doctor wouldn’t prescribe the medicine child needed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other 49.2 38.2 50.5 47.5

p = NA AN4 - During the last 12 months, when your child needed care right away for an illness or injury, how often did your child get care as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,407)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.3

Sometimes 2.8 3.2 1.3 1.8

Usually 18.3 10.8 9.7 10.8

Always 75.5 82.0 83.6 82.5

No care needed right away 1.8 4.0 5.2 4.7

p = NA


AN5 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when you or a health professional thought your child needed care from a specialist? (n = 1,407)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 43.9 33.0 37.5 37.6

No 56.1 67.0 62.5 62.4

p = .232 AN6 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed specialty care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 541)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 7.8 10.6 6.5 7.2

No 92.2 89.4 93.5 92.8

p = NA AN7 - During the last 12 months, how much of a problem, if any, was it to get the care your child needed from a specialist? (n = 539)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Big problem 5.2 4.4 2.5 3.1

Small problem 8.4 15.2 13.0 12.7

Not a problem 86.3 80.4 84.5 84.3

p = NA AN8 - During the last 12 months, how many times did your child go to a hospital emergency room? (n = 1,407)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

None 24.9 14.8 16.3 17.0

1 time 15.9 9.2 6.5 7.9

2 to 4 times 1.7 0.0 0.4 0.5

5 to 9 times 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.2

10 or more times 57.5 75.4 76.7 74.5

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Trauma / broken bones / stitches 38.6 32.9 37.7 37.2

Cold / flu 5.0 1.0 6.2 5.3

Ear infection 3.4 11.8 4.3 5.2

High fever only 11.8 8.3 5.7 7.1

Trouble breathing (asthma) 0.7 4.8 7.5 5.9

Severe cough / croup only 0.0 2.8 2.6 2.2

Rash 4.1 0.0 2.4 2.3

Other 36.4 38.4 33.7 34.8

p = NA AN10 - Did a doctor, nurse, or emergency personnel tell you to go to the ER for this care? [Thinking about last ER visit] (n = 370)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 31.1 27.5 35.0 33.3

No 68.9 72.5 65.0 66.7

p = .654 AN11 - Do you think this care could have been provided by a doctor's office or clinic if one had been available? [Thinking about last ER visit] (n = 364)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 76.8 73.9 68.3 70.6

No 23.2 26.1 31.7 29.4

p = .434



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

















Other 0.0 8.5 8.8 7.1

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

None 6.3 11.3 8.2 8.5

1 time 46.1 55.4 55.3 54.3

2 to 4 times 24.7 22.0 26.1 25.3

5 to 9 times 22.4 11.4 9.9 11.4

10 or more times 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.4

p = NA AN14A - During the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what he/she eats or using car seats)? [Age < 3] (n = 189)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 50.0 71.2 72.6 70.5

No 50.0 28.8 27.4 29.5

p = .252 AN14B - In the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what he/she eats or using bicycle helmets or seat belts)? [Age 3-9] (n = 454)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 52.6 68.8 62.4 62.5

No 47.4 31.2 37.6 37.5

p = .316 AN14C - In the last 12 months, has your child’s health care professional encouraged you to take any type of preventive health steps for your child (e.g. watching what eats or keeping your child from smoking or using alcohol)? [Age 10+] (n = 748)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 43.3 39.0 37.1 38.0

No 56.7 61.0 62.9 62.0

p = .747



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Less than 12 months ago 90.0 89.8 86.7 87.5

1-2 years ago 7.2 7.3 10.8 9.9

More than 2 years ago 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.4

Never 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2

p = NA AN16 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed routine preventive care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,407)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 8.4 3.3 1.1 2.2

No 91.6 96.7 98.9 97.8

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

















Other 34.3 34.7 38.9 36.1

p = NA



MH Medical Home (n = 2,045) 133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Has a medical home 32.1 24.3 16.2 19.4

Does not have a medical home 67.9 75.7 83.8 80.6

p = .000 MH1 - Do you have one or more persons you think of as your child's personal doctor or nurse? (n = 2,383)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes, one person 47.6 61.3 65.3 62.6

Yes, more than one person 39.3 32.3 30.2 31.6

No 13.1 6.3 4.5 5.8

p = .000 MH2 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child’s doctors and other health care providers spend enough time with your child? [All MH Qs asked only if thought needed medical care] (n = 1,401)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 0.0 2.3 0.6 0.8

Sometimes 12.2 6.7 5.3 6.2

Usually 29.8 24.1 28.0 27.6

Always 58.0 66.9 66.1 65.4

p = NA MH3 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child’s doctors and other health care providers listen to you? (n = 1,403)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.5

Sometimes 13.0 7.7 3.3 5.0

Usually 20.7 18.8 23.6 22.6

Always 65.9 72.7 72.6 71.9

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.7

Sometimes 14.3 6.1 4.4 5.6

Usually 18.2 17.9 25.1 23.3

Always 66.9 74.7 70.0 70.3

p = NA MH5 - During the last 12 months, how often did your child get an appointment for regular or routine health care as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,407)


Never 0.4 0.8 2.0 0.4 0.9

Sometimes 6.3 6.7 7.7 8.5 7.2

Usually 30.7 28.9 29.9 30.8 30.0

Always 62.6 62.1 59.9 59.3 61.1

Didn’t need appointment the last 12 months 0.0 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.8

p = NA MH6 - During the last 12 months, how often were you able to get all the information you wanted about your child’s health from your child’s doctor as soon as you wanted? (n = 1,406)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.4

Sometimes 7.3 7.5 3.4 4.4

Usually 31.2 21.5 28.2 27.6

Always 59.4 66.8 66.1 65.5

Didn’t get info about child’s health 1.5 3.2 2.0 2.1

p = NA MH7 - Have your child’s doctors or other health care providers talked with you or your child about health care needs when your child becomes an adult? [Age 12+ & special needs] (n = 210)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 56.3 69.6 65.3 64.2

No 43.7 30.4 34.7 35.8

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 4.4 6.3 3.6 4.1

Sometimes 24.9 18.6 13.8 16.5

Usually 22.6 22.9 36.5 32.3

Always 48.1 52.3 46.0 47.2

p = NA MH9 - During the last 12 months, did your child need a referral to see any doctors or receive any services? (n = 1,400)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 46.1 29.2 26.2 28.7

No 53.9 70.8 73.8 71.3

p = .000 MH10 - Was getting a referral a big problem, small problem, or not a problem? (n = 405)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Big problem 4.8 4.1 1.2 2.2

Small problem 11.4 21.5 10.1 12.0

Not a problem 83.7 74.4 88.7 85.8

p = NA MH11 - Is there a place that your child usually goes when your child is sick or you need advice about your child’s health? (n = 1,409)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 94.0 97.4 98.7 98.0

No 6.0 2.6 1.3 2.0

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Doctor’s office 64.0 69.6 73.9 72.3

Hospital emergency room 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1

Hospital outpatient clinic 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.5

Clinic or health center 31.2 27.4 23.2 24.6

School (nurse’s office, athletic trainer) 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2

Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Mexico/other location out of U.S. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Some other place 3.2 0.7 1.0 1.2

Does not go to one place most often 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

p = NA MH13 - Is there a place that your child usually goes when needs routine preventive care (e.g. physical examination or well-child check-up)? (n = 1,409)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 98.0 99.2 99.2 99.1

No 2.0 0.8 0.8 0.9

p = NA MH14 - Does your child usually go to the same place for routine preventive care as goes to when is sick? (n = 1,370)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 97.9 97.3 96.9 97.0

No 2.1 2.7 3.1 3.0

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Doctor’s office 37.1 50.8 61.9 56.1

Hospital emergency room 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hospital outpatient clinic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Clinic or health center 62.9 26.0 20.9 28.6

School (nurse’s office, athletic trainer) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mexico/other location out of U.S. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Some other place 0.0 23.2 17.2 15.3

Does not go to one place most often 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

p = NA MH16 - During the last 12 months, did you feel you could have used extra help arranging or coordinating care among different health care providers or services? (n = 1,403)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 10.9 11.4 4.6 6.2

No 89.1 88.6 95.4 93.8

p = .001 MH17 - During the last 12 months, how often did you get as much help as you wanted with arranging or coordinating your child’s care? (n = 90)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 0.0 11.1 11.8 9.5

Sometimes 34.4 68.8 48.1 51.2

Usually 26.5 11.7 29.0 23.9

Always 39.1 8.3 11.1 15.4

p = NA MH18 - Do your child’s doctors or other health care providers need to communicate with your child’s child care or school providers? (n = 1,390)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 24.3 17.5 13.5 15.2

No 75.7 82.5 86.5 84.8

p = .014



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Very satisfied 56.4 57.3 56.7 56.8

Somewhat satisfied 35.6 28.2 34.7 33.8

Somewhat dissatisfied 8.0 8.8 7.3 7.7

Very dissatisfied 0.0 5.7 1.3 1.8

No communication needed or wanted 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

p = NA MH20 - When your child is seen by doctors or other health care providers, how often are they sensitive to your family's values and customs? (n = 1,373)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7

Sometimes 10.1 6.4 2.5 3.8

Usually 21.5 15.9 21.1 20.4

Always 67.8 76.9 75.7 75.1

p = NA MH21 - How often has your child’s race or ethnicity affected the quality of your child’s health care? (n = 1,398)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 92.4 95.8 98.6 97.5

Sometimes 3.7 2.4 0.8 1.3

Usually 2.8 0.0 0.5 0.7

Always 1.1 1.8 0.1 0.5

p = NA




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 63.0 54.0 61.0 60.1

No 37.0 46.0 39.0 39.9

p = .081 RX2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed prescription medicine but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,426)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 5.7 5.2 2.9 3.5

No 94.3 94.8 97.1 96.5

p = .136



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

















Other 22.9 17.1 30.3 26.1

p = NA




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 88.7 83.0 82.0 83.0

No 11.3 17.0 18.0 17.0

p = .096 DX2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when you or a health professional thought your child needed dental care (including routine care/checkups)? [Age 1+] (n = 2,378)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 63.0 54.0 61.0 60.1

No 37.0 46.0 39.0 39.9

p = .109 DX3 - What kind of dental care did you or a health professional think your child needed? (n = 1,819)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Check-up or cleaning 92.7 93.4 95.4 94.8

Emergency dental care 1.6 4.2 3.3 3.2

Other treatment such as fillings 28.4 29.0 23.4 24.7

Dental screening, sealants or fluoride treatment 30.1 31.4 31.7 31.5

Don’t know what type of dental care was needed 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2

p = NA DX4 - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed dental care but could not get it for any reason? (n = 1,817)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 10.1 4.0 3.0 3.9

No 89.9 96.0 97.0 96.1

p = .001



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

















Other 10.7 4.2 10.2 9.4

p = NA DX6A - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a WIC CLINIC? (n = 1,810)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 8.8 4.2 0.4 1.9

No 91.2 95.8 99.6 98.1

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 24.2 0.0 2.9 5.3

No 75.8 100.0 97.1 94.7

p = NA DX6C - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a PRESCHOOL? [Age < 6] (n = 299)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 25.7 8.8 9.6 11.6

No 74.3 91.2 90.4 88.4

p = NA DX6D - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a CHILD CARE SETTING? [Age < 6] (n = 300)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 11.6 2.0 3.7 4.4

No 88.4 98.0 96.3 95.6

p = NA DX6E - In the last 12 months, was there any time when your child received dental care services in a SCHOOL? [Age 5+] (n = 1,601)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 16.9 5.8 6.9 7.8

No 83.1 94.2 93.1 92.2

p = .001 DX7 - Is there one main place where you usually go for your child’s dental care? (n = 2,268)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 88.3 92.3 90.5 90.6

No 7.1 1.5 2.5 2.9

Child has never been 4.6 6.1 7.0 6.6

p = NA


DX8 - What kind of place do you usually go for your child’s dental care? (n = 2,068)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Dental office 78.1 88.9 97.2 93.8

Clinic 11.8 7.2 2.5 4.3

Community health center 7.7 1.2 0.1 1.1

Somewhere else 2.5 2.7 0.2 0.9

p = NA DX9 - When was your child’s last check-up by a dentist? (n = 2,130)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Less than 12 months ago 87.3 89.6 90.4 89.9

Between 1 and 2 years ago 7.4 3.3 3.9 4.2

More than 2 years ago 2.0 1.3 0.6 0.9

Child has never been to the dentist 3.3 5.8 5.1 5.0

p = NA DX10 - How often were you able to get dental care for your child as soon as you wanted? (n = 2,184)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 2.4 0.6 0.8 0.9

Sometimes 13.0 9.1 4.8 6.4

Usually 23.5 24.0 22.4 22.8

Always 58.3 61.4 66.2 64.6

Never tried 2.9 4.8 5.9 5.4

p = NA DX11 - How would you rate your child’s overall dental health? (n = 2,260)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Excellent 31.4 37.4 47.0 43.7

Very good 31.4 36.6 35.2 35.0

Good 27.7 18.3 15.2 17.1

Fair 9.1 6.8 2.4 3.9

Poor 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.4

p = NA




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 18.8 9.5 8.1 9.6

No 81.2 90.5 91.9 90.4

p = NA BC2 - During the last 12 months, was there any time when your child needed care for behavioral or emotional problems but could not get it for any reason? (n = 249)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 5.9 21.0 15.4 14.1

No 94.1 79.0 84.6 85.9

p = .317



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

















Other 0.0 49.2 21.0 25.9

p = NA



BH Behavioral Health Problems Scale (n = 1,501) 133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Significant problems 11.3 10.6 5.5 7.0

Moderate Problems 60.1 55.0 56.8 56.7

Few problems 28.5 34.4 37.7 36.1

p = .017 BH1 - Your child does not get along with other children, not counting brothers and sisters. [Age 6+] (n = 1,724)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 4.7 5.0 1.4 2.3

Sometimes true 30.2 25.3 24.5 25.3

Never true 65.1 69.7 74.1 72.4

p = .008 BH2 - Your child cannot concentrate or pay attention for long periods compared to other children same age. [Age 6+] (n = 1,720)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 12.7 11.6 7.8 8.9

Sometimes true 21.6 23.2 17.4 18.8

Never true 65.6 65.2 74.8 72.3

p = .054 BH3 - Your child has been unhappy, sad, or depressed. [Age 6+] (n = 1,722)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 4.4 5.7 1.6 2.5

Sometimes true 39.3 25.9 28.7 29.5

Never true 56.3 68.5 69.8 68.0

p = .001



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 0.0 1.5 0.5 0.6

Sometimes true 21.2 11.7 10.2 11.7

Never true 78.8 86.8 89.3 87.7

p = NA BH5 - Your child has been nervous, high-strung or tense. [Age 6-11] (n = 744)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 1.4 6.0 2.5 3.0

Sometimes true 29.9 26.4 29.3 28.8

Never true 68.7 67.6 68.3 68.2

p = NA BH6 - Your child acts too young for age. [Age 6-11] (n = 744)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.4

Sometimes true 12.5 13.1 14.1 13.8

Never true 83.6 83.4 82.6 82.8

p = NA BH7 - Your child has trouble sleeping. [Age 12+] (n = 977)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 7.5 8.2 2.7 3.9

Sometimes true 26.0 28.5 20.7 22.3

Never true 66.4 63.4 76.6 73.8

p = NA BH8 - Your child lies or cheats. [Age 12+] (n = 979)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 3.8 3.7 1.5 2.1

Sometimes true 35.7 19.3 17.3 19.6

Never true 60.5 76.9 81.1 78.3

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 8.0 6.4 2.2 3.4

Sometimes true 28.6 18.6 22.3 22.5

Never true 63.5 75.0 75.6 74.1

p = NA




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 5.5 3.8 4.2 4.3

No 94.5 96.2 95.8 95.7

p = NA EC2A - Are you concerned about how your child talks and makes speech sounds? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 24.2 66.0 52.8 50.3

No 75.8 34.0 47.2 49.7

p = NA EC2B - Are you concerned about how your child understands what you say? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 33.1 55.1 27.5 32.6

No 66.9 44.9 72.5 67.4

p = NA EC2C - Are you concerned about how your child uses hands and fingers to do things? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 33.1 0.0 24.0 21.7

No 66.9 100.0 76.0 78.3

p = NA EC2D - Are you concerned about how your child uses his/her arms and legs? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 33.1 0.0 21.2 19.8

No 66.9 100.0 78.8 80.2

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 100.0 80.3 49.5 62.2

No 0.0 19.7 50.5 37.8

p = NA EC2F - Are you concerned about how your child gets along with others? [Age 4 months to 5 years] (n = 34)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 58.3 34.0 52.0 50.2

No 41.7 66.0 48.0 49.8

p = NA EC2G - Are you concerned about how your child is learning to do things for him/herself? [Age 10 months to 5 years] (n = 33)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 45.3 55.1 56.0 54.1

No 54.7 44.9 44.0 45.9

p = NA EC2H - Are you concerned about how your child is learning pre-school or school skills? [Age 18 months to 5 years] (n = 31)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 33.1 55.1 35.1 37.9

No 66.9 44.9 64.9 62.1

p = NA EC3 - During the last 12 months, did your child’s doctors or other health care providers ask you if you have concerns about your child learning, development, or behavior? (n = 652)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 45.9 57.5 49.4 50.4

No 54.1 42.5 50.6 49.6

p = .318



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 56.0 61.8 86.6 79.0

No 44.0 38.2 13.4 21.0

p = NA EC5 - During the last 12 months, did a doctor or other health care provider have you fill out a questionnaire about specific concerns or observations? [Age 10 months+] (n = 534)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 29.5 39.1 36.2 35.8

No 70.5 60.9 63.8 64.2

p = .456 EC6 - Does your child have any developmental problems for which he/she has a written an intervention plan called IEP, or is enrolled in Early Access or Early Intervention? (n = 658)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 5.3 2.8 2.2 2.7

No 94.7 97.2 97.8 97.3

p = NA EC7 - How often, during the last week, did you or someone in your family read to your child? (n = 660)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Almost every day 55.4 60.8 68.1 65.3

Most days 28.2 16.7 20.4 20.7

Some days 12.0 19.7 9.8 11.8

Not at all 4.4 2.7 1.8 2.3

p = NA EC8A - In the last week, did a family member tell your child a story? (n = 659)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 99.2 94.3 95.5 95.7

No 0.8 5.7 4.5 4.3

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 80.4 75.5 81.3 80.2

No 19.6 24.5 18.7 19.8

p = .429 EC8C - In the last week, did a family member sing your child songs or play your child music? (n = 658)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 98.0 96.9 97.4 97.4

No 2.0 3.1 2.6 2.6

p = NA EC8D - In the last week, did a family member work on arts and crafts with your child? (n = 658)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 58.7 72.3 65.8 66.1

No 41.3 27.7 34.2 33.9

p = .206 EC8E - In the last week, did a family member play a game with your child? (n = 658)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 87.5 91.0 88.8 89.0

No 12.5 9.0 11.2 11.0

p = .737




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 58.6 49.4 26.2 34.3

1-10 2.6 18.0 10.7 11.0

11-20 15.6 9.0 10.5 10.9

21-30 11.1 4.2 11.2 9.9

31-40 5.3 7.4 9.3 8.5

40+ 6.9 11.9 32.1 25.5

p = NA CC2 - How many different child care centers, home-based child care, preschool, pre-k, or Head Start programs does your child currently go to during a typical week? (n = 420)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2

1 71.8 91.5 79.9 80.7

2 28.2 7.5 19.0 18.3

3 0.0 1.0 0.9 0.8

p = NA CC3 - In the last week, what were the most hours your child spent at...? (n = 418)










p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3

No 100.0 100.0 99.5 99.7

p = NA


SECTION 7. SCHOOL


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Nursery / preschool / pre-kindergarten / head start / transitional kindergarten (before K) / not old enough

9.4 6.5 9.6 9.1

Kindergarten 3.1 7.6 4.4 4.7

Pre-first grade 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1

First-eighth grade 47.1 51.7 49.6 49.6

Ninth-grade / freshman 11.7 5.9 6.3 6.8

Tenth grade / sophomore 6.5 5.8 6.0 6.0

Eleventh grade / junior 7.0 5.4 5.2 5.5

Twelfth grade / senior 4.1 2.4 4.4 4.1

Above twelfth grade 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Ungraded 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.4

Special education 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.2

Child is home-schooled 0.0 1.7 0.6 0.7

Not attending 1.7 2.8 0.3 0.8

First to eighth grade unspecified 9.4 9.4 12.9 11.9

p = NA SC2 - How far would you like to see your child go in school? [Age 4+] (n = 1,924)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Leave high school before getting diploma 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Get a high school diploma 9.7 6.1 2.1 3.5

Graduate technical school 0.2 1.6 0.3 0.5

Get a 2-year college degree 12.9 8.9 4.1 5.8

Attend 4-year college 15.0 8.1 7.5 8.5

Get a 4-year college degree 45.9 51.4 53.2 52.1

Get more than 4-year college degree 16.2 23.9 32.7 29.5

p = NA




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Everyday 63.7 43.2 34.1 39.0

Most days 20.4 38.0 43.5 39.9

Some days 12.4 17.8 20.2 18.9

Not at all 3.6 0.9 2.1 2.1

p = NA SD2 – In the last 12 months, about how often has your child attended a religious service or activity? (n = 2,382)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 21.0 19.6 9.6 12.6

A few times a year 21.1 16.3 20.5 19.9

A few times a month 18.5 15.6 23.7 21.8

Once a week or more 39.4 48.5 46.1 45.7

p = .000 SD Parenting Stress and Aggravation Scale (n=2,084) 133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

High parenting stress 9.7 5.8 3.8 4.8

Moderate parenting stress 65.6 65.7 62.4 63.3

Low parenting stress 24.8 28.5 33.8 31.9


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 1.7 2.0 0.9 1.2

Most of the time 3.7 6.0 2.1 2.9

Some of the time 25.9 18.0 15.8 17.3

None of the time 68.7 74.0 81.2 78.6

p = NA


SD4 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt your child does things that really bother you a lot? (n = 2,382)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8


Some of the time 45.7 47.5 42.9 43.9

None of the time 50.3 48.9 54.9 53.5

p = NA SD5 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt you are giving up more of your life to meet your child’s needs than you ever expected? (n = 2,376)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 8.1 3.2 1.3 2.4


Some of the time 18.8 20.7 18.3 18.7

None of the time 70.4 72.2 77.1 75.6

p = NA SD6 - How much of the time in the last month have you felt angry with your child? (n = 2,382)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1


Some of the time 54.9 50.7 49.0 49.9

None of the time 43.5 48.0 50.1 49.0

p = NA SD7 - Is there someone that you can turn to for day-to-day emotional help with raising children? (Can include spouse) (n = 2,380)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 91.9 95.8 97.3 96.4

No 8.1 4.2 2.7 3.6

p = .001


SD8 - People in this neighborhood help each other out. (n = 2,343)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Definitely agree 27.6 39.1 49.8 45.5

Somewhat agree 46.5 42.8 39.6 40.9

Somewhat disagree 11.6 12.5 6.6 8.1

Definitely disagree 14.3 5.5 4.0 5.5

p = .000 SD9 - We watch out for each other’s children in this community. (n = 2,345)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %


Somewhat agree 38.6 38.4 35.9 36.6



p = .000 SD10 - There are people I can count on in this community. (n = 2,361)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %


Somewhat agree 33.7 30.2 25.4 27.2



p = NA SD11 - If my child were outside playing and got hurt or scared, there are adults nearby who I trust to help my child. (n = 2,341)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %


Somewhat agree 24.5 25.3 20.5 21.7



p = .000


SD12 - How often do you feel your child is safe in your community or neighborhood? (n = 2,382)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 5.9 0.3 0.5 1.1

Sometimes 12.8 13.1 4.4 6.7

Usually 37.5 38.2 40.3 39.6

Always 43.8 48.5 54.9 52.6

p = NA SD13 - How often do you feel your child is safe at school? [Age 6+] (n = 1,692)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.3

Sometimes 9.4 7.1 2.6 4.0

Usually 33.4 24.7 30.8 30.2

Always 56.3 68.2 66.3 65.4

p = NA SD14 - Was your child ever breastfed or fed breast milk? (n = 2,341)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 63.1 70.3 75.0 72.8

No 36.9 29.7 25.0 27.2

p = .002 SD15 - How old was your child when he/she completely stopped breastfeeding or being fed breast milk? (n = 1,608)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Less than 1 week 0.4 1.4 1.1 1.1

1 week to 6 weeks 14.8 14.2 11.7 12.4

7 weeks to 3 months 23.6 15.0 17.9 18.0

4 months to 6 months 16.8 18.8 20.7 20.0

7 months to 9 months 18.0 7.3 12.6 12.3

10 months to 12 months 9.1 17.7 15.1 14.9

More than 12 months 14.6 21.7 16.9 17.4

Still breastfeeding 2.6 3.8 4.0 3.8

p = NA


SD16 - How old was your child when he/she was first fed formula? (n = 1,586)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

At birth 18.4 5.5 8.3 8.9

Less than 1 week 1.5 7.4 5.2 5.2

1 week to 6 weeks 16.5 14.0 16.3 16.0

7 weeks to 3 months 22.9 18.4 18.8 19.1

4 months to 6 months 13.1 16.2 18.3 17.4

7 months to 9 months 10.1 5.3 7.9 7.7

10 months to 12 months 2.4 2.6 4.3 3.8

More than 12 months 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.3

Child has never been fed formula 13.0 29.4 19.7 20.6

p = NA




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Often true 4.9 4.2 0.4 1.6

Sometimes true 32.9 18.9 5.6 10.9

Never true 62.2 76.9 93.9 87.5

p = .000 NP2 - In the last 12 months, did you or other adults in your household ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there was not enough money for food? (n = 2,384)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 23.6 15.7 3.7 7.9

No 76.4 84.3 96.3 92.1

p = .000 NP3 - In the last 12 months, were you ever hungry but did not eat because there was not enough money for food? (n = 2,386)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 18.8 11.9 1.5 5.2

No 81.2 88.1 98.5 94.8

p = .000 NP4 - In an average week, how often does your child eat breakfast? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,322)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Never 0.3 0.5 1.2 1.0

Sometimes 11.2 8.6 8.2 8.6

Usually 14.3 17.0 15.3 15.5

Always 74.2 73.8 75.3 74.9

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 3.1 3.5 2.8 2.9

1 22.7 27.4 25.0 25.1

2-3 64.9 61.0 62.0 62.2

4-5 7.9 6.9 9.4 8.8

6+ 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.0

p = NA NP6 - On an average day, not counting fruit juice, how many servings of fruit do you eat? (n = 2,341)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 16.0 14.0 8.2 10.0

1 40.5 35.0 35.4 36.0

2-3 36.4 45.3 49.3 47.1

4-5 6.1 5.2 6.1 6.0

6+ 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.9

p = NA NP7 - On an average day, how many servings of vegetables does your child eat? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,256)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 3.2 5.4 3.9 4.0

1 26.4 28.5 26.5 26.8

2-3 62.5 58.9 63.4 62.6

4-5 6.6 5.8 5.4 5.6

6+ 1.3 1.4 0.8 0.9

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 4.2 3.4 2.8 3.0

1 34.0 27.5 25.6 26.9

2-3 55.1 60.2 58.5 58.4

4-5 5.8 7.7 11.9 10.5

6+ 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.2

p = NA NP9 - On an average day, how many cans of soda, pop, or soft drinks does your child drink in a single day? [Age 6 months +] (n = 2,310)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 80.4 79.3 80.3 80.1

1 13.5 16.1 15.7 15.5

2 4.0 2.6 3.4 3.4

3 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.7

4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3

5+ 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

p = NA NP10 - How often does your child drink any type of milk (including milk added to cereal)? (n = 2,383)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Rarely (less than once a week) 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.0

Sometimes (once a week or more, but less than once a day) 3.3 1.8 3.2 3.0

Often (at least once a day) 18.0 18.6 18.3 18.3

More than once a day 75.5 75.7 73.8 74.3

Never 2.6 3.1 3.7 3.5

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Whole or regular milk 15.7 13.3 7.8 9.6

2% fat or reduced-fat milk 36.7 37.6 29.6 31.7

1% low-fat milk 26.7 23.4 23.4 23.8

Fat-free skim or nonfat milk 13.4 19.7 34.9 29.9

Soy milk 0.0 1.3 1.1 1.0

Breast milk 1.7 2.3 1.4 1.6

Goat milk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Another type of milk 5.9 2.4 1.7 2.3

p = NA NP12 - How tall is your child?


133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL

0 27.14 (21-32) 24.35 (20-28) 24.98 (18-30)

1 30.00 (30-30) 28.47 (27-29) 32.45 (18-47)

2 33.45 (24-41) 35.79 (33-39) 34.60 (24-45)

3 38.49 (36-46) 36.44 (29.42) 38.13 (30-49)

4 42.57 (36-48) 40.49 (36-59) 42.03 (36-54)

5 41.85 (36-47) 44.53 (38-56) 44.28 (36-52)

6 48.08 (45-52) 46.36 (42-52) 46.97 (38-54)

7 47.68 (46-49) 48.69 (42-52) 48.17 (36-59)

8 49.59 (46-52) 52.26 (48-57) 51.13 (36-60)

9 52.52 (44-61) 52.72 (48-58) 53.53 (44-64)

10 55.10 (45-62) 54.57 (48-66) 56.81 (48-65)

11 59.40 (50-66) 59.96 (52-64) 59.05 (49-67)

12 61.46 (57-67) 61.18 (51-68) 61.19 (52-71)

13 64.50 (60-66) 64.97 (62-68) 63.05 (53-74)

14 67.07 (50-73) 64.41 (60-70) 65.98 (56-74)

15 66.76 (54-73) 66.51 (62-72) 67.51 (56-76)

16 66.17 (63-69) 68.82 (60-75) 68.45 (57-80)

17 67.02 (59-72) 68.59 (63-75) 67.69 (60-77)

p = NA




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL

0 21.53 (9-30) 14.98 (7-23) 15.99 (4-27)

1 22.29 (19-26) 21.21 (17-26) 25.72 (19-35)

2 30.81 (24-36) 32.28 (23-48) 30.16 (21-42)

3 37.75 (30-47) 36.01 (28-42) 33.99 (25-50)

4 39.30 (26-47) 40.84 (32-48) 40.03 (27-65)

5 43.97 (37-73) 43.50 (35-57) 43.88 (29-65)

6 49.47 (35-70) 51.01 (39-90) 50.52 (35-75)

7 56.30 (40-109) 58.82 (45-95) 56.82 (38-98)

8 67.53 (27-92) 66.81 (49-91) 70.86 (42-130)

9 66.21 (48-85) 77.14 (54-125) 75.72 (42-125)

10 81.98 (60-115) 89.49 (58-158) 84.84 (58-150)

11 102.79 (53-185) 96.82 (64-135) 94.47 (57-200)

12 119.34 (70-180) 122.90 (59-210) 106.61 (65-223)

13 133.40 (98-167) 131.62 (93-160) 118.21 (74-190)

14 149.84 (95-250) 133.16 (90-195) 127.98 (60-280)

15 160.96 (86-235) 148.76 (120-240) 149.20 (85-300)

16 154.52 (105-223) 153.60 (100-230) 145.43 (91-240)

17 162.00 (110-230) 161.98 (125-280) 152.31 (98-290)

p = NA NP14 - Compared to other children the same age and height, do you think your child weighs the right amount, too much or too little? (n = 2,378)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

The right amount 76.0 75.0 80.3 79.0

Too much 15.7 14.2 10.3 11.5

Too little 8.4 10.8 9.4 9.5

p = .116




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Less than ¼ mile 24.2 19.4 11.0 13.7

¼ to less than ½ mile 13.1 8.0 6.3 7.3

½ to less than 1 mile 13.1 9.7 10.6 10.8

1 to less than 2 miles 20.1 23.2 21.4 21.5

More than 2 miles 29.5 39.7 50.7 46.5

p = .000 NP16 - On most days, how does your child arrive at school? (n = 1,795)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Walk 15.9 10.8 7.8 9.2

Bike 3.2 0.4 1.9 1.8

School bus 26.4 28.9 33.3 31.9

Family vehicle (parent / sibling / babysitter drops child off) 44.1 45.6 40.3 41.5

Carpool (child is dropped off with children from other families) 1.5 3.7 2.2 2.4

Transit (city bus, etc.) 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4

Other (skateboard, scooter, inline skates, etc.) 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1

Child drives self to school 5.2 8.9 13.0 11.5

Child rides with friend who drives to school 2.9 1.2 1.0 1.3

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Walk 25.8 17.9 11.8 14.3

Bike 3.2 0.4 1.9 1.8

School bus 28.8 32.1 35.6 34.3

Family vehicle (parent / sibling / babysitter drops child off) 34.7 37.0 32.5 33.4

Carpool (child is dropped off with children from other families) 1.3 2.3 3.0 2.7

Transit (city bus, etc.) 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.5

Other (skateboard, scooter, inline skates, etc.) 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.3

Child drives self to school 5.2 8.5 12.9 11.3

Child rides with friend who drives to school 0.3 1.2 1.5 1.3

p = NA NP18 - During the past 7 days, on how many days was your child physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day? [Age 2+] (n = 2,160)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 days 0.9 0.7 1.6 1.4

1 day 2.3 6.3 3.6 3.9

2 days 7.1 7.5 7.3 7.3

3 days 5.7 7.1 9.3 8.6

4 days 17.0 14.0 19.9 18.7

5 days 3.2 5.8 8.9 7.8

6 days 61.1 57.1 47.4 50.5

7 days 2.7 1.6 2.0 2.0

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

None 11.9 15.0 13.1 13.2

1 hour 38.9 35.0 42.7 41.1

2 hours 30.4 31.5 31.6 31.4

3 hours 11.9 10.0 8.8 9.4

4 hours 4.7 3.0 2.1 2.5

5 or more hours 2.2 3.7 1.2 1.7

Don’t own a TV 0.0 1.8 0.5 0.6

p = NA NP20 - On an average day, about how many hours does your child use a computer or play video games for school, work or play? [Age 1+] (n = 2,221)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

None 39.6 40.8 34.1 35.7

1 hour 37.5 39.1 45.6 43.6

2 hours 13.2 12.5 14.4 14.0

3 hours 4.2 3.2 3.1 3.3

4 hours 3.7 2.7 1.5 1.9

5 or more hours 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.2

Don’t own a TV or PC 0.6 1.0 0.1 0.3

p = NA



PH Parent Mental Health Scale (n = 2,082) 133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Poor Mental Health 21.6 14.9 7.1 10.1 Adequate Mental Health 78.4 85.1 92.9 89.9 p = .000 PH1 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you been a very nervous person? (n = 2,384)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 5.4 5.6 0.6 1.9


Some of the time 45.1 40.9 37.8 39.1

None of the time 43.5 48.4 58.3 55.0

p = .000 PH2 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up? (n = 2,385)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.3


Some of the time 36.8 23.2 14.1 18.2

None of the time 59.1 75.6 84.8 80.3

p = NA PH3 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you felt calm and peaceful? (n = 2,382)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 14.1 9.7 8.1 9.1

Most of the time 34.5 48.7 58.5 54.1

Some of the time 44.4 37.3 31.3 33.8

None of the time 7.0 4.3 2.2 3.1

p = .000



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 2.3 0.6 0.2 0.5


Some of the time 49.0 44.2 38.2 40.4

None of the time 43.0 54.1 59.9 57.0

p = NA PH5 - During the last 4 weeks, how often have you been a happy person? (n = 2,383)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

All of the time 15.2 13.1 12.6 13.0

Most of the time 50.1 66.4 72.0 68.6

Some of the time 32.8 19.4 14.7 17.6

None of the time 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.8

p = NA PH6 - Are you currently...? [Marital Status] (n = 2,382)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Married 57.8 74.8 90.9 84.5

Divorced 15.9 9.6 4.0 6.3

Widowed 1.8 1.3 0.6 0.8

Separated 5.5 2.4 0.8 1.6

Never married 9.3 3.5 0.8 2.2

In a marriage-like relationship 9.7 8.4 3.0 4.6

p = NA PH7 - How would you rate the overall quality of your relationship with your spouse/partner? [Asked if married or living with partner] (n = 2,069)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Excellent 39.2 33.6 35.7 35.7

Very good 31.7 46.1 45.6 44.5

Good 21.4 16.5 14.4 15.3

Fair 3.9 2.4 2.7 2.8

Poor 3.9 1.4 1.6 1.7

p = .316




133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Big problem 4.0 1.6 0.7 1.2


Small problem 12.0 9.7 5.6 7.0

Not a problem 77.3 82.8 92.1 88.9

p = NA SM2 - In the last 12 months, how much of a problem for your household, if any, has been caused by a household members use of either prescription or illegal drugs? (n = 2,385)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Big problem 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.3



Not a problem 96.1 98.3 98.6 98.3

p = NA SM3 - Was the drug problem related to prescription drugs, illegal drugs or both? (n = 42)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Prescription drugs 70.5 13.9 44.4 46.1

Illegal drugs 14.7 16.2 51.3 36.4

Both prescription and illegal drugs 14.8 69.9 4.3 17.5

p = NA SM4 - In the last 12 months, how much of a problem for your household, if any, has been caused by a household members use of alcohol? (n = 2,384)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Big problem 2.9 1.6 1.1 1.4



Not a problem 92.3 92.1 90.8 91.2

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Big problem 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.1



Not a problem 96.5 98.1 98.7 98.4

p = NA SM6 - Which type of gambling has caused a problem for someone in your household in the last 12 months? (n = 41)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Gambling in a casino 65.4 56.6 46.2 52.8

Lottery Tickets 27.8 44.1 14.9 23.5

Online gambling 16.4 16.9 33.2 26.0

Sports betting 0.0 0.0 27.2 15.4

Bingo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Racetracks 0.0 0.0 2.4 1.3

Card games not at a casino 0.0 32.8 21.2 18.2

Other 0.0 48.7 3.9 11.3

p = NA


SECTION 13. DEMOGRAPHICS

DM1 - Is your child of Spanish or Hispanic origin? (n = 2,384)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 17.6 8.6 2.8 5.4

No 82.4 91.4 97.2 94.6

p = .000 DM2 - What is your child’s race? (Check all that apply) (n = 2,386)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

African-American 17.9 6.1 2.5 4.9

White 78.9 91.0 95.8 93.1

American-Indian/Native American/Aleutian or Eskimo 2.4 0.9 0.8 1.0

Asian/Pacific Islander 3.0 1.6 2.3 2.3

Other 14.2 5.2 2.3 4.2

Don’t know 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1

Prefer not to answer 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

p = NA DM3 - Are you of Spanish or Hispanic origin? (n = 2,385)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 14.4 5.8 2.2 4.2

No 85.6 94.2 97.8 95.8

p = .000 DM4 - What is your race? (Check all that apply) (n = 2,386)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

African-American 6.8 1.7 0.6 1.5

White 77.4 93.2 97.3 94.3

American-Indian/Native American/Aleutian or Eskimo 2.9 0.8 0.6 0.9

Asian/Pacific Islander 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.3

Other 13.2 3.0 1.4 3.0

Don’t know 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Prefer not to answer 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.3

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Male 7.7 12.1 19.0 16.6

Female 92.3 87.9 81.0 83.4

p = .000 DM6 - What is your age? (n = 2,372)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

18-24 5.1 4.2 0.9 2.0

25-44 74.3 78.9 72.6 73.8

45-64 19.1 16.0 26.1 23.6

65 or older 1.5 0.9 0.4 0.6

p = NA DM7 - What is the highest grade or level of school that you have completed? (n = 2,385)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

8th grade or less 4.2 2.2 0.2 1.0

Some high school, but did not graduate 7.2 4.3 0.4 1.8

High school graduate or GED 28.8 21.8 9.1 13.4

Some college or 2-year degree 44.7 44.5 32.9 36.1

4-year college graduate 13.5 23.4 35.4 30.9

More than 4-year college degree 1.5 3.9 22.0 16.7

p = NA DM8 - Including yourself, how many adults (age 18 and over) live in your household? (n = 2,386)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 18.0 13.6 6.0 8.6

2 57.1 71.7 83.0 78.2

3 14.1 10.1 7.8 8.9

4 6.0 2.9 2.7 3.1

5 2.8 1.2 0.4 0.8

6 or more 2.0 0.5 0.0 0.3

p = NA



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 85.2 92.7 93.6 92.7

No 14.8 7.3 6.4 7.3

p = .011 DM10 - What was the total combined income over the past year for all persons in your household? (n = 2,085)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

$0 to $5,000 10.2 0.0 0.0 1.2

$5,001 to $10,000 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.9

$10,001 to $15,000 14.6 0.0 0.0 1.7

$15,001 to $20,000 20.0 0.5 0.0 2.4

$20,001 to $25,000 20.1 5.3 0.0 3.2

$25,001 to $30,000 11.3 12.2 0.5 3.6

$30,001 to $35,000 9.1 14.3 0.4 3.6

$35,001 to $40,000 2.5 22.9 1.3 4.9

$40,001 to $45,000 2.1 15.3 2.8 4.7

$45,001 to $50,000 1.1 17.2 3.9 5.7

$50,001 to $55,000 0.0 6.3 5.3 4.9

$55,001 to $60,000 1.1 0.8 6.4 4.9

$60,001 to $65,000 0.0 2.1 6.6 5.1

$65,001 to $70,000 0.0 0.0 6.7 4.9

$70,001 to $75,000 0.0 2.6 8.4 6.5

$75,001 to $80,000 0.0 0.5 7.1 5.2

More than $80,000 0.0 0.0 50.7 36.7

p = NA DM11 - What is your child’s age? (n = 2,386)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0-4 30.2 29.6 26.7 27.5

5-9 28.3 32.3 27.3 28.2

10-14 22.3 23.4 29.2 27.5

15-17 19.2 14.8 16.8 16.8

p = .160



133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 83.6 86.4 88.9 87.8

No 16.4 13.6 11.1 12.2

p = .113 DM13 - Does anyone in your household own a cell phone? (n = 2,382)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Yes 83.8 93.8 99.2 96.5

No 16.2 6.2 0.8 3.5

p = .000 DM14 - How many people in your household regularly use a cell phone? (n = 2,281)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.5

1 18.4 14.2 5.0 7.8

2 47.6 43.7 50.0 48.8

3 15.6 22.8 23.2 22.4

4 8.6 10.2 16.0 14.4

5 5.6 6.3 4.0 4.6

6 2.8 1.7 0.8 1.2

7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

8 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.4

p = NA DM15 - From all calls made by household members, would you say that cell phones are used for....? (n = 2,277)

133% FPL 134-199% FPL 200+% FPL Total %

Almost all calls 28.2 30.2 31.5 30.9

Most calls 31.2 33.9 38.5 37.1

Some calls 32.4 27.6 25.9 26.8

Rarely used 8.2 8.4 4.1 5.2

p = .014

the 2010 iowa child and family household health surveythis text portion of the report summarizes the...

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