THAILAND COUNTRY-WIDE Slum Upgrading

By Thipparat Noppaladarom Community Organizations Development Institute (Public Organization),Thailand

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT & HUMAN SECURITY

THAILAND

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE (CODI)

(PUBLIC ORGANIZATION)

THE MERGER OF 2 ORGANIZATIONS IN 2000

UBRAN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT OFFICE

(UCDO)

61,62 US.MIL.$

(2,156.69 MB.)

RURAL DEVELOPMENT FUND (RDF)

21.23 US.MIL.$ (743.04 MB.)

CODI

82.85 US.MIL.$ (2,899.73 MB.)

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CODI MISSION 1.Supporting and assisting community organizations

and their networks in improving standard of living, income earning, housing and environment development both in urban and rural through integrated development process.

2. Providing financial support to community

organization and their networks. 3. Coordinating with offices / agencies both

government and non government agencies in providing support and assistance for community organizations and their networks’ development.

4. Building cooperation among community

organizations and their networks at local, provincial and national levels.

Community Development

Committee

Academics

Supported Agencies

NGOs Local

Authorities

Others

CODI

Network Network

Network

WELFARE

LAND - HOUSING

SAVINGS - CREDIT

COMMUNITY ENTERPRISE

ENVIRONMENT

OTHERS

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Example of Current Development Program & Activities

1. City-Wide Slum Upgrading “Baan Mankong”

2. Community Welfare

3. Sub-district Community Organizations councils

4. Land and Housing in Southern Provinces and in

Rural Area

5. Community Organization Certification

6. Rehabilitation of Disaster affected Communities

7. Communities Natural Resource Management

8. Community Master Plan

9. Community Economic Development Programme

etc.

Thailand city – wide slum upgrading “Baan Mankong” by CODI

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Launched in 2003, the program aims at solving

housing and land insecurity of slum dwellers on a

city-wide scale. The process involves slum

surveys, community plans and designs,

infrastructure improvement subsidy, and housing

and land loans.

The cabinet has approved the target of

200,015 housing units. Throughout the process,

community organizations and local authorities are

encouraged to be the key driving forces in solving city-wide slums.

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Total 5,500 Low-income communities in 300 cities,

population 8.25 million

3,700 insecure land

- 65% land rental with no secure contact

- 35% squatting

- 445 communities having threat of eviction

70-80% cannot afford housing in market & public

system

SLUM AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS IN THAILAND

Location of Slums and Squatter Communities in Bangkok

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Slums and Squatter Settlements in Nakornsawan

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• Urbanization started in 1960s,intensified 80s

• Today 65% rural 35% urban

• National Housing Authority set up 1973

- Construction flats and

Complete houses since 1970s

- Sites & services 1977-1980s

- Slum upgrading by govt.

1977-2000s

• Housing is not generally responsibilities of

Local Authority

• Urban Community Development office set up

1992

- Community Development Fund

• Community Organizations Development

Institute (CODI) set up 2002

- to employee community Organization

Urbanization

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SLUM UPGRADING

(since 1977)

• Improve and maintain existing

community structure and

people’s established life and

add value of already existed investment

• Improve better environment

and infrastructure conditions and its link with city

• Still lack security of tenure • Insufficient housing

improvement

Government subsidy of 25,000 Bht/family and

about 125,000 units have been improved 14

The forms of housing solutions- Flat and High Rise Housing

• Higher density

• Higher investment cost require higher

subsidy

• Too rigid forms, do not applicable to

urban poor people ways of life, losing

community structure • Problems of transfering rights

Total 30,000 units constructed 15

REBLOCKING

•Adjustment of existing

community structure,

linking circulations and

adjusting plots

•Implemented in communities

having security of tenure

by purchasing existing slum

land from former rental

arrangement

•Gradual housing improvement

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Resettlement near to former slum

• Communities can still stay near to

former place

• Need for reconstruction

• Having security of tenure

former

Klongtoey slum

After relocation on nearby area

same group as above

Before After 17

LAND SHARING PROJECT

Ban Manangkhasila

Before After 18

Housing cooperatives of the Rafters in Pitsanuloke

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Housing Development Activities by Community: Townhouses at Samut Prakan

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MAIN TOOLS OF BAAN MANKONG

• Flexible finance

• Collaboration

• Saving groups

• Collective

• Horizontal support

• Technical support 21

Process and linkages of local housing development partnership

“ Baan Mankong ”

City-wide survey / joint planning,

search for solutions together

Find various solutions suitable

for all communities in city

Academics

Municipality

Community

Other dev. agencies

On-site

Upgrading

Land-sharing& reconstruction

Reblocking & readjustment

Resettlements

Row-house

Flat

Detach house

Row-housing

Flat

Mixed approach

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Financial Framework

providing Flexible Financial Support

for City-wide Upgrading by Communities

Government Subsidy

1) Upgrading of Infrastructure and Social Facilities 25,000 – 45,000 Bht. x No. of Families

2) 5% of 1) for Local Management

3) Support for Community Exchange, Capacity Building, Seminars, Coordinator

Loans

From CODI

Revolving Fund

Communities

Total Subsidy per family/unit 80,000 Bhts.

Interest 4 %

Members

Members

Members

3) Housing Improvement/Development 20,000 Bht. x No.of Families

(Max 15 yr. Max. 300,000 Bht./unit)

23 (1us $ ~ 35 Bht.)

มนคงสวางแสงศร

On-site upgrading

KHONKAEN

หนองคะเน

โชคชย

นาโพธ

โนนแหลมทอง

หนองตาไก

กดชมแพพรานราษฎร

หนองใส

หนองโดน

Nearby Relocation

- Land lease - Purchase new land

ซอทดนใหม

เชาทดนราชพสด

เชาทดนสาธารณะประโยชน

เชาทดนราชพสด ซอทดนใหม

ซอทดนใหม

ซอทดนใหม

เชาทดนราชพสด เชาทดนราชพสด

ไผกดหน ทดนตนเอง

โนนแหลมทอง

โชคชย

หนองโดน

กดชมแพ

พรานราษฎร

ชมแพ

นาโพธหนองตาไก

ศรมงคล

หนองขามหนองคะเน

หนองใส

ไผกดหน

Development Approach

BAAN MANGKONG PROJECT : CHUMPHAE CITY, NORTHEAST

CHUMPHAE

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1

5 3

4 2

(Development on Public land) ทดนสาธารณะประโยชน ทสามารถรองรบโครงการ

โนนหวยตบเตา

พนท 85 ไร 2 งาน 27 ตารางวา

1

หนองอเลง

พนท 10ไร

2

บานนาโพธ

พนท 29 ไร 80 ตารางวา

3

หนองใส

พนท10 ไร 2 งาน

4

แซงกระเทบ

พนท119ไร 3 งาน

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CHUMPHAE

BAAN MANGKONG PROJECT : CHUMPHAE CITY, NORTHEAST

KHONKAEN 25

ROM YEN COMMUNITY

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ROM YEN COMMUNITY

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BEFORE AFTER

WAT PHOTHI WARARAM COMMUNITY

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Process

Compare with the scale

Saam-Huang Community BAAN MANKONG

Samutprakarn

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TAMANSRIJAYA COMMUNITY : YALA

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Housing Model : by Community 33

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ศนยพฒนาเดกเลก

สหกรณรานคา

มสยด

กลมอาคารศาลาเอนกประสงค

PANARAE : PATTANI

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PU-POH : PATTANI

PU-POH : PATTANI

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SAMAKKI RUAMJAI

COMMUNITY

BANGBUA : BANGKHEN

BEFORE AFTER

BANGBUA (BEFORE IMPROVEMENT)

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BANGBUA (AFTER IMPROVEMENT)

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Sub-group Sub-group Sub-group Sub-group

Bon kai Patanna Cooperative

Sub-group system • Group guarantee • Collaborative work • Land rent and loan

repayment collection Sub-group management system • Sub-group funding • Daily money collection • Monthly meeting • Deliver the collected money to the Cooperative

Interest Rate 2% per year

CODI

Bon kai Sub-group System

Community Credit Union on lend to members at 4 % interest using margin for community development, management and welfare

Input : Government subsidy 2,000 $

• Loan for land/housing average 4,500 $ ( to be repaid)

• Community contribution 500 $

• Other contribution 500 $

Total investment 7,500 $ (govt. less than 30%)

Urban poor

housing

development is an

investment, rather

than a social

expense

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• Collective land ownership, or lease

• Community savings and fund (acting as community bank)

• Welfare activities : scholarship, children, youth, elderly, sick

and advantaged, dead

• Active linking with community network and city

organizations and regular meetings

• Collective management

• Active citizens, closer and regular link with local authority

Impacts: Building a New and Secure Community

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Baan Mankong-Performance since 2004

• Implementation in 71(of77) provinces, 300 cities

• 850+ projects approved; cover 1,660 communities and 96,000 families

• loan granted per family is about 3,000-7,000 USD average about 5,000 USD /family

• Total government upgrading subsidy granted about US$150 mil (about $2,500/family)

• US$185 mil granted in loans from CODI revolving Fund (4% interest). Repayment 97.5%!

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