1.ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO ONLY IN INDIA SLUM UPGRADING, NORTH KACHPURA, AGRA ARCHITECTURE OF RAPID CHANGE & SCARCE RESOURCES 2012 nicholas socrates

2. SITE SURVEYSPHASE 3: THE BRIDGE 4.Land survey 74. Danger crossing the tracks 8.Water survey75. Research: 15,000 deaths per year crossing the railway tracks in India 10. Cultural survey 76. Danger crossing the tracks on-site 13. Site impressions77. Initial concept sketches for the bridge 14. Material survey 80. Research: Gandi & The Railways 16. Making the site model 81. Quantity survey: reusing the abandoned railway elements for the bridge construction 18. Nala direction82. Initial structural diagrams for the bridge 19. Land use83. Bridge construction sequence 20. Landmark buildings on site: key 84. Reconnecting two communities 22. Generic railway workers housing blocks 85. Proposed figure ground 23. On-site Hindu temple86. Renders showing the bridges continuation of the existing access 24. Abandoned & built over old well 87. Plan showing the bridges continuation of the existing access 25. Old / abandoned railway office88. Bridge renders & sections 26. New water tower 90. The market side 27. Old water tower 91. Examples of existing bridges within a walkable proximity to the site 28. New railway office92. Bridge renders 29. Meeting with the railway control officer95. Making the bridge model 96. Stair access to the bridge 97. Bridge plan 98. Bridge isometric MASTERPLAN 99. Reused construction elements 101. Bridge assembly details 32. Initial masterplan sketches 106. Bridge renders 34. Proposed masterplan 44. Phasing PHASE 4: UNDER THE BRIDGE MARKET & CONTAINER WALL PHASE 1: DEWAT 48. Location110. Location 49. Philosophy111. Phase 4 proposal synopsis 50. Precedents112. Shipping containers in site proximity 51. DEWAT Proposal113. Research: Health issues & the lack of affordable hospitals in the area 52. DEWAT and irrigation proposal 114. Case Study: Smile on Wheels Mobile medical clinic, Mumbai 53. Research: Agriculture in India115. 3D cutout through the proposed plugin medical clinic container unit 116. Research: Health in India (UNICEF) & Smile on Wheels Mobile medical clinic 117. Proposed Under the Bridge market renders & sections 120. Research: Doc-in-a-Box Micro-Franchising model 121. Research: Health situation in Agra PHASE 2: CENTRAL BUILDING 56. Location 57. Existing building 58. Phase 2 proposal synopsis 59. Sections & elevations 64. Climate diagrams: Rain water harvesting 65. Climate diagrams: Solar shading 66. 1:1 prototype of the bamboo and sari silk shading wall & window element 68. Research: Nutrition in India 69. Ground floor restaurant / cafe proposal 70. Research: Education in India 71. Slum school proposalContents 3. PHASE 5: UN-ZONED TRADING ROUTE / ROOF EXTENSIONPHASE 6-7 (b): VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWER 126. Location 176. Location 127. Phase 5 project synopsis 177. Phase 6-7 (b) project synopsis 128. Sections & renders 178. Plans, sections & elevations 132. Research: To zone of not to zone 180. Wireframe models 133. Trading route market render182. Assembly details 134. Research: Why official planning does not work in hyper dense areas 184. Detailed plan 135. Trading route market render185. 3D assembly details PHASE 6-8 (a): THE GRID. AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCKSPROJECT SUMMARY 138. Proposed masterplan188. Proposed masterplan 139. Masterplan renders: Areas of density, enclaves, streets & squares. Case study: Residence Buffalo, Fernand Poullion 194. Phasing 140. Shipping containers in site proximity197. Proposal summary 141. Research: Modifications shipping containers 142. Making the 1:100 Housing block model 143. 1:1 prototype for the bamboo and sari silk shading wall and window invention 144. Affordable Housing / Container block occupied living units 146. Wireframe model and mid-site section 147. Sections & elevations 152. Pour Flush Toilet (composting latrine) plan 153. Pour Flush Toilet (composting latrine) section 154. Affordable Housing / Container block elevations with shading wall and windows installed 158. Climate diagrams: Rain water harvesting 159. Climate diagrams: Solar shading 161. 3D cutout through water tanks & toilet area 162. Isometric housing block & elevations 163. Isometric building elements 164. Assembly details 168. 3D assemblage drawings 170. Affordable Housing / Container block occupied living units 171. Render: Proposed idea 172. Research: Indias agriculture & composting process 173. Render: Proposed ideaContents 4. On location land survey, drawn on our first day on site. Here we had to map a part of the slumwhich was not present on any map before (centre). This preliminary survey shows signs oflooking into nala flow direction, land use and locating areas of neglect. All of which were furtherrealised on later surveys in the following days on site.on-site land survey4 5. The Map shows the flow and direction of thenalas (external drains), polluted swamps, areas ofneglect and the flow of people (the routes theytake and where they cross the railway tracks).on-site land survey 5 6. On location sections through the route wherethe locals cross the railway tracks, from theslum dwellings to the market on the other side.on-site land survey. Section: slum settlement blocks - market 6 7. Sections through the route where the localscross the railway tracks, from the slum dwellingsto the market on the other side.land survey. Section: slum settlement blocks - market 7 8. On location section through a polluted stagnant swamp.Several nalas flow into thispolluted pond. It is the result ofapproxamately 40 homes waste-water. This neglected area has alsofallen into a spiral decline as it nowis also used as a small dumpingground. The pond is likely to existat a very low point of the site, sotherefore the water , due to gravityis not able to flow anywhere;creating a stagnant pond ofpolluted water. It may be possiblethat this pond has been man madeas a flood relief zone, in times ofmonsoon. When on site we sawsome children throw a live tortoseinto the polluted pond. For sure thetortose would die from this. Thispolluted area is an important areato clean and regenerate. polluted lake 8 9. On location drawings showing sectionsthrough a nala (an external drain, whichwas flooding on a regular basis and wascausing dangerous situation for the locals.This polluted pond is the result of anoverflowed nala. Many nalas from thesite flow this way and this particular nalaoverflows because it is a bottle neck anduncapable of retaining all the dirty water.As well as the dirty water overflowing thearea becomes a spiral of decline as muchrubbish is then consequently dumpedhere. Luckily this overflow is naturallymade better than I first thought as thenaurally growing plants filter the dirtywater. This nala in times of flood will notwork as a filter and the dirty water willspread, polluting the surrounding area.polluted pond 9 10. Personal Experiencewith her husband and a crutch as This was quite disturbing, and hewhen we all , at the same moment,support. The lady sat down at thewas very loud. I told him no and looked over at once, and there was Several events, over the 10 days wesame bench as us and she was inI continued to measure on my a girl of probably one and a half were on site, took me back to thegreat pain. We asked her husband own, which isnt that easy for longto two years of age standing in a reality of what it could be like towhat was wrong and it was either distance measuring. The boy went large puddle of very dirty sewage live in this area in this way. her hip or her leg, which wasaway.water, and then we witnessed herbroken. She was in a lot of pain and One minute later he was back.bending down and drinking the On our first day as we weremoving made it hurt even more. This time holding his little sisterwater using her hands to scoop departing the site with 30 Someone from our group asked,of maybe only 6 months of age. the it up to her mouth. She was children following us, asking forAre you going to a hospital? but He continued demanding and standing there alone she was photos and pens and shaking for sure the answer was no.demanding, but I was busythirsty and she did not know not to our hands continuously - we weremeasuring. I finally looked up and drink it. She must of drank at least overwhelmed: it was our firstThe second experience, which he was actually asking for money half a dozen handfuls of this brown day and unaccustomed to it - wehappened on site was when Iwhilst showing me his little sisters water. We did not see this girl again thought it was time to leave aswas on my own. A boy was reallywrist, which had a severe open for our remaining 6 days on site. For the intensity grew stronger andinsisting me to give him somewound on it. The babys woundsure she got very ill from this. louder. The children stopped money, I replied by saying thatwas the size of a packet ten of following us as we moved awaymoney was not a good idea andcigarettes. It looked very bad, notThere is no first aid or medical from the area in which they livedthat he should continue to help me that recent, and it was not beingcentre anywhere close to the site. in and we all said good-bye. At this measure the water-tower, which treated in any way.Because hospitals are costly and far point we all decided to sit down he did, but was quite persistentaway to travel, especially when not on an old bench and rest, slightly asking me for money several timesThe third experience was the mostwell, locals who get ill or women discombobulated from our first every twenty seconds or so, whilst sobering of all. Just as our fourthwho are pregnant deal with what days experience. At this point ofholding the end of the tape. After day on site was coming to an end they have by themselves, this stillness we saw a man walking a few minutes of this he got veryour auto-rickshaw driver was there may result in extended illness, very slowly holding on to his wife annoyed at me, stopped helping and waiting for us and we were continued disease or unnecessary who had a single crutch, which was with the measuring and started all heading towards the tuc-tucdeath. too big. She was hobbling alongdemanding money quite seriously. car to go to home to the hotel,Waterborne Diseases Waterborne diseases are caused is attributable to unsafe waterpollution. In many areas, the are without toilets. Even though by pathogenic microorganisms supply, sanitation and hygiene,problem is exacerbated by falling toilets are built in about 3 million which are directly transmitted and is mostly concentrated inlevels of groundwater, mainly households every year, the annual when contaminated fresh waterchildren in developing countries.caused by increasing extraction rate of increase has been a low 1 is consumed. Contaminated fresh per cent in the past decade.for irrigation. water, used in the preparation Several million more suffer from In some parts of the country, of food, can be the source ofmultiple episodes of diarrhea Access to protected sources of excessive arsenic and fluoride in foodbornedisease through and still others fall ill on account drinking water has improved drinking water also pose a major consumption of the sameof Hepatitis A, enteric fever, dramatically over the years. health threat. microorganisms. According to intestinal worms and eye and skin Most rural water supply systems, The lack of toilets also affects the World Health Organization, infections caused by poor hygiene especially the hand-pumps girls school attendance. Of Indias diarrheal disease accounts for anand unsafe drinking water. generally used by the poor, 700,000 rural primary and upper estimated 4.1% of the total DALYare using groundwater. But primary schools, only one in six global burden of disease and isUnhygienic practices and unsafe inadequate maintenance and have toilets, deterring children responsible for the deaths of 1.8drinking water are some of its neglect of the environment - especially girls - from going to million people every year. It wasmain causes. More than 122 around water sources has led to school. estimated that 88% of that burdenmillion households in the country increasing levels of groundwaterCultural Survey: Personal experience & india health research10 11. Introduction - North GroupOur site in India is situated, north of the Taj Mahal, across The blocks are mirrored; they face each other, therefore allthe river Yamuna, somewhat separated from main-land living and life takes place on the facing sides, but this leavesAgra. The site is adjacent to, but set back from the railwaya dead space at the backs of the blocks, either swamped bylines, relatively close to a the Yamuna Bridge railwaydirty water or used as storage for railway material, howeverstation.one back-to-back zone is actually used very regularly; itbeing the most direct path to get from the open spaceThe railway tracks are not too busy. One train, either full common ground (therefore the slum settlements) to theof passengers or cargo of industrial goods or buildingcontinuing path which crosses the railway tracks; to get tomaterials comes or goes once every hour or so; more times the other side; a journey made by many twice daily comingthan not just passing by without stopping.and going from work or school or visiting the near-bymarket.With a busy market on one side of the railway tracks, and acollection of slum settlements on the other; the two sidesDuring our meeting with a superior railway controller inare separated. The slums, somewhat isolated from main-his, raised 6 metres first-floor railway control centre, overland Agra; exist as Edge-Lands and they have a rural /looking the tracks, situated adjacent to our site said thaturban-rural feel to them. these blocks will be demolished in 3 years times; to bereplaced by a nation-wide training centre or institute forAs soon as we crossed the railway lines, from our site, tothe railway company. Many residents of the area said thethe side of the market, we noticed a sudden change in the same. These centres or institutes are large in size and areinfrastructure; where everything is paved, the sewers are usually uncompromising in urban design strategy andconcreted and they are working very well; the quality ofawareness; whether this will actually go ahead or not,living is evidently higher on the market side, where theespecially in India, is uncertain.proximity to the centre of Agra (across the near-by Yamunabridge) is much more accessible. The market sells mostThe two end blocks, of the seven, are more known to bethings and has a general industrial feel to it; selling all types demolished, as they are both completely abandonedof building materials with various factories and workshopsand dilapidated. More locals know this, but whether orin the area; here, business is relatively booming.not all 11 blocks will be knocked down to make room fora training centre, is unclear. Maybe one of our projects ofOur site (on the other side) is a large open space (owned byregeneration or transformation, if shown in time and, to thethe railway company) and has 11 generic, low rise housing right people in India, will persuade the railway companyblocks, 7 of an identical type; handed and mirrored parallelto save these housing units, hopefully they will see ourto each other adjacent to the battered road parallel yetprojects and realise the necessity and the potentials ofset back from the railway tracks - the other 4 blocks are our site; these housing blocks and the open space, as theof another type, existing at the back of the site in a similarcommon ground for the 3 surrounding slum settlements.way. These blocks are over 60 years old, built during Hopefully in our proposals we will communicate the needthe English rule in India, before 1945. They were built and the importance of our site, not only to remain but, forfor railway workers and still today are occupied by onlythe greater good of the local people, to be regeneratedrailway maintenance low-pay employees, which over the and transformed and will make them put their railwayyears, these buildings have become generally run-down,training centre somewhere else.some seriously dilapidated, the majority of which areabandoned, only occupied by approximately 15%.North of Kachpura site intorduction11 12. The community of slum residents we got to know 12 13. Photos taken from the 1st floor external gallery of the new railway control office:Overlooking the the site; the tracks and the Blocks.Photos taken in front of the Blocks looking towards the railway tracks.Note: Railway control office in the centre of the image.Photos taken behind the Blocks, looking at them from the side. Still looking towards the railway.Note: Railway control office in the centre of the image; looking through two back-to-back Blocks,which is the regualr path used to exit or enter the large open space to or from the tracks.site montage photographs13 14. material survey: measuring the elements 14 15. CONCRETE SLEEPER =The foundations forthe container homes &the banks for the nalaschannel.WOODEN SLEEPER =Decking for bridge,ramp and decking forexternal galleries.RAILWAY TRACK =Column for bridge andother constructionson site. Use four tracksback to back - in pairsI-BEAMS = Beamsfor bridge, externalgalleries and otherconstruction on site.OHE PYLON 1 = Postsfor the banisters ofstairs and the safteybanister of the bridge..OHE PYLON 2 = Beamsfor bridge and otherconstructiononsite and use for thecantilever of the bridge.CONCRETESEWERPIPE = Temporaryaccommodation, septictank, possible largecolumns and idea forrecycling unit.On location, there was & Scarce Resources, soan abundance of railway therefore whatever materialsmaterial lying around not which are readily avaliablebeing used. Sleepers, railwaymust be utilized in the project.tracks,OHEs, I-beams, There were thousands ofetc, etc. I measured these materials all over the place onmaterials with the intention the site, so not only is it wise toto build with them.utilize them, they are alreadyThe theme of the project ispart of the sites aesthetic.Architecture of Rapid Changematerial survey: measuring the elements15 16. Contour Thickness : 1mm +4 +3 +2 +1 0 1 Story buildings Thickness : 3mm 2 Story buildings Thickness : 3mm 3 Story buildings Thickness : 3mmMAKING THE MODEL 16 17. 104.500103.000101.500100.00098.50097.00095.500 98.00098.000 99.50098.500 99.000 99.500100.000 100.500100.000 100.000 99.500 100.500100.000 100.000 101.000100.000100.50099.500100.000 101.500 102.000102.500 103.000 103.500 105.000104.000 104.500103.500103.500103.000102.000 102.500100.000 101.500 101.000100.500100.000MAKING THE MODEL17 18. General StoreYamuna Bridge Railway Station;Platform, Tickets, & OfcesAbandonded and DilapidatedRailway Buildings Muslim Tomb Railway Maintanance Building & StorageBuffalo FarmOutdoor Inside Dilapidated BuildingMuslim TempleAbandoned Tunnel /Old Railway StationWastepickersBuilding MaterialsGeneral StoreWastepickersFor Sale on Street Parked Rickshaws x 5 Buffalo Farm Parked Trucks Parked on Street Bricks x4Trucks x4For SaleParkedHandicraft Rickshaws x 10 Bike Shopon Street Bricks Building Materials General StallWood Factory General StoreGeneral StoreFood StallParked Truck ParkedIndustrial Materials Clothes Shop Rickshaws Building MaterialsElectrical Cement Clothes WashingStore Tyre ShopsOfce Clothes Shop Hair Dressers Waste Land Abandoned / Outdate Railway Control Centre; DIRECTION OF NALA FLOW part used for storage 18 Abandoned 15181 2 = 9-10"31/2" x841456789 10 11 1213 141234 14 x 8 1/2" = 9-10"56School7891011121314 1 14213 3 12 411 5 1014 x86 91/2" = 9-10"7 88 79 6 10 5= 9-10"11 4 1/2"x812 3 14 13 214 1 New Water Tower 04 Dilapidated Building 02General Store15Old Water Tower 1918 1716 1514 1312 1110 905 819 x 6 1/4" 7=9-10"65432 1 LAND USE STUDY 151414#DrgID#LayIDSchoolRailway Control Center 01Railway Building / GeneratorGeneral Store #DrgID #LayIDSchoolRailway Maintainance / WarehouseFactoryClothes Shop Abandoned / DilapidatedElectrical Store Old Railway OfceHair Dressers 1 21/4"14-9 3=x 8" 4 22 5 6 78 910 1112 1314 1516 1718 1920 2122 Hindu TempleBuilding MaterialsBike ShopTyre ShopBuffalo FarmWaste Pickers Waste PickersFood StallHandicraftParked RickshawsGeneral StoreGeneral Store Veg Shop Parked TrucksCooked FoodGames Arcade RoomTemple Clothes WashingGames Arcade Room Egg ShopHair Dressers Electrical StoreGeneric Housing BlocksRailway Control Ofce Cement ShopGeneral Store HayRailway Buildings (Private)Cement ShopGeneral StoreYamuna Bridge Railway StationNew Water TowerOld Water TowerAbandoned BuildingWaste Land / ToiletFoliage Over-Grown N 1:1000 General StoreSite survey: nala direction 1:500018 19. General StoreYamuna Bridge Railway Station;Platform, Tickets, & OfcesAbandonded and DilapidatedRailway Buildings Muslim Tomb Railway Maintanance Building & StorageBuffalo FarmOutdoor Inside Dilapidated BuildingMuslim TempleAbandoned Tunnel /Old Railway StationWastepickersBuilding MaterialsGeneral StoreWastepickersFor Sale on Street Parked Rickshaws x 5 Buffalo Farm Parked Trucks Parked on Street Bricks x4Trucks x4For SaleParkedHandicraft Rickshaws x 10 Bike Shopon Street Bricks Building Materials General StallWood Factory General StoreGeneral StoreFood StallParked Truck ParkedIndustrial Materials Clothes Shop Rickshaws Building MaterialsElectrical Cement Clothes WashingStore Tyre ShopsOfce Clothes Shop Hair Dressers Waste Land Abandoned / Outdate Railway Control Centre; part used for storage 18 Abandoned 1518FLOW & MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE1 2 = 9-10"31/2" x841456789 10 11 1213 141234 14 x 8 1/2" = 9-10"56School7891011121314 1 14213 3 12 411 5 1014 x86 91/2" = 9-10"7 88 79 6 10 5= 9-10"11 4 1/2"x812 3 14 13 214 1 New Water Tower 04 Dilapidated Building 02General Store15Old Water Tower 1918 1716 1514 1312 1110 905 819 x 6 1/4" 7=9-10"654321 LAND USE STUDY 151414#DrgID#LayIDSchoolRailway Control Center 01Railway Building / GeneratorGeneral Store #DrgID #LayIDSchoolRailway Maintainance / WarehouseFactoryClothes Shop Abandoned / DilapidatedElectrical Store Old Railway OfceHair Dressers 1 21/4"14-9 3=x 8" 4 22 5 6 78 910 1112 1314 1516 1718 1920 2122 Hindu TempleBuilding MaterialsBike ShopTyre ShopBuffalo FarmWaste Pickers Waste PickersFood StallHandicraftParked RickshawsGeneral StoreGeneral Store Veg Shop Parked TrucksCooked FoodGames Arcade RoomTemple Clothes WashingGames Arcade Room Egg ShopHair Dressers Electrical StoreGeneric Housing BlocksRailway Control Ofce Cement ShopGeneral Store HayRailway Buildings (Private)Cement ShopGeneral StoreYamuna Bridge Railway StationNew Water TowerOld Water TowerAbandoned BuildingWaste Land / ToiletFoliage Over-Grown N 1:1000 General StoreSite survey: land use 1:5000 19 20. key: LANDMARK buildingS 20 21. KEY: LANDMARK BUILDINGS21THE MATHEMATICS OF THE IDEAL VILLA 22. Our site (on the other side) is a large open space (owned by the railway company) and has 11 generic, low rise housing blocks, 7 of an identical type; handed and mirrored parallel to each other adjacent to the battered road parallel yet set back from the railway tracks - the other 4 blocks are of another type, existing at the back of the site in a similar way. These blocks are over 60 years old, built during the English rule in India, before 1945. They were built for railway workers and still today are occupied by only railway maintenance low-pay employees, which over the years, these buildings have become generally run-down, some seriously dilapidated, the majority of which are abandoned, only occupied by approximately 15%. The blocks are mirrored; they face each other, therefore all living and life takes place on the facing sides, but this leaves a dead space at the backs of the blocks, either swamped by dirty water or used as storage for railway material, however one back- to-back zone is actually used very regularly; it being the most direct path to get from the open space common ground (therefore the slum settlements) to the continuing path which crosses the railway tracks; to get to the other side; a journey made by many twice daily coming and going from work or school or visiting the near-by market.GENERIC RAILWAY housing BLOCKS22 23. The Hindu Temple based in a central position onthe site is used infrequently, but it remains animportant part of the community and can beopened and used when someone requires it.On-Site HINDU TEMPE 23 24. This existing building is abandoned. It was awater well which was later built over with thisbuilding. Now neither the building nor the wellare being usedAbandoned and built over old well 24 25. This is an abandoned building. It was the origanal railway office control centre. This building is situated in on a concrete island in a no-mans land in the middle of the railway tracks. Since this building the railway control workers have moved twice from one building to another. As technology develops the control centres get abandoned and they move into a new one.OLD / ABANDONED RAILWAY OFFICE25 26. The new water tower is owned by the railwaycompany. It supplies water to the railway officeand the the generic blocks (owned by therailway company for railway workers). For theblocks water is only supplied from 7am -10amNEW WATER TOWER26 27. The new water tower is owned by the railwaycompany. It supplies water to the railway officeand the the generic blocks (owned by therailway company for railway workers). For theblocks water is only supplied from 7am -10amThe old water tower (like the new) is owned bythe railway company. This tower is not in useand abandoned. When I was there on the lasttwo days there were people on top demolishingit part by part (and then just throwing eachpart/panel from the top to the ground. Quitedangerous. Also children sometimes were usingthe rusty base as a climbing frame.OLD WATER TOWER27 28. This railway control centre is over looking the tracks, situated adjacent to our siteNEW RAILWAY OFFICE 28 29. During our meeting with a superior railway controller in his first-floor railway control centre, over looking the tracks, situated adjacent to our site said that the generic railway workers accommodation blocks will be demolished in 3 years times; to be replaced by a nation-wide training centre or institute for the railway company. Many residents of the area said the same. These centres or institutes are large in size and are usually uncompromising in urban design strategy and awareness; whether this will actually go ahead or not, especially in India, is uncertain.views from and inside the NEW RAILWAY OFFICE29 30. initial masterplan sketches showing access, connection and flow, potential building massing, irrigation and agriculture 32 31. initial masterplan sketches showing access, connection and flow, potential building massing, irrigation and agriculture 33 32. Muslim Tomb Railway Maintanance Building & Storage Buffalo Farm Outdoor Inside Dilapidated Building Muslim Temple99.500Abandoned Tunnel / Building MaterialsGeneral StoreWastepickersOld Railway Station For Sale on Street Parked Rickshaws x 5 Parked Trucks#DrgID#DrgID Parked 98.500#LayID Trucks#LayIDBricks x4For SaleParked Handicraft Rickshawsx 10 Bike Shop on Street BricksBuilding MaterialsGeneral Stall Wood Factory General StoreFood Stall Parked Truck ParkedIndustrial Materials Clothes ShopRickshaws ElectricalGeneral StoreCement Clothes WashingBuilding MaterialsStoreTyre Shops 99.000Ofce Clothes Shop Hair DressersWaste Land99.500Abandoned / OutdateRailway Control Centre;part used for storage 100.000 100.500.500 100100.000 18Abandoned 15 18 12= 9-10" 3 1/2"x8 4 14 5 6 7 8 9101112 1314123414 x 8 1/2" = 9-10"56 School789 10 11 12100.500 13 14114 2 133124 11510 14x8 69 1/2"= 9-10" 78 87 96105 = 9-10" 1141/2" x8 12314132 141New Water Tower99.500 99.500 04101.000DilapidatedBuildingGeneral Store 100.000 02 15 Old Water Tower19 1817 1615 14 100.00013 1211 .000 10905819 x 6 1/4"7=9-10"65432100 1 100.500 97.500LAND USE STUDY15 14 14 School Railway Building / Generator Railway Control Center 01 99.50099.500General StoreSchoolFactory100.000 Railway Maintainance / WarehouseClothes ShopAbandoned / DilapidatedElectrical StoreOld Railway OfceHair Dressers12 1/4" 14-93 = x 8"4225 67 89 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 22 Hindu Temple#DrgID#LayIDBuilding MaterialsBike ShopTyre ShopBuffalo Farm101.500Waste PickersWaste Pickers 102.000Food Stall102.500 Handicraft 103.000Parked Rickshaws General Store General StoreVeg ShopParked TrucksCooked FoodGames Arcade Room103.500 105.000Temple 104.000 Clothes WashingGames Arcade RoomEgg ShopGeneric Housing Blocks104.500103.500Hair Dressers Electrical StoreRailway Control Ofce Cement ShopGeneral Store HayRailway Buildings (Private) 105 .500Cement ShopGeneral StoreYamuna Bridge Railway StationNew Water Tower 103.500Old Water TowerAbandoned BuildingWaste Land / Toilet103.000 Foliage Over-Grown N 102.000102.500100.000 #DrgID #LayID101.5001:1000General Store 101.000100.500School104.500100.000 103.000101.500100.00098.50097.000proposed masterplan 1:500034 33. 96.000General Store98.000 96.000 Yamuna Bridge Railway Station; Platform, Tickets, & Ofces 98.000Abandonded and Dilapidated96.500Railway BuildingsMuslim Tomb Railway Maintanance Building & StorageBuffalo Farm OutdoorInside Dilapidated Building Muslim Temple99.500WastepickersAbandoned Tunnel /Building MaterialsGeneral StoreWastepickers Old Railway StationFor Sale on Street Parked Rickshaws x 5 Buffalo Farm Parked Trucks #DrgIDParked98.500Trucks#LayID on Street Bricks x4 x4For Sale ParkedHandicraftRickshawsx 10 Bike Shopon StreetBricksBuilding MaterialsGeneral Stall Wood FactoryGeneral Store Food StallParked Truck ParkedIndustrial Materials Clothes Shop Rickshaws Building Materials ElectricalGeneral Store Cement Clothes Washing Store Tyre Shops99.000 Ofce Clothes ShopHair DressersWaste Land99.500 Abandoned / Outdate Railway Control Centre; part used for storage 100.000 100.500 DIRECTION OF NALA FLOW 0.50 100100.00018 Abandoned 15181 2 = 9-10"31/2" x84145 FLOW & MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE6789 10 11 1213 141234 14 x 8 1/2" = 9-10"56 School789101112100.5001314 1 14213 3 12 411 5 1014 x86 91/2" = 9-10"7 88 79 6 10 5= 9-10"11 4 1/2"x812 3 14 13 214 1 New Water Tower 500 50099. 0499.101.000DilapidatedBuilding General Store 100.000 0215 Old Water Tower 1918 1716 1514100.000 1312 11010 9 05 8 19 .00x6 1/4" 7=9-10" 6 5 4 3 2 100 1 100.500 97.500 15 LAND USE STUDY1414 School Railway Building / GeneratorRailway Control Center 0199.500 500General Store99.SchoolFactory100.000 Railway Maintainance / WarehouseClothes ShopAbandoned / DilapidatedElectrical StoreOld Railway OfceHair Dressers 1 21/4"14-9 3= 8" 4 x22 56 7 89 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 22Hindu Temple#DrgID#LayID #DrgID #LayIDBuilding MaterialsBike Shop#DrgID#LayIDTyre Shop Buffalo Farm 101.500Waste Pickers Waste Pickers102.000 Food Stall 102.500Handicraft103.000 Parked RickshawsGeneral StoreGeneral Store Veg Shop Parked TrucksCooked FoodGames Arcade Room 103.500 105.000Temple104.000Clothes WashingGames Arcade Room Egg ShopGeneric Housing Blocks 104.500 103.500Hair Dressers Electrical Store Railway Control Ofce Cement ShopGeneral Store Hay Railway Buildings (Private)105. 500Cement ShopGeneral Store Yamuna Bridge Railway StationNew Water Tower 103.500Old Water TowerAbandoned BuildingWaste Land / Toilet 103.000Foliage Over-Grown104.500103.000 102.000102.500 101.500100.000101.500 100.000General Store101.00098.500 100.500 97.000 School 100.000N 1:2000proposed masterplan 1:5000 35 34. General Store 98.00096.000 Yamuna Bridge Railway Station; Platform, Tickets, & Ofces98.000 Abandonded and Dilapidated96.500 Railway Buildings Muslim TombRailway MaintananceBuilding & StorageBuffalo FarmOutdoor Inside Dilapidated BuildingMuslim Temple 99.500Wastepickers Abandoned Tunnel /Building MaterialsGeneral StoreWastepickersOld Railway StationFor Sale on Street Parked Rickshaws x 5 Buffalo Farm Parked Trucks#DrgIDParked98.500Trucks #LayID on Street Bricks x4 x4For SaleParkedHandicraft Rickshaws x 10 Bike Shopon Street Bricks Building Materials General StallWood FactoryGeneral StoreFood StallParked Truck ParkedIndustrial Materials Clothes Shop Rickshaws Building MaterialsElectrical General Store Cement Clothes WashingStore Tyre Shops99.000 Ofce Clothes Shop Hair Dressers Waste Land 99.500 Abandoned / Outdate Railway Control Centre; part used for storage100.000100.500 DIRECTION OF NALA FLOW .500100100.00018 Abandoned 15181 2 = 9-10"31/2" x84145FLOW & MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE6789 10 11 1213 14 1 2 3 4 14 x 8 1/2" = 9-10" 5 6School 7 8 9101112 100.5001314 1 14213 3 12 411 5 1014 x86 91/2" = 9-10"7 88 79 6 10 5= 9-10"11 4 1/2"x812 3 14 13 214 1 New Water Tower99.500 99.50004101.000 Dilapidated BuildingGeneral Store 100.0000215Old Water Tower 1918 1716 1514100.000 1312 11 .00010 9 05 8 19x61/4" 7 = 9-10" 6 5 4 3 21001 100.50097.500 15LAND USE STUDY1414SchoolRailway Building / GeneratorRailway Control Center0199.50099.500 General Store School Factory100.000Railway Maintainance / Warehouse Clothes Shop Abandoned / Dilapidated Electrical Store Old Railway Ofce Hair Dressers 1 21/4"14-9 3=x 8" 4 22 56 78 910 1112 1314 1516 1718 1920 2122Hindu Temple #DrgID #LayID#DrgID#LayID Building Materials Bike Shop #DrgID #LayID Tyre ShopBuffalo Farm 101.500Waste PickersWaste Pickers102.000Food Stall 102.500 Handicraft103.000Parked RickshawsGeneral StoreGeneral StoreVeg Shop Parked Trucks Cooked Food Games Arcade Room 103.500 105.000 Temple104.000Clothes Washing Games Arcade RoomEgg Shop Generic Housing Blocks 104.500103.500 Hair Dressers Electrical StoreRailway Control OfceCement Shop General StoreHay Railway Buildings (Private)105.500 Cement ShopGeneral Store Yamuna Bridge Railway Station New Water Tower103.500Old Water Tower Abandoned Building Waste Land / Toilet 103.000 Foliage Over-Grown 104.500 103.000 102.000102.500101.500 100.000101.500100.000General Store101.000 98.500 100.50097.000 School 100.000 NMASTERPLAN 1:5000 1:2000 36 35. MASTERPLAN 1:5000 37 36. N1:2000Figure ground of proposed masterplan 1:500038 37. Only in india * slum upgraded masterplan. Railway lands, north kachpura, agra. ARCHITECTURE OF RAPID CHANGE AND SCARCE RESOURCES 39 38. Only in india * slum upgraded masterplan. Railway lands, north kachpura, agra. ARCHITECTURE OF RAPID CHANGE AND SCARCE RESOURCES 40 39. 644 LIVING CONTAINERS. WITH A NEW AVERAGE OCCUPANCY OF 3.2 PEOPLE PER UNIT - THIS MASTERPLAN PROVIDES NEW HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR 2,000 PEOPLE. 41 40. Only in india * slum upgraded masterplan. Railway lands, north kachpura, agra. ARCHITECTURE OF RAPID CHANGE AND SCARCE RESOURCES 42 41. MASTERPLAN: AREAS OF DENISTY CREATING ENCLAVES, STREETS & SQUARES 43 42. PHASE 4b:PHASE 5: UNZONED PHASE 2: UNDER THE BRIDGE TRADING MARKET CENTRAL BUILDING MARKETPHASE 3:BRIDGEPHASE 4a:CONTAINER WALLPHASE 1: DEWATPHASES 1-544 43. PHASE 6b PHASE 6a PHASE 7b PHASE 7a PHASE 8a PHASE 8bphases 6-845 44. phase 1: DEWAT (DECENTRALISED WATER TREATMENT) 48 45. Personal ExperienceJust as our fourth day on site wascoming to an end our auto-rickshawdriver was there and waiting for usand we were all heading towardsthe tuc-tuc car to go to home tothe hotel, when we all, at the samemoment, looked over at once, andthere was a girl of probably one anda half to two years of age standing ina large puddle of very dirty sewagewater, and then we witnessed herbending down and drinking thewater using her hands to scoopthe it up to her mouth. She wasstanding there alone she was thirstyand she did not know not to drinkit. She must of drank at least half adozen handfuls of this brown water.We did not see this girl again for ourremaining 6 days on site. For sureshe got very ill from this. Waterborne Diseases Waterborne diseases are caused is attributable to unsafe waterpollution. In many areas, theare without toilets. Even though by pathogenic microorganisms supply, sanitation and hygiene,problem is exacerbated by fallingtoilets are built in about 3 million which are directly transmitted and is mostly concentrated inlevels of groundwater, mainlyhouseholds every year, the annual when contaminated fresh waterchildren in developing countries.caused by increasing extractionrate of increase has been a low 1 is consumed. Contaminated freshper cent in the past decade. for irrigation. water, used in the preparation Several million more suffer from In some parts of the country, of food, can be the source ofmultiple episodes of diarrhea Access to protected sources of excessive arsenic and fluoride in foodbornedisease through and still others fall ill on account drinking water has improved drinking water also pose a major consumption of the sameof Hepatitis A, enteric fever, dramatically over the years. health threat. microorganisms. According to intestinal worms and eye and skin Most rural water supply systems, The lack of toilets also affects the World Health Organization, infections caused by poor hygiene especially the hand-pumps girls school attendance. Of Indias diarrheal disease accounts for anand unsafe drinking water. generally used by the poor, 700,000 rural primary and upper estimated 4.1% of the total DALYare using groundwater. But primary schools, only one in six global burden of disease and isUnhygienic practices and unsafe inadequate maintenance and have toilets, deterring children responsible for the deaths of 1.8drinking water are some of its neglect of the environment - especially girls - from going to million people every year. It wasmain causes. More than 122 around water sources has led to school. estimated that 88% of that burdenmillion households in the country increasing levels of groundwaterPERSONAL EXPERIENCE. HEALTH & WATERBORN DISEASES 49 46. Benefits of Decentralised Sanitation Management Areas for Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Benefits of decentralised wastewater management suchAppropriate areas for decentralised sanitation management as with DEWATS include cost efficient investments as only such as with DEWATS are settlements in the periphery, locally available materials and only simplified sewers arenew settlements, villages on the outskirts, areas with low required, low running costs and energy savings as nopopulation density, provisional settlements (temporary electrical devices are needed, minimal O&M needs and costs, solution), schools, training centres, hospitals, hostels, and all high variety of local water reuse options (irrigation, toilet areas which are not connected or which are not scheduled flushing, cooling, groundwater recharge), easy and effectiveto be connected to a centralised system. Hence, the local energy recovery (biogas for lighting and cooking), localcoexistence of conventional centralised treatment systems reuse for nutrients (natural fertiliser), reduced groundwater for core areas, combined with decentralised systems for pollution through leaking UGSS, efficient user involvementomitted locations is the most beneficial solution. Centralised and participation, high user acceptance, easy and quick and decentralised management strategies need to go hand- applicability in so far unconnected areas, applicability as in-hand (hybrid solution). bridge-solution until a centralised system is provided, as well as applicability on cluster and community level as well as for individual users. DEWATS, by CURE & London Metropolitan in Kachpura. 10 minute walk south from the site..DEWATS and septic tank process sectionDEWAT (DECENTRALISED WATER TREATMENT) prescedents50 47. Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination Society, Bangalore (DEWATS picture Pondicherry). DEWATS and septic tank process sectionlarge dewat proposed within the masterplan 51 48. Reused sleepers used tochannel the nala water to stopit overflowing and seepinginto and contaminating thesoil. The sleepers are also usedto channel the irrigation waterafter it is proccessed by theDEWATT (above).large dewat proposed within the masterplan. reuse of concrete railway sleepers for channelling the new irrigation water52 49. Indias AgricultureAgriculture and allied sectors aregrowth of large number of potential. Similarly, India has of Food Processing Industries isconsidered to be the mainstay horticultural crops, which occupy vast resource of livestock andactively engaged in promotionof the Indian economy. They around 10 per cent of gross poultry, which play a vital roleof entrepreneurial activities inare the important source of cropped area of the country in promoting the welfare of the segments of fish processingraw material and demand producing 160.75 million tonnes.rural masses. The Indian Dairyas well as fruits and vegetablesfor many industrial products, India is the second largest Industry has acquired substantial processing. Besides, commodityparticularly fertilizers, pesticides, producer of fruits and vegetables growth momentum from 9thboards, like tea board, coffeeagricultural implements and a in the world. It is also second Plan onwards. Indias milk output board, rubber board, medicinalvariety of consumer goods. They largest producer of flowers after during the year plants board, etc. have been setcontribute nearly 22 per cent ofChina. It is also leading producer, 2006-2007 reached the level ofup to boost the growth of theGross Domestic Product (GDP)consumer and exporter for spices100.9 million tonnes (provisional), sectors like tea, coffee, rubber,of India. About 65-70 per cent of and plantation crops like tea,which has placed the country on medicinal plants, respectively.the population is dependent oncoffee, etc. While, sericulture istop in the world in this field. Hence, there exists innumerableagriculture for their livelihood. an agro-based cottage industry. The Ministry of Agriculture isbusiness opportunities in theAgriculture and allied industry India is ranked as the second the main authority in India for agriculture and allied sectors.is further divided into several major raw silk producer in theregulation and development of Investors from all over the worldsegments, namely:- horticulture world.activities relating to agriculture, are making more and moreand its allied sectors (including Fisheries sector occupies a veryhorticulture, fishing,animalinvestments into the sectorfruits and vegetables, flowers, important place in the socio- husbandry, etc. It is implementingfor unleashing its existingplantation crops, spices, aromaticeconomic development of the various schemes and policies forpotentialities as well as forand medicinal plants); fisheriescountry. It is a big source ofthe sector through its divisions like exploring the untapped areas.sector; animal husbandry andemployment opportunities forDepartment of Agriculture andlivestock; and sericulture. Indias the large number of peopleCooperation and Department ofvaried agro-climatic conditions in the country, especially ruralAnimal Husbandry, Dairying andare highly favourable for the population. It has a huge exportFisheries. Further, the MinistryIndias Agriculture 42INDIAS AGRICULTURE & Composting process53 50. phase 2: CENTRAL BUILDING 56 51. This existing building is abandoned. It was a water well which was later built over with this building. Now neither the building nor the well are being used I will use the buildings existing structure as a start for a proposal for a central community building. The Central Building is part of Phase 1. A community building in the centre of the site, where the residents come together meet up, have food in the cafe, school on top floor then in the evening the school becomes a centre for activities and workshops. The cafe is run as a cooperative. Local farmers cook there in return for subsidised land rates; they have the opportunity to sell their produce on a weekly baisis. When we were surveying on site we never had lunch. There was nowhere to get cooked food. Food plays an important part in a community: bring people together. Aslo there is a huge importance for good nutrition especially for children.CENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention 57 52. CENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention. Plan, sections & elevations 1:200 58 53. ELEVATION 3SECTION 2 )es litr101 (5SECTION 10011 - TT6ELEVATION 1SECTION 1SECTION 2ELEVATION 2CENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention. sections 1:100. Key 1:20059 54. 6 - TT1100 (5011 litres)CENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention. elevation & plan 1:100.60 55. CENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention. elevations 1:50 61 56. CENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention with sari silk ribbon shadding. elevations 1:50 62 57. CENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention with sari silk ribbon shadding. elevation 1:50 63 58. Rain water harvesting: 168m2 (roof area) X 800mm (annual rainfall) = 134,400 litres / 20 (5%) = 6,700 litre tankCENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention climate diagrams: rain water harvesting 1:10064 59. CENTRAL BUILDING reuse / extention climate diagrams: sari silk solar shading 1:50 65 60. 1:1 PROTOTYPE OF BAMBOO & SARI SILK SHADING WALL. sections 1:100 66 61. central building: cafe / resturant downstairs. Slum school / community room upstairs 67 62. Nutrition - UNICEFMalnutrition is more common inPradesh recording the highest ratecognitive, social and emotionaldevelopment. Anaemia affects 74India than in Sub-Saharan Africa. (55 per cent) and Kerala among thedevelopment. Malnourishedper cent of children under the ageOne in every three malnourished lowest (27 per cent). children are less likely to performof three, more than 90 per cent ofchildren in the world lives in India. Malnutrition in children is not well in school and more likely toadolescent girls and 50 per cent ofMalnutrition limits development affected by food intake alone; it isgrow into malnourished adults, atwomen. Iodine deficiency, whichand the capacity to learn. It alsoalso influenced by access to health greater risk of disease and earlyreduces learning capacity by up tocosts lives: about 50 per cent of all services, quality of care for the child death. Around one-third of all 13 per cent, is widespread becausechildhood deaths are attributed toand pregnant mother as well asadult women are underweight. fewer than half of all households usemalnutrition. good hygiene practices. Girls are Inadequate care of women and girls,iodised salt. Vitamin A deficiency,In India, around 46 per cent of all more at risk of malnutrition than especially during pregnancy, results which causes blindness andchildren below the age of three are boys because of their lower socialin low- birthweight babies. Nearly increases morbidity and mortalitytoo small for their age, 47 per centstatus. 30 per cent of all newborns have among pre-schoolers, also remainsare underweight and at least 16 1 in 3 of the worlds malnourisheda low birthweight, making them a public-health problem.per cent are wasted. Many of thesechildren lives in India vulnerable to further malnutritionchildren are severely malnourished. Malnutrition in early childhood has and disease.The prevalence of malnutritionserious, long-term consequences Vitamin and mineral deficienciesvaries across states, with Madhya because it impedes motor, sensory,also affect childrens survival and Health53NUTRITION - UNICEF 68 63. central building downstairs: cafe / resturant 69 64. Education Despite a major improvement into upper primary centres becomes literacy rates during the 1990s, theSchool attendance is improving: doubly hard. ensure effective analysis, action and number of children who are notmore children than ever betweenadvocacy at all levels.Improving in school remains high. Genderthe ages of 6 and 14 are attendingCampaigners will hand over a quality is a critical long-term disparities in education persist: far school across the country. Thecharter of education demands tostrategy to significantly reduce the more girls than boys fail to complete education system faces a shortage the President as well as to statenumber of out-of-school children primary school. of resources, schools, classrooms governors. as well as to improve overall levels The literacy rate jumped from 52and teachers. In India, UNICEFs strategy in of retention and achievement. per cent in 1991 to 65 per cent There are also concerns relating to support of the GovernmentsAt the policy level, the Education in 2001. The absolute numberteacher training, the quality of theQuality Education for All goals is programme endeavours to fine- of non-literates dropped for thecurriculum, assessment of learningbuilt around three inter-linkedtune policies and strategies to first time and gross enrolment in achievements and the efficacy themes: access, quality and equity increase the enrolment, retention, Government-run primary schoolsof school management. Given in primary education:achievement and completion rates increased from over 19 million in the scarcity of quality schools, in elementary education. the 1950s to 114 million by 2001. many children drop out before (with emphasisongender Success is contingent on strong 90 million females in India are non-completing five years of primaryparity) through a holistic and linkages betweenfamilies/ literate But 20 per cent of childreneducation; many of those who stay gender sensitive understanding communities and school. aged 6 to14 are still not in school on learn little.of good quality education andEducational research and analysis is and millions of women remain non- Girls belonging to marginalised demonstration of a scaleable quality the cementing factor and provides literate despite the spurt in femalesocial and economic groups arepackage. critical inputs for effective planning literacy in the 1990s.more likely to drop out of school at and implementation. Several problems persist: issuesan early age. strategies to reach out to In particular, the programme seeks of social distance arising out of With one upper primary school girls, especially from sociallyto improve learning outcomes, caste, class and gender differences for every three primary schools,disadvantaged groups - urban poor, completion rates and literacy levels deny children equal opportunities.there are simply not enough upper tribal, scheduled caste, and working amongst disadvantaged groups. Child labour in some parts of the primary centres even for thosechildren - in order to eliminate country and resistance to sending children who complete primary gender and social disparity in access girls to school remain real concerns. school. For girls, especially, access as well as achievement.Primary School Among one of the leading prioritieschildren especially girls from schools, classrooms and teachers.Abhiyan supporting its objective for the UNICEF worldwide is itsgoing to school, and if enrolled, in Often, due to the resulting, poorto ensure all children complete five Education commitment to ensure that everyremaining there. quality of teaching, many children55years of school and have access to girl and every boy completes a In addition are cultural factors:drop out before completing fivegood quality education. quality, primary-school education. continuing discrimination againstyears of primary school and many ofUNICEF strategy is woven aroundthe girl child plays a crucial role in those who stay on, learn little. three inter-linked themes: access, The number of children attending creating resistance around sending The government of India is quality and equity in basic school has gone up many-fold since girls to school. constitutionally committed toeducation. the time of Indias Independence The persistence of class and caste ensuring the right of every child to It supports initiatives that help increasing from around 19.2 million differences and the prevalence of basic education. provide equal opportunities for in 1950-51 to 113.8 million in 2000- child labour further complicateGovernment efforts have been children from disadvantaged 01.this scenario, obstructing bothintensified in recent years followingcommunities including the urban But several problems persist.girls and boys from having equal the launch of various programmes poor and working children. The environment in which Indias opportunities to education.including the District Primary It implements a quality package children live, learn and grow EducationProgramme(DPEP) across 14 states that aims at frustrates their attempts to have Even though the rate of schoolin 1992, the Minimum Levels of improving the quality of curricula equal access to education. attendance is better than ever Learning (MLL) initiative and more and classroom environment. Among the many contributing before with more and more childrenrecently the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan And, it supports alternative learning factors is the quality of the physical between the ages of 6 and 14 (or the National Programme strategies including bridging space that children inhabit. enrolling at schools, the educationfor UniversalElementarycourses for adolescent girls, who are Of Indias 700,000 rural schools, system is inadequately developed -Education). UNICEF is an activeout of school. only one in six have toilets deterring wracked by a shortage of resources,partner in the Sarva ShikshaINDIAN EDUCATION - UNICHEF70 65. central building upstairs: Slum school by day / community room in the evening 71 66. PHASE 3: THE BRIDGE 74 67. Indias 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometres)of railway track cut through some of themost densely populated cities, flankedby shanty towns, in the nation of 1.2billion people.Railway expertssaystoppingpedestrians from crossing the tracksin congested areas would be virtuallyimpossible.15,000 indians die every year from crossing the railway tracks75 68. Indias 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometres) of railway track cut through some of the most densely populated cities, flanked by shanty towns, in the nation of 1.2 billion people. Railway experts say stopping pedestrians from crossing the tracks in congested areas would be virtually impossible.Danger on the tracks 76 69. Initial sketches of the idea for a pedestrian bridge to cross the railway tracks 77 70. Initial Bridge concept sketches 78 71. Initial bridge sketches 79 72. Gandi did not like the speed of the railways. He said that materials should be sourced locally and that communites should be self sustainable. For him the railways were an imposition of globalization or modernisation which threatened the ancient traditions of India. The intentions of the railway construction, by the British chief engineer, was to unite India. Paradoxically on a local scale, the railways segrigated and isolated communities. The Indian railways, intially built by the British, is the largest rail network in Asia.Gandi & the Railways80 73. 868 concrete sleepers are used 1,384 wooden sleepers used on the248 tracks are used on the bridge 62 I Beams of are used on the bridge. 62 OHE columns are used on the bridge 186 OHE beams are used on the bridgethroughoutthis masterplanas bridge for floor planks and railings. grouped in four for columns.as banister posts.as beams.foundations for the containers and also I Beams at 9.5m (x 62)for channelling clean and dirty water.The sleepers are thinned - decreasing Totalling 1,984 metres. One column is cut in 5 to make thetheir weight. 1860 halfs are used.posts.(5 x 62 = 310 parts)On location, there was & Scarce Resources, soan abundance of railway therefore whatever materialsmaterial lying around not which are readily avaliablebeing used. Sleepers, railwaymust be utilized in the project.tracks,OHEs, I-beams, There were thousands ofetc, etc. I measured these materials all over the place onmaterials with the intention the site, so not only is it wise toto build with them.utilize them, they are alreadyThe theme of the project ispart of the sites aesthetic.Architecture of Rapid Changequantity survey: RE-USing the abandoned RAILWAY ELEMENTS for the construction of the bridge 81 74. initial structural diagrams for the bridge 82 75. Bridge Construction sequence 83 76. Pedestrian bridge only Rail and pedestrian crossing one track.bridge 750m long.The community we got to know well over the twoweeks on siteThere is a big difference between the quality of living on themarket side, campared to the side of the slum settlements.Ramp leading onto the centre of the sitereconnecting communities: The Bridge will link the slum settlements with the more developed market side84 77. Nproposed masterplan figure ground 1:500085 1:2000 78. INITIAL RENDERS SHOWING THE CONTINUATION OF ACCESS FROM THE MARKET ACROSS THE TRACKS AND TO THE SITE 86 79. Railway Maintanance Building & StorageBuffalo FarmOutdoor Inside Dilapidated BuildingMuslim Temple Abandoned Tunnel /General StoreWastepickersOld Railway Station Parked Rickshaws x 5d Trucks #DrgIDParked98.500Trucks #LayID ParkedHandicraft Rickshaws x 10 Bike Shopon Street Bricks Building Materials General StallWood FactoryGeneral StoreFood Stall ParkedIndustrial Materials Clothes Shop Rickshaws ElectricalGeneral StoreClothes WashingBuilding MaterialsStore 99.000 Clothes Shop Hair Dressers Waste Land99.500 Abandoned / Outdate Railway Control Centre; part used for storage 100.000 100.500 500100. 100.18 Abandoned 15181 2 = 9-10"31/2" x841456789 10 11 1213 14 1 2 3 4 14 x 8 1/2" = 9-10" 5 6 School 7 8 9101112 100.5001314 1 14213 3 12 411 5 1014 x86 91/2" = 9-10"7 88 79 6 10 5= 9-10"11 4 1/2"x812 3 14 13 214 1 New Water Tower04 Dilapidated Building General Store 100.000 0215Old Water Tower 1918 1716 1514 100.000 1312 1110 9 05 8 19x61/4" 7 = 9-10" 6 5 4 3 21 151414SchoolRailway Building / GeneratorRailway Control Center0199.500100.000Railway Maintainance / Warehouse Abandoned / Dilapidated Old Railway Ofce 1 21/4"14-9 3=x 8" 4 22 5 6 78 910 1112 1314 1516 1718 1920 2122 Hindu Temple #DrgID #LayID#DrgID#LayID#DrgID#LayID 101.500Waste Pickers102.000 102.500103.000General Store103.500105.000104.000MASTERPLAN 1:2000 SHOWING THE CONTINUATION OF ACCESS FROM THE MARKET ACROSS THE TRACKS AND TO THE SITE87104.500103.500 80. INITIAL BRIDGE render & Sections 1:1000 & 1:2000 88 81. on-site sections through the route taken by locals crossing the tracks & new section through the bridge 1:1000 89 82. The wrong side of the tracks;Slum settlements segregated / cut off by the railway tracks.With a busy market on one side of the railway tracks, and a collectionof slum settlements on the other; the two sides are separated. Theslums, somewhat isolated from main-land Agra; exist as Edge-Landsand they have a rural /urban-rural feel to them.MARKET SIDEAs soon as we crossed the railway lines, from our site, to the side ofthe market, we noticed a sudden change in the infrastructure; whereeverything is paved, the sewers are concreted and they are workingvery well; the quality of living is evidently higher on the market side,where the proximity to the centre of Agra (across the near-by Yamunabridge) is much more accessible. The market sells most things andhas a general industrial feel to it; selling all types of building materialswith various factories and workshops in the area; here, business isrelatively booming.There is a big difference between the quality of living on the marketside, campared to the side of the slum settlements. Here, on themarket side, there are many things being sold, there is business andactivity. Also, importantly the nalas are cemented - they are still openair sewers, but opposed to the slum settlements, where the wastewater get discharged into the soil, which then spreads and pollutesthe ground., here many things have developed much more rapidly. Itappears that the railway tracks have secluded or divided a community.THE MARKET SIDE 90 83. (Top left). This pedestrian bridge is 5 minutes walk from our site by the actual Yamuna Bridge train station/stop. The only thing is is that this bridge only crosses two out six tracks; it is to get to the other side of the platform for when there is a train already parked in the way (like in the photograph). This bridge does not tackle the saftey issue for the other four tracks. As these railways get more and more busy in the years to come crossing the tracks will become more and more difficult and dangerous. (Top right). This bridge is for trains and pedestrians. It is a 20 minute walk from the site. It crosses the Yamuna river connecting to main-land Agra. The pedestrian walkway is 2 metres from the tracks! The bridge is 750 metres long and also a long way down. In places the pedestrain banister has come away completey and also the metal sheet floor plates are erroding, in some places there quite large holes. This pedestrian route is rather busy. with people going in both directions, sometimes on bycycle. The walkway is no more than one metre wide! Proposed pedestrian, motor-rickshaw and motorbike bridge. As Indias railways develop even further and they are upgraded, more and more of this railway material will become avaliable to reuse for the construction of these types of bridges all over India. Making crossing the railway tracks safe therefore saving many lives.Examples of existing bridges within a walkable proximity to the site91 84. crossing the tracks safely. saving 15,000 lives per year. an examplar / prototype construction for all railway crossings in india 92 85. THE JOURNEY FROM THE SLUM SETTLEMENTS TO THE MARKET IS MADE BY MANY TWICE DAILY. NOW PEOPLE CAN CROSS THE TRACKS IN A SAFE AND COMMUNAL WAY 93 86. BECAUSE THE BRIDGE IS MADE UP OF THE VERY FABRIC OF THE RAILWAYS IT EXISTS AS CAMOUFLAGE; LIKE IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN THERE 94 87. Due to the heavy work loads, withdeadlines drawing closer and the sheercomplexity of the contruction of thebridge;An executive decision was made tooutsource the physical modelling for theproposed bridge. The best candidate forthis job was Leonardo Socrates (aged 14months young).The model here really emphasisesthe joy and exuberance this symbolicconstruction will bring to the YamunaBridge area.MAKING THE BRIDGE MODEL95 88. STAIR ACCESS PLAN AND RENDER FROM THE TRACKS (VIEW FROM THE TRAIN) 96 89. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS / PLAN KEY 97 90. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS / ISOMETRIC KEY 98 91. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS / CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS 99 92. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS / CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS: OHE 100 93. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS 101 94. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS 102 95. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS 103 96. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS 104 97. BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS 105 98. THE JOURNEY FROM THE SLUM SETTLEMENTS TO THE MARKET IS MADE BY MANY TWICE DAILY. NOW PEOPLE CAN CROSS THE TRACKS IN A SAFE AND COMMUNAL WAY 106 99. because the bridge IS MADE UP OF THE VERY FABRIC OF THE RAILWAYS IT EXISTS AS CAMOUFLAGE; LIKE IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN THERE 107 100. PHASE 4: UNDER THE BRIDGE MARKET 110 101. Bridge & Under the Bridge Market elevation 1:500UNDER THE BRIDGE MARKET: CREATING TRADING OPPORTUNITIES. INCLUDING A MEDICAL CENTRE AS A PLUGIN HOSPITAL FOR THE SMILE ON WHEELS TRAVELLING HOSPITAL.111 102. The Containers are sourced from a very close proximity to the site. (See Map). They will be delivered to the site by truck (picture above), and any surplus containers will be delivered by train as the stop can not be any closer to the site! The theme of the studio is Architecture of Rapid Change & Scarce Resources, so therefore whatever materials which are readily avaliable must be utilized in the project. There were hundreds of containers in close proximity to the site (see map) so not only is it wise to utilize them, they are already part of the aesthetic of the site.Containers in site proximity 112 103. Hospitals in Agra Closest Hospital to Yamuna Bridge Railway Station, North of River Yamuna; (Carewell Hospital Agra - 20 Doctors). Carewell Hospital is redefining theround the clock doctors. healthcare delivery system in Agra.The hospital is designed to providePersonal Experiencemeasure on my own, which isnt that easy Its motto Caring about you andhighest level of professional for long distance measuring. The boy went your family, is the guiding principal expertise and world class care inSeveral events, over the 10 days we were away. for the hospital.all major medical disciplines andon site, took me back to the reality of what One minute later he was back. This time Located in Trans Yamuna Colony,support specialties. OTs & ICUs :- it could be like to live in this area in this way. holding his little sister of maybe only 6 Agra(U.P.), the Carewell Hospital is The operation theaters use state of months of age. He continued demanding run by Dr. Dharmendra Sharma and the art technology such as charm On our first day as we were departing theand demanding, but I was busy measuring. Dr. Rinju Sharma. Special attentionand blood gas analyzers while thesite with 30 children following us, asking I finally looked up and he was actually has been given to the design and 15 bed specialty ICU, 6 bad NICU for photos and pens and shaking our hands asking for money whilst showing me his aesthetics of different categories ofis designed to save the lives of continuously - we were overwhelmed:little sisters wrist, which had a severe open rooms for the patient. critically ill patients well equippedit was our first day and unaccustomedwound on it. The babys wound was thewith ventilator. to it - we thought it was time to leave as size of a packet ten of cigarettes. It looked The objective is to provide healthSuper specialty in health care:- Carethe intensity grew stronger and louder.very bad, not that recent, and it was not care services of high quality at anWell Hospital has in its ambit, superThe children stopped following us as webeing treated in any way. affordable cost to the people andspecialty and tertiary healthcaremoved away from the area in which they to achieve patients satisfaction facilities. We bring you the bestlived in and we all said good-bye. At this The third experience was the mostThere is only one hospital situated North of the river Yamuna. through effective services withfrom the world over - in terms ofpoint we all decided to sit down on an old sobering of all. Just as our fourth day on siteThis hospital is still a relativey long distance from our site and trained man power and continuedintegrated services, medical facility. bench and rest, slightly discombobulated was coming to an end our auto-rickshawother poor settlements in this area. This hospital (Carewel) ismedical education programs from our first days experience. At this pointdriver was there and waiting for us andprivate and too expensive for the majority of all slum dwellers. pathology, u/s, x-ray, in house of stillness we saw a man walking very we were all heading towards the tuc-tuc slowly holding on to his wife who had acar to go to home to the hotel, when we single crutch, which was too big. She wasall , at the same moment, looked over at hobbling along with her husband and aonce, and there was a girl of probably one crutch as support. The lady sat down at theand a half to two years of age standing in same bench as us and she was in great pain.a large puddle of very dirty sewage water, We asked her husband what was wrongand then we witnessed her bending downHospitals in AgraWaterborne Diseases54and it was either her hip or her leg, whichand drinking the water using her hands was broken. She was in a lot of pain and to scoop the it up to her mouth. She was moving made it hurt even more. Someone standing there alone she was thirsty and Waterborne diseases are causedis attributable to unsafe waterpollution. In many areas, the are without toilets. Even thoughfrom our group asked, Are you going to ashe did not know not to drink it. She must by pathogenic microorganismssupply, sanitation and hygiene,problem is exacerbated by falling toilets are built in about 3 millionhospital? but for sure the answer was no. of drank at least half a dozen handfuls of which are directly transmittedand is mostly concentrated in households every year, the annuallevels of groundwater, mainly this brown water. We did not see this girl when contaminated fresh water children in developing countries.caused by increasing extraction rate of increase has been a low 1 The second experience, which happenedagain for our remaining 6 days on site. For is consumed. Contaminated fresh per cent in the past decade. for irrigation.on site was when I was on my own. Asure she got very ill from this. water, used in the preparationSeveral million more suffer from In some parts of the country,boy was really insisting me to give him of food, can be the source of multiple episodes of diarrhea Access to protected sources of excessive arsenic and fluoride insome money, I replied by saying that There is no first aid or medical centre foodbornedisease throughand still others fall ill on account drinking water has improved drinking water also pose a major money was not a good idea and that heanywhere close to the site. Because consumption of the same of Hepatitis A, enteric fever, dramatically over the years. health threat.should continue to help me measure the hospitals are costly and far away to travel, microorganisms. According tointestinal worms and eye and skin Most rural water supply systems, The lack of toilets also affects water-tower, which he did, but was quite especially when not well, locals who get the World Health Organization,infections caused by poor hygiene especially the hand-pumps girls school attendance. Of Indiaspersistent asking me for money several ill or women who are pregnant deal with diarrheal disease accounts for an and unsafe drinking water. generally used by the poor, 700,000 rural primary and uppertimes every twenty seconds or so, whilst what they have by themselves, this may estimated 4.1% of the total DALY are using groundwater. But primary schools, only one in sixholding the end of the tape. After a few result in extended illness, continued global burden of disease and is Unhygienic practices and unsafe inadequate maintenance and have toilets, deterring children minutes of this he got very annoyed at me, disease or unnecessary death. responsible for the deaths of 1.8 drinking water are some of its neglect of the environment - especially girls - from going tostopped helping with the measuring and million people every year. It was main causes. More than 122 around water sources has led to school.started demanding money quite seriously. estimated that 88% of that burden million households in the country increasing levels of groundwaterThis was quite disturbing, and he was very loud. I told him no and I continued toHealth issues, personal experience of health & the lack of affordable hospitals113 104. Mobile Medical Clinic Project. Case study: Mumbai. More than half of Mumbais 19 examinations and medicines to dwellers can be assessed and Access to health care and million people live in urban slums, approximately 200 patients in its treated, and proper referralsequitable distribution of health facing overcrowding, inadequate first day. A team from Sai Deep can be made when necessary.services are the fundamental housing, poor hygiene, and lack ofPratisthan, an AmeriCares India Another focus of the mobilerequirements for achieving the safe drinking water and sanitation. partner and aid organization that medical unit is to identify andMillennium Development Goals. Their daily living conditions often works with the needy, mobilized care for patients with chronic Slum dwellers in cities of India lead to widespread infection, the local community by creating diseases like diabetes and highand people residing in the remote disease, dehydration and high awareness for the program,blood pressure, and to provide rural villages suffer from adverse levels of malnutrition in childrenhelping to organize volunteersthem with a continuous supplyhealth conditions owing to under five. conducting a door-to-door of free medicines. Electronicunhygienic living environment, To reach these desperate families campaign to register patients for health records for all patients will low awareness and poor access to who struggle everyday withthe program.be maintained to monitor the health services. Among the urban extreme poverty and lack of basic With Indias slum-dwelling program and to facilitate follow-poor, child & maternal mortality health care, AmeriCares India population rising each year, theup treatments. and diseases like Malaria, TB has launched a pilot project to threat of disease transmission in AmeriCares India Foundationand HIV/AIDS are considerably provide critical on-site medicalsuch overcrowded and unsanitary is registered in India as ahigher as compared to their rural services and free medicines to theconditions becomes urgent.nonprofit disaster relief andcounterparts. And the reach people of Mumbais Andheri East Diseases like tuberculosis andhumanitarian aid organizationof essential preventive health slums through a mobile medicalmeasles can emerge as major providing immediate response services and their utilization is van.public health threats, saidto emergency medical needs abysmally low. Working with local stakeholders,Christoph Gorder, AmeriCaresand long-term humanitarian Given the poor situation of the community leaders and areasenior vice president of global assistance programs. AmeriCaresprimary health infrastructure healthcare providers, AmeriCaresprograms. Taking health care India currently serves 21 states in the urban slums, alternative is providing mobile medical vansdirectly to this vulnerable across India and has reached moremethods of service delivery came to bring doctors and free medical population fills a critical need than 10 million people through 55forward as dire a need. Thus, the assistance on a regular basis (6we saw 700 patients in just the affiliate partner organizations. innovative approach of mobile days a week) to a dozen locations first week of our mobile clinic Since 1991, AmeriCares has hospitals called Smile on Wheels within the slum communities.program. delivered more than $48 million(SOW) was initiated by Smile worth of life-saving medicines Foundation in the year 2006. The pilot mobile clinic program Patients arrive on first day of and medical supplies to India in The objective of the programme was formally inaugurated on mobile clinic program.response to disaster situationsis to ensure improved health January 9, 2011 by Mr. Suresh Each fully-equipped mobileincluding the floods in Bihar, the services reaching the door steps Shetty, Hon. Health Minister of medical van is staffed with a cyclone in West Bengal and the of people residing in un-served or Maharashtra in conjunction with doctor, pharmacy assistant and2004 tsunami.underserved remote areas. an introductory health care campdriver so that the immediate in Andheri East, providing free health care needs of the slum Health44MOBILE MEDICAL CLINIC PROJECT: SMILE ON WHEELS 114 105. 3d cutout through a plugin medical clinic container unit 115 106. Mobile Medical Clinic Project. Case study: Mumbai. Health - UNICEF Health45Despite health improvements overthe past decade. Maternal deathsstates: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya1999. It now stands at 61%.the last thirty years, lives continue are similarly high. The reasons Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal,to be lost to early childhood for this high mortality are thatand Assam. The number of polio Government of India Action ondiseases, inadequate newborn care few women have access to skilledcases in India declined from 1,934 Healthand childbirth-related causes. More birth attendants and fewer still to in 1998 to 268 in 2001. There was athan two million children die every quality emergency obstetric care. Insetback in 2002 as 1,600 cases wereby increasing the number of healthyear from preventable infections. addition, only 15 per cent of mothers confirmed at the end of the year.workersInfant mortality in India is as highreceive complete antenatal care But with only 225 cases of polioas 63 deaths per 1,000 live births. and only 58 per cent receive iron reported in 2003, India is well on home-based medical visitsMost infant deaths occur in the or folate tablets or syrup. Childrenits way to interrupting transmissionfirst month of life; up to 47 per in India continue to lose their lifeand eradicating the disease. immunisationcent in the first week itself. Whileto vaccine-preventable diseases However, the proportion of childrenthe Infant Mortality Rate showedsuch as measles, which remains thewho receive vaccination againsta rapid decline during the 1980s, biggest killer. Tetanus in newborns measles has dropped considerably,the decrease has slowed duringremains a problem in at least fivefrom 72% in 1995 to a low of 50% inMOBILE MEDICAL CLINIC PROJECT: SMILE ON WHEELS & UNICEF HEALTH REPORT 116 107. PROPOSAL FOR THE MARKET ALSO INCLUDES A MOBILE MEDICAL CLINIC WHICH HAS USE OF A PLUGIN PERMINANT MEDICAL CLINIC AS A CONTAINER UNIT 117 108. 1:100 section through the bridge & the under the bridge market 118 109. PROPOSAL FOR THE MARKET ALSO INCLUDES A MOBILE MEDICAL CLINIC WHICH HAS USE OF A PLUGIN PERMINANT MEDICAL CLINIC AS A CONTAINER UNIT (YELLOW) 119 110. Doc-in-a-Box: Micro-Franchising Model: A New Way ForwardThe HealthStore Foundation has 1.To create a reliable supply business but may retain it onlydrugs, management support,combined establishedmicro-of high quality, low cost, essentialby compliance with CFWshopstraining and other valuableenterprise principles with proven drugs and to make them availabledrug handling and administration benefits from HealthStore. But, iffranchise business practices to to the people who need them whenregulations. It is in their own self-the franchisee fails to comply withcreate a micro-franchise business and where they are needed.interest for franchisees to follow the rules and reporting requirements,model called CFWshops.2.Totreatchildhoodregulations. HealthStore believesthe franchise may be revoked. TheFranchisees operate small druginfectiousdiseases in the that franchisees acting in their own system is designed to make theshops or clinics strategically locatedcommunities where children live,self-interest will achieve more than long term benefits of retaining theto improve access to essentialthus reducing congestion in the a centralized command-and-controlfranchise worth too much to riskdrugs. HealthStore clinics and shopshealthcare system so that scarcebureaucracies can. losing by breaking the rules. Theenable trained health workers resources can be applied to others rules are calculated to assure goodto operate their own businesses not so easily treated;The franchise model has delivereddrug handing and administrationtreating the diseases that cause3.To reduce under age 5 a wide variety of high quality, lowpractices.70-90% of illness and death inmortality rates thus encouragingcost goods and services throughouttheir communities while following family planningandlower the worldincluding medicineThe system includes, among otherHealthStore drug handling and population growth rates;and has proven to be an effectivethings:distribution regulations calculated 4.To discourage the method of mass distribution across 1.Proper procedures for theto ensure good practice.development of drug resistant a wide diversity of economic and handling of drugs and the diagnosismicrobes by the provision and cultural conditions. and treatment of patients;A short-list of inexpensive generic appropriate use of adequate2.Regular reports along withdrugs can effectively treat 70- supplies of effective drugs; andThe CFWshops franchise operating routine and surprise inspections90% of the children suffering and 5.To improve communitysystem includes an operating and investigations to test anddying from infectious diseases in health through educational andmanual complete with policies, maintain compliance with franchisethe developing world. Too often, prevention activities. procedures and forms constitutingregulations;people do not have access to these The mico-franchise business modela turn-key management system 3.Management and clinicaldrugs. HealthStore seeks to improve engages the forces and participants which,iffollowed,enables training in the use of the franchiseaccess to these essential drugs using in the marketplace to incent health franchisees to conduct businesssystem; andits micro-franchise business model. care providers to follow good and provide necessary compliance 4.Developmentofpractices for the handling andreportsto The HealthStoreprofessional culture by promotionThe major goals of the CFWshops distribution of essential drugs.Foundation. of inter-disciplinarycontact,project are: continuingeducation, andFranchisees enjoy the benefits of Franchisees are entitle to receive continuing education.owning a valuable profit-making a supply of high quality, low costHealth 49MICRO120 111. Health Situation in Agra Community mobilization ACMO and facilitated visit by 79,186 population and 15 slumseconomic status, sub-optimal SNBS has promoted 24 Mahilathese Govt. officials successfully.in Bundukatra under Approach IIIhealth behaviors, poor demand Arogya Samities (MAS) andSNBS developed linkages withcovering 46,695 population. and utilization of services among also opened 19 bank accounts the other stakeholders and localAt Yamuna Par , SNBS is slum communities. in the Rakabganj area. The elected persons by facilitatingdemonstrating two approaches capacities (Institutional, Program,Coordination committee meeting.under the Agra Urban Health Keeping in view the fact that Linkage and Financial) of MASServices were also strengthenedProgram (AUHP), since Februarymore than a quarter of Indias have also been strengthened. from the Bundukatra DTHC to 2009. One of them demonstratespopulation has been living as Capacitybuildingsessions the 15 slums in the area. This washow community mobilizationdowntrodden and marginalized including exposure visits were all achieved with support and for demand generation of health for centuries, Shri Nirotilal also conducted both for MASmobilization of the government.services and community linkages Buddha Sansthan (SNBS) came and CLVs to develop theirCapacity building of the programwith Govt. health facility coupledin to existence in 1994 as an knowledge on the different staff with continued gentle persuasionnon government organization components of RCH and health Capacity building sessionswith Govt. health service of marginalized people and has fund management. BCC and IEC for MAS, CLVS, Communityproviders in order to increaseundertaken the task to promote activities are regularly carried out Organizers and ANMs werereach of services and lead to the welfare of this section of the in the slums to improve health conducted to enhance theiroverall improvements in healthsociety, lead to their upliftment and hygienic practices among the skills on counseling and RCHcoverage. Through, this approachand development for integration slum community improved, and components. Ongoing reviewSNBS is mobilizing approximatelywith the total society by generate demand for services.meetings at various levels were27000 population in 9 slums improvement in their economic, In Bundukatra area CLVs were conducted to assess program and facilitating outreach camps educational, social, cultural and selected and trained for providing progress,addressprogramthrough linkage with D-Type health standards. community mobilization support.issues and concerns. Review Health Centre. Under the otherfeedback and inputs from SNBS approach, SNBS has set up and Shri Nirotilal Buddha Sansthan Linkages with Govt. D-Type management, other stakeholdersmanaging Urban Health Centrewas registered under Society Act Health Centre (Rakabganj North)visiting the program and UHRC at Naraich, Yamuna Par forin 1994 and has been primarily for health service provision helped strengthen the program.providing regular OPD services to working in the areas of health and Demand generation activities approximately 55000 populationits determinants, safe drinking were undertaken in all 35 slums. Coverage Area of SNBS under residing in 35 slums in Trans water, hygiene, sanitation, HIV/ Services were strengthened in AUHP:Yamuna area in order to increaseAIDS awareness, family planning 20 slums from DTHC Rakabganj SNBS is implementing the Agra reach of services and lead to & welfare, child labor & literacy, which is a government run Urban Health Program to fulfill overall improvements in health education, livelihood, plantation, first tier facility. List of eligible the aforementioned objectives, coverage. community awarenessand Total Population (Census, 2001): 1.33 million beneficiaries updated regularly, in 20 slum neighborhoods (ordevelopment, with especial focus Decadal growth rate (1991-2001): 42%planned outreach clinics were bastis) in Rakabganj North area Problems of slum population: on marginalized sections of the Total No. of slums: 393 organized and follow-up activities under Approach II, covering an Poor access to safe drinking societies, slum dweller women Estimated slum population: 0.8 million (approx. carried out especially in case of approximate slum population of water, hygiene, health care and and children through various half of citys population)left outs and resistant households. 40,250, 44 slums in Yamuna Par sanitation facilities, Illiteracy and development programs for over SNBS coordinated with CMO/ under Approach I & II covering poor access to education, poor 15 years. Health47HEALTH SITUATION IN AGRA 121 112. Health Situation in AgraGoal and Objectives of Agra North area,15 slums with 46,700process in consultation with the through linkage with RakabganjUrban Health programpopulation in Bundukatra Department of Medical, Health North D-Type Health Centre.The goal of the Agra Urbanarea and 44 slums with 79,000and Family Welfare, Agra.Health Program is to carry outpopulation in Yamuna Par area.Apart from this, since Marchdemonstration and learning Based on its experience in 2006 SNBS has been facilitatingactivities and develop newSNBS has conducted Mapping the area of reproductive and a multi-stakeholder approach forinterventions in urban slums that and Assessment of Agra slums aschild health, the exceptional optimizing local resources andlead to synergistic participation key resource organization, jointly contribution rendered in improving reach of services toof different government officials facilitated by Department of proposal development phase and approximately 46700 underservedin urban slums to improve water Health and Family Welfare, Agraits credibility in the district, the urban poor populations residingsupply, sanitation and hygieneand USAID-EHP during February- Screening Committee constituted in 15 slums under Bundukatraservices to urban poor. April 2004. During this process, under the chairpersonship of Chief D-Type Health Centre catchmentSNBS has conducted qualitative Medical Officer, DMHFW, Agra has area. Since February 2009, SNBSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF AGRA health vulnerability assessmentrecommended SNBS as potential has been demonstrating twoURBAN HEALTH PROGRAMin slums of Agra and helpedNGO for implementation of Agra approaches at Yamuna Par.SNBS is implementing theUSAID-EHP and Department ofUrban Health Program and for Under one, SNBS has set up andAgra Urban Health Program Health and Family Welfare, Agrapartnership with UHRC operation. managing Urban Health Centre atactivities to reach out toin plotting of slums and existing Naraich, Yamuna Par for providingunderservedurbanpoorhealth facilities on the map ofUnder this partnership, SNBS regular OPD and outreachpopulation in Rakabganj North,Agra and gap identification. hasbeen demonstrating services to approximately 55000Yamuna Par and Bundukatra This analysis, along with othercommunity mobilization for population residing in 35 slumsarea covering approximately relevant data has been utilizeddemand generation of health in Trans Yamuna area. The other1,70,000 population. SNBS was for development of Urban RCH services and community linkages demonstrates communityselected as a partner NGO byproposal for Agra city and its with government health facility mobilization fordemanda Screening Committee under implementation from time tocoupled with continued gentle generation of health services andthe chairpersonship of thetime.persuasion with government community linkages with Govt.Chief Medical Officer, Agra forhealth service providers in order health facility and mobilizingimplementation of the Agra UrbanSubsequently, the Agra Urban to increase reach of services approximately 27000 populationHealth Program. The program Health Program (AUHP) hasleading to overall improvements in 9 slums and facilitatingimplementation activities werebeen implemented as response in health services delivery outreach camps through linkageinitiated in November 2005to request of Government ofcoverage since November, 2005. with government D-Type Healthwith 14 slums (approximateUttar Pradesh, suggesting UHRC,Through this approach, SNBS has Centre, Yamuna.population 29,000) and graduallyformally known as EHP, to initiate been mobilizing approximatelyscaled up to cover 20 slums PPP models in Agra. UHRC initiated 40,250 population in 20 slums(40,250 population) in Rakabganjpublic-private partnership (PPP) and facilitating outreach camps Health46HEALTH SITUATION IN AGRA122 113. Agra - Health Problems Untill recently, India has been - all stages are based on scientificsituations. The city demonstration professional and research bodies to a predominantly rural country.evidence and approaches. From a programs of UHRC in different cities enhance attention to urban health. Rapid urbanization and increase inscientific situation analysis which have adopted different context A key programming principle is to urban poverty in recent decades guides urban health program responsive strategies f