tehnologia presarii la rece indrumator laborator 1986-transfer ro-26mar-483bd5
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7/22/2019 Tehnologia Presarii La Rece Indrumator Laborator 1986-Transfer Ro-26mar-483bd5
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PREF A Ts...:.
LuerBrllc cla lEborator prezentats tn soest ladruc$toroau uenirsE de a oostrl,bul la conplotEreq pregXtlrli teoratloea studealll.or cu no .unt eE oaractcr experlnental,s dq oomoteregj. .praolLoo-aplloativo.
|foete .lqordt' .Le aq, baEa eeterlelE aalgrr:ratE dtu aetl-rrltatga de osrcctara gl autodotere efectuat5 loprounE ou etu-
denll.L de o5trs autor:l gl. proS,eoto de diplonE, ou rsallsars prao-ttoE'LuorEr{.le ea f,oet orlsatato gI gfupate pe urmEtoar.Elo
problene: ounoagterea elementa1or ooastruotlve a1e gtanlelor gtroatr-Lfelor, reglarea utllaJelor utll ,zate la proaosel.e da pre*gane 1a resee d.oteraLaetea caraotErletlcLlor sacaulce g1 tahao-
logj.ce ale naterlalelor epealfioe pree6ritro oanoagteeoa Bnor pro-cedee noL utilizate 1o tebnelogl.l3.e d.e prosars, enallza faotorL-lor oare tnflaeateazd celt.tatea gt efloleala eaoaomloE a p"oo6-
deelo:r de preeare, utiJ.laarea raflonEl$
preselor, protcctiauuncll, eton
Prln ooaflnutql. 1or, a-a unoErlt oa lnordr{la ed prc-zlnte gL or{.entErl1e de vlltor ele aoestai dooinju, evlnd lc e-celagl tlrnp oaractcr de lazeetlgarel crperdnalis."$e gi aaallz[ a
rozultatelor obfinuie.Laordrlla oupr .ase ta i:rdruoEtor aa oolelcal6 f,r nod
ermonlos gu surenl de tebnol.ogia preeErlL'lg tr"u p"jiat'etadea- 11or do Ia aeofla de lebaologla Coastrnoflllor:do mag1a1.
Sundrtrl raare d,e luor6r{. prezeatat ara l,s vedcrE oq ln-d.run5toruL de lucrlrL ad onprtnilE prograaa analltlo5 atlt 1a La-glner.J. oli 91 Ia aublaglnefl., el putlnil ft uttllsot per 1a] s,L
la eeolla de taelnl-Uaaltec. Aatorll prezentulul LndruroEtor au oonvlngerae oE pr{-n
efeotqarea aoestor leordrlretudea 11 l,gi vor lntreg11 eulturetehnLcE de epeclalltate, at ,t de aeoceard q.aor rlltor:" 6pel-::-Ligtl la produclle gl corsstare.
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t:4sPAEfIC TTI.ANTTI?I CffiSSRUCTTVE
AI,E STA]$EEIOR SI U,gTNTTgIOBSI TOTII'NT DESPBE PRESB
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ET.EITF$TB COHSfN{'CTITE SI,NSTASIELOn SI U,rlRIrgmB
1.1 Scopul luor€.2{.l
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ra lncnara ac vor rnallza dlforLtc tlpurl ite gtanle 91:
uatr{. e, e],sueatals lor irongtruotlve, preolatnd,B- t.rukololtaooreepunz ,tocne, praor 91 rolul 1or funof1onal.
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Claelflcarea gtantelcr gJ. Errtrtfialor
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Obfi,neraa pleaelor D :la prosars la rece, se leel 'zeezE -fle prra soDaralg d,e neted.al, fLe.Drrr rcd,t.str-1buln de uatarlqr.
soslele'qtl.lizata pcntrn operafiille d,e B*J*" la reoc ao rqacasgtaate g1 uatrrge. Stanfele=sarrego Ln oparattlle ilc eapcrare, larqatrr.fele ee utilizeazE la'opcraflLla d,e dsforgare preetl.ar. .. : '
Stgnlar9g gi Datrft r"" la lcoa ouprlndc m nunlr oarc deoperaftl dg tEiaro Fl presaror dcoulnrc, perrtorrese, taad,eror Eres-tale tnitolre, enbatlearc, rdaf,r€agere, cxtlnd,aDc, cte.,.a o&sortermLaoloele gl claeifloare cgte d.atE ta SSAS 5943-AI,
gtaalere gl EatrtlelE elnt soupcse dl:r iloqr eubanscnbls:partaa bfer{.oard, nunltt el pacbet l_nfsrtor, f1:at
nggap esel.'oae1egaat€'acprrnacrc;..'...;
:- part€B auper{.9ar{ noblllil augte gl pec&ot auparlor,fifrat5 de berbeoul prese prJ.a llteloedLnl cepc1ul'. :
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.: . Atflbl{na soulelor de
fors S3 S, cor€spunsEtoare ou
...Pregare, la rsoa o ts:rra;i-nc1cgie son-''.
caractolrul operallat oB o reslia€€-,
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Scule pent:rrforn:are prl-n.Cls trj.buire{retrlle }
Scule pentrug tsJxier€ gi:tn trlte.re 3
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i slrcple
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r-.1/prez :tE o clasl flcsreurtrEtoare r
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I Scute F,e]tt.:r:sepsare( etanie )
el m,a triteior pctr:vlt g tzuii e3-or
{ arlnple
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ecllune elrrrltanEactlune succestvE*:ttune ffil;ff;
ecftrune sf-nnltandse tttrne sueeeslvH,ac $iune slnTuLte.n-'
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acltune strmrl tanE
actlune gucceslv6 r'E
aot j.une slmr1tatx-suec eelvE
motrttare 5JB eonstmctlexnod,ulat'd
Saule pentnr gteatare 91
1"4 Csnst:-rctX-s StFe,telor g1 mtrl,lelor.
S?an e1e sau ue.trl.lele"ftipff
eint ecele scule GBFB €Ee-
cutd o sllerre opera{ie de ua eauslt gen (exenp}ur gtan 6 peatnrdecupeto q1lfutt, retezat, Dbrforat; natrlfE peatnr lndloltl a.rnbu-
tl,eat 1 e-t:rrdat, etc. ) .i t1t"1.1, este reprezertatE o gtanlE eJ.np16, destlaetE
unel slngurc operalll de d.eoupate a €p:ruyoteIor cle lncercat Iatracffiue, eriatentE lu leboratoml. de T.PiRr '{'
IB f1g.1,2 este redatH o gtaa|6 cu aoflune guocEglvE, oe-re real .seaz -douE perforErl ln priraa pozllIe 91 o dtecupare Ln edoue pozltle a eemlfebrlcatulul lu gte.rtE. FalE de elenentele eon-simetlve al.e gtanlel dfir f1g.L.1, eicl epar ln plus op=1torul no-btl 4 cu ro1 d,e oprlre s benztl d.up5 avaasul el cu utl pes gl oprl-tcnr1 d,e i,noeput 14 cu rol d ,e pozlllonare e benztl I.a obij.aereaprtnel pleae.
Itr fLg.3.3 eate reprezeotet6 o gtanlE eu eollwre el"rnrltg-
etr care f'a o slagrrrE. coborlre a berbeerrlul ree,llzeasl glesa, prb-tr-o perto?8rrr 91 decupare oonoonl-tentE.Ia tlg.1.4 eete roprezentatE o natrllE ocnbl'.et[ su sctl-
une eLur]'tl-Xr cerrs €Eecutd operalll tte decupare, anbutlsare 91perfora,re La vldlercs rlal1s5rll plese . drter
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Ftgnl.l.. StantE slsrplE peatrtr d,ecupet. l-Buc-gE d.e ghldgre; Z.-Dop pf,elEi 3--.5tf f i 4:H[se'Xo.e p:resilm,e;- 5-HlscE port-tro€tngoni 6-Cep;?-P1ac5' d,e cEFi G-Poen€otri $-$r;rn*b, ft=sre Fa-ehet superl,orS lG-Surnrb flxere pechet l:s.ferl-ori 11-Rlgle de gh:ldars I i?{o1oe:36 d* gh.I.ia-rei I3-ELacE actfrsE+ l4-H"eeS gtFntat$; 15-Se.-mi,fabrtce.t; 1.6-Sunlb de centsere a Fe'ch*tuiuiJnferf'sri l?-HLscE de basE,F ili*'Ine} Ce ftsare.
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Fl€"L.?, stantE oo'Ebl:ratI su ac{lune susceel-rfir l:p:acE de bazE; Z-pl.e,cE eo#tyEi, }pLaoIrle_ gF1Mract or-ttLg]'e gr"{ i a3e ; 4-oirdtorns:blJ.; 5-p.l^aeE portpoanesai -5-p.LacE d€ pregl-une; f-poengorl de deoupare3 8-eept g-p:Lsoe d,e
oBpi- J'O-poatrgonr de perforaref lf'-poarsoa deper.fo:neme; f'Z-Et;I'Itt fl-gurub Oa AEbgereiLlay1 tor f,e i3oeputo
P{art edfre
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Fg€:}"5 n ltg"t{ cu el,emente troaulate r J-an-sanblu, modtrl f{=are p1e,c6 de cetl -a-*o'rr'-
?lu sodul port-bueg5- d,e ghider;i' 3_rotoen6
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Sta.u. a dln ftg 1.5 reprezlat6 o gtanlE 1o cs:rst:.ucti.e s-dulatB. Aceasta, degl nar cornpllcatE 91 raaJ' sostletto,af,e d,etorLtEunor elenente constructlve mal anuaeroase gt a ueoe$ 38t11 frezfo .1uultor snnq.f.3 la fo:roE da t gl a rectlfloHrllor lrqxrge, €.rE Byaata-
Jrl.1 raoilu1artzEril, a.ilJ.oE a poslbllltEtl1 de sch frbsre a elenenteloraottve, plgtrhau-ee restul de eleaente osnetnrotivir {p1[c11e d,e
bazE gl d,e oap, elstema d.o gblttare gl oondrroere B neterla.Lulu1,ato.).
I"5 Degfiigtrffiuqea lucrErll
Sc vg faoe 1deut1-fl.ca:rea olto:rve gtanfe gl natrlle exlg-i.l laboclator, pregEtlte pentnr a putea fl ilenontate gl. etu-ge ra pnclza tlprrl Lor conlorm terd.ao}oglel gl claalfto5-
prezeutate s''tello?. rn aoeregt tlnp se vor ldentlfioe elenen-'conatnrctlvsr preolgladu-ee roLul lor firnollola3.e
8c vg arecuts donoats'rce Fl oontsrca uel,a d.tn gtanlelcpentm ounoagtclea faprralgr coBponettr.
Se na rsallga achlfa ilr .anembl.u a uneta dlLa gtanlele de-
Eohlla va cuprLndle 91 deannalrea Eleraentelor csnpon€ate a-Stentu$ Fstr Dstr{.}et. f,., .
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Rs**As{ffiF ffisslsg ffigsruss ig- ffisgRgf,, sffi$g$Rlr sIffitLrIrI#E :
fi8 ffiE$&3,ffi ilril ffffiB '
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lilor finofloas1e gi coastnroti.ve al.o preselor nsoaa .cc 91 r *tEB-lelor e . uatrdtelor, preonn gX reglsJu1 assstorsr fJl rgileree sfos-tu^Elcl-L ia oonilllll opttne e operalltlor ila gtanlare gt. mH.t€re
So*pnal. 3,nsrfir"I"i,
l.a Feoee
2"2 , ofllnrl, fie ba,gE, . . _ __- , .. , -,
Datorttl gsos . Largl' de poelbllltAtl tebnologloe.gl pro-
dtuctlvlt6 11 rliilcate, preeel'a ucccrdee souatLtul,c ta prs*reat ooana1 lmportantE gnlpE {g nagrrrl peatn''ptLl"ugrarea nrtalelss ptaptegaFe f,B rese.
Ia prelluorsBea pleselo:r d+ acnlfslrloetc eut forlrmil {,4
fol ilc tab3'E sau balri se utt'I.l'zearH f,reevent pr+ae ssoaiaioo su
e=sentrto {eau cu anenlve1E)o lceste pteae pot ft utlllgats ptsic-
tLc, peatnr executaree uaJor:1t$tf.{ operq}Ll3.or {e pra+aro 3.4 reoc,ibs5 ge raconanilE lba sBael.al Xrentltr opsratli Ge gtaraferu*
Presele meeaaj.oe cu, slspll$ acflu:re au us. el*ceatg
scrr-tor rrrnr{t bertec, de cero se LeegE, partea nobll$ e ptenfiol san ree-
trl e .. ,
thrugtura cllernatlcil e greealor naeadcs gtr. +q'r5*sl$ cs-
te rEl.atlv a .ngl.il. Ir ttg.e.l este Srgecantat[ sobsm sLn,amat.le$
- s une . prese oa rnenlvelE ou af.npXS aoflrae, *vi.ail arboreLe Fltn-elpeL-d.1epuc perpeadtculsr pe fela fzrontall e presel, .er 5n ig.2,2 ae pr-eztnt$ gobeua glnelaetlcE e :laol, Blleaa necanlce ctt Issnl-
vell cs arbsrale prlac5.p"f p"""X"ut p.qa1el ou fafa frc::taLE a
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. so.tonrr electrlc 1, tra-a-.{xd.te rulgcarea eu aJntorur ee_relelor trapeaoldale 2, le vsLs.niul j, dB Ia care eete p=eL,:atEprla oupls'Jur 4r de ctrtqe e'borere prlnclper. 5. bl' rotlree, ar-
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boreLal pr"tnclpa3- 5 prevEsut ou'n
esaentrro o eete pua6 r.a ElE_e8'F? bLera ?r osFa a'ntt€&.eazE
berbecnr gier prase ." T- zorrq eE-esatrd.c6 g arborerur. prlnclPel o,e .fl[ o tucga E tot"=r"J'i"n,€ se solldsrtseagE ou erborele brinorpar prtntr-rrn cnplal ougbeerc. tra be:rbecnl 9r nlgeerea se tre.ne1te pr{.n lnterraedou-l
bleleL ? e1 e gu:nrbulul g, care sse roLuL ef le e reg .e n""t11"berbeculrrl i'n;raport ou Eaaa pneeern pe arborere Brraolpar eenn ' afl'{ 9t frlne, lol oe are rolul d,o e oprl, berbeorrl ln punetulrcrt aopeltol.
F{9,?*1" Sshene s1nerm,t1c6 apreseleg Beceaj.ce cLl afbotre-Ie Frtnslpe,l perpead.5'oraJ.arps fala f:nontel[.
f#' 3i'ffi # % ffi :'ii" fr T; i :"' "
Ftgo2 oP . Sebema olaeraatlc5I llr_egelor necen1'ee eu EF-bore}e princlpal paraieleI[ fala frontalL -
Id, eursa de eobort-Fe e berbeoulu,t pres€l,forfa 6e prese,r6 varj,-a;z,l potrlvlt fi€u=lt? ri a S.1 b. Peatru rtn,-ghluri n1'ol gle lnenl .-
Yelal 1 (q,<.3oG),
forla prcsel. eregtereped,c tt-nzind, ?eore-- tlc }'a lnftntt. Agtfe].
o Fregie.re greglt5 spFeeol. poets Cueo Ia
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se 3.t-lrLheazl la fosge rcSse}"5 %, Gtl e.Swtffi3,sJ.grirsr:tA"
?*3 Eeg}eree. StesieSer gL e lrysc€3€lr ett sesategc
Ia rederes, =egiErli soreete s p-se1ul F-t a 6tcafis3srpxeser eete neceesle cunog6ie €E. cera$terSstlci,3o:r te@lcs-l
gt geenetriee e,T.e aee,stsra*s.Lt :Irl'tt . tr- 6'E rJ4lt t3,.lltl3l ta&t' .iEt;Bl' trlrtrElr
Gasacterl.st .s11E frmesl'aaale ale greselor FacaH^E€ drntu
,- lorfe gofiinsJ.H,n ro f,*u] i,' ". | ,-,"
: { otrtcr& nouffa [ Eexi:elE' g ,"r*trt{ats c cagprcXus. ge€aiolr
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- rrlrnlErtrf. clE eureE drrble p€ d.m,t rarg
- pulerea LnstelatE g [.L*:1.Geraete:-J'st 'cl3e gebmebetae cel'e usl. g4ertsr8c s&smecr'''lc€,el.u,t (tLg,2,4)s
p+ g'2'.4 Fr"e.Ls eersetsrl.etf,sn ge*Eesrtr3ftse3e 3E$sgeScr seenfge €rE g.eenffiso
,.,'p de 6,e.be*"* f.ni$*' .
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oajf{ a berbeculut ciad acegte ee s{7.h i:i lunctul Eort {aferlart.
la srrsa "'q+{EiE gl lulaJfias. trlltgE a bLeaeL, El. Lt*l 8. . .' '
- fuEj.tinea utlld rqr.'lljoe a presel, sosestrfir3zBtclrl 3.un:,
glll.1 EarLue a blelel; a, fncSl- dLnenelunlle nlgat tm,-ll- dLoeaslualle alezaJulul tl F1 sr peatnr fl-araa pe
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bcrbec a pacbetulul nobl1 aL 3tanlel geu natrltell- grosllcae pl,acll de rnprefuSltster b [*-l;- Ltnl'a de reglare a Lurgln1l blc1el, b fo.-ll- Ctstenta de le ara berboeulal J,s col rnal apeoplat
prmct at batln1ul, a fnai;
- r5t .mea d,eecblalerllor d*n Ease presal sau placa decupraidltarc' t rozrd3 t--1.
Pentnr a esl8ure cond1fill3-e functtor:s.}e gl tehnologlce
iietez':cf-nate de poet-bllltetee executErtl r:ne1 garne cLt ne.l 3.arg1
de operall'l de gtanlarer F4aallblul o -nenetlo al preqeLol crr €r-oratrls eete grevEzut ou sr.sterla peatnr regLarea lungtnfl gt po-gt.t 'al outael.
Tart^atle lungtnll cursel ber-
beelrl"u ' se obtt:re prln reglarea' llpizej- lrn{ve.J.el (excentrlcrrlul.)
; (trg .2.5) ., Ifingilrea naxlrnE B ctf,rset este
FEEX= E : ?3, lar oea qlnl+6
Bn'n' E s 2r, und'e R gi r egnt,
b
€ o2.5. Scherna d.e regletrea l'ung+rPr1 cursel berbesulul .
rBze nla$lngf regpectlv rea,a. ffiltnl-nE a Fnn{selei (exeentricuLul).
Reglareb ltrngl-ntl rlazeL IIIBIIJ..-
:
vele ao oblhe prln rotlrea bucget eroentr .oe 1 (f1g.2.5), mn-,
tetE pe escentrlcul 2 &1 arborelu ' prlnclpel 4 al preeel. Aetf,el ::
blela l, f1{nd rnoatatE po buege e:oentrlcd, va Lnprlma berbecaLul;
o oursE sal mre eau Bl ntcE ta funetle de freaglnea reg .at[ R* ;
a rrazel rnytly€lelo Yarlatla razel RE, tt f,uaclle de ulgbiul de
rotlre al bucgel eroentrlce rezult5 dJn f19.2.51 la care O Fepr€-rJ.utI a:ra de rotatle e erboralul princlps-l 4, Of tTt geometrLc6
a croatrl.culu1 2, ter Oa r=l bucgel excentrloe f.$f,a o poalflaoarrosrrr a bucgel axoeatrlae, rasa olneetic€ B', a nanLveLel, ve
fX, t
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af:
rB==ye]+
Arl-na:r
gnilr E
R,i - ffir"Rtrsos &
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i
Acegtorvalorlle l{"rltE
'.., j{}
rrr.r?.<ra{\t'JJ. Li r.- L
{e "g}:.
corsspunaBCrl'Ss
(2,3)
Ea care'B- eete excestrltates, atborelul, % - eraentrttiteB bBo-gel, ot - reaghtru1 rl{ntrre .d.1recNl13.e OC, E , OaO2r
Ia funcfte de par="aetrff *ecalrJ'ser*llrL-{o rcgtaJ, .F&re.
einesatLcE poete eres, rtouE va1orl ltrdtEr :
ru,].prJ" J.fJdts 'B rgt r ala manlvef'el, J.e
af.a surs€l' berbeerrlrrlr Agtf,eL sa po*.,:to
t' 3b
2R
2c
Srtra saeete l m .tcr raza o ,nernattcE a'uaalvelgl. 1lmti :
avea d.iverrge val.orl', reglate ia treptc, la lbfln f,t wre&;ul .{lo
ilLnll. ZOr extsteafil pa fala fronta,trI a bnrege , asnntrlce ? {f .g. l
2.6). tfrgblnl"++q
ilr rcglrJ oe*r-{r.t tr,raportulrI
l"anl nngLfifl 4e mgrla$ pcntql o ours[ .oarpcn:ri ,g bstlba-
cn1nl va f ,r,
SGoo , f,' (A.s')I.
l:r casc fr ssla nunllnrl {e illnli ou ca:il a-o rgt .t bucsa, eseaq'tr.tr-;1
oE. '
Cursa rm:rtoE a, besoculul rc real.lgeazE tn ,o&zri,l :rm?Ar ..]
b,:cAel ou. uaghl.ul 4 - l80or ta rqport cu goc3g .a rvqq 1al.i; .'LsifeL
rumErrrL rqar'lra a1 trepteLor. de reg1ere pentlrtr o @gil palew&mih6ca 3* dt-ntl cgtcr , , 1,. , ..::
:
,', ,' o 'fgq: 1r----==E-=TE Frrr$rt z
HEcaalT1]. psstu tt re8ls,re& lunglrdt
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F 1.g ,2 o6 n Construc tta raeca-n1snulu1 algcErtt prlnclpa-
}e Le,pies,e,
t5.pFEIJ-5
o
,1: f e:5 ie ia s p:* si }a al- te, iEf li-'ic gie ia va:ir::,te csl3gtn:ct ivEs.l- eesf, n Vaylantg eonstruetivE ut t.-llaeti l-a presel.e eu exc?ntrlc, g,e
'ri.nd. arbcreLe, prS,ncipel p€rpeadlru-lar pe fale frsnta3.Eu eete pi*ez€r.-
tet5. in ftg ,2,6 o Degrrrub3od de pe
arbore}e 1 ptullta 4s bucge 3 ae
d,ep)-ases,aH spre glinga ptnE ce se
d.es f sce legEtulra d.J-u.tre ghearele
A de pe es gt Eele aIe bucgel €x-
centr'1,se ?n Astfei bucaa exoentri-oE poate fl rotltE cu rrgirlui lr€e€-
sar obftnerd.l cursel tehno3.ogi,ce
lmpuee, dupE, ce,re ge regduo el,enea.'
tele 3 gi. 4 ta pozllta lnlll*l-s,"Ie preeele cu exoentrS,c de tlp
d,eeehtii, ou arborele prlnctpa1 g,c
' gezat paralel cu fala fronta3.E, Et8-
oentgrrnul de reglare g oursel berbe-'oulul esta re,i eonpiex (fi€oZo7j.
' Ppntnr raglarea eureel Ya tre-bul rotlt6 bucga excentzd.cE 1 rncln-
tatB pe arborele eotlt 5o fl3 ecestsoop ss d,eblocbeaz5 tnril lntll buc-ga prdn rotlrea, plrr3.1te1 2 pfnB
oi:nil orebot1'l. 3 I'as colrpl.st AIB ce,-
neturtte C €Eecutate pe flanga buc-
Sel erf,oerltra,ee " Bucge exc entrlcBse mtegte eu aJuto:ru1 unu1' lerrLerintrodua I;a leu1 rln 1ocagqlle B
practlcate pe peadfexle f3-anFe1' g,n
eeatei g o
-Secnnlgncnl peatru, reglarea J-u:r-
gJ-811 gragoL raLretts poaML1tdt11e tebaol-ogl.ce e1e pu.oael.o frrs[nlegoreazl rns1il1tatss ao€ste3'a. Ds acees presele clrorE 11 ee
. :afrur coail1t1t' ite dgJ-{lltete aEr:ltE, au slat echlpetc cu egtfeldO meca-r{ 3Pg.
. Poelb{L1tE}11e tebo1ogloe '].e praeelor ou arEent:f.c
Ftg.Z'7 ,o Conetruc tta e1.ste-
-'":iu1. oe :regtsj a-1. clrrgBl,f..a ]lrESB t1p IHLI-25.
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3"?
etat regate gt dc arecutar*s rurcrr rn di.ferlts sons are qlafiu-t*_'Tf*T s*€a, s berhecur praa* . near*d; #d;*-"*JL G€, ,
,,,
:::1":*"5 cei sel f,reev*".t srrta rogra;s ; ;il;; ;;=;* :
epacleio a lu:e5&Er bler-ei cu egutorrrl 'rur, g*i:sb ,** l-l;;.2.5) . Aveu aettrt poetbllitut"r-*oi;;J;;eau cetrr'le cu, roxeg**** s t**r-o **e *r JilT".ffi}ff"'-' '
stani_*" gt ratrtfier* ee per+r.*cteacE tn, ooo"ornl".g-oo
:T:::i::r-:r: tahd.ca at e p:raeelor pc oL ,uo r.rcn*."fd.,4 razuit6 ci iaEr'tt":sa utlll a ete.EteL **s ,'s.t'f't'si:fa;;;;
LnehleE treltla sE ga laoedreze l,atre l*',4ttr*** ;*r';;E--lf$t+fe, utltl galrnlt :% r
u;;";i.tor"** aeit'r:,:
.:
..,
,. ,
Da,cE laElftuea E cgte naf nlag {ectt ;l*flgl,*","tffga 1neser.l rc rB utluss
" o*ri,**;*;GiIi;#t*ooestela la oota o.""rils, r^';ili;;-J;ffi;-,c-,: ,'
nEsE regtebllE nu m,l eete Eeeoaas aceet ruenr-JFi;-pufla rCgf.itcr
i- ', ,,--:'.;:TgE.betug. -uf,erdor dc prlct er guntee a*n rnatrrlef.: retp Esa plercr. oa a.Jutonrl rmor 9+* sr g''*d;-r"L
cmorere aceatets. hcbetul *9r# d" ,ggui "" t;;;preael prtn tntel'edr,ut
""n"*l ;-ffi-oilffir;gE corespiuilE ou oclo rrrl q.pss,
ID couolnslo; Le mg .arce proselor snllroratrto rc, .1_urdtoarch olnrlrf .lr
se ctab:llegte ditnea curct ir ruen DO hrs. GEt lorgl. se 4glea?tr oorer3alilterl , .,1 , ,, -: --1.. -: :
- gc co'm*-{ helbcc'r la pnor,rr} uort ratrrra=;- e ,rsurtcaar rungrlaee birrrl nJn-""-n-;;L -rrr-as poate .abodno. u{or I,. DBsa gr"u"l (cEnlr :.;r;;-;-. ,-. t -,' ]',,
''."'- i:.- - as cobsar[ berbeeul, ,CIE gflrrib?
locaryul sEu gl sG blocheazE s* eJutoniiberbaaf
I
pfn$ {Bt t i-d {r€prrl:
psus .€aE gqrubtr}.ui,
-'p.ls€s d,e tBaS gT f,fr+arE P8 &ae* sr68€i c?r B,jutc:rul,'.'.:
'l
- de reg .aa6l da*taittr Af.u ge*rrl bt*lel porl+;La d,ea gtaEtcl',tan rqtrf,trtl. , ... .
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TCt.J
- Ae efegtueaad prisn gtAasare sa'.-t F..a-tF{targ, ee gra,lt-
cearl Fle€a obflnutE, efectuinri eveatueLel.e acrsclll tie reglaJ.
2 o4 Hodul da ltrcru
trarora,rca s. Ta dcafEguro alup[ urtnltoerea nrtod.ologLet
B) 1r Praealr cu ezoentrdo tlp PEU-6 gl. tlp PEIrI-25 go
va aas'llza nodul dc tunollonare gt se vor ltlentlfloa ceracterts-tLolle funollorale gl. gaornetr .oe;
b) se vor Xdantiflca l.e cele dou6 p:res€1 B€Gan{gnele
de regJ.sra a nErc.nLl oureel. gl. a porlllel aoeatela;o) ec vor stabLll 91 e"qltza douE gta.lrle eau raatrl.let
,n vrdcrsa nont6rLl g1 reglErtl pe Presetd) ao rcntcagl Pe pres gtanlele eau natrl'felc stablll-
.
te, ciratufurilu-ee toate reglaJele neoeeare fuuctloaErll ooraotc
e goutola.
2.5 Concluzlj.
8o vor trage oonolua{l prXvdad oportunltatea nontErligtanlelor gau Btrllalor pe piegele tip PAI-6 91 PE I-25.
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FFPW FBSSTUS&E EABSE:ISB
3,X. S*ep,el X,lrgg#rlt
: trrmrE:rea evlaen 'lazE proaorlptll.l.a do prcclale goonetrd,-
oS, lnd,LcE coailtfllla, u,rtod.ale 91 n.lJloeocla d,o verl,fl,saro prs-oun gl nErirlea tgisrantelor sdnlga, Srantnr praoele eu atoaatrao.
i
.*aJ a4. So{lunl Lntno&nctfvo
'
lologl,oe epllcete itln oe ln og ne mrli la Luaugtr .or lroocdrulare Ls bazE p:oprletitee ile deforuere pleat .o[ e notakJ.ofr "ooSrcraLte ce gub aofluaee unor forfs'exterlo€uta, cil gs fnerfrue Dlo-gel f,orra gl iltn€ltt.uuJ.lc ocnrtc; ' ''
trla dlltr oondlflll,e esanfilal.er-alle lntro0uor:c'i,l ln, groduo-
llo e prooeilealor tcbnologloe de proluorare prln prcraeur o ogn-stltule Lnccatral$a Lntraprlnierllor tndultr.Lal.o ou ut .traJa t ,c-o{.fl,ocr ln a.o6rol rol,ul :l, oonstnrotlvc s-eu Eeterlallrnt }ertl-cnJ'aritI,fl.lE trbrolog{cc ale operalttlor dte tEters gl prcearc lat€o€r Oeettnefla, aoestor utl.loJo loprme o ounoagtcre oonplct$ sd.ouenlulul dc utl.itzare, a pr{.loiglLior olaolsttoo ti a, pr-sotri-el tnnollonale; fE:r[ d,c. garc proleetarrs gl ergtoatsroa co:cest& eaoegterEa€brurrrte.p9"tlt1$"'..]..t
3.3 Degcrlor€s utllo$slu$'
.r' .: . :."
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srlnd. uri#,toarel, a f; srg,s tB*
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- ?alotdl. ounr.lor ,ntcrrcill'eser 8i 18; 331 ?Jt 66; .
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,
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tuottolarrr e pnomlor ou uocntrLo dcaoLlro sauilnohleo, oo"tt-E5_* 1*:r ou unrrl rau llol rcntanll 91 ou torfa il,e Breeere plt-
E rr2wtt,.'.:'''':'...:.....,',,..,.]..
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tre veritlolrlh prcolrlol gronetrl.or ro ts oa euptefallrlr ntrrtnll repralefr dc luonr I lorcl,. IboI ooartanolla lrroget'n, gcrltr oa D[rErr$ra rI sr taol p ltrngtnea lr oan gc rcfcrEtolerrnfa rtrailerillzttl, i rooasta alltr ulu[ poatr fl reoelouletl]ta rreport ou lungf.ra m4rnr po oele r poatc lroc ElJunseer Ta-
lcr{Ia tolrnnlolor plovonltr grLa looelouiarr nl dol oi
Or0ll n, t. ?trr rrotqnll le d;O| m. . -
In oarul ln orr rc utll:lrrrrl o ptaul dr rgr:t'lln oarc
r agczl Dc ran 3nrsrl, rorartt va tncbui cE BlbI arp:rafefele,anpud.oarE gl trrler{oed, Dlanc gt geaaleh intro sla. 'llolelaa-
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ofeetlv[fmf
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aocagte u sngorG.srn aoryarater -
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d) Perpeaa$al.a1d,tstca
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suprafate raegai. " Yor:lfioe-rrffi, ge f,age trg , OouE p3"ene
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gB f,orrmsEo ots sJ,ese$u"L berbeEu1ut
u, eJuqta$ su frece:re o
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toont -nuarcl
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Bcesst6 uul suport 8u oomparatof alca3.,Ll pripator etLngo geBeratoarea
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gL $,ntf-un pLan c6rg treCg prlg aSdr
HEsurErl,1e ss fao ta dou$ Blene
peapenelouiare t-utre ele tflg .3.3t
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Abaterll.e as stabllssa Prtrn d,lfe-
renla {nd, .eetillor cosq]arstcS]td'fs poeftlt},e etlFertoerH gt nfc-stearE e3e berbeetriuS.
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EatodA de verlflcgra Tslenut *t@l
A-*g,tgra€,eiec?lvEt*l
Coaperretorrrl Eo ageazE fue a€afel &rott palpetonrl cE stlrr-gE sulmtIato erterloerl 91 ee
poi. euprelaia firsntcEE a Y€,-
I^satulni (e gL b).
Abetcne egte d,lforrafacctJ.Ilsr oonpentonl'ul
getlso a relsalnlrrt,"
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peate 1OOO
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tre rlroturrrra val1lloErl}or oril 91 c Jooul total rcgl& .
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Ia, yrrral'o oB Grr rqf*Ul, veglttal*alc d.rc rc taa
lr mU GrE a bctcorlrr. i"t
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fbst1onlrl,L rrcsa1
r) Vrd.tloir.ra fbfloalr1 ' "a nerm]' ln eo1 lr efestu-rntl 1ellt rrdtoan:rb rtalrr
- Lr faso-qera .e srrrol. la go1 rr lrd 3lrr8a sI tba-fl"cnrr O dotrte,
- 3i zr, rtabltl' trfr eoaitrJ amrnB ourtrc&or ihrble lp.dut tb bcDrsnlxd, on riutoarl rnnr{ Gruaoctnr 8c ldttt aba-
"c{ir t # tetil ao n*ru..I orcrelor dnUle lanr-l'aa.
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ral*:r? Es fsee ilar lHsE qecud. gl. lntiealer$g : - ,.rr.
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rie€E eete ellnft.EtH paslbl3ttstse arel.Cent$:lll Frua$.-tonrlul prln lntroilucergs ntlnl.l ts, coEe per{ouXoas$ dap{ tlEs3aa.
t,,.'
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- la f,unclionerea preael ou lcv{,turi lndlvidaelor Leg$-tr:rLl.e rrtl sG repetB ciad ee esnsiae coaand,a tn porl|le €a oup ^en,
rei- DF€aa funelloa*es$ aunad. ,n cesul olE& Ee rp*u5'Gg
eg {i oszu1 an:-
llonErlL electrloe e comenzili eau ssnpra oelor elonE ntuere {iscszul' .aatloaErll Becea{oe s oonenelJ.)g
- preaa nu funclloaeasE eil eBErEtoas€s de pr.otectSa ni.-dll'eat6 (1a preeele prevEz'ote eu aseneaea apEr$toareln -
:
b)Yerlfl.casea
Sunclloa5rll la rnerg 3a saroln5.Terlf .caree presel" .e seysuS-ip saroLnE ErrB oe eoog aE
punE iq' evldenlE funcllonerea e .gur6 91 corectin Bnecua gl ver -llcaaea poeLDll't'tE {lor d.e iaoErcEre a}e presel,
Terlflcarea ge feoe Ie embeLe reglnrr* do lnon, tlla{la preeE o tab15 d,e olel cu " . 4O dtes/@2. fr,
$ecfiunea de tElere se la astfel aa aE ge utillsosr legtanlare lorla nonlnalE de preeere a preeel.
1",.
Sa verl.floE ln decuraul tilLerSj.e i4t' dacE organele ll nlgcare func .oneeg6 lla gt fgr[ 9o-cur .3
sercLnl.lor.La f,lecare lot dle 2 Breaa (eau ea3, Futla da 25 yr€ss)
ge d,ste:lnl"at prln f,nsercgrl forle rnasi.roil d,e yreoaro I.a ee:ra Llr-
trl la aolltme diapozltlvrcio
3.V Cssel,ssil
ia u,yffi,
eS.sg.e €essstrie$
€e t esmlsrFsg 3. abeterAS-*r a f,s* * f"ac u
e pFeseg +ti ffifie:etrj.o * ptreeum ffg
pr$.vfxd Fre*s 'v*r*-fleE^rli
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fi:aofloa^Erli aoeetell, ae ra nentlena fu luc:rere dlscE presa €u
esoeatrls t1p PELI 25 coreapunde gar rru l):resotiptlLler C,e precl-z1e prev6zute i-o Sff,g 6915 n-75.
Aoeste verMo4rl atat obllgatortt t:e latrepri,adertLeproduoltoarc &e prress cu sxocatrlo, ceu Ie Latreprladlerlle beae-
llotrrn, cu ocsal.a rcpe,rs 1l.1or capltale a1e preeelor, aau orldr ol,tr orl gr coaeid,erl rloc€Bgre
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YF't8
IR3llfgi'lHlfiAf.3$ Lr{DIC I&OS DS FH,EI,S*
';RAEili?Afs PBI$ "i]nES.SitE I-& ,Si$$ffi
e fcrma,bdl*tetea nate,L glor gf. *.3.tal eLsl earlao t erires.FloapacLtatea scesiorra de a ee ttsforaa l>ar,lneneut fEril *uparar lo*g$tur{Lor J.ntevloaro t lar rSrIuaE osst*t s"tlv$ a il,r f crwbfJlti,SS *.1.
este dlat5 de gmilu,L dc def,o::naass,.
Dgforebl*ltatea este tafln*n]etE dc grafrn1 Se Grfo;msl.
re e]' mt.elelr*1u,lul', itg rl.tezs, d,a rlsfonuare, ria prealn:les b.t{trs-statleE, fl€ SaprrftEtfi.e ertsteato 3:r set.s.L canr alfrgn dtc* FJ.lr
ailtttuitll€e feotorllor cErB o t"qnsatear&, i .ofs:ema]i.tl,tatea
eate gFeu,e3 f,tE raEeuratE, fol,os.Lniln'se" S:r raest tessr rurL uan-ts crlterLl .de apreelore; lan geatan ergrtna:rca acegtars nat
sr1tt lrldtCol' osmfom f €.4.1.
Fi.g.4.1. Orgsnl4ran6 peatrrr detenrL:rsre'ilad,l,oll,or dlsfornabi].i.t6t5.t
"
' Fl.ecerc orltsr .u d,a plaatloLtata i[E inil.c1 ,ei **.f*r:urhl^*
I1t6i11r rla:r nu ea poate preeiaa exaet care. riiEtl* et3;il i"liui+"j-
reflectb cel nei blne d,e.f,oi'mabltitatee u=ui sieial er-u c,13.-e;l- 3:*-care elaa &rdlcll d,e laceradre a3 ,t de . p*atm antrmdi'* ,:*r-,vfi.6t.:i
&e cxpez:Laent, ori pr{,n achl;nba:rea ooufitiJ,lor at echl:i i:.E, gI" tc".-
"U.r*ffqr,pa ta'rsfgare,E,
nersi/E consum,la iry*e, V
Indid aldefwrmbitifilil
lncermtea tarezi$enfd
'nrrr-.cw*h f;arn0uf6g.^P
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Raisfenf a lBnee0n, Rm
lncercatga tEtracliune
Linita decugene, Pce
Rezis fenta ladefornore , K;
(oeficenful deecrursgt?, n
I ncercarea Iatorsilgae
Ettlul laryeniral3 CttvlpnP
ffiul targenlialtot x$n tror
*-qn-i,,
lc:ses lorr"' Be aceea feprcd:r*eree acegtor in$*.ct. trr caa,litit d,e
tesperaturE dl.feri.t$, sau ia eLte cond3 -t d,1fe=l,ta, este *l.scu-
ts,bll$, Ia cadrtrl lncrHrlior ill:r scegt capl'tol. s€ TE etudr-a $r-tauenla ss}r{nhXr{l tenpere.turll d,E Ia cea aorea3.$ I.a aea a azo-hrlut ltcirld (iZof)r ssupra caracterlgtlallo= seggn{ss ale ma-ter .*lu.1u1. teblelor slrpus€ la .noercerea Ia tree 1une. De gee-
ElseBr apllcarea 1nd.lsL1or ttete:rslnatg ta oondl.ftrl' de ]'alorator,la oegarlle practlo€, ntr ee poatc iase dLrsot, ilecLt cn :rtrsdu-eerea uaor coeflolea 1 ile ao=eefi.a pare gE fl.aH eearrra ile d1f,e-rallte falE d,e oondilaile tn oare a,re 1oo defornsrea laaterlalu]'ulrespeetiv.
Intre tailLall OEtor.cao*l1i.t5lff Brezentafl. rnal aus au €epoate gtelallt o legEtur6 oaatltatlvB, deoarece esupln oH,r:in.ll
l'or lnff,,ugaleazE ,ttpul i.noerolrL .o De exeutriLu, ln eazrrl ,sol:.ot-ttrr{t, }a traclLuae, arnal o psrt€ .illa rollunu1 de reterla?. partl-eSpE I'a Lacerog:rgr aprle dcoEeblre dc s'ol3rltarea 3.n toraluno,te:r le eolloltaree }e cong:resiuae, detod.tE frecEuXL {$atre g-
pnretd gl piLatourtLelrleglntl dla lnc€llcet se noillfloE lrrdlol'ldetsrubl,llt1til la 5-de sol 'oltEr 'le uada au apsrle frecarea{traotfuaa, torslun€ ).
Sowpertarea lel.ilg'fomam a tE*{ Eterlldlf se caraotela.-zeagE 3 trc el,tele, 1rfs *zfeterila Ia iteformare \," foeaate- eE-te o tonqlune ilc refett.trf6 oare indlaE lnoeprtnl cqcttpdl, uate-sta,I.Elrrl" Iadllcll de ileforuabllltate, atabllttl, prd:r' dtf,e*:lia ..
Eottcitdrl, al.nt redalls :rtetlo fr
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En:; Sls1ra r+rlai1 caro ae deu, poedltl. .etatca.alrncot-elff. cari;itatlre a d.gio:=abaf:-tlt 1 esie soetl€tetu:L ds enn-eare
in),cge se tletszrtr,E , i.a curbe, de Gafom= a sate' lg3o-
3.or, inregl=tratI 3.s ct .feritE ilsc=aEr ' sgecd.ro.C+efLcLer.t?r1 d.e ecinrlEare repeealx*I *
"d,8rso ocryfsde eprecLars I .€*lo:ssb111tEiLi, Geo'ereee ra3oarc, ,a* dqdadsds ,g:ra,ili:L &i deforssne, vlteea its ieforpsns" .crynd$a aHargc5
a sterSetrr?sL" at*returE, orcgeud.tatGr & ilr al'te Fq=ts, ;- gut-tani;a eseflc.Lentu}'dd. ie serxr1aara ee qri.tce plrla IegEtE@ ca
extstE is :re sa].oa.ree sa gi gpdul' 6s dof,ore:Fo eWstto{c s
l.LuLta €e Srwpor 3orsa11-*a*c,*ogBEltatee uatearls3nld. ilefo:naat sre ds ilssns€a e
Jmportaa ;E. feoseb .tE, €*es:eee, cE cf,t eter:lo"i.utr vs, f;l m3 e-taogen, cu ati,t ploceeul itefoe:aEsl'l sa v,e dettEg$Ee we . let :gil.
se vo ,ebflne elorturL sapll.uentane laes. aloto ry:r{b$ iln$s'-
r.tsJ.uru . :L:efhrenlessE $r-b urcEtoer€h es5netor
porie eit not un.ifsra Ia deforra,r3
e) masd.tnte itta pmat f,o ffius le drrlds. i5rbt3 trseu al,t nHsa g &E t3ar -ra . st. a:rnryrlstE sn aEtt gt,64@lea ra 3L *st ltollcrd, ts,r alo=turftre suplilnmtg ffe w *1 Eefi
sxsll l
c)-'ffigpnl.tgtes Ge fas$i decs'nate=J,a3u3af, sB T€r SEsf, fk frfrJfie:ffe*
@rn*,fo:mH,o ter ef,ertqle{l.a ee@
fu sfut-Ble $slkw*ri$" sT* lssgfitsE*e, GE,&.IE@EG
vulf # DFf relr$..t'| .l'
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DtsTW CARACTERI gT IC IISR TSASICEAIA IIATER.I.LLEI,OR. SE}TTFASRTCASEISSUEILIZATE TN ERBSARBJI ]',f, RECE
IflC8I8BA 4
A. ISCERCAREA l.f, 1tsACTIIITE I-Awrs.A soRHAt[ '
$+"rScoprll Lwr6rl;[
Lnorarea u:mEregte Oetedns'res ?anreoterlstlellor neca-nloc t3* nterla,leLor c.d,fe,b:ej.c.atelor, euib ior:nl ile table 91baa$. gi lBtcrJlrotsrea acastora lnnb nrltactul oelnoltEtll' .de <le-
forurro plaotloB.
4"? SoSlurrl ds bs,sil
.a
Dotll:lnl-aarca celr.aotllCstlolior .necent'oa alc materl.a)-o-lor ouFrl.nit* elr:siltoarll,* aErtd, (aonfom S[f,8 3OO-?5) r
- l{t'tfg de ourgera (anarent}, euperloarE, lnferloerE)i- ]' -ul.ta de ourgere ooavcafsralE,l
-'Itul.te do onqgerc renanslt$i,D ltnrl.Se de H,atlgdere t
o rosdstenta }s rupsrs$r- alnntgJ.ree La rup€re B
,D gi$t\llr@E }e FU.peFo o
$91{F{ rcg oEraotorlst:lcllor ngcanlce r
-@:e) apareatE, Ru(5o); Eaportu1 d{ntra aarolag la ears e-
pl'lr'.{t otDgteree 1r'nglrli fErU rn&tlrea serclnll 91 erla secflun1ltransysrnr,I€ tdtiFl€ e epruyctaln 8e d.eter:nlraE vtzual de pe dl-agr€ea l"uoepeErtl..
b) superioar[u E*. Raportul d,lntre earcl.na narl:rE ee-
rs a& tareg*etraaaE is carsu3 er"agtar{L qlungtrS.{. f5r$ nEri.sea
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ri_ _ : ..::.:..:,,; : I 1l+.
sarcl:rli gl arra eacllunll traneyErsale ' rii;tato a agrruraialt- lnfericarEl R"1l Eaportul dlsrire sarnol.nc IEJ:rgEg +aro . l
oe inregiat:reaa6 9.r cu.rsul cregtordl lunglrtl f$rg Edrrrea sarcL-nli gl a:'le secfiunli tre.asvereale lulllaLs a epruvete .ti,initg--de crarSgre ccF.'rentlonalH (poatru o slnngirs ac-
proper i.:ne15 irrescrlsE), Hp' fraportal dLntre aarolna corcspnnail*i**e i:::si aiusglri aepropoitrlonaie prescrlao gl a= .a a*a{tunr.ttraasversale lnit*ale s sprare*eL; ulurgl.rss aoproporfj'onalll ae
lnscrLe drapt i.n*Lct. Ia mod. [aual, lfus{ta da ctr:garo rcaranaa*Speatru oleluri ec d.etelrdad la o aLungiru nepnopo:rll.oqsLE Ce O1?$
(Rpgr2)':
'''
- l;lmJ.te do alrreerg rg&elL-eatE {penlrn o ahuglra Fdlrts-
nent$ preaerlaE), \; Sagortril dtatrs sarot ^a Eoraepunz5toare n-nel alungled reng.rr€ate (14 deao6rcatr€a apruvetal) prescrlca gi.
aria sestlr,a*.i trErsserssle t-q .tialg a epruvetell aluagLraa rF-maaentE presor .sH, ea i,aerle ilrept lnd.loc', In moil uzual, lrrnttada ourgere ranenentE peatrr.l olelurl ge detennlnE La o slrrnglrgreuasertii de or25 {\,gr2) +
-r"fdta de-iitra4gre
$o.nv$ttlaea14(prntru n
al.l',sj.re,totgl prescrlsE) , Rt,, Saportrrl d,l-atre egsqlae rceeuptrruHtoalr u-aei alungirL totalo irescriee 61 erl.e saclllntt traaevo.rEels i'tri-{lale a epruvetel". Aluaglrea tota16 preeor:lsd ee fuscr{e d,rept
lndJ.oe.. In mod, uruall LLnlta d,s t&tlEders osnvertlonafd pantruofietr,urd. ou **0,
UEllru 'o Eo d.atere,LnE ia o af{ingi,rE totelf
de Ar5fi.,
- nezigteFta la lupo*l R"(O") c Raportnl dla ;ra sarsLtrtmarlr:nx gi aria eecfiirui.l transyersafs f-p,f.t*als a opnli$tet.,
- LunqLrea epruv-ot-e.1.; A Ln &ifcreafa d,lntrE inaEiaoa o-pruvetal defor:lcets Et lungtnaa laltlaLE.
- Alu4qlnea total.A, it" .{lunG$ree d.eter:nln*t$ la opiiuu-res unEl earolai, d.at[ de raportrrl &lntre 3.uag*rea At el luagl-nea lnllielE l,or nEaqratit La groocnles
- 0iii:.:Ea-ts r'ulere, E,- idfJran[a dlntre arls eeaflunllinlttale gt erla eeofltu5.l ultlns a opruvatol rapcrteiS ls arlaseeiJ"unli t-a.1 1a1e", :
- Cssg*gjl$Blu.l--gg- tgI$:.gg{:g, a " fe.ractoi:r.Egaa$ **pc*itr,-tee de ccasollCars iirrtfrire) g alaiexieiultit i;r li-spal" defsrro5rii"
tai. d.Lntre
fJ.sH rgelB
Spe€{Sie+tgl.ds qg#**gq.*"gr r'_.. Eete Scfi:t1.t *a re5',*r-
4sf+;'rs€tfa npe*if.te$ i-a l*tt** gb El defer*etla sp*cl-i.e *rr+sl-qBa *f ..
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3e
4"3 tlriieJ*1. fc]*s:i
Paatre Lncerceraa }.e traclierne se ?a qiLiiae oeg .ae u-
:rivergal.E peatru iacerc6ii iliStFi0$u erist€ntE ia leborstoriiL de
TFR9 Aseeetg e,egirE d,a tip presi indepil.negie condltliLe prerE-auie i:r S3.[S 2oC-?5, prlrlior Ia graclsie i.e B6eurere gl lare-gletrare s dgteLor erperisentalen. De aeenetasE ea oorespund€ ooll*
dltlilor lmpuea prI-n STAS 15]0-80, prlvlad verlfisErlLe la care
trsbalo eE fia eupusE o maginE peniru incercEri mes'n{cer inai-e-tee utlLizErii e1"- Segi.:ra universalE peatrq iaesrcEri ISSEROI{
aeta ecblpatl ou dl'spozttlvele peatru traeliune. Acestea Eintd.leposLtlve peciru atri:agere rapldE, ln csre se pot introd.uoe
atit besnrl Etrlste peatru epruvete plate d.ln i;eblE, oii gi ba-ouri. gtrC,ate peaim epruveie cllladrioeo-
Prcsa InSTROil iariepliuegta prla postbtllt6lile sa1e,
ooadlfltle lapuss de SEilS ?OO:lrr care preyede epllcares sarci-:rl.L 1ent 91, progresly fErE e dep6pl o rltezE de cregtera a EBr-otrntl d.a
1tlax/"rZpe
secundd, ln annmtte oazurd.Gula
ar flpea-
tru tabl'ele sublkl fl1ad recon.snd,atfi, o vltezE gl na5. leni;E d.e
apll'care e aatsl.c. 'i, peatru a ae eyl.ta tend{ata d,e iaguetar€ et-aqltnnE a Becflnnli ia. nal'irift" loaurio,
4'.,4 Hotiu-l Ce lucr-uI,#
4 #S + BpruJrete. Haterlale, util-lzate.-
Bprsretele foloelte vor ayee forsa Fl
STAS Sl ssnrtfl'saiia cot€lor"-
d.lsensiugil e ils-forns peatrq oll'oate Ltr
Eprlrv8tg,v
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' 4n14rl Exeoqtaiea lucllrq: Cantrarea'opruvotej. ln baeurLLe do traolltrna Ba va fa-
cu deosebltd atenlloo, Orlce abaf,era de la axlalLtatea eollcl-epruvetel atrage dup6 s{ne eoLlctt5ri supS.inentare Iq in-
care duc la denatutqre& rezultdtiloi lnceroEr{.1q Dle-de prlndsre trabule e5 ooreepund6 tlpulul da epruvete
. Pentrq tebLele gt banzlle sub Or2 nn grgslne ee va d,e-nurnai. :rezietenla Ie rupere ;,
Condltiite pentru d.etsminarea caractorlettollor neoa-
prLn lncerearea la tracltuno siat hdloate ln STAS 200-?5+
: .:: Rezietenfa'ls rupero B€ va lndlca ou preolzle 1a o unl-valo?l .e fraofionarqt rotunJlndu-se
",
4 .4 .3,",Faz
ele ine ercdrlt
''{'' ' /:
In eadrd luorErlf dd laboratordlx of ol Ft elunlal-q n
.{r J ,J.l :
' .- " n ;'
ss Yor atlllza €proYe-
-. , r | . , . ;,:..'a;.,
' ' :
magln5, asigurindu-so o sollcl--i : ' ^s -
a) -Se nEsoard eecflunlg.fa1.tlal[ a oprrlvetoi dotonaJ'-
vaLorllg r1H,tllttl gl lroslnll el ln porllunea oal.lbratE o
r ...b) Se gtabilegte lrurgimea da mdsdra'ie tntre repere L;llnparte ln 1O sau 20 d.e p5r 1 egale de ctte 5 sau 1O snr-:.ou '
unul.dispozitlv ou.ac de itrasaJ., fraeaJul 'senragte lace}ou1atat1"st1oapozl 1eizonet3aruPerea
aceasta neeituind.u-.s9, lntotdea,rrna.,la nl J lbo ul epruvo-
Pentrq reallzarea calcululul etatlstloj ao'vot inosroa nLnlm
epruvete dln acelagl nateriirl 91 dln aoeea$l aarJl.. fi
alegeqee, fortelor de stringerb coroapunzdtoaret
eoH.rii ln funclle d.e ebrclpa prob,abl.|I de,rup€rsr alo-vltezel de d,epLasare a hir-tlei".gl a vlt-ozet,de-: deplaeare
travor8gl. o
axial5 n
'i 4 :a.
d) Flxarea epruvetei 1n
e) sollcltarea2649.-76" --
f) Cltirea. ssroixilor FsL, Fei{, F* cq,o
't't ':i :
epruvetel'in condltflle prescrlsa de
proeJ-rl o de 3,f,
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t . ", ,: l#Hrf{'J
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1iit
rek a.t_.t t1j]u:b Fp-1b44*r@-fi+.x4eiryr,g. .\. r
-g-i',
tt'
At {va} ,
F1So4 q4" Dlrr6rs.ns S.nssro*T.rli la trqEttrfqe;s R lnEilosrsg poat ttel usor caracterllgtlclns*idrri*g s[,ai Bsuglc r
:
t- tyCIrgah .,IXSTROX 3 on 'sarrs 'Cs pol obtlne]$-JFrut.-, - '-
g,l Inaep5rrer&e
j *r5*Efiiar rupteele' €pruvetei di-n :
a\/q r < | . rf51c11e lf,agi rril " De-
temrin&rea l-un$lmL.i,
.fi.nals L., prlr. pu.u.e-
r8 sep la cap a 3uBEt6$l,1or rrrpte slmE surarea ri.ieta.nEei
d5.atre'rgperel,e ?r'a-ea tB:' .nltJ.el su sJ rt-
'., toFutr uEEJ. gubS-ar ou
preolsle dG O?Oi lrtmc-F-\ft'r:' Xn,'l€aE oH, ggte l ,gss*
saE'E o prsolsie d.e .
s5euraro EsE nars ssvor, foloei extensc-
;
motrgle sg,lsiente ia,dotaeoa nag{ n{L frnl;
prgo{gtt de'tr{gu^rara d,E
t'
f.*..- t .j
r. i ,7r-
t
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-;,i*&eiLs;:e eet* ta 37 i:i,,. le.;:dli;i11e cars su, ser e fS, trldgnt|glte:Lgi n*d,.41 l.e, o:Bps Lq* Fa &-r;i:eiiE'fi, aeeagtE *roe.*e.are eSnli 3.e$Lc,etE.
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b st1]-a3n-l f,olost,t
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rltlvclr dr.prt-ad.ars ale enrnvoicl. i
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oerlnfeLor t-npuae d.e- taoeroarea aoostare fr. eventual aCept*:ere
141 Ia alte lrroersdr{. la t-r'porreturl Jogsg.t.. , , . , _ :r,.
Cotretraofle q3ioatatulrr este de tip. uodu-11 ega ::,i.LL X+:*
ault{ irn ftg..4e n, Partei eriertoslr# s'o.ylostatul.ui is eonst{}r},.*le- gard,a tly azgt lleLttl gl izolarea tarnl.od,cu wld f,et4 d.e raecJ.-
u} laeeaJur€tor., Igolarea tCroisd cn rld sgta eonn;a5 atiir f#,r:tilexterLears olt gl laoltl'tei later1oare., Iactlta".1l'terls"'i;:.Ii ? eEt+rletagabllf, de partsE extErioar{n adlcd de nsduLul' dE e,so* l.i.ahld,prtn ftaage aupcrl.oard 91 eteng&rae i.nrerioar{ i4q
, Dlspozltlwcl do prladara 6 . fLxaro e s*cn?atdi..;r, -r.'r ^i:.r;+.
aantet ta f:fg"4e5 a foat ooafco Leae*, Als efs3. ir:,cd,dribtl, i;i:..."i': ;.
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crlogealeel ei &Jre trn ecefi-cieat ]r*i de e*etrsefTe gL csr*a*te*rtstloi necanlce btine, f{,rd e Cey€;l freEl} la teuparetu-ra sag-
-ijtuld Ilchid. Dispozlttru-1. ers ua loceg ce oorsFFnade ecgeilru-
tlgrl r.6. Dlapozltlv pantnr soLlcltarea epruvetell l-dlapozlt .vepcotru ag6ze €a 91 flnrea epruvetell 2-element latennedlar pen-trq traaEelterea forleit 3-t1Je pentru apllcarea efortului detracflunc.r
lul .opruTotct gl olenc
roa S1 ftxarea rapldl a
trea d,l spozt tlyrrl u,l' r-as[ ftr apltoat osatrellII PuId"
pontru ft-area ol r Ge aelgtu€ tntroduoe-Gpgqvptelot.. I€ proiectarea Fi oonetFul-
avut 'i" ysd,ere ca afortul dc traofLrrna.pc ara €pruvetci., psntru a syea tractin-
I{t
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so ?or dcter.n1ra aceleagl o"t".Jdr+stiol necanioc oe Fi
Lr laceroarea la traoflune La tenperatura aor"ma16, etiLlsintlu-eeaoalcag . forrlulc, reepeotli pentru lrntta de ourgcre, rezlotaa$amrrlnx Ia rtrpereo alrrrtglree fe rupets.. fB aoeet oaz alungC.rea aere d.aterola.a dlrect d,ln d.lagrana traeat4 de rne$lnE eau ulter{.orndup{ aooateraa Jun5tltllor ruptt de epruvetE ,t1ra or{.oetat, prlnnrcurarea l,rngirarl flaah, f,*r dlntre rpperele lalllale (aceastadl' unlE er f,l o sEsuraro oei putla preeteE itatcrltE dilatEr{.ip6 Ea:rs o euferl oetaLq.l Ia ecoateree d.ll nedLul. oe{"ogsnlci I
Bcsul.tatele incerc6s{.1" se vsr tr*cs irl tabelq} 4..xr epe-
olflcr.nitq-ce i& droptul Loc ieuporatura ia aare s-€q efsaBuet;.
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Se vcr trega sci1clusl1 grlvtnd i.iatrluenfa **oparatur{"1
a s {rBx'E d ef o::aabi li tEtit na t e rial +I.cro' $'rin-C s-ee prr*se#**'GQE-
parelia cR colnFortarea la;telrpese*ara nolse1$.;:'$o've ;sta,hIll ,ds-:
forraebilltatea ia functie d.a.da*e3s Lnssriss ln.tebe3 n 3fp 4+1"
giderapcrtr.r1P'"/R=roorrpar3acis*F€p'srBgneats1agr.nneil.eoo.${au*te prtn iacerciir{. de tre*tiuna J"e t**rp*ratar* sgAs{ta ,98 oale , ',,'', i
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I.UC RAR.DA
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INCERCAREA LADETEF*{IH.[ REA '
TITACTTUT{E A L{ATERIALELOR PTASTICE .CARACfNNT STICITOR }IECA$ICE
t 5'lf'" Scopul I uor{r11
Luc ra rea
re B naterlsl-elornl c e .
urrnlre gt e oe t arrrlnareapl astlG e r cu eJ utorul
c omport6rj.l la d,eforma-
carao t erletlctlor Ers *.r-
5,2 l{o Iiunl lntroduc tlve
Aceestd inceroare ee executd confona STAS 5642-73, lncere sint lndlcate metodele de determinare a oaraoterlstlcllornecanice a nateriaielor plastice: rezlatenla 1a tracliune 91 a-lu,rglrea 1a l1mlta de curgierp, rezistenla Ia traclir.rne gl aiul-girea la.,rupere, rezistenla }a tracliune rnaxirn[ gl nodulul de
el. g s t i c1 te t e . De t erminarea. cerac t erls ticllor mecanlce corrstitui e
critorii de apreciere a d,eformabifftflrtff
5 "J Ut1laJ u1 Si dlspozltlvele uttllzate
a) Incercarea Ia tracflrrne ee executS pe preea fNSIR0l[
dotatd cu dlspozltlve de prlndere speclale. Prega INSTRON acop6-rd ga::a ae vlteze de lucru de Ia 1+ 5OO m,/mln cerutl la fncer-cdrl.
U) Dispczitlvele de --flxare eint atagate pErlil flxe,''reep.ectlv pdrf li nobile a naElnll. Apllcind pEr 1l noblIe o rrl-tezl de'deplasare, diepozltivsle ee deplaseazE l1ber pa aceoaglaxi, aetfet cd axa de slmebie a epruvetel gl dlreetia forlolortrec pria centrul dlapozitlvelor., Si.etenal de fixare a epruvete-Lo: in Clepozj,tiv€ va fl eetfel lncit sd nu producd aLqnecareacapatelor La lnteriorul. dispozltlveloro,
Peniru epruvetelo de tip i9i
tip II dispozii;i'rele poifl de nodeluL cu st:'ingere autohatL eub eercinE" Dispozitivulptez.ntat in fLg,J,4 e6tc rocomandat pentru epr.uvotele cle tLp IfIo.
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-,., \" r.^ l-
trl 8., 5.2., Epruvete
a) Eps.*s3ele,
Eprl:.vrl tel- e stenderdi sa te$lr.- 14. E 1,
rl.e sini de trel ilPuri I /c<n1.r{.i)
Fig.5.-}q Epruvete ttp I ' D ST.*S 664243.
'Lungimcq Frliut ffira chnre
"Ltlrgirrq prtiuii crirtitrqte
pent:nr tnosrcarea le trao ttu-a ttp 'I; de
forrea ,91 dtnEllrsl-,ttnlJ,e d,br f16+5 +1r irn{iiE atepantru ^lus terd,e3.e
TerslopSastlco
csrs preatatE eerlunglre niaB larupolne (pov..g+
dur, pollanld,e, poll.'gtf.ren antlgoo r otc J I
iD ttp II r d,e forrne
gl dlmansltrnlle ladi-caie ln flg .3.2, pBn,-
,- .,prczlntE o alrrngire,nal trAra Is ruprrs( p +Y'-c + Bleetlflat r
poltatll€uor PollPFo-pllcno ,frlo r)
- tlp IIi r dc for-Ea gt dLnene{un11e
&[n flg .5 ]fpgntruBated.alc taroorlgJ.-de ( rdgt ar faaol-fop-aldebldloe, r{gt ql opoxl r rEgfr-t potlca-terioor rdglrzl osrba-nldlor, oto.).
b) Exegut nree in-, , *s.FgTs3.
$e v$r r'Fa.F'e'trtia co. l-dltllIe l-nP'u'ee d,e StAs
tlp II - gTtS 6642-73"\
GtallJll\t
a-lt-
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42
Flg .5 s4 t &L epoal tLv de trec tl rrne pontru€pruvete tlp III *
5 ,5 Resuf ta te sapenlmenteLe
H6rtnlle cs ss vcr d,eternlna prltr, r1s e5.Et lndlcato ta tabel,ul osntra}J.sator
' Hetodglos,la-.de .q$Iggl , $- a] u:rtrirea In llnl ta do ourlere t
prlvltrd cen trareaeprqveteJ. gi v:it sza-le l-n,dicat e de 1u,:Ftt r
{r Se EEsoard a1-meneiunile furl$laleale spruvetelor ou
o pr€clzio de t L%".
,- Se pzd-nde €p3rtll-
veta trr Ci spcsi ttvgcla nagiai.l u etriagiJg-d u-le ln nod q$t f o::m
gi sqflcl ent do pLt-ternlo psntru sB @o.
pruveta ed $u alrurs-o 8 r dar fdr6 sE ff.e
etd,vLtE, r.
I.noorcarea Is trastl-5,]v
Aot
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d,l eianIa dJ-Gtre r€perrs ln $os€ntu,l atingerli lf.qlt'sJ,de g urgers , tn &irr r ,
dl c taa{a 1n1gi,a3,6 ia tre re psrs e 5,n BEt s,
alunglfea ,Ia jrupefe o Arr
t ot iA"a#xloo[g]
dl e tanla dlntre ""* Iu ln Inolr€rrt uI ruperil n tn n'nl edl etenla { 'r{ }le}E Lntre repetro, in @ s:rp Fl. gtg$te . le. .t ra c,t l rrng 1S .13-El ta So e urseJ.s , Ge ,
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darct-aE mexin$ de tracfi.l,rilnso .tn daS q
frF;Le :s€'sti,ti&g$. ,Srsp*s lBLtXeS*, ,tm **Bor*'gi et aniq-le *Leetl..:tn* .-1. 4 rnEerc o'S -^t
G.,, a
"{*' tu*y"#l,9 os' t
'e ssrolna de 'tss{rt$nrns }e JsqH}srs* $u .d,a$.b
m*gf-sf;Itt1 Cmpte .i-tsJ.frtr,*3,'s , ' ,8 ,8m0,
r modrrlm.]. d* g3.eg*l.,ei.*atg. Slr---
Fa-r
E E *1* ,. "#g# L**1"**Js " I*e ' ' &o
-arundor Fu - gerolna oorespnnalltoqrr dlatanfsl. L" latrc ropcra, i.a
d.dr t- t
S^ - ard.a scctluntrt drepte *r1rJa", ln oneq,o " - Atbtanta lntrs rgperc pentru qr prrnot dc Br porflunra
llnlar€ a eurbol., ta lrne
dleiarrfa 1n1 1a16 tntre t6porr{, in #n
ofortul qn{i;ar la o alunglr* datl A"r .ts deit/omZ.alnngLrca oor',cspulsEtosrc unul purnot dc ga pr.rrtltuca11n1erd e surbsi" &k
Tabsl BI 5 *1
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A .tt+.'
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Referetul 1uerirl.l de laborator va ootrtlae eoncluzli3o).agute de deforrr,abilltetea clferltelor lratarlalc prasilcs pri.n
studiul conparetly tl caracterlstlclror meoaaioe ale aoeetora.,
caracterletlclle mecaalce are Eaterlalelor pleetlce ae
sohlobd ou tenpsratura medlurul de Lnoercare., ra cazuL clnd se
cere etudlul cooparatlv a] deforoebllltdtll la temperatun nor-
nal$ gi la tenperatrri scdzute, peatru acest din uxnE eazl: inoer*cersa s€ ya efectqa oonforn unor prescrip$11 speclele.,
,/te
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IIJCFtAREA
urcrgRcARtsr tA c o$ln Esrr$B
SuopuJ. lucrdrll: : :. :: : :l .- ..
?entru cunoagterea conportErit unul oatet.tel ln tLopntaeformErd.L, preorul g1 Ln scopul erploat6rll ooreotg a qtileJelord.e defonuarot eete lmportant ed se etablleaeo[ rsalstenfa Ia <le- ,
formare k*r O roetodE elnplE gl atgurl pentru neoeaitdllte.pma- .'
tloe a-a ioved.lt a ft gl lnoaroarea lal'coalproalune, totod.atE a- ll
oeastd f,noercare 6e apropie oeI nal nult: de paJorltatoa opalalt- ,i
ilo:r d.e preluoraro prla deforusr€ fr yolu.n.,.,A: ' 'In cazul oompreaLw{l, adlcl a trnal atErl ila tensLunol
.
nnlasLald 62 - 63 - O' atit orlterlul d,c ourgere a 1u1 ?rsaca
oit g1 a lul Eubei+fs€s-g€nclqt oond,uor-1g rezqltetutr ..:, ,.:' ,,' '..'. ..' .'.. .;'...t...,
kg - C17., r (6;)'.
5?r
AoeagtE ooadllle poate f1 lndcpllnlt[ ntfial daoH
rea pe euprafala de,oontaot dlntre cpruvetd gt platoul ileraro cate negllJablL{', Rezletsala la defolraars k, eat-c lncaz egalE ou tanglurea erterl,oard O1r J't
frega-dsfor-88asi
..6.2 ldotlrrnl de bazd
.:/\Incercarea La oonpreglrrna poata goncra ctilrl de sollcl-
tare neonogane, datorltd, frec$rll dlatre seuiS 91 eprutat{r:ceeaoe ya d.eter:alaa eparlfla fetroagsulaI' de butolorer, ' ' .'r t,:
Precarea dlatre acul,I gl epruvet5 poata fl lai.caorat{,d.ar nq oooplet aaulat[.. [umei:ri cetrcetitord. su csutat sE prinE
'
lapunct
condllliIc' erpor{-nenrele trscsaara obf .aerll iii:or ci:rbesfort-d,ef,oua 1e, ralat:.'re la ccndifll].e ldeah d.e sorlplestura ' :
un{*r{alI, cu probl 1g oers ec}loltBrlle au sllrt Cc ccmprealurle ,
pu.r{ 1
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45
Tqps Hsll I a: J a cereetet defo:::ra 111e ldealetlve pc pro$e da oonpresl'&e. La probe ldeaI[, aa puno
ce aotcrlaluL el l1e oraogea, lar latre scu],E 91 fefele
sd au aricte freoar-c 1in aoeeto coadlfll, defornattlle plastloe vor
forse, flc la dlrcolla a-{aI[, flo La dircotla rad.lq16
coad:tflllc ilc solloitare in fleoarc punct a1 cpruvatel,date dc eouatlllct
FGh -.i- E
GrB6*EE 0
,
91 gf€c'-
oondt tlaepruvet el
fl tu?l-( ffg"5 el),Yor fx
(6*l
(5+i
iu
I'l I
Ftg".6 J. Scbena defomatit*.lor ldcsle tntr-o spruv€t5sl,ll,adrloE supusl Ia oos-proslLIrs e
ia sarsr eetE sarcfuta r ttr EoEl€Il-
tul Bs$EJ,derat I,r' anl.a gaotttm,lt r Ln
noE€tnt &1 osl}Elderrat I
6i:- afortnl s:rlal I
Sr- sfortnl. rgdlal I
6€ * efertul slrounfallstl-tlal e
^, Dsfornalille efeo ttve a1e oprul*,
vctel tn ftcearo loom€nt, Yor fl r
(6*fl
tr a 6+t {r
lo - cgtc laEltlnea 1n1ftal6 a opruvetolSH - Ln5ltla€a epru?otel ln nomentul ooneider€t..CoagLd,crlad aigcarea unul pruot (fiS"6,1) de ooordonate
tr foloelad lcgea ooostaalel voLurad.uJ', ee 1rcate ecrlei
Es'lat- e,
blr a ro o (-EL)',
+irln cg,rs s
to sl. ho
dost €oats punc te le sltoata Iaslgne Sdaai6 s\a vor algca deq
p3,anu1 F-h BI ellruvetal de osmpra,-
lnng;ul u.ioor hl parbole",
l
l r I
li i 0,8 c,6 i(
il-' E- 'ln*iF-
li t {,ffi-i{i:/
: t4/_y \II
t t*t t t
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1i
In epnuveta real5 da oeaoprcalune, proaaala fraoErLidlatre soulE gi fetale epruvotel vg dotsmLaa conil ,ftl de colt-loitare eornplese, cer€ ?or ganara defor:maNl1 aeosoganc Gareotr-rleato de butoier€a epruvetelt trscorea unel porfiluni. I oBpta-
fetel laterslo.e epruvetal in euprafalE de oontaot gi laaeflcl-eata LH'ftr€ a Buprafefe3.or de ooatast el,e epruvataio,
Feeoseaul d.e butolers denonstraaz6 sS ln eprqvetil ato,tprezente solloit5rl taagenllela dator{.tE o6rora dlraofta aollol-t6rll pri-ncl-pale au ests axlaldr lar trsosr€s srrprafefat latora-le in suprafa 5 de oontast va ilaternnlna o reduoore anortall g l-gruvetel., datorltE cErela celculul tleforanftal au poate fl bagal
nrrmal pe rcducerea tn61 lm{l+
ffit-lJ- i ( {ffiL-4L t _ : i- -Ji-='
Fig e,6.3 o. Defornatllle rsalsi.nti-o epxrrTet5 ds oonpr€Bt-U I8..
Ia flg.6.? sLat radata dof,o:mell1lo afeotl'va -ele uncl
opruvetc nelubrlflatoo La oonpafafii.e su dcforaoetlllc/t'sala, agl
oun reeqtrt6 dl& f,lgnrd, fonoqsnql de bqtolors dotord.nE o crcg-
tcre e dlaaotrulql ia eccllu.rac ncdlan6 e epruvotol gl o alcaora-re a dl,anctralul ta oolc dond c:trcslt[tt.
Elf ,'{netoa freoErtl d.i.ntre fefcle epruvetel gL sculll a
fost roallzat[ prla utllLzarsa unor bacurl oe:rlos IffJ. Supra-
felele oonlce -Ior av€a un ungirl egal cu rurgblul de freosro dln-tre materialele in oontact iftg#.J)r reEultind o forl.-, ,-a:eleI$
oU auprafata de contact (Pr), ogalX gl de eens oontrar tr* I'*:'ia
da freoare, reaultLnd o fcrlii dc conpreeiune axl.aj-5. {ll*:nc'f }'
Ili aoest oaz eoncllttle ldealo de Cefc:Be:"e r:::i :-,rsrl1*
sStO nuggl t-a LaOagUtrrl defCn6drl , ar:pi c&rs r cda: -i r; ::;.: ; 'I"i -
rea lnsitleli epruvsttl-, trebr:1e ree11 tatS o rarince:'s :l'-r'j ::,Ate
Ftf ,$ r) v Sshema tassrs[rfl lnooupr€slrl$€o 4 baourl oonlos +
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a nil6,hiulul. suprefeielor casioe, cri. nanlitina Essc.bircbai acest
lagirJ., eoaa cen-t:'ali. s epruretoi ya avea o i'rxltlsE uel.;aio5 de-cit zoaa perlferlcd, ceea ce va Ceternina aparllla ,a ceatrulprobel a usei dafo:oatll :relatLve nal nare deoit la peri.ferj-asliruvetei e
{-'ftTfor- FlS r,6.5
"Ilustrarea prd.nclplului
ds lul Sai-nt Venant, apllcat la plag-de tlcltete: a-epruvet5 eoLlcltat6 lagt BercltrE neunlforroE I b-eptuvetd Bo-
Ltcltat6 la EerctuE L[ . fomE; c-oogl-punerea oelor dou6 go11eit6rl",
Fcnolennl dc bntolere, lcgat de fraoarea dl.ntre €pruv€-tI el roulI, eatc dcpenilant el 4e taElllnea apruvetel.- Conforla
prJ.aolplulul lul Salat Yenaat, Aplloat la plaetloltate, nunaloatar.Lalul ettuat Ii dllatetrt" Ro cate aupua unor goU.olterl eo-Eogrre (fign5"5).-
DaoE tpruvota csta cuflol€nt AC lnngE, va e-Lgta o lonE
dc uaterC.cl n carc collctt[rlle gl deformaftiJ.e vor fl oDogene,lar peatrn ogzul partloular al unol apruvele trffudt lungj,(2Rlgo - O), ofeotul' freolrll asupra rczteti*,pel. La ooropnealune
TF tl. aaltt3autl"- Porallrd de lg aoeete oonslderaate e-au reallzat epfilre-
ta dc ooupresluaq ou dlvorae nlrcrturl d.iaroetm-fnXltfune gl s-auoalorrlat prla ertrapolare eol.ioltErlle pentnr aouil .lia t<leald
L.f: ].,flof aoeaat6 rnetodE (ttg.5q6) nu furnlzeazE rezqltate
r{.guroaoe, deoaleos treoerea ile la ooad.lfla exper:lmenta]d 1a oon-d1 1a 1dealE ee face brqso ( ,n realltate epruvata trece tta ra o
lnIlflno ogBII cu douX dlanetrg Ia o laEl.tlne l'aflnlt6) .-.
Peatr{r obll-ucrea teaaluall efeotlve, ee poate foloel glurlltoarea rclafle:
I lP Ig__L Y_
It
i
t
-_i_-,g
Flg+6 q'4 ' Dl etrlbullalelor Ie BpruveteleooePrestune, 1n Eolracotrtast dlntre beourl
€PruvstE "
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s -/'t+y
-1,' 6l** i " gfc -crc*-t;
i'-e/ + a t {6 #l
1"a rrc:r-* r.-J..it L, t'a r|' r-, e
.J
G -. _ _-,_ ssts efori; u-lLl3gT s.
ade reri:tc;a r- rag* se*ilii:rij-q d rasa Ce gt:rburli
EssespffiEHter sosil.untl. lnstalrt&*"
maxine a €FruYet ei. dafaxrueie i
& g*n8r:s.Eo3rei eFriryet*i trig""5.,Ti +
.t nntuv
90
8C
2A
10
0 1 *.?,.. 3
T Do/H"
Flg 6 r$.- Influsnta rallortul,tdDo/ fio asqpra valorll, lql 6ef ,la inosrsarea prln oonpresLLrJre j
Fie ,S.:l schesa de bqtcl,erse uns j" eprnve t e d,e sospr€*e3,un* *
:,.aelars i r:.g ,5 eB * b) o- t* as I si$ e eflrssFc siscS.€n$ S R uii SF*ri
Acee std, g$r€o$ie *,u ,BEb,B
vsL.sblLH, pentrui v.alcri ;sr&rt s
repcrtulr:.t a,/n is.r 5n Ferltt""cular pontru a/R m
4,s& otili*
JrS Gef r €, a ReafiStlt ril HcsSS*
tS soFestie es FcEte ep3,J.ca
nu.nai, Ie eprttYEte ss au * f-nHlti-ue *fqH $.n oo&psralte en
die.netrul q Vel,orj.le oeLe f+s"$.
reale ss obtfn pentru i.$gltt*etaIE eBruvetelor o6p)-e aan nainnarl d,g 1r5 d,i.anastre 63" pslttra
defomatll astale de gu*xt^s 3Sqfepomsnul de butolotle poato,-
f,1 nlogorat prlntrrtr Lr.lbrlf,la-re oorespqna$toare a fetelarspruvetel s6 #:t t:r csntaot cu
eoulae t" uor$t noc ss redssa
soneldarabLi forfia ris f,:reoare,
reallafnd[-El€ o dsforrnatle ]Eo
dial6 a saterlsflffuf ,tln tssl.-nHtates eoulsl de ooruprsalrrno,
obtln ,n,1u*ga o,1.d 1re epsoape
' sonstantA pa toatE, In61tJ,:sss o,
Fsatru, o Inbrifi.e re blmd
[- I.5 ] B.-au confecllonat spru*vete olllndrd.oe prav5,sute pe
bazs eu aarJ.tEtt eLrruiare
(ffgr,5"$oa) aEP psntrr ellnLna*.re&, eL unec5.yii Ie;e;'.q.i s; s*3 G
Feglisat eFFn?*hr: cil ;:nvtt5 is8 F,*t *bt lne C,* f*m:i;:i- i: i ri s ?;i *
defcrmitrs +i* n i.5 L,: i:;:i .
60 ozir=:H
-70E
€ ..60z,o9s0l5r
t40I
I
30
55%
50%
LA%
30%
2A%
10%
5%
mad,
J-l; eJ
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50
F1g.,6 s8, B'pruvete pentru Laceroarnga 3,a
oonpresL u,ne , avind aaT:ltEtl d.e lubrs-
flerss &-on csvltetl olroulare i b-onsarlt$tl lnolaro.,
Un s1t nod da lubr1,-fiere ooast$ in tqtro-duo Brea u,net foIll eub-
tirl d,e teflon tntregr
pruvetd SJ. acul$, f.n gc
cest fe1 d,efometlllesprqvgtat Tor fl foarteaproplete de defoilnetli.-,Ie idealoe
t" 1u6n.o Ba [tr] s.-q
rstraloat oE detEralnerrea curbel Gef i' 6Ef po
spruretE de tractluneeete concl:LttonatE de
roduo sraa deforsaflf lorcars preocd etrlottunes
".
DLn aoeast[ oauzd, l:r-c ercarea d.e oonpregltms
obte hdlcatE pentruetudloraa dcfomalll1or
plsetlce marl., oare EsreallsEasd i:rtotdeaunaf,n proceeelc d.e extrud,a-Fe o,
' Pentrn trasarea de,-
fg'Iraaft .1or reale, red,a-'
t6#ro flg S&n pe f1ec8-re tprwetl trebula trseate senne de r€fs:{.lt6 pe euprafafa late-
rallg{ pe
oele doril baze, Ln ecopul n5eurdrll ct.t mal exaate avar{.atll1er dbcnslona}c ale epruvetel (ffg.,519) g
tleden,
lubrtflarea suprafelelor de ooatact ee va faaa la funo-dc natorlalul co se deforrreazE, ou aeu, btgulfu.r{ de mollb-tafloa eto a
Conportaroe lssoaslr pd,ntre altele,csasta cets o tenslu.ae
rt1 Bstetl'lalulul e
I
#,
PIS.F u9 o EpruvstE de oonpFssJ,une, oussrnao ds ref errlnt$ s
daforrcare a unu1 noatarLal gs cargs terl-pr{n rezletente opas5 la defonnare nr.,'A-de refert:SE saro tndls5 lnoeputui otrFge-
YOtsr
Dup{ lpoteza tenririnll de forfeoare a lrrl H.. lreeca, a-
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51
*, G} 'D G- * kft (6#)
La aehlnb dupES.potszs aleforrasril
glel Hubor r., [l.BeE, rvm qnrezul-tai puttn d,lfsritr, Astfe3., rezlstenfa Ia d,oforoare, erta
de forna:
kf, =V t[ to, - Gal? * (6a'- s3)Q l (cr - 6r)2]
t6g) :
gA = 6j E S3
kfo locsets
dlntrs BEpFTE-
',, 3k2, (6#l
/a
rn cazu,l rrnei st6r{ do tenginns rrnlarlslil,Jenbale orLterit de ourgore d.uo la r€strltatul Sttr .f€tptl ,f, -
'pond.ltte poate fl i,ndepllnlt6 nunal daoH fresaroqfafa epruyetel gt EoulH aete lleglt JablUt e
i.a lnoeroaroa prdn conpreslune, valoarea aforturllorunltgr€ dcpl.lode foarte lult^de valoarea coeflatantului. de frocg-re F gt d,e raport.ul dJLo..fa tfnprrf d,eforuilrll cpruvcts , sssohtrrb5 raportul VLo, decl 91 etarea de afortrrr{. rrsltarg 6 Tascbleba, fapt pe4trq cars aq sa ounoagtc orrm afootresd deforru-blll'tataa,
atlt ;.t ctt 91 raportnL do/;,osFoloeltrct ecualla d,e plaatlottate d,e for;nar
6 z - est€ efortrrl nornal axtal g
6r - efortu,l normsl radlal. In=* - efortu.l tangantlal i
k ,G' eforttt} tqngenltal llsd.sr e
resultE cd prd,n oregtsrea ef,ortqltrl 6s(do/Iro.. oregtd trr tinpuld.efo:sEr.1t) va oregte gi efortul nomal rad;[al- 1*
i"";;;;-;"-;";;'""i*0, aE bazeasg ]I'.n"orrla nsu-r{1or pe partea .Lateral5 a epruvetel ( 6" . O) r er rozulte oX 6"rru ar€ afeoi aeupra laoero6r11, fapt lnpoetbu deoareoe E ,sopoate sepala compJ.et stratul eaparflelEtr de restr8 aa.;arioluluiq' Totod.atE, dln cauza freoErLt pe auprafsfe dl ooltaot
dllntre epruvetE g1 gculE are loo fenorEequl de butolerlr, EB€s 60
ilqoe la aparLfla ia Jurul epruvetal a efortuillor de .stlntiorscers oontrtbule le aparllla flgurc" .or 91 ahLEr a orepEtu:e .lor pe
auprafala laterslll e epruvetel (flgs6ofO)+YaLoarea aosstor eforturl de t ,ttnitc:nc ds 1m aapraf,aga
3\*L:
tn carss
..
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nj. c i ie i e:nins ' pe c e)-e &3aLi ti.*dn
fept pe-B,iru, cgre t-u,diceie ae d.efor-E&re nu reBrezintE coreci o rnE eii3E
c$liitetlrE a iefornabi3it5i;li larece a netalel"or gl al-iajelor*,
Datori-id fr**5rii d.intre FptQY€-"
t E Ai sr iilE eF€r f enonen e conp1 eEB
csre fac , $ E in ti:npu-l d.efsrmErii sE
fJ"e p:rssent rin sisten oonpS,ex aL @c
fcrierilor uniiareo ier in mos. fio
prorirnativ mErlneaefortt$Lt
6t poa:Ea fl, €xprinei prinir-o f unc ti; de
forrne c elel presestate Ln relatla I :
Gt .. f(6n;,r, +-, r),-oF{S q.5 .JO. Fo::ma rinel GpTe-veie oaf o:sns tE prla oorn-preBiuJxe
",
( 6 "g)
eete eforiul axlal lanarglnea €pruveie - i
tn caret 6 -
l, 'r' Eosftolenttrl de fresars I
d '-. d.iase tnrl epruv€tel iLo - irrd,lftnea eprut'etfl I
f ,- reze ceFculUl eoneld,etra t",
Ia cazul deforulrll uniforme, deplasarea partlculelor?ieEsEtare es feec tn nod agal ln +ofite d.1reo 11lo de curger€ a
satarlef ulu1. O esqnanoa dsfomare a matei"ialului prin oompreal-
une aeta poeibild tn urn[toerele coadlllJ-:- onog€<ataa csracterlatLoLloSt flzloo.-ueopnlss a tutu-
ror pertl.culel-or elansntare o6 s€ deforneezE;llpaa lnfluenlel freo[rll dlntre
"p"ot"t6gi sculE.,
Datorlt6 ltpaet frecgrll d.latre epluvetl gl aoulI te.nsiua1le 6, gl O3 eint nuLc gl prLn u:staFa deformar€a Bo produce taooadltlile rrnet etErl da tenelune 1iniar6, (ftgrSl1Lra), d.e eceea
Ia oomproeluaea ou defo:marerrrr{
formE, rezlstenla la defarzaarekf, este egalE on Llnita de curgere a.nsterial"ul.do to uo""t oasforue epruvetei ec pEatreazd, c111ndr' ,cE, sohinbiad.u-ae d.oar .ra-portul Vdt .Aoeaeta ee d.atoreezl abeealel forlelor de frecare,tot d.la acoaetE oauzE fenooanul de treoers a EuplFafetgt laterslata suprafaf[ de costaot llpeogtc
ffi.f_
U
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5i
f,or{e].or d'e frecsr* itlatrE satorlql gi aculF, *rc looJl
{e butol.€par, I:r rona cs re g5cegt.e eub la.ftnaola fsr*d.e frecare,exterioare (roae d.a Ti j}oa) d,cfonnaraa .Ee pro-
ia cond,t lliie,schensi
stErJ.l. d.s *enst*',Ba I, lar Ln soas seg5segte i-u. efara $rFref,*gel d,e contect, ricfo:warsa eo ;rrod,u-ia coadiliile egherel a*E-ii rle teaElune II (comprtmaro Su.1fi
dlreclli gi. 3'nttndere L;r o'ee da-tr trsda d,lrcofle) q,,
;oFIS e5 q]-I' ", Starea de tsnetruro Ia soaprssLaa€ r
a-fErE fregaro I b*o Lt frecat'€ g r- .t
Sohinbaraa eetrnuLui efortrrlui grf.nclpal 6j * dator.easH
d.e o ga:nte f,orlelor de freears, €aro $s snu:a dr€:lc.f Forlse-fe e1actscoutact,ia:lpedaa].tsrst",Iiltrng-
zoneLor d.s defozaare tn l.nterlorul. saterC.alaLrri *i m6r1rea
._H€rLrea pariuetruluL auprafefol de ooataot solfoata'faoa
douX o5t d Bnrmsr
- pr:la treeereg natsr*alul"u1. dlu l-utarlonrl *pnrvotE "
eupraf,ala ds oontaott
- pr{a treesraa rnate:p:La1utul. de ps sngrafafia 3.atnra16
epruvetel, pa suprafata de oontaolg
, Treeeiea uatar:1al-aluJ. epre euprafala de oanLect, ftc dinepruretslo fle de p* sup:afafa leteratrE aate legpts lje
d/h*- ia cond11J.i"l,e 5.n :ere dla,raetru}' egrcvetei -st+ :.:iileolt faElttrseol Eroq tare.E siigrafe$ei da costgst a.r'e ]-r*clln*:-
ItB s€affl i;rgearl.l naiel-;.elelq ' de trrc .euprsfala 3.eitr+l:ii" ra-
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,\in cazqi oonpreslunli cq defotuer€ rrn{totnE, tralecto-
r .a deplaeE$l &rtleulelor alenaatara d,e naterLal (llcluslv fl,braJul) 3 ae aseamEaE cu o faa5-lie de ourbe btperbollcar, Datetu,l
tra.tr a traleotor{.el da dep}asaru a psrtlculolor eleBontsre, tBtlspnl oonprimErll cpruvetel oq defortare un{ fornd, ae faco 1.-al.ad seana dc voluncle deplagata l.Ir' tkpul dlefornErll3
g1 ou 6, O1 t, dofamaroa ln dl.reotla axelor radlalc, atunolooafo:ca legJ-l'oooatanfel volurnnlull ae poate eo:rte egalltatear
ts gx *Ey t (5elo) :
,i.
.i
trnds tr B An/atDcforsArca nater:lClrtul ln dlreofll.le a-elor radlale
ploilaoe Ln rood ogalr rezul.tE o6r
t=o0"=tor
undc, oonforu relallcl (6rlOJp syanre
(5"r,u)i
gS-rLF7 eE t
xllldo E,I a A r/ra,glntnal lcenr oI deformCrca ge tnllllnaa epruvetel ac
proiluoc pr{-n oonprdoarcs 1ar d,upl dlreofille arelor nd 'aIe,tattadere, pontru en se
E8nnul plas* sc ?8 gota
ps tn[ltlna Ab ou rsod*n rs1sItllc (6sI0) Fi
adoptE Bemaul n{lre1 tar pontru Er gi tyiou z tnELtLuea d"p"uvetol , d,eplasalea -i
lar deplasarea pe or-lg'ontal[ Ar ou \a i(6etl)r rdzultH,s,
U-r:,-ElZtg
(5 d.2)e ., f o,
Coaalder{nd dep1asEr.l1e dz 91 d.r pe care partlorOel.s
leroentare }c paraurg in ttnpul dt, fu d.r.reo .11e vertlcalE gt&lal[, ae obtla re1atlllcg
d.g r vn .s d,t
d,r'n?rgdt(6+:)
v*#
\E*e
Qo
Frlara
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,5
la oare: vz - oete rltesa ilo dtplaaare pe ln$3 tns .{?2. u/tl ivr - vlteag de d,epleeara pa dlracf.La radl*16 (Tr* u:n/t) ,
?t^Binil eesma d,e rclalllls t6l11)t (6',12) tt (5*3)r .gE7
obtlaet
csre pz'ln intgg3rera devtne:
dr+-F t,
s:?rr
d,zG,AD4
sT
( 6 or+t
r+, {6 orl}
E$::'ba ld.perbolt-saru,l da^forgr6*
Ecnatta (6;ll repreztnt5 o fantlLa88p ad.ts5 tralectorla partlculelor elonenta?s
ril nnlforue prln oonprssluno r,
trelsotorda partlculelor d,e matard.al {ff.breJd} postl
fl pus ln evtdEnt[ fi pe oale erperlnentalE prln nacroeir-rrstara
f,lbraluLul epruvetel deformate Ihezeala forfelor de frecaro erterl,oarc rtlntro cuprafo-
aile Lucru a ecqlelor
81suptafala de contect a apruvste ' pm-
dtrc€ rrerln'lforaltatea ctefomallel La conpreaiuae' CE eit valoarea
forlelor de frecare, reapoctlv a oocflclcnlol"t p eete na rnare,
oU attt nal. pronuntet[ deYlne 91. isrrn{f6loltstea {tfornaflol.oHeunlforaltatea defo:maflet oal eete da e'ssnenes feffu-
enfatd Sn nod.eubetanflal gl d.e gratlul de neooogen$ata s metc-
rlaLulul.., Uodtrl f,n oaro s6 Bchtcb5 vslos -
rea rasslar carsaterletlcfr, ln func.tte d.s nHrfunoe gradrrlul dg defoEro.s-
for La sooprlnarsa uJlet spru"ateelllndrlo€r tn Eondllllla Ln cax'e
F ) On cete reprssentet in fig,6;ar.ude rasa R1 represtrltl fe;a s?d- -
\tnE g opluvet sl Ceforna i e , - -s r-a F:-,-4.set€ raua de cslcul in iF,:tegs c-
P '" C, raze fil repr€zl:rt)i J-rjifl rB-rll
414, a su.prefelei de ccJt:lll: t, T2zrr
R4 lad,icd. cx'effnercB 6riFral"r-:,.,,-: izoontqst . dat,orl td inti.lrCt: r j i :i,:i i q -rlalulttl (ee obttna Fe i:::r ic;;:
r'
f,oln
I
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io
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,;
cregterea suprafe ei da can;a:t datc.riil treserli euprefeiellateraLe, ia suprafetE trenovereald, isr x este oregterea su-prafelel. d,e coatect pe see*a intlnderil naterial.ului..
l{eunlfo:mLtataa d,efo:s6r11 este lnfJ.uenfiatX 91 d,e ca-ractgr{.atlclle neoenice a1e meieria}u,lul, d,o Eeooogenitatea chl
lrio6 9L atructuraj.E 91 de gradul d.e d,efo::s83€r.1
Peaira oalouLuL rezi.etsa *i la defo:mara nu s€ pot ut1
Llga rslatlxle t6#l el (5q,7)r deoarese este aproape inpoeibildo a orefi ooadl 1 .s unel defo:mEri rtni fo:nne eau 5:l caznL u.':eL
dafo:u,5yl aeuxlfolrae nu e:Cstd poeibtlitetea n5eurErii eforturt.lor 6, el 63e De eoeee pentru celcu}.lrl reziatea{ei Ia deformare
kf, Ba va utillae rel.afla:
kr = ;-*.6, fo*r""] ,
l,n oara: F - sgts forfa road-n5u. ta d.alfl
te - ooefLolentul de coreofile, oare tlae seana
rea dlntre euprafelale de oontact a eouLel
veta (n o f + orl q,ro/h);
I - a d-a ceoflunll na:rlne a epruvetei defo:mate (A =
- ir * fl7+1l 1,4 nnz.,' D1a cele prezentatC rezultE oE rezletenla la de{o:rmare
egte funofle de gncdql ila defo:mare 91 de vlteza de deforaare,adl'ols
rr-rty,f) + (6&7')
(6qr6)
d,e frecS-C U €pFtl-
,.r0
J
/
-)-A
i4/L'''i
-.'-+;
0 20 /.0 60 "80 1mi+ Ac,t%l
Flg,6 o.L3. LegItura dintredafortnarea rpeci ficE S-tg:raou-1 de def,onaere
/.rB Razl etenlpIa
deforrnareeste ln-fluenfat6 dddeohlnbarea foruel 6pFe-
veteL prl.lr conproelun€ car€ prod.uee
gl o schLrubare Ln rrn{ fo:mlta tea do-,
fom^5r11 91 a gistenulul efortuniloreDar sclLtmbarea folmel epruvetel de-plnd,e Ln Bars mEsurH, de frecarea dln-tre Bc ul6 gl opruve tE , c are depl-nde l
de asemen€a d,e rtteza de d,efo:rnarerde feLul ]ubrlflcatlel etc,,
Pentru grad,e merl- d.e deforaars(?pcul&1, Feraeeirll"or ieb.noLc,d.cJ, . - si
:AA
=vc.'c 2,Ltt
f 1,6
t o,B
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4?'- .:-.- .-_-_-
.Jl
souri,-area pro.:untuaLf Acn d,goareoe rjtr el A" s .at aprod_natlvegale ltign6.Jl) z
rncsrc.area.la conpresirure ue iprop .s foerts rault d,e o-peratllle d.e prelucmxs pri-rr tieforrilare in voltrg', n oaee ss prl-
vegte starea *s teneluni gi <iofo*.:abil.1tatea, de EBBss euno,agie-rea vezisteaiei ia defor'aara ku prezintH laportanl5 pentru cal-culu1 forlei necessre 91 a lucr*-Lul neca.nic d.e d.efonnaro*,
6 ,) Dassrisrea utileJ ul,rei
ioo"rsatea 1a comp::eslure se exscut$ Ia o nag{n6 ,dE tn-ceroat rrnl v61g6JH, cate trebule eE indeplfuieaecE toate oond.J. 1i-
3.e speci.dicate ln ST.A$ 15L0-55 .,
L{aglna pentru executarea Lncercdrll la oompreelune tre-bule sE nal indepllaeassE ursd,tcardle cond.ilill
a\ sE alb6 platourtl-e d.e preears e1e epruvetel porfeotplane, confeclionate dln o o1 c51tt, avtad d,urLtatee m{nlmE de
50 IIRC gl rugozitatea snprafelel Ra OrB .,,. 115;b) Pletoul lnferlor, p€ care se igeazd eDruveta, ya fl
prevdzut cu c€rcurl concentrice, pentrucontrarea epruvetei fafH.de axa d,e aplicare a forlei ; ,. .
c) UnuL dln platourl va fl prevEzut) orr qn dlepozltlv oucalotd eferlcE, pentru a pe:mlte apllcarea in noit egal a earoL-nil pe auprafala epruvetel
4
6.A &lod de lncru
Epruveta folosltE pent:ru i,nceroareq la oonpr""fr*".talelor (sTAs 1552-67) va fl de fortr6 oL1ind.rlcd,, cu bazelelele latre ele, avind dj-nenelunlle gl abaterile lltrlttr ,iln
':-r
5.J. ..
Suprafeielo epruvetel (lateralE gl a bazel.or) +robule
sE fia rectificato, lar locuJ. de Luare a epuvetelor 91 orLsntaroaacestora fa 6 d.e dlreclla d.e defo:snare plaatlcd a rnetelulril Ee va
epecJ.flca in standarriela de produae.,
Pentru determiaerea llnitsi de elastt ottata convc{ntione-
lE (teh::ic5) 6010?", Gorol" gt e Llnttel' i'e cLlrgore crnv*.ntfer*nsl"5 {tehnj-cE} G^ o- preCurn Ei ncdlfic5rllo dinenciunllcr eprnve-ie*, defosnas'e* ;E'; fece in 4n,.,-5 etape cu grad.e ie riaforxraro-
diferite ,
g UI€-
PBl^a"
ta bo-'
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35
,t{
f,
Ifl
s4 {b ?D
5r'* ,l il t$ 'rr cb ridrat
sFrw""Ensteler
. '. ,...
Sd'sm{gtme3J\H.*
{"t
R.EEddrlElt
ri
inH3fi$-nea
sotnrll*itil
.Sbeterl
35drH}m do gi.
b*o rm$
g fiol
.A
fnHSt3"rsea
,serssstli.la''-?ETNE'tr
H*smm 3ifi 3SrssHffi;tffi )
i Fmpsrg**ss3fi b?^4
;}r**rrrirrai-,.t$.:1itt+h.rsrlelitrit{N{f lt{$ltltt}rts*..i'=-ran*,rmrhjaftfrJo3'i.ftnFpk]..ret-rFt:j
I sp,ec$.mli{ i 3.* u * *.:ii;ii
r,..'- /.'l'll*Bltll#rtrrrp..'
'. " Aplt**s.ea aprc1.eg.3. se facs Soate omtl,nuur: psgglro€lr gd,
f&rli g*ouur$,0 $*.r,v9't;esfi de' tsosrsarer FlaE Le-at{ngener'3{sltci,s* oxrga*s asta .r,sl ms.1,t lg nm'/s?o {f a"m/nre/s}otl€ o'ioo*aros-y* dp o*noprosiunsg so ve lsa Sn eEngtdt€rpro nedAe FesnlltateLor
'#h,_&ts..g*e pe s,s3 esa3'B trg$, sprttrsta+
'fj# Reau3, te tels inesrc5.ri.i.
Pc bazs detalor oxpgr{peatslc Bc ror oaloqla u:;nEtoars-,'sr
6$al Barlgtetta, la oopqrsgluao 6rc, se eralueazE pe ba-za sarol:0,11 nexlae faregf.etrate la afsrd.tla prdnel flerirl, saa
Ia ruperca apruvetal, raportatl la"npr{f.tr
tal 1a18 a eprwetel5o(6"o ' lb/So)q Se coaaldard fleu:d atuncl el.nd 1u.g{:aee scsete-
la esta da ocl putla 5 nn,. I.tr cagul cind ng,apsre tlsurE,, ia*or-osroa trebule ooatlauatE ptnd Ia eourtar"g4pruvetei la 6 - 56v'Rezlateale la coroprealure 6rO", eete rraporlnS d.{ntre
gerolaa P5o", coresprinz6toara gcurtliii rolatl-vs remaagnte a lrre-gLtdl eprure tcl, da ,& gl sngrafala { n{ fl.all a ap:ruvoteiSo(65O" = FUg"/So)..
6.5:; Ll-oLta de elaatloltste conventlonald {tehnlc6)\Or02" coraeprurds qnal soultdrl remanente s Lungidl ep:ruvei*i.
de oto2t 91 cete raportul dlatre eerolaa lo.oz" gl auprafaga +at-ttail a apruvctel 5o(69rO2c . POTOZ"/Sol., I:r-sazurl epeelair a€
deteral-nE f{ril s Ca elaiticltate- oonvenfional.E { tabnlc5 6O"0lo"oglrlsprrngrtoan unsl EaurtEr . traroaasnte da orolf ( fr,. -,*.,,j:1irj: {,
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6.5.) I,ialie de curssre eonvEntlonalE teilalcd 6Or*r,corespunde unel scrrrt5rl rsmatrenta I ].ung'lnll ogra:retsl. .rdi ArZ figi este raportul- dintre earclna F0.2" 91 euprefaga inltleld a
epruvetoi So( 6O.2" = FO.ro,/So) +
6.i14 Lintta ae'Iursir€ soaiectE 6o" 1. lctalstra oer€au ourbe serc1:xH-defornalle cu pallar gl eeta ;raportuL dl"ntreearclea F"" gl euprafale irrl 1aLH, e eprunetei Sod 60o o F*,"/$o) +
5..r.5 gcurtareA epec .fLcE a epruvetel la rupera FJdaconpgesi,une (sarl corlsLcleratd Ia aparl|le prlmol fl.eurl) don n'o*
tro -., L,,.
tc raportuL d" o &3ij- 6 1O0E
6.5..6, UrofLarss seotlunil traneversale_g epruvg.tel lF
oonoresl.une z" el eeto raportal ," . \}-r1oo",
Pe baza preS.uor{rlt rezultatelor rn6aurdtorllor gt oail,-oulelor efaotuato Ba ya oonpleta tabelul 5r2.-
?abelul 5 €
Hr+
Cft o
?1pu.LspruYst e1
91 Bsto-rlalnl
{= rolf;kfdeil
.ta-gIB
Stdnil--?7ll:t'll
65oo
d nll
-fin
oo, ozcdaI{
-trcEUn
t^
%rorodsN
Fso
r?,daII
Focc
dali
;
6s
s
.,J
na
v,
L
2
I,
),
a.
{
't*
2 I
)?d4
o.
+I
AIn baza detelor exparlmentale treoutc la tabelul 6,2 ec
Yor tra ea grafi.cal o I
,- Yartaflagradtr1 de deformsrst
.- Tarl.afle
neu$1f,o:mltEtll d,efornaIlel la frrnotls de
kf '' f(do)l kg E r(zo) st kf r r(glr.
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tr Li
5,5 * Conclrail
Fe basa coape:"5ril rez[ltatelor obllnute Ie incercareaia conproglr:,re cu rezu3tatel"e Ce la treolluna gL toreluno ae ?Gr
trage conol.uzli cu prirrJ.re 1a prelucreblLitatea msierl-a1eIor
pria -cefo::naio in voiursn De assneoea, ss rro:r face aprecieri cu
privlre la yariatic durit6iii eeterialulul funclle de gradut cle
r3efo:rearao f,n zonrlo lr? *i. 3* ccnfom f,{grlrlt 6rLA,
t- ,
,
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c| ti
5"5
*. Conclrail
Pe basa conpe:'5rli reznltetelor obflaute 1e lncercares
ie co.epreslu.:re cu rezuliatele de le trao 1uno gi toreluna eo vor
irage ccncl.rrz.1l cu pri'nlre le prelusrsbLlitatea naierlalelor
prl-n -rieforna"rs ln volunn De aeenanea, aa vor face aprecleri cu
prir{.re la rariatie duritEgi.l eaterialul.ul func:le d.e grariu} d.e
rSefo:saarao tn zonele lr? gl 3, cbnfa:a f,lgrrrJ.t 5q10.,
t- .
,
#
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ttF.r--r--r
trqcEn#ARE$ r,A tlicoyorn*E
?*3 $eopul LuerHrs.l"
i.::. : ,-. :,t:._,:. :. . ..
r.ucraroa dle faS{ tgt pr,osrrr,', evldentlorae calraeterL6g-1-tabaologlee aLo operssLe$. d,a fur.do .se, prla {tterrl^EgFsa
a uoneatelul tnccvoiet*r gi trrr,aaEre crirba{, io**-,a q.eestnl,a in funofs.a d,e eusbr:r's. sa*odetE Bri:r €too-
insovolerlL rurnltlpro, se pu"* E" cvtseag& taftrum{* tpbd-&ees'nise prt d,ctorzar. plse*lo$ eaugr*a oare.cterylsttef,-
berelor d,e oacllune ci.roilar6 gt pottgons .E. ,,
ryr....,:.::: ..,-?,8 EetlrmL lntroduotive
_j
,prlb tnscvoiere Xrlan{ la Jur6f. sact nu$ML. lseastE nsdlflaera ara loc ta utilla ?ror defomefl.i
d,eol pr9*ts.'s eo}loltaro e oetsrislulul afaefl,o'Codo cE:rgcro a Eeoetul&c. ,,.., , , '.,
*,.,. n
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Az t r'.
8+'"r trbitottul rE llsfo:soggE aeuatf,o::e, iooeobbda-eoo ,soa-E de ooaprasl,Ere laegre goa4soa g . o rcrE da intl:rdere lB-gFr€ plsoe aotl,v[ (f&]"?.l]o lba're esastuL faaguea, dlseaslugl'-],a gaa.lfebrtestulul la eoollwrea trea.g"erea)'E ga godllfLoE 3l B6n-
rrctr rlogorbtt lItl.lllt jla rons gnyug$ l^B lntlaalrrc 91 c EErlso
3n aos oontrrrlut$. Iatrs tola supue{ trs conpree .rme gt aone eir-pqrB 3.e btl,:odtoro asl.st$ nn strEt ds ontarisl ng0eformtn n.rnltstrst rleutnl rrl dolor::uatlllor (
f e I ec Bn ool,aold,e ou n1Jloaral.
l*ollunl.to cl cata {aplaaet Lnapre rone coalrlet{.Ia ourcnl oprratlcl ds l.u8olre, aenl.f,abrlsatuL est€ su-
prr ulrol aoltoltkl d[ boovotere, otrror tB tlnnotfe ds uHrlsea
fortct ertrrl,oare poatr 1 la do6onlul olaetlorat.u16-plastlc aau
tot*I pleotlo ou conrlean. Iu Llter:atura ds uprolaLLtlto sl trta-trall rnrllt .o noneutul torfelor Latrrl,oerer proieilta luorar@
prralte ilrtorulnarrs crp.rbantaltr g losgtuLa.
7 .3 Dcgorl.sscg gtglr&r3.lrl pontnr f"rrEorogr , oonp3.eErg
Fmtnr Laorlroaroa d,c tadolre g barelor eo utlllcaaz$ ua
rtead cprols"l ooagtnrlt ta aorat soopr Ia t16.?.2 cgts precenta,-tE sabena dc prtaotglu. H,aof$irfllte eLemente oouponoato glntrsolorrrl clcctrls I dr Or8 kI gl 935 rot./nln, ouplaJul elaetto 2,ro{luotonrl aeloat 3 ou laportnl ite trenernlte:rg L'- 7,f250 rsduo-torrrl Oc dllatr-tbufte 41 avlad L - L/36, Ad.agozLttrul 5 de hre-glctrcre .a ungllultri de rotlro a illspoaltlvelor ile if.-are a apru-veta ., dou5 cnrol oarrdsaLoe 5, douE bgro ds to:raluae f grta $n-torneillgl oErorrs Ee Saoa tranenltgrea nl.goHr& A* 3.a reduetor ],s
arele Ezals odnrcloaroloi 1O d.eplaeab .1a Be gh3,ilaJa, *iopozltl,-rt] 8-9 Oo trasars a dl.agra.aal noraentu].ul tnoovoietor aX cpnrve-tel La funoltl 6s ''nghl,nI ilr lad,olrco lllapozttXveLe 1l dc ttxa^roe oapetelot oprueotel, batlu.I l2 gl outla de oom,ndl l3o
Indolrca opnrvotclor rete reallsetl prla rotlrcs fur raa-ist afforltr, tn aorlagi tt-trD, a ilegoaltivelor l,a oero stnt lt-ratr oapotcle rgnrrotllorr
Dlapoaltlvalc do ttrore a ognmtclor f .lait flrato po
orladoutr
olnrol.oars noblls, en poatbllLtatee sll eo apmple ceaeE so tadapErteae llber, pe aEeura aLElgt.rit seu EorrstHrLi. d*e-tealel Elatre oagreteS,a opawe e ,' dstorl,tE tndolcl.t eeu tadrep-t5,r:#. ato
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if
Fdgo?"?.- Soheua de prr*,noLpl*s stilt€nlu{. pen*r* 3:raorotrcd, ..
,r *hl.n'arrtl €E:m aoll,oaeeail eaupra dJ.ep*r$.iivuLal. €o t]{,-
saeo Eo trearenlt s* l sg asuentd {[s toral.uue" 8e*.t &*er.tu;'l €o rS*suclre aL sle5roe1tlve1or ftr plten sonsl.sera. iaolsont S *.Aofro aa
op:nri,'*-iat", aegli.$ :o{, frrr$e3.e €a ffee.a'rls *izq ghi,€e.Sso
itse*,onr3. a .eetrX,c, grurrs S rnj'g*ar* rsihrg*o3lal ne],*a* pr&.:1.
:atasxsd.$e1 unci, aapXe e}.estloeo oaro eSloi eat,r legat'dr redus-BoEu3, iub?a mleato
rac. &gfl*?€r3s$ do ro[1. cill.ndrf..l*, f;r *ri* fo'l *,a6r*ur,te k:et3 rc3.
&a* *,s):orl pi:3-a oae"c *.*:er*, a$.';';+l.**l* sS *ga rtltaessH. fu casausrl {tl.-feg.l'i,g"
gela dosi ba.; ' *s targl.er foyssso ln eo*Xeg$ *l;qr g*n-
tnr traa,srStsfi'{L e"t€o.Srti da f,'a sod,eetoruL dp ,a .Exboref.n *l.g}o-sl"tf,fi.lu3 d,l iralro gi pentnr aleeraree swatulnl, dr Le*ai:'.t.
Poatru E rrta posi,btrll,tetoa mg .d:rt1 ezl.tkl auS.f .alt
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6.1
a fllc{lor; reCucior.rl d,ublu naLcat e fost .prevEaut eB lra stetera
6sre61aroll6aagtdregiereoonctH'd "apos1bl.l1a.ieadeg1as3l11uanrl. nelo1 fa 5 de roeta nneloat$ oonJugatEr
Blapozltlvul. d.e traest d,lagreraa (ftg.?.3) este forlnstir'rt$-u tanlur, oara este rl.gl.d legat de unul dla oepeta la ba-
n ile torslnne, tar X.e oellla1t cep[t aro poeibllLtate d,a roilre"Aro nn ttiepozltlv d,s tragat osrs oete Ssgpt rlgtd ite oep6tu]. ba-
rol {le toraluae, opua selul. d,e oere este leget rt'glit tembunrl pe
oar€ se f ,:eerE blrtte pentrru lnregletrarea d.lagranel.
Flg.?.3. Di.apozltlv pentru tragatAf.egmas nonentulul de l6do1ro.
Of^egrame
hdid,E nonantuld,o
lndotre eI epnrvetel tnftnollc 43 ung ,lul d.e rotire aI barei, uxgs oe poate ft nlEuratcn oJntonr"l u.trul dlleporltlv epeolal" Aceasta ne d.5 poalbl3.lteteaill a obllao o progranare a ungb,turllor etablllte.
Dtepoz .tlvul erE d.ou , axe lntlLoetoarer unu1 ile pozl .o-aa t, poalilonslqe o€ ss feo6 cu aJutonrl. unu . butou nanrral, ts,a
ocl do-El dolleo lrd,loator egte mobll gl ea rotegte odatE ou urre;r{r }ssre}o do toreluaao Aeeste doaE tnilloatoe,re sl,nt prevHzutg
ou iloul ooataotc elcelrloe.Eead.noerea dlepoaLtlvelor de flxare a apr,rvatel lat1s' frd.il.eXH se faoa prla lnvele&Te& sensului de rotaEie allnrLnl olestrlco
Bnre d,e torsh:ne esta irr praal,abll etelouat$ prlu SneE:r"-
caras el, ou, un rcseot culrogcut.
Fozj.*Sots.-
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? o4 H+'*lri C* iu*iu
Ep*rretaln stt a**3tata ill^u bara la**tnate, trLlf:ail por-?l*nj.X.t *u d.sftst* Ain latlrsrar SJ,e YsF €?Fa d,J.seas3s"l1el
**rn-Lswiirgoatl***+$iuneoJ.rus]'grEtb,o.* * lO xso d r G peats-u saa{Luae pollgpaalHti* - t{O msa
Pentru re*i.i.sares. f,.ucer,sgxJ.l" e* reopeutH, slmstoasea &€r
- se varlflsd, cta?.€s do fimo 1o:rs.rs a &lrgosltlvtr1nl da
lntlott e
- Ba urorteez5 htrtle pe dtagoal.tlflr:. de traaara I {ls-gra,neig
- se €tsJ.oaeszE d.tegra.na ila nomeatol
- ee nonteazE epnrvete ln dlepozltlvalo do prlndcro gtLl se ralgoar$ lungLneat
- stebilln de la taoaput urgblrrl'dE rotl.re al dtrpool-tlnrluL ila prLnd,ere gl ee progrenearE,
- s€ Pornegte nagX.na gl iaoega Lnoerosrsa,' - 3€ vor faoa tncerc5rJ. oi.rapl.e, nultlplc sau nnlttglo
alterse,nts ln fr:nolled.e progranrel
iilnalnte stsbillt.,- .
,
7 "5 Res'i,L'bate1e t-neercErlt
Pentru studLul lnd.oLrlt elaetLas Ef skelb-pleatJ.oo e
barel.or Ee pot faoe u:cn5toerele erperlnentErlr1" IncovoL€vea pnrE a epnrvetelor po .:[goaa]e, exeouta-
te d.ln rne,terleLe d.lferlte gl cu un trataeest teralc $;farft2o Iden pentru epruvetele ou rec$luna oLrcularE'
3n fncovoterea pur5 nr.rltlpl$ a epruvetElor.dln se.tsrls*le dlfErtte gl de proflls d,Lfertte (adlc5 Lncdr.c&:t gl deac.gra[ri
repetate). -
4o Iacovoleren pur$ rnu1tlpL5 a?.torn"aat$ o'rl BE$ egaletpinH La nrpsrsa €pruvetalsTr
5" Iafluen{a tmbdtrtnlrit peoan'i.oe pr*a defcrn*'::€ F1s$*
t S..t & ee'uprs *s3ee rsrt e t lc J.ior f n€.cir^li' "Fs::'irrr fic*s':'6 'see :i:' pr"'rtel +* cb|3*ae veris'il* Erfxirap*
+;*.3.aT
€'* fu:.*.cl.s* fslE €e e*:r'*,s:*."r E*eofg *.*li.Elfs*'altt pufi:rd fr.sn^
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DD
-,fii
fdofinJ
ct*"/ it
/\o _i--1
: _i* -J-5E ?5 IO
lncot,"si€f''e stmP{af"fsf,ri-is { CLC fS { *'; 0.1 2 * 0,?5 @ Is,i*i'*, ig { i,irgre Hryr '..v
{ji: i:,J rec*acer€- -*
F*€* ?o4., Ve,rge,'b3s ffiola,er.tr.r1uf. *e tg&oi:lg.
}*sgte aaperel g&ar suPrepual de folga celo:r prezentat* l': fJ'igo?o4.
Fr;pE tsrtrlaarsa taoeroErl.l se vor dateratre ,:snstoars*
3.er eleneateta) Cunogobd. uFerlul' de rotlre ( eo) al d'lepoaltlveS'os
dc prl^uiler€ se'poete alcteratn3 trngbiul de lad,olre ou rsietta ur-sltoaso (llg.?.5)r
i'f {ct'it'tJ5F.
"7.5r;SobE4, detelutngrll tmghJ.sl3tn*. S"a $,n&e$.*q* u
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-- --- ---"- --" ,,-,--*- --,---.,::.1.,.
b) I,a trmlaarea lns*rcH,rit se E'H..tc*.rS }q'l6*trs& o6sr-aef (\) cu aJrieral sErek ee {atermn*r5 rezs. d+ tr.d,*tra {y),
't
respeotiY orrrbura beraL x * # Irir.u ? * g*-xtsf,_
f :t@38?a7* s?T$
Tr'puilao i ai,n*
Htl-lioqi t-*:
''4-'(:-,"-u"
Rez u.1i eg ai e 3,ne erc5r$,*--
Hmm*:e"*tul ffi
[s*3$.4
7.5 Conolnsll
,,.,.,ir,:: , . , +'#. ., .- -
pot avldentLa Lnf}trealeLa illfe4Llltor fectorl cgu.&r f,lr, eell.ts*,.:y'-'tea:ueterialuLul eprwetof.or. st{rllE d,e trsteno:rg EeEatc. rrof,t-
'i:: .t.,_
:1. ..; W'
lnI eeofln,ntl b'aletr trnbdtrlnlrea mecanl.es prir ilefortrrra pl.sstl-' r. .:' '
oE, eior Pe besa acestor dgie se pot trage eo,ncl,nq,.1{ {nFarteateprlvlrd oouportarea nterl.,a,1elor le operella de tndolrse . ncarse,*
rea, la t+covolere constltulnd. nn i,aclloa a]. aef,onne,b3].ltEtfi. i
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#LUCRI.REi #
ixcERGgrr i,l DiiiirTITE
t" L S*cpul luarBrJ-i
T,niruci,t Lutre d*i'itste gi restu3' celdrcterLstlcLlor me-
aaniee e:clss6 un rapcrt de proporllonari.tete dlrectd, sau lnGlrec-
tii, .s**1.na.ceo, ve-lr,iil.od a cerecterl.stlallor mecan .ceu f,5r5 proteo-
'gle us,ef- cleter:nL:lErl enrcter poete fl fEoutli I' au;oeL pe baza eu--a*a6t*rl"l dr.l:rltE 11.
€ranoagter*s €urit6tli egte neeasarrE gl peatru a stabflLul.s*'s$. pl,asele pot sau nu sE fLe prelucrate prLa pres'*^re l,s raeat
tntruoit operalt1l,e de presare le race gint ooadlllc,rate El tl'ainiirLnea dnrttBfilt.' t- '
8. A trotlunl ds bagE
,\*In gener.al toate deflal 1t1e cuaoselte erpr -ra5 durltatee,
drept'rezlgteale opusE de naterla,l 1a pH,truntleree unul eorp dberterlor, aumlt penetratorl l,n etratul eup'erftc.1F1. baocebf"rea
tntrc dlferltele'deflnllll conetE ta foi"oa peo#=atornln-1, precsn
el tn no<luI ln oare aolloneazd forleLo care provoaoE p6trnnd.e:ree,
eer Acegte for 41 de nEr't-lol <llferlter Pot eollone Ln ecd. st{.tlcean Ales.lrto. :Apllceree forlelor care eof;loueazB Ln naf, static, so
faoe cu vtteze'recluael sub I w/s1 le,r lu cazul forleIor oo ectt-oseagd itLna:nlo, panetretorulul t ae tcprtrn5 l,ntr-ua tf*rp foartaaourt, o caatltete tle eaergle care pr"cvoes5 rle fept p6truarl.rrea
lul l.:r naterlal.De 1a prLnele lncerc5.rl de d,ete:mlne,re e ctrytt6tll gl
pln^[ la stadlu]. aotua-l de dezvoltare s tehn.i.cll ar f,est propr;ssdlo cltre illferill eercet6torl o verletate foarte mare d.e ryetc'a*"
Dt.a totelltetee, uEtod,Elor propuso' doar trel eu aJpnq sd, f,te €,c*
eeptate ln mod, unqal':o drept metode elasLs*t net$tlele:*. i;:el'l'* ij'.*
oEerg 91 Boolstell.
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fa.sI
Fiecere dL:r cele trel rretode prezlatH un rlome:liu de a*p=eferentle-Lr cu avanteJsr raepeotlv dezrrvrut*Jel-e .arall-
In Lr.l"ttncs ene,11z5 flecare dl* ele este nsoeearsr couFletts-reciprcc A1 nioid,ecus na se exoLud, D*oesblree fun{sn{*ate-
intre ceie trei natod,e constd in fe1ul l,a esre ea H$searg, rrr'-produsE. ?e cSnC la metodela Y{ckers gt SrlnelL ae EHaoaril pe
oale optlod, d.tagenralee Teepectlv ttiegdtrul u:nsi,t ii natods floets-
noli ee EXeoarE ad.tnc -mee ite pEtrund,ers r€Earr&at[., O: conpnra,ltb e celor trel, uei;ads d,o d,etergLr.era s d,cr{-
t5.t11, este lnd,l,cet5 tn tebelul, 8'1" Bls r-e'l-*.Er' tsbeinl*rf, ee pa'er
te aed,uee.ln sod, eloovent eE nLci *n* dfut me'tlrld,s &ir ,er{t va-La,bllll-gener&15 gt cE Ln f,usctte de eondl"ltl-Le ixpuoo sa poata ale-
ge B€tods carrr se preteezH ooL naS. b*re la retol.ve*rea problenel.
d.stao.
metod,g*
A
Itqerearea dar$Htll 4gjtE D Ia prfieotpl.nt
cu:rstH tn ap5serea nnel, btl"a cu, d.lanatruL S afiupre pieaei,
FiEs8n,lr Geoneir.is s.Jupsostel tn sa*ru,iin*srfiEsif .kl ueil.e
ds S,nsarss,* cG G far-t6 ds o g1rurn:.t& sxE* .*
F. .dres np,llcetd psr?end,i*,'su3'er Fs ssFrafatapS.esei {flg.8oi}" kLsr,ep*rtarp* for$ u l. : e1e
ap$&ara S 3a Euprmsg*
ta um}*tf:*i, sfsr*ee. {ru^J
pr*rua*o Ss' .ttn dlaute-t.yuJ, d r Era 66tr*u e
s ffr{ sonvan$ lo**i.Hc€ FsprslsJ&t$. duri,t.Ro*
iea, ft-i..neil" r
HS g nlqqF-'t(
3t$, {p .plm [m].F
--
t 8"x)
is praotl.e.E va3'serte dur5,*ilt .* jiB s:r so cg'LEulesnE pccl-
trlr fi.eesf,s d.eteralonre el. g* s t:.'..aiia tlLn t:.beles ia f,uaeslt *uF, D rJ{ d. Aseloeaea, tabe " + ee gii-l,ssc tn Sg-O*c 165-63o
"i l,* fo"ufcesea du: i,*H,tll en bl.Le da acelcgt dikestleg,l dsr
ou forfs tie rnErlme dlf*ri*F.e so cou,Biat{,cE odste en sErir*a f*t-lai de epEearo ore5tE gL ve.?.c€aea durLt[tll. Ppatrs a pulea ggllE-
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f ebel ul 8.1Bcneni.J-l-E de ut iJ.lze.ra
r:et cde de l,ncercare a
& celor treL
dsrttHt iiH,at ode c e
d et e::n,{.ncreBR ITIFTI,T' TrcKms ROCITSE[.I,
Depqsdeula ve.lort de-ter"nl,nate fegE d,e for- a ca.:re sg t loneag$
Depead,entil &rdependentH Depend.sntH
fvalu€r€a durltg.tll'se feoe prl:e l
Sdsrrsrs pgan'le opt loIe, dl"e&etru-
luX, Eunpr€B-tei
HrEsrrere pscale optlcE& diq,golr^g,o
let I,rtrpfarl-ieL
SEsHrerea,edlnc lrnli.de P5trun"rC,ere E FE-netratoru -lsi
(t,.(-o.N
gttt
'e(U
EoO
Pt-eee cn d.urt-'tate uniforrgd
}IEIrvsu, bLtEdt:r otel sv 1200
IIRC=ZO , n .67HV=225ro.890EPlp54.",J.OOiilJ=80 e.o230HRA=5O" .
"9O
ffii=Z?On.l.2OOfigr < 7ooor bllEdtrn unate.L
durPlsse Garuelgta-te gau nl.tru-rate
lfg se rgoo'-t- rLr
IE8 938e elageaercina tnfunstte d,egrosl-meagtretu1nl
CoreepundeIa streturl,ou groslnlpeate OrTm;pentrn go-elral Or4. r rO rT rrEB eT€ t-tul ERA
Strat url Gepu*
sc prl]r Ealva-nlza,re
I[u se recg-nand,H,
La ggreturlee ,brostmsnlCEr mlero-d,urltate
Sn ge rgso-*andE
Suprafete foertef Loe ( caler c&-3. ,bre, etc n )
l{u ae r€coi-nAnd..{
SaiclneF
$u ae r€co-ttiend"E
Plegs cu supta-fele o LltndrloeEt sforleor curazH, de curbur[nlcE
Fu ge ocg-nandX
t
Da Da
EeconendErt
Eete ireceg&-rA o Bupra,-fet$ sret edE,ogars t-a s€alege tnfr^ustte do
$upre,fate t3l-cercetd nece"-eti6 c prein-crere foartafin5" Fieen'suf,erE sea,
Se poete rlcn
tiLts.a gt Lepleee rtBpPB-Lncrate" Ceere,i repldE
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'i1 .<'
ratlftf
para ral.orlLa d,urltE{il B:rinstl stabltlte er bLLl g$,'e*,:r,clnL
dofnc{rcare ttife'i,tes rste necbser sE su pfut:ra* . ;;;;;t*;*-tudine geonetrlcHn AeeaetE el*illt*r.rna este reepects,tE b-;;;circi uaghiuJ. g, ests i.*.entle le toete rlssa3*,
'- i
ftrr{nrr-nd pe l{ts tn func}te ile Do f gt g oe obsLaa I, '; : '"r : _ a ,
?rr\ Ftl.tt E :Err
,' \&L' ;r{r ,*
v
lri 3 *rl sLs,e
{.8. e i$t
:DupH sEE, $-6:3rrezea'c'-i rc*{ #:j.s, uilifuir .f ir,frr;..aris a6 r' +
a*elagt pentru eet{+reLagri cf,r.;*iiats {:il, "ss.rsj;j ryt bt]"s itlf,,erlte
F2oBei,,. FoiD*" zu;tfe'l o& peatru nn,.l} gt acela&l a-,ete?,l&L
S.r S^ac'"q:ff 'B "?5' i3 I s e
D* Sf ,.'J- d,
. .:
{E'.TFs' vl
,lr '"fd qt ,{r$ft;gtnft,ta"n;;
Asea.st$ ?s"es&ral
)
;jsJis f.ni.i e {.i :ts f.::'c }t'i'cg ril
sE'BotfrRsH. s.I[g
FrtfSp
,r..HSJ
-;.f irg'f nntH
IE€s
1 '-- t- ai se nuinegte grad d,e s*rllol.tereo . "' ;
ii"ebe i *.-i g.z-"r.-: .rlsrH.e*--_
it.i, s siF+-ir,3'se.i''rr- /*t-1" tt;: '*1 ; ,
, :Gonfo::nr st.*,s 165;;Gl se iacousnils p$ntr.n E valoriS"ei grr'}on
5. $arolnlla corsspunuBto$r:e apeefor g:-**e €r s$SlcLxers sfatn ta,belul 8'.2" Pentrr:'s olr.mrna rufleen *, sfar#att{g$ p€-
eaupra rnEsurdtorlL, rr::nele prod,uer trebilt* n,g alrr6 "'cnprl-ns fatre llmitera or? D-<d.<oc5 D, r:b*a oa dal.{*
ii,i'fiip*
dome:rrl.urd,* uttli$sr * e usni en.{isrt pe.'"*1*.? Fr{-rll*hl*
fci.*s *.ts L ei d,l;'pa St'i$
DLroin**:rri-lb i,i. r'1 il o
3Jt iFBg
Ss* tli*, F,. ri,sJt'r .
l3 iierJ ta F-1:,.), ",?E, f,; sGI ,c ,*nr,E+
5S*\:s.
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g r /tphe
g1 e.stfel durltetea Brl:nsll Be Poate scrls sub foz?at'
EBo FrDE '
?e
Intruott 1e S.neerssrea diult$ttf 3rtne11* ostsrlalul su-pua taceroErl euferE, deferaelli glastI.ce 5.n zosa, de aontact +E
penetretorrrl gt l-nt'aonela Lutdlet real-ne., defsrnalli care tn lagd,;
tsoretlo sfurt oontlnue la tlmpr ffuH, a ee eJruge la s sts.re de e-i
ohlllbru tn cere deforna 1e pLestlcH, eE fle tfi:rstaa,tH,, ee lirnl-tear5 la nod practlo durata nln{nt de roenllne: 'a a peaetretorulul.
sub ggrol.a5. AceeetE duret6 pste d,e 15 e pantrn mH,etrrerea CurltE-
tll otalurllor gt ee nEregte la naterlaleLe oere prezfurtH, o cBF-
gere ral lentE (oupru, e,ltrmtalu, ale-{r aLleie aattfrloltune ,etoelo
. Supra.fafa oslotel sfarloe se poate exprlma Sl 1r f,u:rcfle
de tu,l]ttoea b e aceetula (f18.8.I) gub forma:
(8,4)
(8.5)
Dtn re3.a ta (8.5) rezultl cd dnrltatea Brtnell so poate
obfl-na gt prln uEgqraJcee adl,aolmfl tle p6trrrndere e bllet la ns,te-
rlelul Laoeroat.' Prooedeul de tnoercere a durlt5lll Brlne1l pe beza edl,n-
otnll h eete u:mEtonrlr se epai8fiffa asupre pleset eu o for 5 1-
nftlald tle nlnLn 10 dslt gt l'a aoeastd pozllte se pune Ia zero
dispoaltlvul de n6surare a edlnolnll tte pH,trunclere b. Se ep3-led,
apol dlf,ereafa ptaE la forta tota}l de tndercare, m$rtlniatl-ott-np de 15 e. Duptr, LndepErtarea forlet de tnoorcarer se face ol-tl-rea Ia dlapozltlvul de mEeuratra a edtaclnll ile p5trundere, DL-
feranla -nilloat6 cla aoest d.lspozttlv, lntre irzttta ocupatd depenetrator Laalnte gl dupl aplloarea forlel totalee reprezfirtH o ,
ve-].oeranu1taprop1atdd'eln51 tneacg1otelsfer1ceh.AoeastEdate:ralaa:ee egts eeirstbfl lnfluenlatX de netura mterlaluIul., de
gtruoturs gl fome plesel tncercate, d,a aceea Du se recomaudd a
f i u,t Il. tEat E.
Inceroaree dg{.: LXtl.l d,uoi setodp. Rgcksell.. Aeeest5 meto-
.d,il csnstE ta apltcarea 3.n anurnlte coadllJ.l presorlseo la treL fa-
Ee pe pleee de Lncorcet e unni. peneire.tcr Gcrrl.* de d,is""rent (in*cercares C) ee,n efsrl.o d,e o e3. (incercs,vea B) 91 nEs'.**:'*& crea-terll ?sFlfi-:lerte 6r I ed ,nclinil de pHirunCare e, acestul p.er:*traior( f lg.8"A) c
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7)
@o
Flg.8r2. .Prlnctpt u). do nt*lsrxir.s a
ilnrtt[fii.i. dapE oetod,a Roohrell rI - olr cot b - GB bLL["
Iaoeroa,rua se *mut.f, pr:ln epleama,uaul ponrlnatnr innatarlc.lnl dg taosrtsct trr trel, fsaer Ir Frfg f'aal plo*e dr ln-oer'est ge aduou lu ooatapt ou pen**retorerl. paatru e aarg, r ;raoentist t-ut$ l,ntre paaetrator 91 pl,or[l aecnta rc 4paa[ arugreptego: o[ o ger]or,nx lrrltlelil Fo. Sab aolr.nnoa nscgtor :raro:Lul,
pEtrudo putla La nateria,l,. In f,arg a dona,n ssqlrra
peaetratorulni gE rnal apltoE o forlE I1r lrgrrasgroLnBr t6 .rott-unea olr,el.e peaetratorul gEtr,und,e aafao lb irf.rgg, produslarl do-formares, plastloil Ft elaatlo[ a natarLalnlul, Ia iasa s tirtn setntleplrleazE ssprBasrorra rn gt penetratorul so rl.Etp.r $nr ra os ,unltE poslftr oorecpuosltoan ilefomall ,l.or rrradlir pr.oilw tnnatert-al.- Dlf ereula ilatra port|llle peaetretor.ulqt. tr frra latt-ts gt a treia, aotatl h ltt.8rZ ou r, oaraotufucal[ {urltatsaplc.arl' Durltstes Boatrell ec uprldl rub fonr , h .
EBrt-o1
oarr I agto o ooaaiantl.;-r"ootre ;.;; rtc ilnrltotc aoorpta,ttr, rator{h for
F, ll E EtDt iltferlte. Yalorl3'a ctabl.ll'to pestru itlfcrtteh aolrlaE aurftate 3ocIre11 d,at lailloatr In tabel'nl 8e 3.
In ofarE'd,a lodrl,Ia statd^ardl.tatc rc uat utl-llgaesl t .tirr1 gf eJ.te aoibl, l.a aer? aarclnllc ilr laolroare (F. +
+ Fr)yarlazE
Lntrr 50 .." L5O daf, lar poaetratoarclc utlttratealnt dl+n .te de.fo @I iontoE sau bILa din netal dur ou dlasretre.de 1rJ8? ... 2.J7 mm.
Pestru cazurl rare, le inoeroarea streturlLor supe:€lei-alo d,e ggoeiae mloI1 ee utlllgeazE 91 eo6rlla Super-Roclrello reu
(r
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ss.rc{nq t-lrltls.l5 de 3 deI' 91 eupreserglal de 12127 reepectlv42 ds$. Pe aind. Ia esg,rl-le Rockpell nomals o ualtats ffi. cores-
punde Ia Or0O2 ro, La gs[rlle Super-Rocknellr ssee€te se re0ueela OeOOI- rmrge'_bl*+1".13.3
Se.rotnilLe utlSlzate Ia Ineeroarea deRoskns11 (coafortr StAS 493-81)
duritate ,
Spoelggrrea alurttdtlt dupE netoda Yiskere. tr:rcercarea
oonsta
o8t, a
ungbluL
sg,ts pe
l,n apdaarae cr o sarob.A 31 un tt+rn datr oe plea <le tncsr-tunul peaatrator plran1iial drept, 6u Uza pEtratH,, avtail .i
Ie vlrf preser .e gL nH,suraree d,Lagoaa3el r ,, a u:mel lE- l
aupra"fefa plegei d,e Laeercat, dupE lgdep$rtaree, sarolxil..
Pesetratorul illn d.lenant are forsa {nef ptraanLde patru-'latere.regulete (f19.8.3)r ou rry,ghtul Lntre f,eleIe letem,},a opu-
ee de 1360. t[6r oea de 1360 au este a1easE erbltrer, ol reprerh.j unghlaf la vi.rf el unui ooo tsn8elit Le o sfer6 dle dlenetrul D1
dupE, un cerc avind, d.lasetral A Ei As375 D'$ottnd cu F forla de ap6sare gl cr
lul d,e besE a plramldel ce reprezlntE &rnre,
F_r<Lce;+ c
Fffi
d dlagoaale, p5,tretu-so obtlne :
fryJ, (8"?)f nnm- J
La e:reoutaree pre,ctloE a lnoerc$rll1 nErlmea Lul d gs
Sgg-r& durLt6-t11
Rook-Tre 1"1
Peng-tr&-tor
Saro 1-Bg' l-nltls-1,6 Fou
la d.a$
Supra-EA,XC i,-na FLu
tn Aa,N
Sarcl-rr8, to-ts.]-EFfn
d&lI
Slvl-aJ-unlaoroo2
Ilm
Domelrtul, de aplloarefegOrtand.at
cCon d,eCl,g-Hi+nt
10tt on2
14O.+
t Ot?
15o tt On9
10030. . "67 Hng olalurtcEllte Fl netaled.ure
B
Br16cLe
o eIDta
=1 r 5g?5[TT?N
10t
:ot2
90ttoe 45
1oo t+or55
130
54' " 'J.OO mB olelurlcarboa oblsnnite, B€*d.lt Sl mol, table,bronzu,rl, eluni:rlu gla-la.me gpeel"a-le
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7?
. Forte Bs, epil,aar
- re trobulg ,EU a'e ftcr
pll,oe pE llsnotratarfut Eof, oortlrrur S1 :
, f,ErU Sga&rir D.'.g.-
ts {a usrrtlssnc 6sanrelu,ll outs €o
, 15 s plutru Xaser-, oarrsa osetrsrtlsrr
t6tlL Ttrslcars" cadrloa sgrofnil r+srpfectua, a,ogagta,
nnaglg el,nt gaoinee-
trl,g agErEoDGSe tis-zult{ o{ este &il_
F1g.8.3. Prtaclplul ila ndeurare a.ilurltEfita'6i-ffiodaTi;l;G.; Tlst{ Xatro dtnsg-slruea urmel sl EErLuee, Barobll. &aastg pe*bsrsnlteto rstoveLebt15 nruat .pentru se,rdlal ual nrd-dp 5 ilglr aslgurd netodelo valabllltete generalEr fEoind-o praoty'ceblll l.a ileternlaarea{urttEttl pleaelor nateltos taoepl,ntt ile l.a oele Eai no . 2 EV pt-rd ].s oele ust durc d,e 19OO EY.
Peatru a sLrnpllfloa, aonstruotla aperatdfor, oerotnllecle l,noercarel oouform STA.9 492-78 st3t u$dtoarelor 5; 1Ol 2Ol
3O; 5O gl ].OO d,a$. /t" funalle ile sErtnea garobll ila laeU,no
""t{lq, detrrst-
. nelcea durtt6tt ' Tiotsers ee dlatlng trel d,meall..r
- deter:nl.aEtl ou, satolnt rrtrraler 1OOr,.5 dn$;
- deterslnErl ou sgrolnl n ,of,, 5.o.o0r5 da$t
,\
Incercaroa tle tlurLtete e gtratnr{ .or al .olsse}or subtlrl(SIAS 5522-Jo). .[peast5 iaoeroare sE eaeartl rlup[ metods vlek€ra,ou eaxot.gt latre tr...5 dalt, ee. es gpllcE le esntc^e,rea etratatrl-1or superfictale aubflrl, st:raturi tratete terrqic sau torgroshlntogl acoperlrl galvealea, oblnlce eto, precxa el a pieselor eub-
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76
incerce.re'li durlt5ilt pa csre dLnamloH' acestE setode l
prez1atEavaateJecategor1ceIad'etern{ncrrea6ur1t6it1pJ.eea1or
d,e dlnaaslusl rosrl sare rrr pot f,l traaeportate la 1ooul u:nde ge,
afiLl aperete].e d,e -ieur{.iletodere d,e Lnoercera dlnaraled se be,gaagE ge tacerorrl
ereontato ou eJutorul ur,or aperate trgo&ng, portablle gl ee orilnao-terlzeesd prlnt>o rapldltats lEaro e opera la ., preoun gl. o nen{-pulare ralatlv eLupl6. Acegte evantaJe el,nt .DsE in iletrtneatul :
praololel de deteraLngre"
' xetodeLe de tacEroara dtnerats[ a duritElll se pot gru-pe-ta don6 categorll aletrcote, ilupr feluL grq sa conportE ua,te-rle,lulr aub ealluaee peaetratorulull gl enumat
- mctode ou defozuHrl plastloa nal , natocte d,fuumloe,plasttoel
- rlatoilo ou deformdrl plasttoe foarte nlal,, netoilenloe clagtloe.
lletod'e1edo1aogrearedl.-ara1cep1ast1aeaebaaeezdpe
pEtrnnderes unul peaatrator de o a:r,qnttE foraH, (tn opeo "af,. o bl-I'l de o el) Ln neter "a1tr1 de'taoeroat. Dlntre netoilela de Laoer-ss3s d{rretnlos, anlratLu netoilg gs,rrrnnnrr, stelarilok gl uetoda ou tre,-
.rE 4e oonparafle d,e ttp Poldl gl'Udur trcxe ostoilel.e d,a tncersare e ilnrltElil pe oale illlantcr ':
. ::lelestloIr ee ErElregte oonporterea naterla].n1ul Saserce,t f,atE Aa ,,*
lovlroe unul panetratorr .lparatele oare luof,eaz$ pe prlaox.plul ILnoerorrll {{nnnlsg ersgtloe a durlt6fx1'atat de
tlp sbore gt ou-jrosooPlr}nffetode gpeola,le d,e tnoeroere a dtur*tEte . Diatre netoda- $
l,e apaoLale d,e ineercere a durttElii aslntlal- l,Doerearea d,urltEltl prlu zgirLere;- prln piadrrlerst
- prtn plll.relluceroeree d,urltEfli ln oonctlfll d,e orlogeul.e.
tncegcarga d,urlt[fll prta zgf,rlere, aetod,{ eplicatE laE4
ulneralogle 9t na1 :iar le f,aoercIrlle netalelore poartE Aansfree'"]d,cnetoi al[ertenl.fetodaooagtI,l'nzg1r1ereao[aJutorrr1rrnn1panetrator ta foml ooalgE (9Oo1 ile dl.n*nt a aape.ef,elel plesei. ,I
8o d,cf,taegte irrept durltate prln agl,rlere dupr uarteaa, forfa F ril
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77
.''':'
zE pc faptul cE aub ao fumea grautift{ rraql peadrl de osslrqtlese producs c rlefo:s8rs a auprafe+r:,: laater1elulul ds troar.oat.' co:rtrelaraa durttH,lit prtu, p .lle;a prazl'atr o poeraui,ta-
te slgpL4 de sortsre e rcor pleaes ln funclle de drurltatca 1orsuperficialE. DnpE, felul Lu cere ee ouoporti g ,esa, ls trccepennel plle epdsetE u,Eior I)B u-Ee, si3 erichLLie el, sa poi trugo ana-nlte csneiugil. asuprs iturltElll aeestei.re, Pentnr a avse uo orlto- .
rlu de couparalle aauprB riurtt{fili plesei ooatroratc, tnalato rtcefeotaarea tnoercErtt ptla ee treos psste o pleeE ou durltate or-nosoutH.
:Daterlnlnarila aurt*Ettf ln oontlllll ila crlogeuleeo
poateexeonta eu atrnrate de tlp claaicn f,.e oareloa a,ileptaasi, crlogtatcspeola,le. Heillile c,e riclse ss*a16 alat coa solid,, peatru tmSre-retnrl ptaE 1e eo3? 9t asot l,lohld,, pentru tenperaturl sel Joags. ,
8.3 Aparatal gl traterlaLe
Aparatele fologtte l^a, Sairercefea drrrl.tEfill au drept
asop aprlGarea ssrcLalL da tirosrosJ:e aas,prs paBat?Btoralul, p lr-tru e provoca pEtnrad,eree eeEgtuJ's fB pleea ilo tnccrogtrAparatnl paatru inoeroa,ree grfi€i.i trebule eI fuileplt-
neascE uraEtoarele cold,tfLl r
- sl.perzttd apllearea earstnll perpeadl.cul,ar pe auprarfale plsalt
- sI aetAue o orcgtere lentB gt un*foral a asrolalll- sE peml.t5' ne:flneree oonst€rot5 * garcLb,ll p.o {urats
rle tlnp presorleEl otr o sroarg de oa1 Ehlt t 1S. ; :
3t1e trebule aE flc d,tn olel cELit; aan aet8.1 d*r en ru-Bratrets Lnstral,tE gi f,5rE llcfecte dl* enprrafalli1 rnfrfr o d,urltateile ulalo 85O Elf 3O.
i" prtrotptn, aperata .e dle jlncercat durlta,tea Rocktelletat tclanilis su alnratcl'c 8rlar11 asl$$iail a Flqs posl.bllltatearnEsuaUril ilepleaErlL peaetretorslul. dupE dtracti.a ax.t^a1E. Apara-
its ilceecere tr-ebule sE ind,epllneeaEE aaslcagi coadl.flt ca iaaasrrl aFaratalnL Bed:ce1.l,
dtgtr-uo gotr d.e dieuantr sqt
tBat pf:'rtrc ss3'otd, efericgrlc p*atrn l,as*rcBrea B €ste
.
P€Etrn tnoers.&rea C este coi],ctl,tutt
'.raghl,ttl lagn raza dg Or? Err Penetretortr,l sfe- ' -'
-.forua,t dtntn-o bllE d,g otel sdlit, '
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F, ftav
seu Eetal
tI r .srl:rd,
850 E'r 30.
: PrtbolPlul de co&struetterttgtse Ylokerg este sgernHndtor cu
Roshrell , ln plus este PreY6zut ou
1or"ta fuaclte de nErttnee salcLni.lor de LasErsare pe care la
reeltgessl ua aparat, ee poate fe,ce u:mEtoarea cla,elflcare s epa-
rstclor Ylolerg t
- aparatr ou asro .nl urtra.le- aParatr ou sancl.Bl nloll- nlcrodurlnetrerpagetratorul'gete alcEtult' d,latr-o pfranlild ilreaptE p5-
tratle illa illana,ntl ou Ytrful_ asoufltn erlnd u''ghlul dledru la '
Ttrt al fefel.or optrse *le plrelnlilel de 136 t Oe5o. lf,oete nnchi .le
plraalitel trebule sg, fl.e soac$ranie {ae a"itnlte o abatere d,e max.
O'OO2 m).Pentru etectuarea uael .nooraEri ile durltete, ln ef,elt
de aparatnl oare proilnoa 91 nEsoarE forla cle inodraa'rer stnt ae-
oessrc o sarla ds eocesorll. oer penetratoerel lupir' mes€ da ege-
aaroe d,Laporltlve de ptLndere eto. '
9.4 Uergd lucrErll
Ietoila Brt.nell se poete folosl Ia Lacercaree pleaeloruatallcc feroaee 91 neferoe€re I oHror durLta,te ee.te cup=tns.A fuF
tra ltultele 215...450 Bn ooafo:ra SIAS 165-53. #""t dte Lacercat
va fl plant, llpsltE d,e porllrul orlileter evl,ad un grad 6e prelu-oreI:no care sE penalt6 nEsnrarea urael cu praotzta oerutE. .
Felrlrn ea tacercersa e6 tle valabll'E, .trebuXe ca BuprB-
fela lnterloerE a pleeel de iacercet sE nu'pertltE alcl ua fe1 da
d.efomaflo. Da e,set.lsasa, groal^nee plesel a' sE fle cte oel pnlla8 or1 e.dliaoi..reae umel b (f1g.8.1) oe,ra, arrprlmetE ltl lm, egte de-tE de rels,tl"e t
bbfi*ffio
fo $es$riLe pi.eeelor
dur cu, auprefeta lustrn{td e1 r-SrE ilefaste da aupraf,a-
dlanetrul ile 1158 m (1/16ai,au d,ur-ltates nlal-rE dr
4"1 apeqatelor da tnosrcat du-eel Bl. ep$retelor Srtnell Sld,l,epogltiv de rEsnrale a n:rEG-
{ e"a3
#
t'oerte s$btitrlo a csrar grCIsfuns e,r
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79
plne, pentrn efectilare& lncersEriio m,t sr"t1t,e
rns,terlsl' ts pecb,et Cou;iact r oonforln gt€"8'4rplasa dlfi aoelagl
t
:.
In noegt cazrrgclttr
tarte}'e dgnrflri,l dsrltgttlanu a,ra d,cc3? vl&l'oar8 lnfsr-matfid,t
lilEe trr&reB'rtl€sgtrg1nl.nrse . S.Eeete de bilLS po
suprafats plesei ds inser.'ce,t s.e TB fsce aE Prse:Lc.1g
rnq,x s$ FerBleS cle sp.erst td,ar cel" puttnl- On1 mr pautru bLLe, su
D lO dnl
- O'OS affi pentru bl1a
r Cg D sr 5 m$
OrOe @ pantra bLI.s
ou D 2n5 E$*Itf;fii;"Slspozittva* prturd'ere
l-t---t
Dlstanfa d'e 1g cantrulunel u1,1ge le nasgLnea pleas . d.e lncer.&a| or trebnla c[ fl'e ds rnlz.
2r5 d, ler dlstaala ctlntre ceatrela a ilou6 n:cne s.Lilturata b' el
fle mln' 4 a (fts't't'',Igr aJntor'.. uato-
I I del RockraLtr ro PoateB ilr"ttlna d*rl.t*tea
f f€nb.5' Cordltif restr "ctlYa pentruss,Iurarea d.u-rft[tJ'l Fr1$e]'1
pLaee3'orf gtl valorl €Ll-
p"fns* flttu ] in1tel*60" ' ' 25O lfV '( Pe i rrars
ffitB) gt ?55" ' 'I.'OOGJff
{pa ssera ffiC). Cu
toete cS sc&.rg' tr3. firo operi{ 'tjtr? ini'e.nre,l .de
durtBa*e e u.pris,s lrrbrs
3oO.' . o3?'JS Str rBS sBE-
tE gce..r$. HatE s**' Fiilt utrEepfu$ drEto rf tS i',sf; -tu].ut cd Pi'E il ia'J-g' d,',ii
n5s u.rt:l 'e e '-'( r: f *gr t el
sc5,ru'N6. ..1*tcr'1 tA o-
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EC
aeltu,i fapt pplS 493-41, solrre ERA nu a nal fogt taire{1us*.Sqpisfeta p .asel dle lrroercet ve Byoa un grsn de grelucrae
re c&ra cE, panbltd s6guraree adincl.all u::het ou preol,rle aeretEl
la prcluorerea gl ae vor evlta:sodl':fledrl-le struoturalo detorltE- tn"61strl1 tau earutsIrll. Peatru oa l,uoercrilrea sd fle velsbllE,auprafrls lrrfarLoarE de egr{Jta a pteael, de lroeroet nu trebule
ad pregbto alol ua fel de daforosltee de asansnea groaLn-a pLa-
sel rd f,ls'de ul.n 8 e.
xlrtod,e Ttokare re preteagE lg laseroarea pleeelor ilo srl-oc or.n[, tutructt Erua Pr.o{qsil asotgltE o auprafafa f,oa,rta nLollilc o ,trvr resLal 0o un?.
gn togtc oE i,a ba:e Lagll da rlnll,ltudl^aa amtodla $re orllcbtlltatc geracrell pent.ra orioe ilurltete, totugl la praotloleo rplloI ilc oblnaL pentru tturttEll cuprlrse Lntre 3OO"..19oo EYE.
tntre ilnrltatea Ylokcrr gl bl.nell praotXo an erlgtl ill"farenflltotodeJll pcuetratorrd d,e dtanant arte ,muLt nai aoump declt caL elbllclor dr ofelr
Snprafafa pteeel ita inoarsat trebule eI tte lustrnttEfoarts tLul latfeL or aI pernltE 'nlsurareB ou preolzta oerutd. Dc
r^rc'oapca groeLuca ptracl rsu a stratulul. aupertlota,l tratetgE
flc Fr aln 112 d. ,-
Dlrtalla dlntrs arsls g doulrrume elltureta b g . ilktan- r ile Ia oratrnl uael ursr la narglnta Plesol o trebule sd fic als
ll.a. 215 d (f1g.8.3)o I
g. 5 Bclultetcle l,ao arclrtt
+r
Pcutru Saoeroaree dprttItll biaell obttnutr tn oodtltlnondrl ilr eranplu D r 1O m, p r JOOO daI el tlrpuJ' ile oofbr-r. a .arolnit dr 15 rr rc fologegtc aotallar 3OO EB, Ir oa,su]. a,l-tor oondlflt do Lnoeroarc, de alenplq D o 5 T, t - 75O 0an gltlnpul dr acnttnefe o ssrolBtt dc 2O s, aotall.a ya fir L85 EB'
5/7fr/?A.In oaaul durlt6tlt Book;e1l Be
Eat dc lttera corsapuntltoa,re lgoeroI,rll
dc erGnpln, 57 ERC gt 89 HRB,?entru lrrdlceres d.ueltElli Ylskerg ee fologegte elnboluL
EV, oonpletat ou l"ad.loefll asuprs ss,rclnll ita tasercere 91 a tLrE-
gulut d,c neaflnaae 8 aarclallr d,aoe gaast tlnp oste dlferlt dle
folosogte gl.ubeld IIB rlrbrespeot lve (C satr B) I
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f\ -r1.t ta*i
-F.
Reanltet eie fnc *r*gri-1,$rt,snf#r1mi S?t,3
ggwe'l*"^H-r^g
le, diirJ"tet e b;rfursi i ui F * i n
Ab5"-b5
.Nr"
CFi e
ft
r:er.llJail
.Ft
d.tr\ fq
J-a
IJ" F *,*{xlr
Vx{ ro}
tnlF I fi,$:e
{*i I tp}
'a F ,.P.r..,?,
fF lrl$
-l- ol
't:t:
tnt.st
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.t
s€
II
It
frL.L
l
.Er Red,ge, *rgtnet loE ;E
E=*"H:ri: 6-.$d "
1=3
r ebetereq, nted$.e FHirattcE I
l
s=1,j+.trr(riGx)?*
;t=Lj
Seaesf.e3tr} p*xltr$ fins,em,rltli*1*ssrtse. n*nf^m$
Ya,Lg*rsg mmxi*rnH.
Wsdie, s+r$.tmst$"eK
Abetere'a ffier'S"f"e p.*,tr"et f.a$,
Sotet ta StAS s d,,nrit,6$Lg
srcErJ.lorc onforts STA.S
, - .Egth',g3.*r}. ]S,o 5
Ia d.ffitd.tate Rocr**fr-493-81
Hstat Ia SIAS a d'nrlt6t i-l
d.tt', I tiinB)
lfleterl,altrl pentru Lneereat
Ta-Loarea nilnilmE
Hedta arltmet lcE
Abatereamedle
P$tratlc$
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ttn3-rl norngl d,e nenllnere a s€-rclail (15 srcuxd,a)3 da exeni:hi849 FY 30 sl 842 Iff 3o/2o"
ReaultatelE $bcercirtror de du-rltats se vor trece ia te-belelst 8,4, 8,5 gi 8u6,
labelql 8rERezultatele iacercErtlor Ia durltete Tlckerso, confo:n Sf,'AS 49A-ZB
A
Inloculrea unel duritdll d€tF::nflste pr.tntr-o netodd, cu
o durltata obltrutH prtn a,ltd netoitE, este acl.nlsl itoar tn cezul .
unel apeclflcdrl rnulBe ln acest scop {SfAS R 883-82). Te,IorlLe ob-
tbuts sl:rt Lufo:cmatlvs, lar pentru olelurl3.e4auetenitlce eebXva-
laree nu egte valabll6,8,5 Concl vzLL
?e baza prelucrH.rli rezultatelor m,EsurEtori3.or gi cal.cu-Ielor efectuate se lror face prectz6ri ou prlvlre le conporte,ree
tllferltelor meterlele Ie. prelucrarea prtn presaJre la rece,lfetoda rnacro gl mlcroduritdlll utllizate tn sturilrrl de.
forrnallllor neonogene este foarte utl16, putindu-se d.ete::rnlaa re-zietenta nedle a netalulul Ia defo::ure. e plestic6 (SfAS R 88J*82).8e pot. oonstrul curbe de egald durltate care ue dau lnagL:ea, st5-rlt do i,at[rlre ln dlferlte acae ale pieseJ. g*n dect, *l^e dafri:i*naflLLor.
*r
He,terlelul psntru incereat
Vs-loarsa EBisrl";ag
totatls SfAS a d,urlt5tll
arltrs,et lcS
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il}gRARtsA
DETEIT-.{I]{A RNA STRTICTURII HE?N}BI"OR $IIIrI]TLIJ$TTA gI A STIPRA DEFOR$ABTtIfiTlr
9.1 Soopu,3. LuorErll
Coatro1nl etrqeturrrlr s:rs ro1ul de s, vertflca struotnrayitln punot dE vedere ce.L1ta'l1v gL oantltatl.v, e net&lelor o€ rLF-
ueEsi a, fL prelucrate prLr. presdr€ 1e reoe, do asesenea pentrupl-esile prel,ucratep de F, evtd,ealle defect€ provocate dq d .vergE-
3.e etape de preLacra.re a aoegtoraoAnallza nLarostruatura].E ou aJltorul mtarosooapslor ne-
ta"logreftce esie o metocl,S d,e a prrne tn evl.ilea [ natnra, fom,a,
dtstrLbullar nErLnee gl proporlla oonstLtuenlllor gtructurall.
9nZ Sottuai d,e basE
i" oaaul olelurtl.or; atlt pl.astloitatsa cft gl. reztsten- a Ia defortare la rece ileplnd la aarE nHsur[ de donpoultlo oh1-
nLEE. Astfall prl:r rnErlrea, coallnutr0ul d.e earborr ssadE plestlol-tateal d,e egemenee ruele elemente, fte oe, tnpurttittl.srfle oa ci€-mente de erlere, .nflueufeazd conportarea l.a rleforaalCr
OtefurlLil de construolle fol.oglte naL freovent ts opere-
ttl ile presare ft/voLm, au c& elEmente rie aIJ.erE Snl Cr 91 fLrInfluenla eceeior eieneate ite allere asupra tleforosbdlLt.{, 11 so
poeto face eohlvall,nd-o ou o craStera a oon {antalrrl {e osrboa
clln olelaL ueelts,t pe baze uael. relelit enplrl.ce dl,a foncs.r
cl Erc+W+
rulde C., eate con -l,nutnl de oerbon cohlvaleat Fait ocra$trst d3.n o-I
te1ul. nEal"latt g.; conliaatul {t eerbc:t d,*a t.telnl ;:tr14t eaaligs,t.F1:rtru ca re "a 14 {9.1} e$ oorespuacd sl,t rnal e:act oii
reailtateey trebrtL* e.e. olelurila cu S, < OrE F E$ aLbd strucinra
,- .
,
S+Ht,[sll( 9.1)
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Qt
irc efsr6 de etruo.tur6, ee .np'c.n gl. cond.llii dd, purlte-tel no&trl de aprealere a nHrjnil g . reprtlltr1 lacl,uzlr:stloe
aenetslloep puti:rdu-Be re:Bltza d.up5 soXrl etalon, confor:o ST.[55998-?e.
hrsnetrl tabnologf.ol pentru pral,uorarea prlE p:r€sa:re .
}s reca e alhjelor nsleFasae €e preecrJiu t:r f,Laetts de EstureaLlejulut, dsatlrella produselor gi, tahaologte d,e iabrieafile.
Dlnire aliajele neferosse, a3,uminlul gL o partE il1n e-lLejelo do alt:mtatu, cuprr:I de purl.tate teha{cE ee.u cupruS el.ac-
trs}tttsn cuprull. du:r, ale.nele eu pb"E }a 4** Aa qri. bronzurll,e ote
pitr$ Ia 95 sa ae pretaarl peatrtr prelnerdsl pria BraaBr . volnnl*O€o
St:nrctnre a3.uar{n{u1ul gl al.lafelor eele, are LnfluentEs6:crD asuprs csracterlstlcl.lor de preluceabll1tate BBJ:r FreasreLe reoe, atnretura eea mal favorabLLH, eete at:lrlotula cu g3.:arrr--
latl.a la',S Sl ou d.LgtrlbufLe nnilosoB a tuturer oIe:neuteLor
etrilraturala, dl.aaetrul gr3ualll.or sE fle ouFrl.ns tntre 45-80 &t-
cronlmeirl n
tn geDtr&l, pentrrr pneluorares tablelorr Eal ales pentnro3r*raftl de lorsara gL anbutlgsrer".e,e rr€@sd$ olcL.urd, &drrdcoapos .fLeu sre:rln ArJz * Cl Or38 S sfol ei0l8 S P el OrO45 Sn S$
aseno:r€a, eet* aecess$ sE €€ llcessria ooafiluutn"l d,e orlrle euL-
furl gl o111oa 1, prooun gi. proportl' 'le gdn{e}t1La de ,noluzlunlnenctalloa.
Asupre oapaolt6 11 d.e anbutLeare ete tsn rol ,rnporta,nt
au sti.t oontl:3niul de carbou, ol.t struotute ofielului, etarea lrroa:lrs aa gEaegte carboanrl, nHrlnea gl folna gtgu#iforo Se.reoo-na:rd-il oa ofelul s6 atbl o stni.eture onogenL, ou grEunll de fe:rl-t{ d,s ptmoteJul 6.."7 - pentm table ite grostuae s < 2 m; pea-
tn table <le groel-ne nal marg, eeta peruls pr:notaJuL 5. t6rLneaned1e s ill$e "slun{1or ersunttlor de ferltE uu trebul.e rE dtep6-
geaoo6n pentnr ofelurlJ.o de anbutlsans, valoaree tle OrO45 nu.
Pentrr graaulatll rne,1 ftne, in afare punoteJul.d 7,stnrotura eeta perllto-sorbltlo[g uaterlalul arna rlgld.ltate ne-16 f,l prea -nt[ eroulrL proarl:tater F€ It"gU for:le nari neoesara
la etrltars, ars loo gl o uznr pronuJrtBtl a oleneatelor actl-vc. GlEanrle "a dle punotaJul 1...4 poate produor, flsurl El dI un
oooatl
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-- - -. ::,r;
c* a tsbtr'el-or eets structura pcrlltLcEr E:lEtonla pcril .*d Als-bulerE
tustructurs
lerltleE eelgurl o raorJ.steLtts,t* Golq;rtrotlIa recoaceeea ls tenperatu:ri laelte. $tnrotura porltttsE LsE -larH so d.eforneez3 ta cond.l l . buna, sprE Ceoseblrc ile atsnstu' ,
'
Tap€r11to-sorbrttoE',deprrnctaJuI8ocares8d€fon88arEgrau.Strueturlle l:r' care aps,rE aan*ut{te (lanetarl can BBI- '
cul.arH) frc zoae es-u tntercal'atd in naga f,ar-Ltlo&" alnt 6rcr ile-f,orcablla, putlail atr#.re* lLErrrir : , '
9 "3 De eorl"$re& n B33e$ &3ul
Peatrn ob$ln*::\ea unot resultate oonELutlenta oet* rnilitsr-
pensab{L aa probe. aai;dtograftEd sE fl,e *aproaEErtsttsX .tn so grl,*zlegte e*racte:d.atiot .e 6J. progrtatbglSe xaetatnSui osroetat. to-ta{tetH a+ leprue o reepec.tarc Sn$s'oi.sasll a eradS$ll3.or itn 3regd-nlrs g:. da atee e probel.1 eetle1n Brln operelta So p*gsttro :
trEs-ul.e avltat6 ortsq def,om*Sta scsJcioE ,a vupax,fofte . fls l$n,exu
eat cars L-ar rlaugtuae otnro*urs aau @saroterJ,gt*a1lgrSercetarea d.c*pes{rpl.g$ ss v* lEsa cB aSetom',T, mloro*
aooyNrlnl' uete3ogra$E S-€, Aaeet aparat.are ,gro,rtm*nte 'ia 't*vp-te de Xe 35 r pleB 3'a 15oo rn aa?te].r' i
- gu bLaoauls::r8 115..."5215 xl ?3r5x; $Ox,g IS. I lt6slL65xr 38px3 23l.Et 33oxr 46313 65o13 ?5ox* l"D5sra 350trg"
l.20tl 154rr 220=; 30exl +40xi 500xs ?OOx1 ].OOO="fiurse oigcErl , replde {14 25 ma, lar curea nLgcErl,t fi.-
ne de ln8 lnn,o FPeutnr fctogrgf,lere, nLoroaoopul aste prez$sut au un
aparat fots Ereota-YEt€*.
9.4 Hod, d,e laem,
i" generral, snaooglunea operaflLlor i,n vederee ur.eL s-nellse metalcgrafl.oE eEte ursF.t,oaregr luare* probelor (clegerea
Locuf,.rrl gl' t5lerea yrobe}ori. ; rentusl tratamentul ts:flale al pr**belor, pregstLrea prot': .or (f:*:srea probelor nlcL, pre6;iltJ.res *::'-
B:efe oj., ep4lerea gl us.,,,rrea probet)r punetee S.s es-l-S,se,t* a
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85
probelor oetalogratlao ef.nt prevEznte la gti6 4&3-75'
StudtLul nlorostltusturllor aa vs teoe attt pe teblc utl-llaets ln operafll ile anbutleere ol,t gt Pe plese d.ta slunl.ntuertrnrdcte f'a rcceo
9.5 Bazrrltstele lnaaroErll
Pcatnr teblole a{n elelr p€iltnf ambutLsare ge vor faoe
rpreolrrL prlvlait granulalla gt atnrotula. Se vg ldeatllloaatnrsturrr perlttlod, terttioE eau perl .to-ferltlol otorI gtebt-llnilu-go gl pnnotaJrli.
Ia cezrrl paetl,lelor peutnr ettnrd.ere r illn Al 9915 ge
ror feor obsc:rafl.l ou privire Ia origtalele de elunl.nlur for-na lor, .aolugiutdle de eLllotu (de ouloare oenugls), uraele de
orirl (nrb torsl tte nloi globule albE) eto.gtnrdllul mioro gl neoroetnroturll pleeet (Ha aluntnlu
ertrutlste le reoe, se va faoe ln nai rulte soaE (perstl lete-rralf ; riasa d,e ourbunll funit r Ba^rtea ruperloarH a pi.eeal) r fEcla-du-ss obaerralll ou prlvlre La drfFntarea ftbraJuluL gt e te=tu-r11 natsrldtulul, foru grEugll.lorr ilofeote ele retertal gL ottro-
genitatca gtnroturll.
-;
*916 Consluc.ll '
Controlnl atnroturelr arrE rolul ee a ;forltlca strRrotu-
ra at", punot ile veilere calltatlv,9l oantLtatlv a petalelot ptr€-
luorato la re.oa gl ile e evl.denlle d.efeote pno?ooBis ae dlverse-lr ctape Oe preluoraro a aoestorar
8e vor tece apreclerl, ouiprLvlre la oouportarea ne,te-
rLelulul Ia preeare Ia reoe 91 Ia sohl"nbgrlle tta struotur , pro-duae de delornarer plastlol.
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tucR.rRn* 'fls
1O"1, Scapu3' Lucr&rl"i.
Peatnr. cunnaryt€teq coaportHrj,L unr:i. ,rnatsrlal 5n tLnpnlprelucrdrdt grJ.n pt'esrs)pe Le rece" g'recun gl' ln euopn1 a.rg3nat8-r11 corecte a uttlaleror d.e pressree oote *slpo:rtaa* sE se $tsbl.-leaeci real.oteala Le itefoxma;re krr caro eete o t,ea.sluna d,e Fafs-
rtrg6 oe l,a{I.sE incleputul. curgerLl, rcate:rl.sl'ulus.O metcd,E st^np16 Al. el$rr*, penhnr neosait.$lile Erree*tce ,
e-a al,oved,lt e fl Lnoe:sossea f.a tsrsiuao" tncureare carlr ss BgFs-
B1e ceL nal mrlt" s,*l,t es a'Lere ds ter.s$Bs clt 91 cs deformsbl,*
li,tdte, d.e naJoritatea o5leraflJ.lor d'e pneS,uoraro prta prosara : .
vo].unlcE.
1O'2 Sogf,nni rie bas6
Incerci*ms 3a
e rnel putin rrtl1:lag.ts,a coaport6rll
ta.-geatl.aT.eo
.*ceaet$ lsstodb sa re€oilrFndts a f,1. utl.ll'zat6 dgtorlt$ n-avaat*fa pe care I'a prezlnts fafB rte alte i.nganoErto A*oes.s-
e seo 1xnL1e nrr se Eoal5.f 'cE eenstb*}"" alc.* eb 'ar La css# €,a*
formllSler plastl*e"Stud.iuf,' clefcnnHrll" pr{.n toraltrna, ${nindu-ga asssc d.e
t*rea epalts,lH, d,e efortir:l este EeL d5.fJ.cllE, dso€rsee ecaete
feaoae:re sfurt i'e rsturE aral" ln:-l,t f,isl.sg. d*.rlt gaoimtrS.e.S gt &*-foslrte rmlt d.+ p,e.tn::a r,:ater$,s.].tlu$a
ln caru.l torslo::$rat sl-,isilce {ff"s,L0"l,} ee poate e ia-S.egHtr*re, d.L:rtrE r4?B€; ::-r,:1. Ce i*rrel,une Ht* $1 efortrxl" trn3.tar,
nosentu-?" de to:rsL$ne e*te aurd* tutnrsr neneatelcr olenen*
tatH de ceatrltr}' nac*iuntt Oo sstfrSr
.tore$une egte uns d.fnl touel"sHs$.]* fi,&ceid.-
d,egt *orrfltJ,treLs pnf^n*3pa1a w,e*sdff *ls go
mstertslelor snb ac tgunos telbsiun 'ler4
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C,f'
ItR.sEE.b
t ef,a d-e. {ic"1}$
JA
f I€"1O.1 , Repartttfa efortuluJ. tangentt"al Iatoislunea elsstlc$ r B-eeo tLune transvCrselE,;b-Ese tlune longX.tud.1nelE, . -'
Calculu3
de dletrJ.butle a
t&terg:ralel (fO"1 ) ix.ecesgts sunoagterea 3,eg3$.
oforturi-Lor pe Euprtsf*ge seetLuafi trarrs?tf,ea*
Trnot
1S* De Eceea se
' vB ad;nite eE s&*'
, terLelul €prll*vatel" Ggt€ oIEs"-
Eeltr lgotroP gti eatf.sface 3,egee
l.ut Hooke r J,es
dupH apS.f"earee
, eupl'nlui ee,-I toraLune, GpF'tJl,-
veta d.ef,orma,tH
verJ-fte5, lpote-%9, Lul Be:noulggJ, lpotgge d,g-
' , fornalt11or n .el,
. 'lhnglunea tangenltalE dr trbbule gE fte tsngentE Ia eon-
tufirl epnrvetel, in caz oontrar ar trebul s$ erlste o ootupon€L-
tE red{nl C, a tenslrg111 fe'rgeallale gl totodatE, eonfom 1e911
parltA 11, o teaslune ta"rgentlal[ de eoeeagl-nHrtne T, pe Eupda-
lafa e:rterloarE a epnrvetel d.lrlJatE tn lungul generatoarel ot'-lt-adrrr1ul. Dere supratata c1llac1rlcE exterloerE s ep:nrvetel nu
este lnoEraatE ou aetfel rle forle exterloare. R#ultI deot oE,
t, r O, lar tn flecere prrnet d,e pe contur tenelunea taageatl"elE4{r, seotlu:rea tran^gverse1E eete perpeadiloula.ril pe razE.
T{'i'rd soanla ( f lgnlo.I) 11,
G '' k o fr |
relaI "e ( fO"1.
) d,evl^ne I
(ro .2,
\*,"F'{,J?
rFaA
fiA
dA
r(l'o
'3)
ffi&snttta de LnerSi,e Fo-md,e espr€ete $ rP dA B io estrstJ.tateH-A
lar si ssc tf.utrI'E trer^sqrarstsl"s s
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t-jr()
I:: aees*s sord,tttle.rr:spEosl,a rnrertulEl d,c tsrslug'eeerim, Ta f,13 \.
.dLtu * tF " k, (1O"4)
f,n eare d. eete dianratrnrL sprirvstsLl k - efortnl t+ngeufl'al DB- ,
xJ-a aL'estarJ.aiaLut (k * 3ro*)"DacE eprr.rneta este aollottat$, Ln &onsnlnl p1aatlo, eer
httbn:.t La deforn5rlle pleet*ce ln, volun, momantul ile torslurovs fL dst d,e rela J.* tgtgnlo.all
%p
r:rrdg s-a conslderat d,A a 2 Tt n dr, FL
cH tntreaga soct$une este sollcltatE(ro.5) d,evlne r
-gs s€asa d,g laptultuL t s ks rslBtt'e
.
^B
2Et.II'o
tlnladula efor
rr L"cro dAs
-?r AJ*tP r' -i['k1
a
u
T r*dre(ro,5
)
(ro"6)
flg.I0.3. RePartltls grfortu-lul tangentl..sl latorglunea elasts-p1estl-OE.
^RTos{e+ j 2t=o*2a -r,*av
i:.o"?]
cazul oel nal freovent 5trfr.nrt Ie preluorIrl.le prtn presare lEA
r'ece. Ia aceet oez &onentnl neriu d.e torgl.nn" Nt"pr va f,l (ttg,to.3)r '
R[9, IO .2, ]leps.rt tllatnlul, tangenttat launee pisstleE.
%up E
efor-torsl-
k3o
l,g*ao
/II
-. t -
t
\
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SfeetuS,ad lets6rs,Ia, i.is obtlne r
i
Htnu,E
?rtk.(qc$),(
ro"8)
I:t eBF I 8o egte'ras,B
ogr$BepruYetell k.rDeoE ss fsce
Ea oblbol
sonel solialtata elasttol R - s&za, extsrl-efortul tangenfiie3. naxln (t e ao),raportul ql3 ntrs re3.a la (fo"6 ) gt ( fO.4) r
(ro.g)
.i
ep:rilrotei sls
condnee lE
IIo practloe defo:m$r .1or Ia rrb
oo n ae tntil,ness ocl nal freoyent
I osaurL1e ds soLloltare ln clonealul
I e],agI6-pl,aotlo su ecnrl.g&re, de p,-I
I oeeg se Ya t:rete EL probl€Ea tor-| "loa$rltsprn"etelor tn aEest d.one-
i n1u ( f{g.1o.4)"
Sxproelts eorrnrrtnl.ul. d,e torsiune
i \ r vs fl det {e ro3.afLalr'4I
lL sr X.^ + t.- + H*rrn (1o.1O)
a le 33.
Dtn rolefila (fO"9) roguLt$ sS utlllss,rsal,ntrslgg BecIlune eolloltatE in d,onen-tul plastlo tcrogtoree nomenttllnf dc torstuae ou 33 So
F-t$
Flg.ro.4" Reparttlle efor-I[t sr xt" + *tn + HtDt
ttrltrl teneentl^al t.a torsl- .
F .g.1O.4. Reparttfla etor- -t - -ts - -tp - -tDt \rv''Lv
tulnl te-genfLal f.a torEl-unea-efesEo-fifeitto.E ou la oarer Xr" estergiouentnl, d,e tor-oozratgan atune e .sgiiog (po cona rolt \B -
(ro,11)
r.rJcr raElrtr4{Jr. \P3 eg4rra sort *tB - ,{poneatul dr tonsluar plestic[ (pe so:ra R...ro)l \n - Eromerrtil .]-1
dlc torcluDc dlatorst mnr1e6rll nsterlelulirl. il
Peatnr oaloulul rcnsatelor nenftoneto in rclalla (1O.10),i
estr aeccaer I ec gtabill nErlmea, lor cairre d,ellnttsasE aoaE an- .*];for:utl olastlo, de sora deto::nat5 plaetLo, Se ra oouel.d,era o .fi]'
lrmglne clcnentarl ndl" d{n epnrveta sollcltetI (11g.1O.5), ler ffidJ-n oonstd.eratlt ds Osformatll
,ge
tretescrts I
\ fir ,. f . ag r'f ddo sau t,' r.$F ,
a/III+-'\\l
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f{l
tn €'i:d i f e*te defc:roa,tf^e rrn6hf6-
las ,.i d,g, - u&€hlrrl do r$euolrosdg .F] Lu:rgf,^meo gpnl?atet.
Apltolad, rslaltol {fo o}l} 1*-6es lnt liook pentrnl. torsluna n sQ
obf tae r
l= $ .,f ,Sohena tleforutllalla torslouarea ln ca:re 0 aEte nodutul do clsatl-
oltetc trargveraslt a- sfort?r}tangenlta3o ;
DLn ralatllle (lo.ff) el (lor12)3 ec poate oalonla ra-lul ror Ln couitltltte ln cara € ,' k 91 r - lor aetfsit
(ro.18)
(ro,13 )
( r0 ,3.5 )
iro,16)
ffirlsea efortultdexterloarE a €prwctel.
,sstf,ell r
o rfr'**o
tangentlsl r€TL il T**, e:rLgtont la f1-sste fonoat d.trn dou5 oonpoasnta (ftg"
llaa B.+ Ag , (10'14)
oerer At egte orogteree ef,ortal.nl tangintXsl oa Eruerre e. 8-
h - efortul tengeatlr,l.Yaloarea Id At 1 ee lnatr ocloula ou relaltor
I Dr
mE t
cate nod&lul d,e €ortrlsarol
t'* - deforaatta ungblniarl
Elntndtr-E€ sssna d,e relatls2
+/f - dEfolnattut utghlular$
Peltltru -v- ko
(:.0"1?) sl (ro.l3), r€r8,-
(ro"15 ) devlna r
8T r tR ,- *o)'+ o Dto
Ia eosltc oonCllttl exprrel,tle nomeatolor de tcrai'.r-le
rel.et .e (1o.1O) dcvlnr
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,{di
\* E d'k1
\p,.lt'{43'e3}'k;
3:i'FTE; a r:T. ':
a?, - ffiAt o
(ro.t? )
.:
%n''
Paatnr oalculul nomentrrlul de toralua" \n dgtorat s-r
orrrlglril, eete neoesal)g otraoegtersa valoril luL Atrr vaLoare
oarc a. poatc oalou1a ills 'ftgtl0'4r adloEl
(ro.18)
Ao tmdct
inrooul,ail valoasea lui ATr t lntegralE ilcineL anrt
eocaeta ilrr .aot t'' t
(r0.19)
Bsgolvlail aocastl lnteet)au tn lLnltele atablllte gt'
lrlooul.nrl pe R c alz $ ro n d.ol21 oe oblLue t ;
tR
I ar'? aT= d.ro
'to
,B
\o .I-
ornir2o
ro
- fl44 (? -"\o ffio\r{J
IrDIO
"=15o Acdso
4
Erprerla mnentnluL ile torglunee Oevlacr
",--n*[,
- *. a1j-gTJ . (3 - +. $ '*],xo'21)
fO.:ffiEohcnatteprlnolplua .nsta 'aftalpentrulaoerolrl}a
torrlune erta prezoatetE l:1 t18.1O.6. Pentnt ree1lgore8.€Ip3-
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>r
'FdrYrflfinalir^ '/'
'[ - disc pentru inregistrareq num6dui de rotrotii
; E 0.- lot'odiodd s.e.TT.M. - cornbinolie de tirnbre tensometrice
,'O.B.- oscitogrol cu bucti v
PT M. - punte tensometrbi
T.LD. - kqducton inductiv de deplosore
C.C.E.- cutie de comondi dectrici,, E i ePruveto
B tnstaletleirl1t
tfg"Io.5" Sobena d,e prXnotpiupentru fncerc[rl lc torsl[Bor
':..
dP tC\^t
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94
rlonfelor 1.8 oadrtrl lubr[r11 de
tla dg &efo:mare Ia toratrne sH
- rnEeurarea molnarrttr]'ul
prwstel,l- nlsuraree torfclor n-l.elo oc ae lsao ln tLapn1 lnoer-
olr11 1r torslunel- trIeurgrea gourtErll sau aIungtrll epnrvctclor la tLn-,
pul laoerolrllt, - breglstraree nunHillu1 de rotaflL pllE X.a rtrper,Ea
cpnrvetrlort.. - laolroares ou o or [ arlal[ illn exterlol, oare a
prnittl dcforrErl oomblnste (torglune + tlacfluae' reepeotlvtorglrme + ooup"aslune)l
- rolloltgr'ea epruyctel le dll.ferlte vltsze de defonrareo
ItrctustFce noucntrl1ul dle toratung gL a forfel axlalc se
tsoo ou aJutonrl unor oonbl.rs [{ ite tlnbrc teneonetrloe
(C n3.l .X. ) n
Pentnr lnrcgletrarea nupxnrlul de rotalll ptal la lup€r
rca splruretotee
utlllrcgzd.tgoul pertorat D.1 la eemalele
provla da la totod.loda FoD.l nlsuterse d,eplaeeltlor se tace ou
trE traduotor J-adnotlv d,e d.apleaare 'ttl, IfB 2O2.
Clrordtul ilc lnreglgtrare nel ouprlnd,e o punte teaeo-
netrloI 0c tlp N 2302 ?1 UH 13Ir lar llrregLetrareE sa faoe ou ulr
oaoLlogral ou buol[ de ttp REI 8IS-1o {Conandg latregt . lnatalalll ae realLseazl au afutonrl
rtlsl outtl da oomndi{ clectrlol G.CrB., cara prtrr laternsAlrrl u-
nu . ouplal llcatronagnello C.SoIir oupleezE-eecugiegsl antreaa-rlDa epru"Ot0loi" ved.erea fneer-
c6rtl Ie torglune faeonAl$l de erlogenleEa rs nonta erlosta-tul , oonforll fig.l0.TI,sr reEtul t-astalatl-€1 TB r$srtae aoseJ.agl
G& In oazul lncer€I-rEl l.e tenperaturaE,OEBA,SEO
FS€nLOu?o fnstalalta psntru t-n&erogrl latsielsae fuu condltff de f,rie adl,ao t G-c $'-
fafE a fost neoossr oa lnstala-peralt$ urnEtoarsla deterulnE.rl 3
de torgtune ptoil Is :ltlp€nea gr
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10.4 lrlcd de lucm.
Epnrratela utlllgate paatnr bogrsarea lr torglune aeseollnaea c1raui.e.ril,, -ar L.:agLreea sallbret{ a lost tstlel Elsrr-eE incit eE se rospeete o yeloar€ aongtar:tE gcntnr teotonrl 6 -Bensl.oual ( to/A*), peatru * se pufea ob .ar rnlorl oong*rablleale grad.uluJ. ds rleforrnr.:r:* Le epruvetE C,r trlferLte reo|Lrml {fl*.LO.8) .
A-A
t-l--1
31g.10.8r Bp:nrvet{ pentnr tnceroarea La toraiule,
Rugozltatea snlratefel. clll-adrloe oalLbrate rs reo*ftanrd{ a f,l 6e ceI putl:o 1r5 pnt tar etratal superftolsl rI ln llteanrLgat dc La preluoranor ' ;
InceroErlle la tcrglune ec pot afoctua, ta trnclle {rrnaterig.lrrl eprwetelr oB ep:nilrete avlad dll.anretnrl d.o - 615l ?r l9r5 gl 1O15 m" p$etnlad conatantil lurg{rnee fo " fo rm,.
lorua gl dineneiun{le epnrvetelor geat:nn, $coereE:rl.Ls latorslun,e ln ooaill .l rle lrfg edtlo ra eocleagl ;Unelrl.snl c8 ol-
le pentnr^Sncerclr$e ta eoud,ltl,l norule ila tarperatliFE.Iatreg sLetenr-l' trebule etqlotrat 6n douB orl eu.o*eslv,
eatlclro verlfl.cara a 3"furaslt$lll aeualulul ebtL:rut d.c Ls
traduotorl, pentm laeErcare-Oeeo5roare eu ss.retll ill,fe.{ta1
- obllaerea unel LrrsStstr5rl etalolr prLn trciiTeorea :
ou earel,nl cr:noecuBe. I '
Prntrrr a a?aa deta, tleternlnate su sufloleutE preolzie ,
tnoersdrlle la tors$rn* se ror rsepata ,n eeclaagi etx.ritllt 'Je et-te Datnr, geu e :re OrJ., o+nalder$id, reeLo 91 oble,: f ira e'.rssj. vs-
lor .le ne*Ll aia ilefsrtnlr{Lor'S*tqral,rs,raa r*rJ,gtanfe1 Le defotzera s{ lB face peatnr
ds*.ssestt4 r
)-a-"----rt
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\J te,
Ciferlte viteze Ce defcrssro ?. O*1?l Cr-14 +t O169 s-ls ure$-rLndu-se prla aceaete detc;r,i:rerea infLuecfej, rj.tezal d.+ d.efoc.-ErsFe E,sirpre deforceblltt$ttl, g . espeetri Eu.rbel carsstsrlstlceo
Curbe eeracterieticE laregS.atratE ie .toreluae este a-sogx.Etoar€ ea fo:mHr cu curba earacterf.gttcH de lE tracfluneu a oare ee pot dete:nnl^ne ura6toarele ntsr:t'nl cgraoteristl,cer
- nomeatu}. tnarXn d,e toretune (sl6"*) euportet rte epru-vetd h tLupul luoaro{r111
noneatul d.e torglune Ia lLuLte d.e outgete a naterla-
lnlel, f,rolurlgblul ds torefiEe total ( cr)r pf,nH Ie rrrperea a-
pnretclS
- nngh{rr1 dle torelune pentnr zons de defoerere eJ.astl-c[ ( a.)t "
- unghful de torelune pentnr sone de detomare plagti-cE ( ar)l
_ uonentul de torslune ultl^u (uto) I la care are loo
rup€rga epnrvetel . ,. ,' loeeetl ourbE are o porllrrne f$Atf"fa reotlll.nle und,e
cgte valabtL[ legea Iul Eooke f:r e.coet oaz, se erprtnr gub tor-DAr
(ro .zz),
trang?srsallf ,r defor-
T r 0 o f ,
ln carg r o egte nodu-lul d.e eraetloltatemf la ungh{ ular[ (luneoarea speclflol).
Dln relaf ta (fO.lI )
,rezul t[r
f.T*Ery ) (ro.23)
la carcr r egte r.rza epruvetelt D - nrurrEnrl de rotalll ptnr reirrpereS Q, - ]rrnglnea callbratE a epnrvetel.
DelortnalLa rrnghlufes[ Ie torsltrne poate 11 erprt-ustl91 ou rclalle:
f * 9. rr (XO'e4)
unda p eete rEsucLrea opectllel tuagbfu1 ou c&re se rEsuceao
,,
r'lA{
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JI
uee fa [ d.o elta d,our aeellrnl. transylrrale, d, .otaafiate oE o u-nltate d,a nlsur6) c
4: rn domenlur rtn oare eete ?a"lalx.lx Logea lur Eooko, e-fortrd ualtar lange&fiteI, ae poata soei.e gl ou relagl^ar
H- ?g*lu_bi=EoFi.;ps {ro"B5 )
tf
(ro ,2?)
oonfom
( 10,28 )
Pentru f t €x-
Ln oarel r- este momentul d,a luerflo poLerl I - rrsr&B *tarloasEPa epnrvetol"
Detenirl-Earee teaslunilor tgngsnftale tn iloneatnl plos-poate deteltins ou relalt .Le (1O.6), tlo.g) e , (l0rlo)rclafta graot1oE, iie fonasr
ffi*(3 + p)FEU
=gHtr.-
(ro"a6)
nde p este ui ooellolcnt oaro drplnite d,s ratrrbr, oond,ifl,treile lnoeroare gl d,onenlul de eollcltatreo
Prla.ooctlolaatul'do ooreof .e D este poetbllI adapte-rea relaftei (to.a5) b ooadlfllle oonorste ric aolioltsrer p6r-
tru oazul lf-dt5'ai .lefornArll prrr slagtloa p - lro (obttnl,a-du-se relalLa ro.?5), lar piatnr d.rtomargi pu" pr.aatr,oE D - gc
Oazu1 real rlo deiorrnaro cleato-glastlol os eonr1lsrgete ostaoterlzet prlntr-o veloar€ e Iu1 npn altuatl lnire zero
unrr, untle p eoEde pe nxeurr oe defo:maree oregt", afrror Eatr-co epropte ite starea plaetto[ liteald.
Cradul ds dletornare fr oe poatr arpr .na ln lunotlo do
ti,o ge
gau oa
t
unghtulsrl f I ou rclallrr
I - | f
so obflne relai;lar
df r d{A?=E'e-Age
Dln re1etllle(fO
"?7) gl (iO"?B), reuu]'t5
f :l u)Erree (ro.?g)
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og
'
ln cafittprtrvrteir
Taloes€a
dc delomsrr taot
ltnJ'tatl dc ourbg
?r bara
ooaglEta tabalul
C^f Cfta vlt a?8
1O.1.
torglunaRsau]'tete]'e
:
laocrole{lor l"e
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:HHH
hrcb-iicARr ?ETSIOLOGICE ALE TNBTELCR
too"""Hrl1e tehnologloe aLe tablelor't""t"oot5
la eoo-
pul vertflbErlt oalltE ii produsolor gL a d.ete:ml.aH.rlt capecitE-
t11 ite defornare plsstlcE Ia reoe a acestors.
LUCRAREAgg
I {C TRCA REAA TAEIEIOR I,ASI INDOIR5 SII{PL; SI DUBL;BEN ZILOR I
l,L nl Scopnl lucrErll.
Iucrarea stabllegte netodele de tacetcare preoum 95' oou-
ilJ'ftlle tghii{gs aeoeaere erecutErl.l lacercH,rlL J'a lndolre s te-blelor gl benzllor din o e3. gl metale e1 aLtaJa uEoere, cu gFo-
el.:ol noldlale,nal narl ile Or2 nrn, ln pcgpu]. apreolerl.X ealncltE- 1i. de defomare'pLeetlcE a aoegtorar I
J.I"e Sotlunl lntroduotlre
Iaoercarea oonstl lrr d,ef,ourarea plastlo[ 1a ece, prda
lndolre alraplE, fErE lnveraarea sensulul defornEsJ.Xy e uael €piFu-
vete rectll.fidl, pld olad, nna dln arlplle epnrvetef faee, gub
sarcla.I, ou preltrnglrea celeilalte arlpt, un ungbl 4 prescrle(tlg.tI.1).
A:ele celor douE erlpt ale epnrvetel trebuLe eS rErnfr.ll
,ntr-un plaa perpendllaular pe axa rle indo .re. In cazul f,ndloLrlL
la 18Oo, confo::m praeorl.pflllor dXn stgldarclul. d,e produsl pot aE
se BuprBpun6 uas peate eLta, sau eI rHnlnE, paralelel Ia o dlstsn-,1E preecrlel, <lletanfa reglindu-se cu eJutorul unel oale (flg.11.3 ,a) .
Xacercarea Ia lrrdolrg se ya erecuta resgecttnil preverle-r{Le uloltoarelor standarder
a) SIAS 1O4L7-'$ - Incercaroe la tndolre sl.npll a table-
*
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HHHfocuiicARr
II{C ERCA REA
A TAEI,EiORI$DOIRs SrXpi,.qBEX{ ZIIOR
?EFNTOLOGICE AIE TABTELCR
to"ercErlle tehnologlce alepul vertflbEslt cs,lttEtff produsslor
t1l da deformare ptgstlc5 Ia rsce &
rucR.dREA$.
g
teblelcr as exeoutd ln Boo-
6t & detersl.aHrll, capacl.t6-acegiora n
'
;
se ya exeeutg respectlnil preved.e-
v
SI DUBLA :
l
l,l, n} Scopul lucrErl.J.
hrcraree stablS.egta netodele de iaeercare preoum gI, oou-
itlttlle ter'i'lce aecesare executErll lacercErlt La tnilolre a te-blelor gJ. benzt3.or dl,:c otel e1 metEle gX e'l.taja ugoare, cr gro-gl.rcl trginr'nqle na,l nirrl d.e Or2 nrn, ln gcgpu]. apreol.erLL capacltE-
tll de defornare plastlcl I acegtorao I
J.I' e Fotlunl trtroduotlre
Inoercarea oongtl l:r defotnsrea plasttcE la rece, prd"n
lndlolre a :apld, tErE lnveraarea sensulul. defornHrlly B uael €pitu-
vete rectll.hll, ptrr{ otnd nna dtlrr arlplle epnrvetet'face, sub
earcla.[, ou pre]unglrea eelel]alte arlpi, nn unghl 4 preecrle(t1g.11.1).
Arele celor douE erlpl ale epnrvetel trebul.e eS rHnlnllatr-nn plaa perpendllauler pe a.:EB d,e tndlolre. In cagul ta6ol,r11la 18Oo, confo:m preeorLpfll.lor d.l.n ste:ratarrlgJ. de produe, pot sIse Euprapun6 u:r.a peste eLta, geu sE lHrntnE paralelel Ie o d.lgtan-'1E prcacrlal, rll.etal'fa reglLndu-ee cu eJutorul une ' oale (ftg.11.3 ra) .
IAqTLJ4
t
rllsIncercBrea la :rd.olrs
urtltoarelor standarde I
a) SN 1041?-?5 - I:lcercs,rea Ia S.ailolre stnpll e table-
.j
.;. r..{:l
,.: :;l
t*ll
:';iff. ::-j.tjH
'-1.*ii
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1S1
.:-
1or g . bensl.J.or nX,n netale gl, alJaJa ugoare, a gtroafuq:i. Sa fi12.o4*aotl airr4a
/ bistJ's A9?9-?i - Iaeer*eree, l'e tad,oire slnpl,I a tebla-1or 91 beazl.J.or sirbllri rlLn ofelt cu grostssL {s Or5 m pia5 Li
c) St-LS ???-eS - Incerc*:ea 1a 3a€*1ra a gro€re*lor rljtn
setal c.u sertJ.E$€ p3J1€ (ci:cnlar{ aau poligon*L$), cu dlanet:rulnaf sere Egu, ega3. ctr 4 Fs seu groelnea $aL ras,r€ pas egaX* au ,''
.
3.m.'.'.:i..'|...'.'':..
Lor subltri g . a beaalSor cn grael.aX'gtnE 3.e 3 rcu aeclueLr,
'
11"3
Iaoercerea ea exeeutE lntr-un d,lsporttiv on rof.a 1a sa-gtae rmlvergell d,e LncercHri tXp I$Sf:ROS X195 geu la praea 1-clrauLleE saauefa d.e 1O tfl utllaJe cs pennLt aS rqr ge ,l.nplait .oa
d,eformrea $Leotleil coutlnud, a sp:nrvstel. '
Coaforc, lndtoatlLl.or ill,a etendarilnl' prorhrsultd fi*ap€e-
tlv, dooeeb .u urm5toarele catagorlL de tnorircErtll
Seaeri.erea u,tllaJuluJ. r Sleposl,tJ.vektr' . aigl * €FrnveteS.or utlllsata
L3,.1. fndolre
{t*'..
/,t
''i
t'i
':.
*l,epc*ai"i J,v"
rrn€bgrrt Es,i ni,e5, Eo itro.1,-'* IJ33 &igpaaltlY(,81,s.11r1) I
WILd- -i
le d,lferlta
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1C2
tlg. ,lt. Itdolrr tn Btr-r.tl"
4r-
tlg.uLt- IEdojtE3 1r .8oo.
: r r|,n.{'d,x;rIilr d11fr 5 IA' ;Z f.O t Or27 I + Oagl E O,W 3 @' r fr lo"3l S Io"3 @' - -
st€t*t$', gqpozf,gmrl Et rrelttat on cll:aolr gohLubaDlloq
nlr,,cto rftLr la talsls. oa ugblnl' q - L?.Os eo lt F - 5oo
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1i4
'a) ladoite la ua '"n8hi preeorie, exeaglu a o l6Oolt) baotte Ia u:l''rngbt d.e l8oei
- pl,nE eJE^g panalele le o dllsta.nfH presorl.eE (erenplrr
e . 10 sn)t- ptnE 1e guprapursr€r
Ineerce.rea a€ €reoutl prla u:la d't:-r trmEtoarele netod.et
- pr{,.u rnetodla I eau II t-a oesuL lnriolrll, la ua unshlproscrle;
- prLn mstode IIf in oazul lnrlolrll Ie un ulghl <le 18O?
Hatoila I :
IBo€roaFBa ooaet$ in lndotrae prln apEsaro oonttnuE gi
fbl goourl s do:roulu5.(poansonulul)
aanpra epruvetet agezeteaLnetrlo la dlepozltlve (llg,U.l). Indolraa €e ereout$ ptnl lauD r.ngh{ oi . 15oo respeotlv rrnghlql epeolftcet tr gtaudard.ele
produculu '; ptaE Ia aparllla uneL fleull ou luolu netalLo ile
uldsnrn J m lungl.ne.Yltoaa ile deplaesr€ s poangonrlul trebule rI lle de
O;g.. .I m,/g.Xetotta II9e
ap11o[L:r
speotal epnrvetelor eubllrl otnd egte ne-oeaar un clort nodsrgt pentm lndlolre. 8e prlad,e apnrvete Eu un
oapAt tntre beourlle unel menghl.ne, Lattrpunlndu-se LntrE bacurl
91 apnrvet[, Lutr-o parte o oa15 ou fefele peralele, 1ar ta oea-
laltl parte o p .ae6 profllatI (flg.ll.4). Inaolrea ss faoe ou
mtna pogtc pteea prof1lat6.
rI
I
I
I
I
I
I
F1€.11.4 o Ind,olro tn,
S. 9d3.,4$Incsrcarce
d e f ornars pr€elab1f X
E€nghtJ3'A" flg'11 .5 . Ind,oire la 18Oo I'a
e pr€BE bld'r8nl,1o6.
ls tndolre ptx[ Ie 18Oo ss €rscutd dnp6 o
a spruvetel la unry
de coe, 12Oo, cu g,r
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unrd. eioca:r da ]ems sau plaetlc eeu tn d.lepozttlrrul aupentrr, eprur€to cu gros|trL nai narl de J nar. *pol' oe apa-
AFect asupr6. capetelor epruy€tet cu aJutoruJ. une . pre*e h1*
ou latercaleraa unel cale d.e LO sa sau ptq,H la srprB-L1b'erE (flg.U.5) .
unel zoae d,efonnste ee fs.ee pe suBrafaNa ertorloar* a c-aparllla flsurll.or, Deeprlnderl-
eveatuele aIe stratul.ii de oxLzl rtu a€ .au ln cougldsrere.Pentnr fl.ecare nEterLal Ln parte s€ va srecute cite
l,ncerg5rl ldeni;lce e
fI,a proclusele ou elegttcltate foarte nare tncercarea 1g
stnpl.E nu eete d.estul oe concludeutE. In ecest caz
o l,noercere de ilublE indolre a tablelor subtlrl. g1j
la&IDete Ia rece dLn sretale feroaee sau nefer o^.{,pinF la I qnn erolueiv, coafotm SIAS 2A8A-67. ''
Epnrveta pentn. lacetcaree tablelor eubfi.rl are o. f or-'
p6tmtulul este 15O EtrCirec ia de Jei:i.tererrnul clocon .:ie' L e:n.n,
APol, r.ll.l g"i t i ; -l"l i
c0ntlnui ir':u.'..; :',. l:
Pentru a d.orr"a tndolre e pruve ta se inaoeis in sc e 1.-i, r,
11 . 5 Rezrr],tatele incerc5rll
In ulms tnoereErllor se va intoonl un doctrnent nr.rmlt
de Lncercgr1t'-, ln care se voa l:odLca ursrEtoereler
- Eaterlalul $rcercat;
- fo:ma 91 illmeasLunl1e cpruvete{.l
- d,l,senelunea D a clorzsuLul (poaneouutul)i
- metode de i.acercare gl ungh1ul }a csre e apEnrt prl-fleurH sau fHrE fisurl 91. r'rnghlul de tnclolre;
- d,J.stanle Lntre felele lnterioare- pentnr l,rcercEri la.
- €y€atualele defecte ldentltlcate; :-
- gtandardrll lnoero6rll .
ACI
:
ct
cu.:
l . t t -a I - t -
91 a unul d,o:crr cu d.ianetrul d.e 10 wii r
prege sau a Eleul clocan ( rfg,ll .5 a) se
ls 18Oo,
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i i- it'
a,.
Flg.ll .6. Indotrce dubl[. :
nod, nrch1a de fucalolre f11ail perpeutlloularB pe prd.na (f,1g.I1.5b).IaeercareB s€ va congidere eatlgfEcEtoare, etacE opfErro-
tele au prezlntE nlol o tlaurd pe mrohllle de tnilolre, tn speola1
ln coIfiul ceLel de-a d,ous Lnd,o -rl.
11.5 Conc1uzll
. Be vor facc epreolerl"*pi"
fionportlril le detor.narc enaterlalelor Lnceroata 91 esupra oportun5.tEfll uttLtzErtl lor La
reallzarea pleeelor grt-a operafle de l,ndolrE.s
t;
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rucRrREA 7,ircsncAREA
A-I,A IilDOINE IITEHT{ATTT
1? "; Scopul Luor{'rlt
'''' lucrarea etabllegte eleneatcle gl oonilltllle tehnloc
lnoercarea la Lnclolre altarnentl a tablelor gl bonzllorols1 on groslnl pLnd la 3 nn lncluelv., Se itetermlnl arrFX3ul
lndolrl altenrante suportate de epruvet[, pin Ia aparliLa
fisurl, n,vnFr oe rspreztnt[ un lnillce d,e preluorablllta-prln operafla de indolre.,
LZ )Z Degcr{.erea dlspozl,tlvttlttl utlllaat
Inceroarea Ee face oonfoni SIAS ?717-6? ou aJutorul u-
diepoztttv apeol.al, a oirul eob:lt[ $9 prbofptu eate Prsz€ll-
la f1gq,12.1., 'Dtepozltlvul e6ts oompus din
baourtle de gtrlngerf noblle I gl
2) gbldaJul epruvetoi 3 gt antro-norul' 4 r. Dup[ ftxsto r epruvota o8-
te indoltl alternatlv t-ntr-o partsUJgl alta ptn6 I,a aparltld f 1 eurllo - .
Axa opruve tel trebtrle Bd fl e
p€rpondloular[ pe EuPrafeIa orlzorl-ta16 a bao[r11or' Suprafete]e ro-tunJlte als baourllor avind R =
s 5 itnr trebul e sg fle pa ral el e in-tre elc o,
Spallul }lber f,ntre suPra fe elaprlnslpalo alg €pruvetet 91 aupf,a-
felele rotunJlte ale baourllcr, tru
trebule BE depdgsascd O rl nrll r
Dlstanfa h intre Euprafa a suiie-Ig,.J-2..1 . Schlta de prlnelPiudispozitlvulul:
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a r'lCI vi,l
--.-atartre
. i,..
I bae urllor gi Euprsfala
lntre 25 91 50 r ,Er r,
lnferloard a thldajului trebqtef
zsntstd lseginea raai{ adlepozltlvuJ'dl utillaatla lnaorlodrl ] .loesta 88-
dslbagd gl suportul bacqrd.-
lor ?D baaurl,le 4r nan{- '.
vela 5t antrenorul 5" ' -,, . l
ghldaj ul epruvetel 7 91
Frrrubd ds fl,xare8.-
Epruveta trebnie sH 'l
i afbE o foln5, 'ArePtungblrr l
' '.l'ai[ d,s lunglne L = 18fu8'
.
l
el o l[tlns b = ?A t 5 rnePentru seclfqbrl'cate sub
forul d.e bengl ou 16t:ine
lnel -{,cil da. 2O un, ae vt lua ldflnea apruvote5. egald ou }E iloea
benzll reapcotlva. , ,. ;llarglnlle epruvotc . trsb"le sI hu prazlnta baYurl eau
fieurt, zonela eorulgate lo Yo1. lndepdrta prtn plltroq Dbe [ e- ]l
prtrvetele prczlntl ourburl ele pot fl lndrcptatc, llQ reoe o[ nn
ciocaa de Lann, ln aga fel:lnclt e [ nu'p1royoace 6 eorqlEsr€ a ']
lnater:lalnltd.,
FiS.12 "2. Inagj-4'ea reel$ a dlepozlti-vuf.Erl, ut111za t r
otlrrssra\, -t ass I18
J:-
gl
vtrluJ...,
ie dtnperallo
tel La
teI.a
dc
&
Epruvetele Bo Yor decupa
porpendloular po aoaeta v
I-
L?.3 Iodul dc luoru
atlt Ln seniul
'
Epruveta .ee gr3.ada ou un oapEt lntre bacudle diepozltl-CapdtuL l^lber al epruveteL se ladoala 1a 9Oo la Jurul unu-
baour' . 91 apol ae read,uoe ia pozlfta-1n1 1alI7 Aoeeagl o-ae rbpet[ ln Junrl oelullalt baoz ,, ,',:: .'' . ' ,'
Drept o Lndolre alternant6 se oonalderd tndotrea eprltve-
9Oo 9t readuoerea ct ta pozlfla r.ltla1E ocnforsn f 8.J.:2.3.,
tntba lailolrc ae coneldarE atuaol oiad rna sarr naL nnl.-ftgurl au rfeotat nal nult de Junltata dla grosLnea cprrrvetale ;:
accl noneat cpruveta BC oonalilqrd rupt3, regfntn{ airdrtrl'(a)1. '
iadotr'l altsrnqn tc r,
'' ' ' ''''l
'-
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lry
.j2 $ n, 3r€r,o1pJ' n-lunaI' l,ad,o-
sltsratrta+
---.Ingsrlsrsa raealt ats]-or
saatra}laator 12.1 .,
Iasersaree =rebeis arestltatE Gq, ro
ss€g'ena{r rritasE iscit cE E€ eyl,te iE-, =E]."f=w sFrl:r$Btal, sGGe Go sr trrt3s-
,enta rezs3tatnl 3n*areElul,1. .tstf€rt oB-denla nu, trebuie d' e*@ s S*rGor-
d.olrra s-lternant$, pG reunnilll+Tnesrca*Ea se TE fgsa I^a @
ra now,af'5,, df,e5 in gffi #.e Fw-d.us nu sa sts€al'fisii a3'te smilSti-L3
12
"+
BsanSta*e3.a fnosue&€I'
fur tBbDFi
*tnead.unlf'aaDrErYatel.Ax3z.B
].,zs5-Sona1stet
'.. . Iasaro&Cla as ?ot sf,ectte 1ra& rcl mnltr se&artatra
acel.aagd. dl,rerid.nrr ear dLu€f,rd.s.r d*foolalta, rt.da*$l. -ad &otr*-
g:l,n omg'arafle, capaoitatsa de ilcforeElc l"a opana'tra dq ia.-
' 'I.
' _: :. -.
Rezulta ta trgrcrlnantale
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I,UCRAREA 13DETEruIFIREA ARCUTRII I,A I}TDOIRE
-
-
. I i-
.
13.I Soopul luor6rlt
Luorarsa ar€ oa soop evldenfilere_a pe oale e-perloonta-
1I a feaoneaulul de aroulre oe lnaotegte proceaul de lndolre,prloulr gl determlaar€a grafo-analltloE a ungbluLul gt ooefloi-catulul de aroulre. Aetfel pot fl ve:rl.flcate exper'lneataI rela-tltle analttlco de oalcrr] a ungb.1ulul de aroulre p r Drezeatate .
ln llteratura de speolalltate.
13 .2 trotlunl lntroduotlvo
Indolrsa sste un prooes de dofonnare plaetlcl lnsotltde o dofonoafle e1aet1o5l dete:mIng'tE ooafor:n legll hd Eooke.
Dup,l lndelfirtaroa fcrfolor erterloa .e (rldlcerea poanaoaulul)
oo au produs defor.oarea, pleee tlnde g6-gl revlnE Ia forma 1n1-
1all a aemlfabrloatdul, nodlflolodu-gl pa;ranetrlt geonetrlollnpugl de Bgtd. 6., Aoeet fenomen
de nodlflcare a geonotrlel p1e-
set se numegte qpoutre sau rBVe-
nlre elastlc[. In rrma aroulrLlvarl azl, atf,t trngbluJ, de Lnd.otreq r oLt gl raza ptesei r ( fi gz
13.11)c, De oblosl arcu;Lrea se er-pritrE $,n unitEii de ln5eu,lr.H uB-
gblulane gt conot ltrrle valoareacu cars trebrele mlcgorat ungblul
PoanBoaulu1 pantrq a obilne rlrl-
glLtul neoesar ls pt€s$.unllatsral p t se oalculeaz6 ou r8-
.$a
o;on-
Flg qJ3 ql . Scbesa aroulrllpl eBalor
Ungb.lul de arc ulroistta s
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111.
unde: A €ste u4ghiul pieael Sloultel &p - ry'EFrol poanaonqlulqCunoagterea unghlu1ul de arouire peatnr ffucare o8tr-
r1a1 gl dlnenslune a eemlfabrloatuld trr parte, ar€ o deosabl-
td inportanld in p:actlca productlvi. lstfel ae poate faoe oprolectere coreepuszdtosre a roatrltelor de iadoLt, lntroduciailcorecllile coxespqnzEtoare geonetrLel eleoentelor aotlvgl pan-
tru ca dupd arculre sE ee ob 1r.5 la plesE dloeaelnn{lo prev5au-te ln deeenul de execulle. Se el{rnlafi in aoeet fel ogaratlllccle rernanlero a pl.eselor, nEplnd astfel efloLenla 'eooaonlol aprocesulul tehnologla c.
L3 .) Descrterea aparaturll utlltuate
Pentru clete:mfurarea aroutrll ee utlllzeazd rrn d,lepoal-tlv ln foru5 de clegte (ttgS3.2)1acllonat maaualloouprs itln:orpu1 I la care slnt artloulat'e prla boltr:rlle 2 bratele 5 g1
Flg ,13 t2 Sohema d,e
l,5i ZOi 25 I 3O mmt
vind gass cavlt5tt
prlnclplq a d.teposltlvuluL
6 ale olegt€l,el .
3ralele olegte-Lui Elnt g+1d,4-
te prln eleoet[rtele 4, In bra-
tul sqperlor so
gEe€gt€ rola 3
OU ro1 de PoEa-5son, lrev6zut6
oU gags PF'Clenl-
asnto avlnd r€l-
zelo Rl .d.6= 10 i
lar tn bralrrl tnferlor 6 Be aflil rola 7 ac
cu ro1 de placH aotlvii. Rolele Bs pot rotiastfel Lnott ell ee oupleze profllelo cotsapondente. DupE c6 :Fo-
1ele au fost blocate intr-o anunitl posltlc prlrr gtlfturtle 8,
ee d.eeohlde clegtele, ie ageazd pe rola ? epruvctar apol prinaclioaarea manualE a bralulul auperlorp ae prod.uce dafonsare
acestela.
L3rA" Mod,nl de lucru gi reztrltatele tncerclrll
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11,2
o l5iine de ?O r:;a peatru foi. gl lC niu peniru trr3ss1. Disensluni-1e epruvetel ee iau 25 x lC''x s mnr Ed*
"ro"*= LtJ nm, avind.
in vetiere ac|lonarea aanuald a d,iepozitlvului. Bavtlrlle eprirve-
tei ee vor irdepi:'te prla plllre. Se vol ex€cuta cSte gase.€pru-
vete pentru flecare mater 'al incerost.,A D i Intrs efenentele geo-
metric e ale-Pi-eeel aleplesel i.aColte in natri-tA gi arculte I oxlsterela tia urn5toere ( f5.g n,
13.3) :.^, A,
AB
-= .AC,
gaul.
RLtl= nie{; s€ obeerv6:
Fr s gr-
F1 : e1(1
und.e: R1-
t-;
si-
t1-
R.Er(L-' Uir t'i =
f,t9"13 .3 . $tabr3'irea sl€BentelorEeotu€trlCe "
R,- Ef) i
eete raza la-
terioar5 a erpruvetel Efla-te irr nairitE;ryg'a pieseldup5 arerrire 3
tl%'hltg de ilt-doire;
gr - n.rghtul dttp6 arculreip - r'nglr{rrl' de arcul.re nnt}ggs1"1 , ,rr1.
Aviad aesgta dete ee Ipate cal.cul.a 91 coeflolentul de
arsrlra X" ou. relafia:
\++X=-tBi++
Incsale,e se daef6goa:€ in qmiitoarea ozdl,ae:s) Se gzecat5 cite gase ind.oiri peatra fieeare mate-
ddr tol.oeilad gerechll'c ile prof1l.e coreapusz5ioare al.e poaneo-sq1ufl 91 pl.Ec . . actlYe.
b) S€ tleientlaS"tt*
8i...g dogl arcqire prl.n rina rtrn
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Fig ]3.-4 . Di spo zLtivul d,e flxare €i spruve tel"
netodeie: grsfl-cE ( prln =''.fuxprl -trr=lro,1 ragei erpruYe t e1 po o
hlrtle lnd,lgo ) ,
analttlcH,(
prinr1
n5euraraa cotgrLor de gaba.rtt
sle cpruYetel
arc ul te ( fr g,)3 # ) gl apol
calculul analltlo aI \a?,el)
sau metoda n$eurdrll dlreote
o u aJ utornl unul eferometr[ r
c) Se oaiculeaal grafo-a-nalltlo mdrd,nile € 1 ._.. t6 gt
Ft. . ,5 ''-'
d) Se calculeaz5 couflci-enlll de arculre Kl
, , .6 gt epol as traeeazd graflcul funo-
.,f*l-r", t
+1,{f\
\r{
Flg.13 .5 . Varlatla coeflclen-tulul de arcuire K., 1e1 IKEr(+)
naterlalul reBPeotlv
peatrr
( ff g.13 .5)Yor trg-e). RezultatoLe gl obeervatlllg loo€rc[rl]or 6e
o e tn tabel ul 13 .-I ., ' .',
. :'
RezultateleIa,bel$1'lls
experimentale
Pt..16
Lntn lf
L3 .-4 Concluzll
In urna Lncerc6rllor efectua+e pe epruYete confr:ctlo-nai;e dla rnaterlale d,iferite, ee yor ovldenlia lnfluen ele ?e u-
pra mSrlnli arcuirii, a unor factorl ca: grosinea senlfabrlce-
Kl ..'5atertalull,nc ercat( calltate 91dimenel rr.o1 )
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]14
t rirri, unsfrlul gl razs do indci::e ( gradul de
rialulul resllzat 1n tlmpul i,looirii) precu$.:
.-.1
1g neccnlee alematerialiriuii, '
Bapressfi, tarea graflc5 I CIoeftctentrilul: ,:,.,.... :- .
no d5 tndtssttl aErpra capecli,H,tii de dsforrnarg.lz
:''
^:'''t-
"t,+*rtalelor teetate" ,,,
'a
d.e erc uire K,
plasti.o$ B I[8r-..
' 't'
i1-.. - ,t,:.
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IUCFJREA $'4
DEIiiri$IHAIi-b:A Ri\ZBI [i$${.n Dg tNDOtrng
149l ScopuJ. lucr5,rit
' . .r: ' :.:.i. ara:.i.,
Resllzarea.unot pleeo prln lndolre ln oondlfll do pre-.i
olzl.e lmpuee gl ecoaonlcltate, deplnde La nara n{euxd de partl.-oularlt5lLle oonetructlve ale acestora 91 do prooedeelo tehnolo-
. a.. ::.,..'.,: , .
gLoa d.e prelucrare utlllzato.,Partldulartt6flle conetruotlve oeLe naL lmportants ca-
re lafluegteazE-,asupra obllnerll ploselor prLn i,ndolre sintrcalLtatea gl etarea, ngterla1u1ul, dLnens1un11e gi fonno eenifa-brloatulul, raza mJ'nlrn6 de Ladolre; felul gl ndrlnea deformabL-
L1t6f11or if"qlfcl care apar ln ,ona indolril, e{q.etria formelplesel etc. . :. , *il-. '..Razal.e de tndolro prevdzute pentru.pleeelo deformater: :
trobule sll fle'nal-marl, declt raiolo nlnfune, avind i.n vedere c5
valorl ral reduee ale aoeetora ee pot obllno nunal, tn 'urna unortoperafll eupLLnestare de callbrarq. .i, :. .i,:.:)r. .l -_,'..'.", . ' -
dllllle funollonale lmptrn""""t
luoru+* ;.: ;. - '
Sollcltarea materlalulul peate raza nlnlnI fonauce'Ia aparlfla ftsurllor gl rupturllor pe eemlfabrlcat, do acoen
Ia etablLlrea" razeL de ourburd a poonaonululr r^r scoa:rta. se lanal mare decit raza de ourburd adrnielbll5. ' '
t 't-'
'
L4..2 lfoltunl de bazE
rf
In fuaotto de gradu.l de defornare sI
dln tabld supus lndolrll , ln%ona
deforuatat
d.e .tenslwti: elgstLc5, elasto-plestlcd. s:...rl
tla efopturilor unltare S1 a dc fo rnFrtlllorgrrl u.nei
.Eestlunt trgnsveroale ln acna,',dg
OU-'
tat5 ln fle .]4 o1o.
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13st 5{
8q1----a#'"rE*'8}'lt
:€rLl
-*'--T3'f
Tnrieila efcrturitrcrripite.re i-B donee.lu-i $*r
k etic este i?.niarer i)€
cind t& '*omeaitrJ. Plsetic
efcrturli.e f"l tare v-Brl -asH duPE o strrb6 f,{ ml1ffr
rd Bu etrrba saraster{.e?
tlaH n'
'' Fantru Ga tadolres eS
t t-.4
.-1-'l ^aJuqge i.s oemenlul Plae-
ti* 'itr,g'14 'i e b) e sta
necesar ca raza d; lnd'o-
lre Bd n u c.eP6geaec6 G
' aundt6 ta{eare ina*r*5np t, garg gG PcatasaxciJEiru d.fut sxPreeia ac
lrrngtd'l rclatLvc ' Pe..-bazii'' lpotazsl gsctlutrl-"
1or "Plarrc Bg lrcate scrd'e
Etg.I4 .| i Dletrlbafl? -gforturd'Ior
'u.fiail el a defgrtaflllof "t+-oe-s"l-Gaoigf r "a:lndoira cldetLcE I
b-firdOt rc alagto' plaetlc[ .
.obPlg.I{ &t Sobena pgqlr3 ca3ctrltll 818s.-g#ii rtiatlve 1a- Lndolre I B-sfortus*'*'il nn dep[gesc ]{ rat ts Ce cqrgere i }-s-Iortq1{li Aln satarlal depEeesc l .st"tadt crrrgatta r
ca eforturll'e 1b,t8r{*'oars s[ i a"PXgsBscE '
l .-4 ,ta dc cnrgersr Sot
gd,toE: : ::. :
6,E= J,En i, (14
"e)
Pentrn r€EsCo
.,'. -.
eurbur$ 49dr s* F$s*'
te ne615$n d*,o": ".'i' l'=
rel"I{
*1} r r*su3t$'rid't
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",, Pa qgcnsa.E pantrE'ea tartotrEe e{'6raurg[ S=,a-.*.rqrt::...,,$.,I,.:,gl rapelee eete nec'eesr sE:ra se da3#g+nsoil o *J*"* 1g;t l.'.r:;1i,'r'1',
infe:,*ioerd peatru maa de iad.otreo pen*rr: *ere alqo8l*r* *io- tt. ..,' ,
...
rg a ragsl. d,e 3:ldol,dol,Fs * nu&itd rasg, mfn*ftH a'IEJ.* r> B€ Obtf".S,€ {tln,1,,
-p-Es.g-
ls....., -,' :.'',- ....
.ti.,- Ig. cau u.l', C€
rupers E 1Y gr ttaI'..
t*"ett$o', slns$ti.e$ rrs$sg ou
n1un$Sres r€Istlw$do); -Fr$srultsr
' i. .u
sfltuJ-rea gilsslfls{ la rw€rs Sr sf, q*"* e}ry}reai*r;:
.4
Far"n *$"{ fon -,lio
4 - ,.-.'..
d,atse$L.o*i*.*a rar.rel nlnf-ae Ce Saaar"*li;;-;"-;;;;;;::*i1.-g fv6 d,e rupers u**o*, de*sr:illnrt* c.u aJu*a*trf sr-
.i+ i:ril.ndei:a p-le,**:*ield a uE+:., rpmvata ess+ sx* Er$_ ..
asl.ib::atE es*iE ca lrrngi:*r.se iror-gtuelt ssdott* * a5*r*r+tal
La*oirs., .*s€sg*E.;r-qi ,Do€*t,'ffi+t6 Saoarega ,-a *o""*,,m* .6
e rogara 1el eL"..lglr{l*r relst{v& }*se-lr pa i++:Sar*; ,'g{a{rarg rilc celcr d,cud +prwsta. BsGeEd*, a:o o.r* *c':nEl
pcsS-bl}itatsa oel*slultd lrrr r.*o +n .E*x.aiia r{14..,€}' dusrrb-ae pox*e
fctrrne$.ne af" g"ffi**"* la-trtotlqnc'.
€i :" rr 2 9:,fr r *:-ffiT
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118
Pentru u-'r csicuL nai procls aJ razel nlalne de inclolro,va trebql s5 se flnd searoa gi de efectul de aubllare al materla-luLul in zona de indoire 91 d.atorttl acastula de d.aplaearoa
flbrol neutre lnspro centrul de oqrburd, aL iadolrl.l, Datorltdaoeetal dcplasdrl ia- tlrnpul indolril, alungLrea relatlvE ntu
este ma1 nare declt oazuL olnd nu ar erieta aceaetd deplaeare(fig.14 ..%b) -91 so calculeazS'cu rolalla:
R - PI
6'aT,
zptp deftmoliilrPlas|ice.
( 14 .8)
poato Gon-
in oarel R - r + aao.lRaza de curbur6 a flbrel neutre a d,eformatllloi nrtn
ae poate oal.cula cu oxpresfa f :O ] r
B.Bt
P'E LF. E'hfi-= ( f F ).a"Fo ++,(14..9)
I,n care s R
rE
-,' este raza oxterloarg a pleselt
a materlalulut(E=arla)t n;
B , r Id ttmea medlo a rna t erlal ul ul dupd lndolreneo, -- -5(fle'f+'3);
B -' l[tlmea lnttlald a naterlalulrrl .
rrsza Lnterloar5 a plesel I
- coeftolentrrl de subllcre
, CcI|- --1
:
'l
--\ZA|C
.l
deftma-elanhce .
' '1,.
tit'lt,
tc i
i- -l
Pentru cazulslde,Ia B*"a/B=] gl.r
FlS.14 .3 .. inaolrea unel benzl de
indolrtl tablelor subtiri se
decl I
E ( +
ma t er1?l o,
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i.20
Yalorlle 5 gt xo pentru OLC 15 tTaFel_u} 1fu]
30 :l
\orI o t25
t
0r5 1 ? 3 4 >4
Yb or82 orBT o r92 0'95 org85 o,gg?
n ooqwtStJJ
lrOxo: or32 o r35 or38 a r42 o 1455 o r47 Or475 or5
protsupune cH etratul 'ncutru al defornatlllortimpul indolrll astfol .ncit el sc g5eegte la
nll scctlunlt dln zona de ind,olre, 'n aoeast6
o urbure va fl datd do relatta:
^. - 8r0tEr+TrI
.
ttlt
sau tlnlnd soama de oxprceta oocflolentultrl dc
tcrlalulul r sc obtlno I
r + 7 E = ( i + E ) 8,
cete asen[nEtoaro cu= E / 2, cxpro ele ra z el
"[E - F (r'-.d"r]gl dac6
sau
P,EI
Relalla ( 14';17 )
constderEn cd xo
*"rln
se dcplaeeazd tn
J un6tatca grosl-lpotezd raua de ,
(14.16)
subflcrc aI nB-
( r+.17 )
rslatla ( r+ .10)mlnime devine I
(r+.L9)
e de gradul de subti-Iua t dln diagrana d.in
c aIc u} ulesto:
Ar
Ln oarc cxpresla lul
Valoa rea
ero E 91 de raza
tLS. 14 .4 .
k = (r r.5)'(
coeficlentqluirelatlvd r/a 91
'lf
"i1o=h.(1 -do).}, (r4.te)
utlllztnd rclalla (14.18) 91 rolalla (14.15) pentru
razal nlnlme ec obllne o dlfcrenld a olreVvaloarc
rmln - r;" Efo.(l -do)k,
k estc I
Er-1 --2a
depind.
ate fIk
po
).
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lqr'. aog
f 0,06I o,ol
Q06
qo5
QOL
o,o3
^ 0,c2
qo-r
o
Fig,14 ,4 . ' Diagretre "d.E ,,Tsrlatie acoeficlentniui Fkm
o
;.i*.t*'t,., .. .
,., 'l-*'.a al, , ",, : ..
3.L76 ceea: os Lrnpune ut1116srs€ rclafle:l....
do subtlere g r sc obf*ne:
rl4c&rDura a
siunllor
Po'ElfitBr
..;1.,
"i:'
3lbra noutr6 a:' ' :
tgt echirab6 sensql.,
datorlte unul h.lstore si.s'',--
DC-n .{iS"16 "4 J **-
sul.tH cE penire €rs"-d.e nal s,te i g.e d,sfor-
aar€ ir/eantu-l rk$ sre ge3or3.
ni{rf tO,#ZA},,orrDosC
'OSOO) e aroarea care
, ' Be fao e utlli zind. r8 *,
, laSts' ( 14.I"g) eeiede cca 4* gl ia €castcsz s6:reoonandS tltl-
lizarsa ci, iar psn-tru:grade usl mar de
aeformere (r/ a
croaroa aJ rrnge la oea
(14.lF)"
scana de coeflclentuJ
(14,?u+ ?: 9r - 22(1 - fr-,8)
Toate i;olaflLle stabtllta nal elu"i exprJrE rasa
ftbrel neutre ,e d,efornatllloro Raaa d.e aurburd
Ya ft datE da expreela:-:,
n'5 e 8*
j
dc
a toll-
tenelunllor d,s-& Irrngal, c6rela rffEnsl.n-
dlferd de ftbra nouirE, a d.eforeatlllor,csre apare trr ti.ropu-l, prooseuluL de fn-
''; ' '-:' -" ",' I' "
indair* se pilt .t€
de forn5. t:'apsnci*
Descrteras utllal ulnl
''.
Peatru detera1lrarea rsaol nalJd,ffi Ce
tlllza CouE getcd,e IJ\.,
* ) Tnd+irss lj.berE e u::ei, eFrave ie
o #*.nfc::n fl# *Lii *5 i
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122
F19.14 .5 . Xatrltlurel opruva ta da
r'is.14 .5 . UatrlfE pentru,d e t cnnlna rea raz e 1 mlnlme :
1
-placd dc Lndol re
;?-o-
pruvetd i 3-poarlson .
-> f20 J
Fig.14 .7 , Epruvetl pentru detertnlna-rea nsz s1 nl'nl'ne de Lndolrc .
pcntru indoirca 1lbere afalllni trapczoldal5. i
b) ioaofrca epruTctoi tra Prllzo-
idale ou un poanson. I,o forn5 de
eemloonr confo:m ftg 014 n6 'iaccrc6rlle ss vot fasc pc o
prasE h.ldrau1lcE tlp PH-,4O; P€tr-
trq flcoare groslne d'e uatarlalse vor ftog Fln{,r" gaBo deforuErl,.
14,4 Uod da lucru
{Detmtnarea raaei rnlnl.ne sc Ya
fac e cu epruveta de tlpul. ceLeJ'
pre zentate in flg.14 "7 * de dlfe-r1 te groelml et callt$tl d.c metal o
14.5 Rczultataletncerc5rit
Raza 4nl."U de tnd6-
J.re ae Yg calc ula cu c-
Iatllle ( 14 .15 ) el( 14 .16) rtup6 oare se Ya
oonpara cu rs?,ultatele
t6rlmea razal nlaloe ds lndolrce:Eperlnenta1e
"ss deteratn[ practlo
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.L /.:
qf. ,
corxforn ftg.14 .Br n6eurfud.
Bgt fl,eura, i.nc spi.ad. dc Ialunglc€E 'usn plnd La surs ,s-{t gropg-virfui" $ )ruvetel , rage +tgtprd vs f.ll
frllTDIN r16 r [t*J
( 14"A3)
RezuLtEtale nEEns[-
torilor efcoiuata g1 a
oeiouislotr oonforn,
celor pr€aantate laIuoratar Yor tL trcoe-
tc tn tabslul 14 .2,lg.14 .8. Hod.trlfaZel rnl n{ rng . dc dstamlnirc a
Eabalul 14.eTIE
14.6 ConoIaall
Prla conlnrarea rezultatclor obttnqiir pe{e, &atgt:te}' Ed.
prsbtloe ou calc obllauta analltie sa 'yor faoa''agroatarrl yr.ri.Ylnd
alegerea razelor poanEoalralor d.s la nqtar;l.|el'g d.c f,sfrtr*,.ne.
Da aeemen€ar sc Yor face obscrvaftt o:u Pliqrtrne l,a 'de-
ileorteata ro[r,rrn{l razet nintss &* gno.atoaa,, oal.Lila't.'ra rea&e.ri'a].,1r-
lrrl g1 dhrltatea naterlals}Ef.
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yJczuR-L{ g5
DBTERHf$ARES DE.F0RH,q BILI frtfll HifERIAI,UtUfsr A YARIATIEI FORTEI -tA PRSIUCRAREA FRISR.ASFRIUCERd I]TERI OTfu{
X r5"l Scoput lucr6rll
Dat fll.ad, specifioul operallei d'e rdefr 'ngere 9 mgrgi'-al1or glurllor, prln cara Ln[ltriroea boaeJului pleeel es real-l-soaai prlr: daforfiraraa eeloifabricatulul }a o etagur$ operallen
eate laporioe neceBar a ounoagto.valorlle.ninlne a'rm{6lb11e e}e
coeflslcatulul'dc. rlefri.agcre. DE 6oeea soopul lUor[riL eete dc
a dcte:noiaa valorila mlnlua ale coefio .antulul aa'ir6strtn$erc,peatru d,Lferlte netorlale, de dlferltE iroefnf. Se roF studLa
totodatE gi defonuallll,s ce apar ln plaaE, ln urna proseeulul
de rEefrlngersr prcculn gi vartafXa foltel Lt tlnpuf prooeaulnl.
L5 "2 Hctl unl d a besB
:. {. j
aste opsratta de fa-a n,srgi:rllor g6wll-ttr'
B5sfringcree marglallor g5urilor es poatc executa ou:
e) a-ubflcrca lntcnllonatE a percflIor; :
U) fIrI subtleraa irrte.otionat6 a perefllor.I r Coefletentul de rdsfrinsersoei]'c]'ent uI de rasrEl,ngegs
narginoa r6sfri"td. Acest d.la.netru se calcu1eaz6 La fu.nclie de
diaootrul giuril aeldfabrlcatulul prla d,eflnLrea qnu . cosflci-ent de rdefringcre:
krs ( 15 .1)
ls carc: do - .stc illaoct:rul' or{,flotnLql praluerat l.a scolfs-brlcat I
-. .;
. -r-
R6sfrlngorea narginllor gEurllcrBonar6 pr13 c8r6 8c r8811s saze o defornars]or pen:"u fornatsa Enul bosal ( ff 8.15 .1)
"
X Valoares earlsB e dianetrul.ul boeaJulul'fornat (d^)
este iloltatE dc valorlle linltE rnarlqe a1e defo:roallllor dln
d"q
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i?1
, : d* 1- dlametrsl ned,lu, a} gensl ds r6ef,rtagsra r
. Exlst6 o :raloape Lrmj.t5 a aosetui aoeficlen?' cerr da-
eE este dopSgltd, ss Lsrc€,{etreszE aparl}ld rraor *l.gurJ, La nar-Eiaea aoaei rdsfrl.ntE. , '
' : ', , '
Yaloeraa LLn1tE a cosfl-ciealuInl d.e rEgfringsra aEte-rnfluentaiE {e o gario d,c factorl, curo girst:
a),mod,a].dapre1ugrgroagdnr11orcll.negB1febr1oat. (burgbters Bau porforaro) g . starea marglnllcr gdurtlor (oxl.g- l
b) . grostrmea reiati\tE a asnifabricetlr}sl itenla Eaq abeenta ,bavuqtlor) ;
ortr fj.Eiulryi rdsfz€,at"
rg )i*o
, os&lfsbrl-satu]'nl;
Taloarss oosflolentqlul. de r$sfrtagsrsr cE relaliaeprod.rbe
I-&kor*o = rtrc
oars €,r rcproz .nt6 altrnglroa reJ.ett"? t" rupero a aa'i;arlaLu-'eenlfabricatu].nl. . ,
l
ciLlor f5r6'"ouif"""r
tnteafloaat5 ''b paretrior""9'1o"
o defar-Bsrs plastlcE oonpl.rxE E oatsrlalqlql eaulfabrlcatnlul rlln zona
mt,.nlm gs posts\
( i5 n2)
tnl rrI
Flg o15 .1 , Starea deeforturl gt Ccfornetlltrr ple aa r$efri:rt[
"
Stares.CE
efogturS,'unltard{ fig.}5 .1)se caraotsrl"*""L pr{.n uJ:n-{toerur* ?
: o o eollcltare de istlnd"erg d up5 ,C,i-
rsctla tacgsn'tlalE care aonduce le o
reducGre apr€elabl}E a grceJ-mii parets-
lql bosaJul.ui I,n raport I u. grosi.laea ss-
nclfabrlcatului ir Q eol,lcltf;rr€ de intind.ers ,1 r:;i Ci-
il.i,l$siie;plaLr'.'riX. in zona de r€cc::'jrir'* rj::. 1:r''3
nartea pla3E gi cea rdsr'ri"irt"'-,:, l:lel9L,'
DefOfogtiilo prsd,use qi e tj C: s L e t"il "- '
sirrn - so pot PuXe la errldenli prin irn*;
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]?5
l'1Flg .I5 .?, Scnlfabrlcatulpa,atru r€efringere'.
zftr.:<
€c
.50
at4,\'\
n
0 r0 2A 30' 10 5A 60 T0mmturr,o posrsonului
FtS.15 ,3. Vsrlatla forlel d,c rdefrf,lrrgsre ia fruclle d,e forsa poaneonu,'lul ,
unda: K- ,D
l'
n5rlre'a moi. 1flc5r11 unei re teled.e 11ai1. narcate pe seslfabricst.
In aesgt scop se trageaz[ un nrr-[ci, t net Bare da csrcurl gonsgntrl-
sc gi d,rcptc d,ianatrslc pe Eupra:
fafa senlfabrloatulul '( ftg.15 .2) .[odlfioarea aoestel rctelc de
l1nlt, lntervenltE pr ,n rdsfringe-rua ecnlfebrlcstulql, permi.te a sc
preolza aatuna dgforssflel g1 gD8-
du1 de dcformrc (ffg.15.1) .o o Yarlai;la fgrtalhrta nscsaard prooesulul d,e
rHefr{,agsre deplnde, tJr nsrs Elgq':,
FE, de foma p6rt11 actlvo a poe-. sonulql ( f:tg.15 .3 ) . In
oad,rul lqc#r.l,f de labo-'i,,
rgtor gc vE lucrg oq po--r
ansoa oE , partca actlv{ ,,
efcrlsd, ob 1nl,ad,n-gc o
dlagran[ de forna dat6 :
ln f1g.15 .3t curba b.for$ aeoeear€ Ia
rd sfr{,ngcrca sarglel,lorg6udlor otrculare so
poatc celoula oufottu-la: :
i'aI
,ij
.tI
Ka '|-
Gro
VF=[l .K2. (dh-
' ' .l
-'do) B .Gr ta"xl
eete un coeflclefrt a clrul valoare dcplnd.e d,e d.t1rl-ta tea saterlalulri eantfabrleatulql ( taUclul 15 .1) ;
coeftoteat car€ tlne sos^ns de forse pErtll actlve apoarxsonulul ( tabslul 15.a) iegte rcsletenla Ia rupsro a loatertalqJ'nt eemlfabr:l-'
-
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i -'"1/t
fiUgltrl .1q, IValor{.le co€flcf sntululKr funolle de irrrltatca4
nater"l,alul,n1
L5.3 UtllaJu"l foloalt
:l IneercErtle dc r{afd,ngarcIASTROS ou aJutorul qncl natr{.fc dc
tivc eshlnbabtlo.Se yor Io1ogl trn est
19 i L9 fi t 2Qi 2or5 t ?Lt 2Lr5 iaetlve semtsfcrllcd gl u,n eet20 rj i 21 I 21 ,5l 22i 2215 t 23 J
oorriiare d,e j EEr r
Tage] ui 15 . Z
YalorlLg cosflolaatur].ql K^r p6rt11 t
,aotlve I poaaaonuLrrl' -
sc Yor faca pe pnrse t1prEgf,r1at oq sluantclc 8o-
d,c po.aaaoanc ou dlanctrclc ds 18n 5t22i 2?r5t 23 Eu, ou forna p6r 1l
dc plaol aatlve dc ilJ.amctrc d,c ZOI
23 ,5 t 24 I 24 ,5 nn g1 oa tasa rrB-{
proouse dup6 di-(0f ) a'l fac e
g1-inlocu1rea
Lo-r
,- t
,
15.4 Uodtrl do Lqoru
Se'"o" fotosl cpruvetc dla dtfcrltc natcr#Ic (ggcl, :l
aladr alqnlnlu) oq dlanetrql crtgrlor 1l? nr, dlanctrul: orlfl-ofrrl.ql dc rdEfrlnt 15 pn gl groalnca de I mm.
a) Pcntru dctarnlaarea coeflalcatulul' blnln d,d{rd,sfrir- , I
Eere Eo preluorcaz6 ecolfabrlcatelc ou cleneatele actlve ia :r-,dlne preeoEtoalr a dlanetrclor 91 ac va umEt-f monentul ruperll: .
paretelul' bggaJtrlql'rdEfrlat. Paatru raceastd valoare a diaaetru-lql boeaJulul ge oalouleazd ou ralalla 15.1 coeflclsntul de riig- ,
'
)-
fr{,aggre m{-nlrn.
b) 'Dste:nlnarsa defornatlllor rela tlverectla tangenfialE' ( 9g) , ax1al[ tE
")e1 radlald
prln rnHeurarea p[3r rn{ lor dm, dl, I, Bt , t_fii , Ll
in rslatiile os rnq{ Jost
dt t- dlCg= --f i aZ ='i
t , o L.n]. IT. tr, { r5 ,q }
I[a te-r1aI eosle eeqidqr
K1 1r1fr.Lr2 1t4..oL15
FormaIiOAn--f OIltl.-Iul
p838-boli-EU
88.81-Efe -'rlod
ClllndrlcSou raz6t08t€ dsIl8CO3-dars
c 11 razenlo[ dgfBCOtrrdarE
'K2 ot5 r e .
0rB
I 1ir6..o1r?
119 r r I?ro
i e? =
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I a-q
i:i c Bre Bc este dinnetrui. c ercuLill d,e ord,j*ul I d.e ps sernJ--
fabrlsetql plei;;s,ie.nretrul ned,iu al orificiuiui rdsfrtllt;groelne.s Eeni fabri.sat$ut ;
gro s1 m€a pl eeel r€efrinte la nlveIu,l csrc u.lnt d,e
ordj-nul 1 ;
- dj.stanfe de la nargl*ea orificiuLui do p5,n$ lecercul de orriinnl le pB eenifabrloat o
(L5,5)
t-, - digtarita de 1a marginea zoaei r€sfrlnte BinE LaBL
' cercul dc orrLinul i de pe plee5.Dlreclla defornallLIor ee preolaeaz6 ta;raport cq eeni-fabrLcatul aedaformat,
, c) Deternlnaraa varlallei forlel ln prooeeal do rEsfrtn-ger€ ee face, pbatru fies€i"r€-inceroare amlntltEr de o6trerelete-nul de iaregietrare e1 preselr
15 .5 Reznltetele lgsorc$rli
gj./Bau cal-
Pentru defornefllle epeclflce ,se va face o. dlagrarnd d,e
varialle a lor ln lungul pereteLui pieeel d,efornate.Rczultatole obllnute sa vor conpara qu oele illn lite-
ratura de epecislltate 91 se vor trage ooaoluzlLle nscagare.
UEr{,ntle mEeurate gl
. t.
"&irefuf ]5,3
( sau) cslculate
d,'Jr
%g
6i,
ri
-€
t-
Tc'{ G' d*
. E
-rer;r
-1 -2
..
c uI se vor trece in tabeltrl 15 , " '' ' -.4 vqvv-\l|,.* LJ)Jr,
ilr.crt.
IaterlaIulecalfabrl -catului
Proc ed e ul.d e exe'lu-tare a Qrrlflclu-]u1
do
["n]
dntlrl
.Kr ld,it"{
to slttrtl
Lz tni[nn]
h[uo]
eP tr^ Ba:taa{l
I
I
{
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luczunF*ilg6
$IHI]LAREA pfrSCES{fi,{X SE "C,ffiUFARE-FSSFOFIAF-E PftI$ igCgRgSRr.& LETRACTIiJ]{E
1,6 nl Scopel l.nEr&ri-'.
Lucrarea ared.eoupars-pesforare
procesulnlo
EsoI) d,etem3.narea dopendentel for$el,
Jooutr" d.l^ntre eleneateLe aotiva o lrrlllo spr,RuetH Grestat6 eollcitat$ 3n trao-,
sa
depe
L6,2 $oltur-ri de barE
Cunoagtarea feaomeaelor ce inaofeso prooesul" da d.ecupa-
lnp1lcE clateminsrea efortulul de forfEsere d,1$
de tEleren precun gi a lnfluealelor diferlfiler factorl a-
lul. Princlpal.l.l facto:rl ee Jnflqenleadd asupra efortal.uLforfacare, in prooeeal de deoupare perforare sint: grosimea
calitetea materialqltrl eenifabricatulql, Jocul dint:s elenea-
aetlve, forua FirtlLor actlvel Btarea C" trngu"" Jt.. Detsr-efprtrrl.nl de forfegare pur€ gl a factorllor ce influe:r-
aaupra lui es poate face prto mod.eLarea proceeului ce do-prin lacercarea le tracftune a unor oFru6te
Mod.elarea prooeeulul egte prezeatati in ftg.16.1. Prlnsollcltarea grlaolpalE de oompresluno cate tnlocultE
solLcitara,de Lnttnd,ere. Groelmea semlfabrloatului eet:r r:i-prln nErlrnea eoavolflonalS a"r iar Jocul dlntre eteucnis:
activa prln nErimea Jo' Staree d.a tensiurl d.in zona. <1efcrr,ratf..
slnllar5 cn etarqa rea15 d,ia proeeeul de decupare-;e:ir:::*?rin mo,lelerea propasd ru ee poate evidenlia v: r'::'- .::-', r
de frecar€ ca?s apgr in procesuJ- rea-'l-,
Sec Lunea .ie forfecarg "'a. fi-, coilf'cru nat,?t;.i'l -' ': )(:Ce arLe ( eo/ooei , B ), jer Ds.:]t"t''.i .ir,:r-ri'. :i -.i,
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llo
Js Y 0r eeo f iuees devlne t1e''
Soli,ci tf.nd. epruveta
de sollcltare la rupere
iee
nedm prin rela ile :
t
In care 3
srle ( s^. sila tracti,iee;t
poate dete:sr1na
I
nEsurind f erteieofortul da f,orfecart
F r eoe0=-, Bgo
( 15 ,1,)
( rg "elg{dn
pl.i
c
-tO llCld&Fndi
[tsurl. ,2rtaapae
}f*,n
o)(e.)
c
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1 ?ir. r, .-
Jo = IO.tl dlferltE, ee poeto tr sa oarba do rarlafla C = f{Jc}"Se poate pans astfel ln evlde*fil dependenla efertqlul ds ferfa-
'oaregl i.npllclt g forteL d,a deoapara-I,crforarc ile Jooul di^afrselementele ao tlv€ r
zono lrssoti
I..,'j
F1g,15 ,2, Forma epraretcl propusesg-Bgtngeta seetfabrd.cet i b-foraai .
crebtdttrrllor gl nE'rl-mlle oer€lo -'terlgtl,ce. :
-..
'
dt"Btre f.ttrltl,s trasatE Yra f,f d.e Or 5 EIB r
L6 f Sodal dE LuEru
Inceregrea 'ee grg€u-
tE pB raagLna unlverssl^A .. ...:
' d€ S,noet=at, de ttp - '
II{STROT.' a'*-
Vltezele de sollci-,,
tare pot fi rilr-erl.te(ae ls or5 ta roo de
nn/*tn) prntrq. a Ea pu*
tea ptrtrs i.a ovfuieniE gtinfluanta rltszel de Bo- :
Iiettsr€ asnpra nErinltefortulul de forfcears. l
Epruvetalo lnoerast s,
I aq foms prosentstd taftgrl6 .2, 1ar alnsssle-nlio in tabclul 15 ol .
TrasSrea gri }el 8e
faoe prln rgfriera fl-nE Btr uR d.iePoatiiv gr
deteat ln OadruL lsbo-ra torulrrl . Di etaBta
fabalul 15,I
I i-/:U# rn
€ I
A{/trt1#-- - .
1*r1
a--n/l
/l
lAc-
Jc
tttl
"a
[@]
8e
tt*l
Bbo
trnsl
b
tr$"1
f,o
L'ql
o*t
t""l
e
f-""1
on?'
onG
LrO
?n0'1
- IO 40 80 2GS 5
't 'sitj
3oo
4ro
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i32
Epruveiele pragitlte cotrfolr condi 15.163 nn{n ite, slntso]lcltata 1a trac<flrrna pi..rrE Ia rupcrc, ilctormlal':rd cu aJutoral
rclaliai 15.1 efortul de foifecarc pentru dlferl.te JocarL Gorr-veaflonals, Jc.
15 ,4 Resultats experiserrtals
Rezultatela ebtlaute pr1n ndeu:€torlBe tree Ln tabelul :.5 ,2, Cu ajqtoral aocgtortraea cutba dc varlallo t o f(Jc).
Sabelul L5.2
SI,Qft c
Uatcrl,sl Jo
[*]a
t*l8c
[*]
p
ls"dl
F
La"nJ
Cv
f- aan lL#J
obg
I
2
3
,
16 .5 Concluzll
In u::ma Lncarcdrllor gc vor trage lonctqgff prlvlud, to- 'fluenfe loculul d.lbtre ,elem'eatelc aotlve a1e glsngtlor, asapra ,,,',
coaeuuulul de energle dln prooeeul de gtanlart.*
.
gt csls calculateYalori ss poate
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rucnan,o i'7
DETrF#trI{A REA s.[p.il c r riTrr'BE a?{rgufr SARBA TAB-JIOR SIIBTIRI . LS?ODT BRICHSrffi
t,ucrarea'ard oa aoop cunoagterea metodelor d.e deter[i-tlara a oapagit5tlt dla ambutl.gare a tablelor, Coacnlqld. lor ilruti.llsare prosun gl nodulul de apllcarc a uncl agtfcl d.c natodc(neto-d.a Er.lchecn),
.+
'1?.2 sollunl d.c bazil
Stnt ounogou,te dou{ prlnol.patc nodurl ds dsfona"""
'...'tablclor aupus€ aubutl.sUd.l: '' ;
brlcetul esta bloeet lntra natrlt6 gf ef"pouj.tlvul do etrlaglrc, l,
oonaarvarea "olunuluL traduciadq-ec prla eubflered pcrutolul'ib) adi-ao5, o€,u .n oare es,'r fabrlostnl alunrcd gub dle- i
poaltlvul tlo,stringer€, oooservaraa volr&uluL trad,uEindu-ee prd.ningrogarea flangel o
Ia prectiod au epletd la stare purl nlol uaut dla acas-
te prooedeo, lntrdeuofld aEtfeL o a trsla catcgorlc de defo:mare,
defornaras i1xtE La oaro este predoalnant u,tra]. aatr altu1 dla celrd,or:5 rqodurl de deforaa:rs.
Eogat de aoegte sod.url de def,omara a-Brr dezvo]tatrlte netoda de esteraLnare a capaoltdlll de arnbqtLgare (ST"AS
723445}.j...l..':,.',:.:,U,2.1 InqercdrL.de qnbutleqrs ou qu}jlerg, '
a) SgB-ERrresSe va etudla retEl1at asl departe (vezt paregre.ful 3).
di fa-,-b.L V
R:
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134
F1g.17 ,I. Sctode JOVIGUOT.
iE tatr=o tratr1f5 olres)'ar{ dupE
car€ cgte lntrodus r.rlel sub pts-etqnc tta oavltates roatr{,telr opttr-
vets defomnladq-se dupl o salot5sferlo$ ( prEglune unlfora6 f.ro toa-' tE rnaEa 11cb,1dq1u,i) o slfunt nindu-Ee
aetfel laflnenfa forfelor d.e fre,-cars tntre uater{.a1 gl poqnsorlr
Pregiunsa u].elqlal 1r:a oregt,s pl,nE
la anoreqrca rupttuLi cpruvetel, noucnt Ln oala eo nEeoar{ 91
sdinclneg snbutledrll"tlHrlnlle cara
i
-: ,D Preeiujxea lai - Ed,lnslnea do
,- oocflolsntt8' - oogflotcntal.
Flg"17 .2 . I[e toda FUKiIf
(ou poanson plat)"
s) Xe-Fo{a FUKUE ( oq lxranson pf,at}( rrg . i na) .
Prdnolplul netodel se bazeas6 pe
anbattearca une epruyete snb form[ds d,leo, l,atr-o nCtrltl oonloE, ou,
popnsoa p1at. IIS.rlptIs oare Bs d,g-
teratnE prin f,noe:l.oare ei,nt r
1) raportu-l d.c anblrtlsare:
s€ deterldn5 prln incersars el.nt:rupere i
anbutlears ids snl.sot:rople, r i
)
de esrul"a€te1 lto:
'lT n2.? LacencErl d,e anbntl,eare&c
ad,f^n,cE
D_tto-Ft ( rz,1)
-l.tr oarsl D" - oete dlaroetrul epruvetcl La momantul raper.lll.Do - d,laroetrql talllaL al' epruvetcl.d itlasctnrl orltlc '(Dor) rcpreztatii ralqsrea ma:d^n5
a dlanetrulullnltlalr
Dor
alepruvatel. oare
auprozlatd
f,leurlCupS anbutLesrea oonpletd"
f) raportu1 ]{nrI[ do anbqtleare:
t"Dons rr+,
( 1? ne)
L r-l -
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Flg'1? n3. Hetod,a $TIF$ .
.&rtncQFffn3
b] Sgllorie..$.fr-It3 t ffe.l? ,1)': PrlnsLptrrS, suiodel ss baaarag X'e
anb,qtlee.rea sfi. paansaa pl.8t a ,re.ai, , rprirseta ssb fcrm5
f,s dtnsatrdlse'E
fp-te'-s xgt.FAt6' EHgf.gi.le €,gra :ss ,ilgt'er-
"+Epx*n f*,seresrs stni dlaloctnrl
*rl-tle ryl rspe,rtrr3' Itrrtt$ {,e esbutl-ssr,a { Aefilrate entsrtor} ,
ds sg&uttsarg
**+rt€.
a) Hetoila K
I.' (sIEBffi,
aiFOTfP}
( fl9.1?.S) ,H.noipirul lnctod,ct so bae'osa5 pe
anbutleareE ofl pnaaerrn p.latn prcvErrtcu dorn d.e gentrqra, a rlngt BpFrt-
veto gnb formH ds d,:Lgo peuforat, fl-xatEl
-tntr-omatr{.tE. 8o detsrfi-1nH a-
d,laotmea de ambattgarc, bo gi alnngt-
rea otrorrnferenllalE a f .brst extrwss or'lflolulul:
ro +-ro0r.
r4F?-re=
lFtg.l? ,4. sEtod,a Kn[.I n
l ', :. fi
( 1? ,3)
prtn aceaet$ natod[ d.efounarea matcrlalu.ltd ec faoc
prin intlntlcre bladalE oonblaatl cu ourgsrea lal t'ceta nachla
poaneoauluX. , :
b) E,stoda fqKuf ( ou Foanson sf erlc )(ffg.l?.5). s
Prlnolplul nsetod,el Fo beaeaz5 pe 88-
bntlestaa Gu poansoa esnief eris \f)2Or54 run) s nnsl epruvstc enb forrs$ dE
d,leo , f,atr-o na tr1 6 eonl cH ( eetsi ur ghl ul
sonuIu,l ds 6o0 gl I 21 # Em) ' se ce*sr-trlaE raportul de aiubutlssrt' Clee:sii'ul
FLc.l?.5. [atoda FIKIIy orltlo 91 raportul I'in'tt{,dc s]sbEtilrar€.(oE poanEoa eferl.a). Deforuarea materlalulql epruveiaL
are loc prlrr iatlnrieee pc o <ilrec;I'o
perpendloulers, conblast6 ou dgforsoaroa pria latj,ldre biexj.al$
a materrLeLulnt tle eub poa:lsoli.:
t-I
I
lrl
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Me tcCa s Iepruvete eub fornEcoue a inc ercE,rii
n
scEdA.
c) Hetcra ffiGELlii.ii? ( fig"1? ,6 i ,
ba s ee ai, ire anrbu il. Earea c u poancoe Fla t I unet
d, e d.i erc , f lxa tE i,n sa trl {6 n'vnnl i-rr p€rtea a
atunci sind eforisl de embu.tta&re tnceps eE
N-$..1'.\ ' \rdFa-r \'\'r
G apa c lta t ea Ce ambu-sl sars sg
d,eternln6 prirr raportrr'l :
Fig.17, 5
.Hetode EIIGELFIARDT .
( rr .4)
q este efortul ds trs-
Eere;
r=tu.%l,'tue1096ab
unde; P"
Pab I efotul da rupere.Propriet5tlle naterialului ei,nt eq atit nal bune cu cit
valoarea lul T este nal mgr3e.
Deforraerea natertalulul eE faoe prlrr .atlndere pe o dl-rec 1a gl cocprceiujle pe direclla perpead,ioular6 pfu6 la ticpEgt-rea fortei roaxlne de anbutiaere, umatE apol de o dcforrnare prlnintindore biaxial[ pini ia rupers.
Pe ling6 aceete metode aai existd. gi altele (GUtRTSACES,iiEISSWANGER, OI^SEil, GIOYNfO, etc,)n metode card Ea caracterlzca-zE prln carecterul cu.muLativ al dlferl,tolor nodu:ci d.e d.efoloare,t.-.
fErE. a putea insE s5 caracterlzazs aptl{ud.lnea de d-eforqare 8 u-nel table pentru fabrlcarea unui produe embqtlsat cu profil de-ter':cclngt. Aceste netode furnizeazd totugl j-nd.icatrll pentru cazu-111e I1niti de asbutigere.
l[etodele naL nol lau in consld.erare lnd.lce].e tle carulsa-
re 91 coeflclcntul de anizotropLe i.a oaractertzarea capaolt5fi.ltsde anbutisare a tablclor.
L7,) Incercsrea de smbutlsare dup5 mstod.a Ertoh,sen{' Q rTlr *,.,.AS 2712-63)
c e rcaregb e.ns 11 or
'l .3 .j- Dcneni ui o e e pl lcare
Confons etendard.ulul asi-rrtitr trletoda se referd lad.e a^obutisere, la tenperatqrS rol:sral:i r a tableLortr€ tallce subltri, erdnd troslml lntr* or 5 nID $i z
*t-l Fl-
aQ'l
Ai a-
7n7n..iaal I
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,.-a a.
l,]'l ,3.2 PrineiPiul netodaL
-
Issercarea coegtE dia anbutlgarea unei epruveto, str{la-sE lntr-o aatri 5, cu aJutorul unul poansofl ou capdtal sferj.o,pil'5 ta iacei:utr.ll rup*rii" Adi::,cl..uea de ambutLeere, erprlaatE ierem, coneiitui.e i.-c^d.tcele Brtcheen ( IE) ,
1?"3 "3 aF*.{g,3.Bg€
Apsretal rxes sss rBXsc ut6rj.l tnesre$rtlBsts o trIrBsS ns,nusiE
( frg o1?"?
) la ssrs ss
adapteazH, elereeate3.s
ac tlve a aH,ror fornH,
gt dlnenstunt Bl$t
prezentate Ia figura1? n8.
Hatrita ( 1) BstE
lntrod.ue$ 1$, dtneao-nstrn]' (13) " For$e
i spltcatE so lndtoE psFtg.l? .7 a Dispou itl.vul PentruERI6ESST.
qt,*{, lrq Dg crf, .a.l3L*tr6l y
I'noercarea soala ( 16 ) . prl-n ro-
,t
Fig.l?,8. Foma gl
rottt dJ ntn[ (9] r fusul fl-letat ( 2) sE deplaseas,X tna-lnte I €pruveta { 4} se strfrgeugor gi spot so tntoarce Foa-
ta (9) aetfel Lncit eS aParE
Intre lnelul de ntrilpere gl
epruve tS un J oc d,e O r 05 Inltl r
Pe roata de nI"EE ( 9) eate o
scal6 t 8) cu 50O d,lvlalunl t
astfsl 1nc5,t Ia o dilrizlunesE corespunde o fusj.:tars a
penstmtsrulnl (3) cu O'Ol
h$, pnaul qurubtrluL (5)1 res-pectts { 2} flj-nd Ce , ffLr,r o
elementelor aotl.veERTCASET.
d.ineeetunll e
la fu:.c srca^rea
Scala (8) ee regleaz6 le zoro fald da curecrul (11)o
apsi ee extrage ecale vernlerulul" plnE ls oprltor, Fu:ul. de
strlngero (2) sa CecupleazE cu ajutorul lnelulqi t?) gi a1 boi-
ulu:. (6) gi d.up$ ace€a es rcieqte roate (9) Bsi i'e5'erte" Pe f'*-eul de presi,"ree (5) sste noatat penatratorul (3)
"
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138
Procesul de iscEroare Ee poate obeerra pe ogj.latia (15)
pi.n6 3,a rup€rea rrtzlbilE a epruretel. Decd aFaraiul cste eeh.i.-,
pat eu un dinaaonetru (t3) raonentul ruperll se recunoegte maiclar, deoarcoe dinaoonetrul va ind,lca o sedd,sre brb,eo{ a for ei..Ad.incfuoea d,e e.nbutlsare IB se oltegtc pe scalela (L0) g1 (8) efec rotunJcAtc Ia 011 nn, care aste preolzla cerut5 de STA5.
Sracuarea epruvetel inocrcate eo face prla tntoarcsrea
rotll 1rr gans lnvereg fusul d.e gtt€ngaro Es cupl.€as5 slugur gl'
cllbcrlazd apruvete. I , cazul ciaii penetlatoare'lo ae uzeazE, BB
pot aohLuba dupd sIllblrea bollulrrl (12).17 . 3 ,4 Hod,ql d.e l ucru
EpruvetelE foloette pentru lacercarea La arobutiearo
vor fl da fo:oE pltratE eau olrou1.ar5, avind latura, rsepeotlvdlaaatrul, ca1 putin egela ou 9O nm, S8 6rlm{ts 91 lnoeroareapc beazl metalloe aviad 1Ellnea ds JO mm.
Epruvata trebula ed fla pland, de groslne uolforoE gt
Ilpelt5 d,e f1eurl. [u se sdmlts ca iae1ate d.a inoeroars €prtr?e-
ta sg flc Lovlt6 Eau ind,reptat6, prln oric.are proocdcu Ia rcoceau Ia og1d.
Iaaj.ntc de inoercare anbsle .eaprafcfc a1e apruvetcl gL
suprefala actlvE a poansonulul ee"oJ
,*g" ou Enaoar€ caro Go ,-
1aa nl:lloun 5% g:raftt La eolzl ou granulalla nEdic dc Or3 nm.
Nercepeotarea aoeotci preeorlplll duoe la ero1l d.c pl,nE La 5fi
in nlaus.Epruveta ec agcaa5.f.ntrs lne1ul do strlagarc gl natrl-
a aparataLul gl ee etringe.Operalla de arnbutleare trebuie eE se efl6tueze 1ent,
progreelv (r:irE goourl), cu o vLtezd cuprins5 intre 5 nq/'{n gl20 nn/nta. Cdtre eflrgltul operaflel se va redqae viteza odtref{n{ts laferloar5, pentru a se putea d,ete::alna cu preolsie nooen-
tul ruper11, csre se oonglderE atLrne la aparlfla pr -nel crXp6-turl pe lutreaga groefuoe a epruvetei, pa o Lqngtme dc clroa 5na.
17 . 3 "5 Re zul ta t ele Lnc orc5rll
Valoaraa Lndlee1ul Erioheen (IE), exprimatd ln nn, ac
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q t0 f,t w-----Orosfu NtSdd,nn
Fig.I? .9 . rJarlatla i-nd,l-celrrl. EruCESEP.{ ln func-'tle de Srosl,Eea g1 calt-tatea rnaterlalulrrL itr-c er:cgt ,
IaUoir{}".llr}.
IEEDTHF
Ster€e sulirafsieiIE defoxrnsta gi fors^s IObo,rupturll
DupE scoate:rea epruvetel dtn Epa-
rst s€ stad,laz$ etareg srprafetelcalotel d,sf,onnato g1 forne rupturlL.
nf,od,ul d,e deforpgrs gl forraa f,utp-
turil pot evldenlla o teadlnts sFrg
formarea ciefeottrlRl. n'mlt ilcoaJd da
portocalHn ( struotur6 ou gr6unltnarl), o comportare lzotrop$ Ia dG-
fomars (rupere d,np6 o slrcunferfl-te) eaul-ari Lzotrop$ ( rupers cero rrtt
se face dnp6 circunrfard.nts) .
Indlc ele Ertcb,een ( IE) obtinatpentru un arxnrqit nfterlal gl o BAf,L-
nitE grosfune E epruYetel Ba conparE
crr valoarea CetE t:l flg.17 "9 "
Hat er;aiul"( csilteteeiu.r,l
inc urc e tgt d.is.en*
Ecfrbt
\a:ard
ssI
I
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IUCRAREAg8
DETERIIi$A REA DEFOR}{AEiTiTATIILit PRELUCR.A RE"A PRII{ A}IBUTISARE}TETODA RETNT,ELOR SI NICERCAREAI{E A EPRIJYEIELOR bg TIP PANA
I'IATERTALTI}UI
,uTrtIziisDLA TF.ACTiU-
18nI Scopul lucr5rli-
tucrar-ea crldenflas6 clafomatllle rnaterlalaltrl d.up5 ce-Le trel d.1rec 11, radlalE, taageafi.ald gl ar{aL5 gi permlte de-tam1narca oantltatlvE, pe eale erperimentalH a aoeetor d.eforna-
tl1 ln oaznl asbutledril pleeelor olllatlrlce f5rd flangE, dln-tr-o elngur5 opcratl.e, f6rd eubllorea voltE a groslmLl Eenlfs-brlcatulul. Totodat6 sc poate remarca lafluenla anLzotroplalnaterlalulnl aeupra geooetrlel plcor-nr embutlaatc, precun gleapaoltatea da defo:oara a dlf.srltelol laterl.alcr
,A " ffiTOD.A REIELELoR
18 o 2 So tl unl d,c ba zl
Arnbqtl-earca este operalra .,e prelucrare prln- defornare,in u::sa cErola arc 1oc tranefornareE unul eemtfabrloft pfan tn-:tr-o pleaE cavE eau deformaraa ln contlauare a plaeel oavc, lnscopul cregterll aclLnctnll 91 a nicgordrll dl-nenslunllor trane-veraale.
,, \ \,,.
b):-3 -t'\.-/\
Do u3,
F19.18.1. Uecff'lsullui d,e anbqtlsare.
In flg,lB nL aete xepr6-'
zenta td sebena aebutle6rilurrel pleee clltnd:{,ce d,{ n-tr-ur gernifabrlcat plan 91
s qc c e st unea d.epl,a e5r11 EB -talulu1 irr proc esul de 8rD,-
butlsere . Deplaserea E€ta,-
It.r}ul. ss caracteriueau5prln mlc Forarea dlanetrulnl
rg,rr \. i
,rri//
/./,{ (( ') \r,
//\\
pfOC 3 8Ul-
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.{i
€xtsri,:r el" fi*nEei gi daFr.eser+s'elEnenrelor'1.,,5 als se:njfg-l;r'.1eeEniuirFam6elrrd:Eecra3ta.adtn,c1u**anbutl,gEri1.
in prceeoui d,s enbuii"sere, partert inelarE a esnlfabel-catului. {Do- d} ee t-.snefcrn5. latr-ur cllinaru onldiargtrut g
'.: : :,
gi l.:rEilisJu o. Astbutieatroa ars loo po.sea&a rleforaErllor plaE-''.tJ"ce, prcduse irfin d,ap),aearea pe t.',d} ime r unel oaatl.tdtl in-,,,: .
seeJrafe de naterlal. o , :-gtarea d,e teqelunl 91 deforaafit E1e neta:'laiqlul san .-.
fabricetul,ul, in dLferite portiuni ale pleeet EfIatE tn'proaa- ,
sul" do defornars plastlcE 3a reee, r Lntr-o natrttE prcvEzutE cu .
ine1deapEsare,eete-reprezentat51nflg.I.8n2.'..'
TIt7t7
==Eni'/A
srG
Flg,l8.Z. Starea de tenslunl 91 dEfornalll L" q ,,ambutiearc.
lleneirrnlls6 el d,efornafllle € etat anall.zats dup{ ce-la trel. dtreclli caraotcrlatloer radlalI (Cpr6i tangenllal.L .
(6ar€g) 91 normalE (6s ,a") pe grosloea eenl'fabitcatu1ul.. La, a.po-,
builgare are loc o defomare plaatlod ooapla:rE, in tlnpel olre-La ur vol.um elementar I dt.n senlfabrlaatuL pla.n' lgl nodlftcE
, d.laerrsiunlle (se alungeeta ln dlraolle radlal6 91 se gcu:teaa$:,:
in d.lreofle taagenfialH) gl ooup5 pozllta fI, dupE oero devi.-ne,:ute}enet1ta1perete1ul1atera]'atp1eee1cgv'.
Stalea de teaglunl qt ueforraafll ale naterlaluluio €a-
te var1ab115 t.lr <llferltt poriluat ale p5.aea1, varllnd atii r'5r.i;',pea ott gl natu:ra aoeetore* Acs;t lqcru eate eugoetlv reprez€tl-,
tat la fig.1.8.2, untle sEgatlte apllcate volueelor elaoentare,
si.nt"€proz€atatc
dap6 dlferite directll, sellstt6rllc da tntia-
tu
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142
tl.nderE aau conprcgluns rospoctlv dsfornalllLe de aLuagire sau
scurtare a fibrelor materlaiulql tlsfornat.
Datorlt6 carsctgrul.ul varlabll eI tenelunllor gi d.efor-na 1l1or, precun 91 a altor fenouans ac insolesc proceeul de ala-butlsarc, plesalc anbqtlBste rezuJ-td cu o groslne varlabilE a
perefilor. Aetfcl, in oazul anbutlsErC.i pleeeloe olllndrlca fd-rE fle-ogd1 subliarea perelllor repr€zlnt6 10...IM' 1ar fngroga-rea inspre oarglae aJunge ]a 2O.,,3t% d.la g:nslmea lnilialH 6
eetrlfabricatulnl. Subf -erea rna:cls6 ae produoe l,n zoaa de raoor-dare a pere 1lor laterall cu fundul pleeel, acolo und.E naterla-
lul agte eo11e1tat la intlndere dapd doud dlreoflll Secflrueatraagvereald minlnE a pleeal eete culoscutE gub denq$'irea denoecllttne periculoae5", deoarece ln aoeastE zoaE aper6 rupereanaterlaltrlul, atuncl. cl.nd grad.ul de deformaFe e-E adoptat prB8.Eare, sau preslunsa exercitat5. de cEtre laeIul de ap{sare eetsF'fea Bere. l
Fundul plesei este eupue La o alunglne radlslE nelnsen-",
nai5 de I...?/;, precun
9i1a o mlcgorale nees€ntlal{ a grosinli,.
lniglale de nurcaL 2...3%t care pot fi practlc negltJato.Groslmee sadn'd a oeretelui plesei arnbutlsate dlntr-o
,
c: perstle, se poete oalctrla aprorlnatLv cu rslaila:
uma= =
ler gro simea nLaj-aE a psrs t elul
Leezd cu relatla aproxiastlvS:
s fp J (re.rl,
d.l-n zong peric uloae6 ge salc u-
td
u*rn = " 18-, ( re"2)
Subfierea perctalni pleeel anbutieata eetg l:rfluenla-t{ d.e u::ndt,3r11 fectorl prineipalt.: nErfulea razel da rotunJlraa nuchlel p15c11 active, gradul d.e deformaro al sata.rl.alc1[teeulfabrloatululr Jooul dlntrE poarrgoa gt pleoa de atrbutleare,
erletaala rrngerit 91 alcgerea corectS a lubrlfientului ilrocungl de .forfa de apdsare d.i.a zona flnngel aentf'abricatului.
Starea de dcfornalit Ia ambutlears p,oato fl stud.latHpe baea efectslor cr retulte a:n starea de cf'orturi unltaro"
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3.1: '.s-' .t
In acost s€nsr fu:5r starea ilc defo:nafll este o etaredefolBerea arrird l"oc dup5 dlrectllle radlall I r tan-
,
$ gl nornal e. Diatre esesta d.afonmlll ooa ual latan-este defornalla tangen 1a1d €. latfel, orlca €l€ment af,lat
o raz6 f pe flanga aenifebri.catul.uL t:ebuie eX alrrasl tn po-
eor€apunz5toare unui- prrnct a]' peretel'ul Yartiosl aI ple-anbutLsate de raa[ t < | (fig'18.3].
y\ri I
T\Jla Bsburl esr€ r
directll se 881-,/
FJ,g.18,3 . YarJ,atla defornatltlor rele tlve
Deformattlle relatiYeculeaze ou relallllet
t",.=
( ra.3)
i il-i.4i
' ( ia,i)
dupH. o ela
Ir{ '- Rl
ERl '' r-_r
treL
t"- ar
St-'|6 g-gi
-FrlFD
=l--rF-
g8
$qtatule rnErlmllor din acesta rela 11 coreepa::,i .ei.:;
d,1a f1g.18.3, Pontru P < or6 Ror grOslnea tntlIolI B -;{,i:i.iir'rl'--
aatulnl sa nlogoreaz1', lar poairu ? > ora Ror se mi"i'reg:e' .
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]ti.'i'f 'a
Defo:metla tan6;e;-:r:iaLl itaxirti ee prodqce la fibra e:-tren5 peetrU cnre f = Ro. .r\stfei ee obiine:
E -ft4 s .- -gt- =
gIa:E '*0
ftF- - . .*o =AGr'l"i ( ra.5 i
unde s este tocnal coeflclentu1 de elabutlsa?eo
I:r acelagl tlnp eonfom legJ.t coaetpalet voluraulul, aa
lnpune u:r;Stoarea relalle
ep -t6,. : AE s O. (re"?)
Aaeast5 relafie eo:wegi;a Ia verlflcarea raznltateloroblinute pe ceJ-e erperinenialE.
Dia d.iagreaele s6 reprezLatd varlalia deforma{lllorrelstlve (f19.18.3)r razl'.lt6 cE ln soae de racordare a fundulaipleeel ptecun gL ceva mal eue, unde are 1oc subllersa pereteluioEoLloltBrlle dg Latlndera radlalX gtnt oalr uard d,eatt oele de
oomprealuna tangea 1al[. I:e zoaa unile ge produoa tngrogarea pe-retelul plesel, eollcltIrlle de comprestrl4e tangenliaLi eintng1 oarl decit ceLc de l,.Etladere radia16.
18.3 Descrlerea matrltel F1 a utllaj rrlul foloslt
Pleeale aupuee oEeurH,torlto 'se reeLlzeea$ I cu aJutorulural ostrlte slnple de embutlsat prevEzutE eu c1encate actlvegchlnbablle, avind, d 'ferlte raze de rotunJlre ale nucblllor.Aetfel ee poate studla lnflueala razgi d.e rotunJl.re a pldollaotlva agupra m5rtrn{1 defor:nallllor dupH, cele trei. dlreclil.Setul dlneaelonal al. elenentelor peruJ.te obtinerea finor piesea.Bbutlsate, avind dlametrul lnterlo:r' 0 60 nrn, obttf,ute d1lr se-olfebrlcate]e avind, groslnea de r gt 2 nrn. Ga.na razelor d.a ro-tuaJlre al nuchlllor aotlve egta dc R = 3; 5i 8; 12 gi 20 mo.
datrtga. eete prolectatd gl reallzat5 peatru o pres5 cu d.ublE
ao 1une. Se foloeagte preBa bldrauLlcd eu dubL5 acliune tipP.H. 40 avlnd urrEtoarele caracterletlcl: forla nsralnaLE 40 tf,forta perncl ht'iraul1ce L6 tf, ot;rrsa naxlm6 600 rom"
18 "4 Sod.ul d e l-uoru
I$ rcoplil erid,*etl eril FlB*torLal,il.].aj. is d.j-ferl.i;a son,e ele
caI$ u.luiui defo::natltlor"pass€i. enbuil,sa*se sE tra*
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J.-l J
pe BeraLfabrloatul plqn d.c illaructla Dor o rct€a d€
radlal-sirculare, din 5 in 5 n$ itupE raz5, oonforoau, 1oe cu d.iscuri dJ dlenetra dlfcrLte (Do
mn) peatru a errld.enlla Si lnflueafa coeflclcntrg. d.a
( ri asu.pra nHrfuni.t defornallilor natcrial.uluL.
cooJndga
fig .l8 c4 n
= XOO Stsnbutt-
FLg.L8.4. Dcforuarea ralclcl, d,e ooord,onatsradlai-olrculare.
Senlfabr{.catu1 va f1 aetfel agazat la oatrtlX lnoltd.e ooord,onate eE apar€ pe anprafg.ta. c-tcr'1aoarE a pl,e-
anbgtLsate, peat:ru a ac putaa afcotua ddsurqne ralalct d,o-r
Dlametrelc se vor n$sura-o'r gublerultIrl oll aJ utorul qnd ourblnetl'[e
l,ar dinrnelnnl-{
dlepozitlv slnplu prev$zut ou un oomparator, taad fEril oa
eE flc 6eoflonatE. UlisutdrLle ge efeotueazl dc-r $ngufoS,te patru merldlane, la dlstanfc ooneepuazlltoarc retclal.de
radlale (crenplu tn punctele 1r, 2t, 3t'...f1g1L8.4),'
18 . 5 Rczultatc axper{.neatalc
DupE cfectuaree tutur-br nEeurdrltor ac vor oaleulg da-
natertalqJ.ul ln dlfarlta puactc ou aJutorul rcla 11-- 18.5 gl apol ae ra verlflca relafla 18.?.Avind'datela lnlfiale, eleoeatele ndEurate 91 mErt*lle
ee tntocmegte tabelul oentraliastor I8.1.
rl1 contlnuare Be traeeezE dJ'agre^ma d'e varlatl'a a dafor-dup6 eaLe trel dlreosll, coEfonn flg.18,3.
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146
Tabelul 18
18 .5 Conc I uzll
Ia oondlltL1e efeoturErll experlmentalorr ae vor ooD-
cl.uzlona aepecte LeBBte de capacltatea d,e d,efor3are a materia-
}ulul }a anbutlsarc, ProouIB gl tle preolzla pleselor prelucrate.
B. }MTODA ISCERCARII I,A TRACTTUNE-
A, EBngvprElg4, pF,31f ?lT{AT
18 .7 De ec r1e roa pro o ed,e ul ut
a
,
cap6t ln f orrnd de pand
BBterlalulul eflat $,n
Piesi circulari anbut tsati EpruYeti
F1g.18.5. Het,oda de ,ncercare Gtlyot.
iiatErLAl . . . . . . . r S$AS . . . . . . rSeolfabrlcet
DO= . .
"
t' t r rtlE Bs'' I' rEE
Pruc t dendeurare
Rl r 8i tl In ,-f, t'g c
"ul Obe,
I
2
o
ia
Prla i.noercarea 3.a tracllune a *o""pSutete
ce au un
se strnuleazH condlttlle ds deformare a
f langd et peretll unel ptese arnbuti sate( rig.18 .5 ) .u{.apdt ur info:md de pan6 al €prrY€-
t ei se lntroduc e fErE
etringere lntr-Lrrl dl sPo-' ,ltlv speclal, nnnit Isa-
trl 16 ile tragere , ln tlnpce capdtul lnferior eete
flxat latrc bacurlle strlate ale naglnll d.e laeersat_. In tlnpulinccrcErl.l portluaoa auperloerd a "epruvetelr aviatl unghi.ul de
loo (f1g.18,6), eete deformatd, f1lnd soLtoltat6 la trac 1une(intln<tere) dupE d,1reo 1a arlald 91 conpreEtune d,up6 dlreotta
EpruYeti
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3"4?
per?endloqlar4 Pe
dlrr Eorra flangelargr. os oorespqtri:r: sq d,l'restla tangentlafg
anol pleee anbni e*ts '
I
trtg.ibr6. Forua, epprvgtelor utlltzate la Snccrcdrl.' ''',:'
Gagaoltatea dc cteformaro a uatorlalulul, tn oonditll'
aeernEnEtoate ou ambatlgarea,s8 dctermlnd pr:[n veloarea rspor-
tq].ql 3/b dbtra 1$fl-st naxirn5 (B) gtl-rolaf.n5 (b) a peael' SB
uruEregte val.oarea narlna a raportulul B/b pentru carc epruveta
egte traeE p:1a natrL 6 fir6 a ge rupo. Dao{ se fao iacsrosrl
ou opruy€te tnctolte La 9Oo (f1g.I8.6, arf) peete Fargi'reea p1E-
o1l actlvc a matrlfei d.e traSerc prel.uorat. oq taza dc raoord
rllrr g€ raproduc oel mal coract coadllltl,e dc solleltare 3 EIra-
terlalulul La anbut18e3€r Aoeasta reprezlrrta ossnta petodel do
18'q gititL -
Utllaj u}
apara t ura
llaetA--3
-------+
.,
; Ceroetsree Prccesu-}ul d e enbqtl se re PrlnE8 tod.a lno erodrll la
tracttuns a epruve tel orde tlp PaIiE, r E8 *:tsc u td
pe llr8?j.nq da incercs't
iip I3{STRC'$. In fii'J. ll"?,.
f,ncercars GqYot.
Flg.le ol ' Hatrltd de trager*a
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lrtl
se prezlntE natrtta da tragere utiil.zaiS ia in+*rc$.:rl, 5e tvil.denflaaH locegul. epruveiei 1, eietequl ds llp; l€rrs LatsralE, 3.,
4 St ?, pracun gl tlla 5 de fi=are a mstr:fel ln besurd,le slrpoo
ri.oere ale nag{nrl ile inceroat.
18 "9 Eodul de lucrr o
Incercarea arg
e ) Se €trs o ut$
Exsterlale utlllzate ln
urn5toarele faze:Epeoial,e oonform ftgolSn8r dt-tr
a,e a.abuil BE.Pe r
loo ine pruve t e
proo e I u1
b)Se n5soard
d.lnonstunll e Frdr-i olpale ale €pr[-i Yetsl r fdel.nd. no-
d ta a trel mHeu-
rHtorL c
l*
l
pe epruvete in$OAA PgnoL o J '8-
Flg.18.8. Foma gl d,funeael,un1l.e spruretei,
al oprqYetelor.
lce pltntl, av ,nrl latura dg 2.,.5 nnj: qh aJutorul unnl dlepozl-t1v opoo1al, Soopul trasIrll ralelcl cste punerea Ln evlitenf{ a
<tcfomaflllor d1a plalnl tab1el.a) Se traaeazd o gradafle dla 5 tn 5 m {pa med.l6na e-
pruvetcl, laceplad de IE oep6tul euperLor, i,n soopul rteternlnH-r11 uncl valorl .afomat .ve a a1unglrll.
c) Preg{tlrea na9-1a11 cle Lnoeroat g1 flxareo epruvetell.a natrl 6.
C) Solloltarea epruvetel, gtablllnd ilaol a trecut sau
nu fIrI tupem prla natrltd.
F1g.18'9 . Setul dlmongional
g) Inlocutlrea€PruveteL su altsard,nd, dtroeastuneg
B ooya oat nlod( flg.18.9) , se
lnor€asil ou [nsst rle eprrYetaardlrd dirsnslunea
s\1
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a ss
h] 5= saoats €ta nairi .{ prtaa opruvatll oarG a treoetrupa gi ee deterrDlns r--:-- i :
18.1S
*lunglres ielatt?S dx [,*Jl
raiic:Ptrri tsib Tezr8tat Ifcres rtieial defornete de Fs suprafaga rpr11yatot.
la €pruv.et$ preous, gltabel$f 18.2
"
rcsEults lels
Tabs1al 18
19"11i
Soaolugll
iE
-drF
R$sultate Exper{.sestg}e
Inoarcarea se ra efectua du epruvbte ayind. aoeleeglto;e'tafa,raateriaLe etferlta. Astfel sa va atabl.ll, ,
conparafie, capaoLtatea de defprloarc a naterlalalcr rea-preourn gi:.opoetunitatea utlltz{rlt l.or la ipera'til dc
J
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I,UCRAREA 19
DBTERXIAAREA I}IFITNffTEI GEOUEfRTEIELF?'IE1{TEI0R Acriys ll,n u,ATRrTEronDE HTRTIDARE ASUPRA TIHIIIOR '
DB CURGERE
19 nl Scopul Lucr$rtl
Psutru oaroctsrea fanonenal.or de defornare pLaetlcd,6ate Dcooear os pe llng[ lncercErlle prlvlad cqracterlgtlcllenaoanloo, a se utlllgeze 91 netoCa rrlstoplaatlcttElll. Aoeae.j
tS raetodE poate fl utlllzatB pentru orioe prooea de deforluareLa reoe, otad aecllunea epruvetet p€ oar€ ee traseazl reteauarx-ino p1and, adlcd e{ IlpeeascE tsaelunlle norrrale de alunglre.
dstoda vlsloplastlcd (ralelelor regteagulare) permlted,etersl.B.syea focarelor de deforna 1" i"itt"u faza 1n1 1a16, lar .
elnd lnsepe ourg€rea mstsrlalulut, adraitlnd c5 fozmerea fooatre-1or a ].uet effrgtt, ee poate apregle procesul de d,efornare, adl-sd d,sforoarea ln rcglo etab11lzat. t
rg.z Soltrrnl de basd
tt
io oazul extrud.ilrlL dlrec t e ,lntreg prooesul poate fl f,npdrtitI,n ps trn perloado r
Perloads tniitA ss eonsld.erH,
de la tnceputul pres[rll poe"irso-
nulul asupra Esnlfabrlcstulal,pin[ o5,nd ac esta u.mple tntregnlEpatlu al pl,Xoll de extrqdare.
to ac sastE psrioad.E r volunul B€*nj.fsbrtostqlul t} ftnparte in trElsone (ffg.19"1) n
Zona I este a$plssatE. centralFt tno BpB sE c nrgH $.nttt u Sona p,Flg.19"l, Cu:.garsa
rsls deforsEril lagl Uo-extS$'-
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i51
rttS fres5rtlor pe auprafala de aontaot. Bons J, es fornscz{ peouprafata dc contast a pErlll froatai€ a posrsonalu . gi-egts e-sen5nEtoare conuluL do alusecara oare dpala .E refrrlarg.
Psrloada a doua apare odat5 ou Froo€aul sxtrudlril. gtse eyldentlaz5 prln redaceroa in6llinll .ees,lfabd.oatuLtd ln pla-ca de extrudare. io """uet5
perl-oa&H,, zosa I crogte, ologoria-d,u-ee zona 2.
A trola perload,E, ge oonslderd atrrnol ofud 5.acapo eE
&iterlalnl ln afr.ra plaoll aotlve, Cgel l'u plhe daef{gu-raxs a prooasulul extrud[rll. in5lltraea gemLfabrloatulnt ia ple-ca de.extrudare eo m5.cgoreazd 91 ni.rful conuhii (sotre 3) haf.u'-ieaa5o ia aoest t'lmp va {rurg€ aproapo tot volunul da naterleldl.n zona 1, partea lnferd.oarX a zonol 2 gl va rdmtna ia matrl il
matsriaLul dtn aproplerea pereltlor plHoll aotl.ve, prsa$r gl cclouprtne In zona 3../\
in ageatt6 porloaclS, are }oo oragteres zon€l 3, aju.agindca Ia sflrgltut eooetel per{oade, d,Lanrotrut oonul'rl sE fta ega}
cu dlanetrul p15o11 aotlve.Perioad.a a patra lneepe ln nonentql olntl prln alazaJul
plIoll. aotlve lntrEi naterlalul oare e-a aflat pe partea extgiL-oarE a eenlfabrloatulul lntttra1 (d,ln partea extorloar{ a zonel
2). Aoeet moment Lncepo clrrd t+51 Lnoa eeslfabrloatrrlu , ln pla-ca aotlvd $evlne na1 mlcd d.eclt dlametrd alozaJulul rlo eltru-d,arg. , , ,
, Zonela 2 AL 3 Elnt aupuse talllal defor:na$lllor olastl-ce, tar zona 1 d.efo:ma 11J.or peztananto. De aceoa lrebule avut
ln vedere oE Ia aparltia unor ostfsl. do zono, exletii posiblltta-tea lntroclucerll 1n lnterlorul eenlfabrloatulul a unor oorpurl.
etrEi.ne exieteate la naterlalul fofoeit 1a ut16er8'
VolwnuL gl ooaflguralla zonelor elaetloe (2 ${ l) de-
plnd. Ln tnaro nEsur6 d.e. condllllle coaorste ala defor:l{rlt, edi-cd dacS se ailopt6 o Lnollnafl.e mJ'cl a coauluL pl5c1l actlv* g1
ee aslguri o utrgore oorespunz{toare, atuncl gona sLseti.;.i r;r: nlo-ggreazE sau sa 1nl"6tur6 aompLot'. ExLstE rll' unebl. 4s opib ( ij.g"L9.2) pe4tru care zona elastlc6 2 au nai asle prezentl.
Ungb,iuL optln d.e Cefoneere dsplnde de eor:.,'it[1-: e r.rflrt]-'
r11 g1 d.e gSadal- de d,sfonmro aL natbrialului. Astfol, Cr .;rrrte-
ptu, Lo extrudsrea d.uralununlului, fdrE lrn6ere, pentr''-l tii: :'q-
ungblul aopt. a foat d,e J5o, iar pr:nt:"u un .r''il..
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I q?
port A*/Ar. 2O n aopt . a fost de ?O?
3otcd.at5, ffopt, cre$te gl cu Tlc$o-rgr:'ss in5ltt nl.t senlfabrtcat utri.ri o
( s u raport ul, E/D) , Rezul td cE , BX-
trudarea ou uE, ungtlt E apt . este fo-losl tS nruaal Lnir-o an'rir, tE etapE
a defo:u^ilrli gl tru pe tot parc nreulso est ela .
Formarga aonet elastlce f,n tfun-
pul d.efors6rii are tnportan 5 pFBc.-
ttaE, deoarec e lnfluenf eazE cal,lta.-tea suprafefet eenlfabricatulul BX-
F1g.19.2. Elenentele geo- trudat' Itr cazul extrudarLl La reoe
tnstrlo e a rrnel natrt to ,la srtrudarea d,l.rec tE .
a alr'nlnlul-ql gl a allaJelor saIe,nu rars, elnt cau rulle itna - f,ntre
soaa claatloE 2 91 oea plaetloE L"6 ""'
prod,uo[ fl.eqrL.La srtrudarea lavgre5 prooeaul ee deafdgoard deogebit
faf[ d,e ertrudarea illreotE.a-Ia prlma etap6 a proceeululr poanoonul refuleazd sert-
fabrloatulptnE
1aurnplerea
totald avol-umulut
dlutrapoFnaon
gl plaoa do ertrudare. Zona aotlv6 de d,qrfonura Ee oonoentrazE
la aproplonBa suprsfelel olllndr{.c" . d-"n'"onultrl.'Etapa a doua ge oonslderll atqnol olnd naterlaLul thoe-
De sI ourgd l,n epalluI lnelar dlntre poarson gl plaoa d,e extru-l
in ctapa a trola, sfortul dc defornare eoada plnll Ias 6rrrm{ tl[ valoare, prooesul eeta Lneoflt' de o produoere lrten-
eE dc oEldurE gl do o reduoere a zoael. aotlve de d,eforrilare.Etapa a patra are loo atrurcl olnd fnEltt-naa eenlfabrl-
oatulul cgte nal nlod deolt groelnea peretelui pleeel. Efortuld,c citrudarc oregtg l.n aoeet oas foarte nult. ,'
ia f1g.19.3 gr prezlnt6 eeoliunea ner{.rllan5 a unet ple-er otIlnd.rloc dc tlg pahar, ou refeC'ua de dlvlsare dupE extruda-rea lnverg{ 1a r€cBo
Se poate vedea cd, coaturul dcfornallei Lnteneive este
ou d[ou5 auprafele aferlce l-2-3 Sl 4-5-6, ln.afera a-I'ln{ to lntengltEtea defonmtilLor ecade brt+sc.
tt n1trs gonel pLaatloe la oare cste poelblll ctefortralladlrlzata, ars forna a*prefofel oonloe 7-8-9r oarre treoe
1{,rnl tetc ertor
r€ tolsl
d {Ar}
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..a. J )
puaotsle de inoltlraro alo 1ilrl.l1or vsritaelt d=e$to als 16-
I,{mtte teoretl.s5 a zone p}eetlce AOB, aq ooroapugrla
1Lnlta oxperlr.:etal{ ?-8-?. Sceaata se cxpllcil prln faptul
ilarii "'d"goou i13.or plactioa nfci, *oplasatdllnlia teoreilcd 403 gi linlte oxiiarlueata'1d ?-8*9r Ie a-teoreticE ct corpufu:. rigicl, oo
""'luio oonalderalle.
: F1g.19.3. Relaaua de d'lvlzareeeiornatd PriB extrudsre lnvorg5. ' .,,
^r anudte cazurl partloulare, oufiqebiad ttofomatlllc:repartlzarea tenslunllor. Dln teorla defor-Be ounoagte oI lntrs of{}rtnrJ.ia tr1ltars glelastlo o r
sxlet6
r
refstta r
5 :.oeffiErffi
ll
I
Pe baaa relsllal.
-Jrt.rt
ra?ultHt
, ( 1:^.+)
r9:5b3-tr
Dacil i,n relatla ( 19.1) Ec puls oondltta
' . ,1, ''*. :'
.:.
E2 : El.G? G r Gl.ffi,
:. : .' ..: ' .' ':' ,:.
i'-ii
Dln ecustttla d,e Plastlcltate aveni '
,' .;,.t-
'
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1i4
i e' Lq.r., (3 :-1J2 = t ( 19 .4)
c pruYs tel s d.as t r na t e
ou d:lepozltlvul prs-ed reali as?,a o gr11l
ln oarcr 8lt g
Ziz3 gl.nt defortallllal
k, - rezlbtests Ia defoloarrtp - coaflolcnt oEre canaoterlgcasl tlflucafa sfortu-
lut prtnclga ,fnecllu (l < P =.etfrlt .
Gll G?t 63 - ofortqrlle prlaclge)'o.fantrc dcicniaarsa dsfo:mafll1or rafclel dc dllwlzare
ou dlnonal'v'{ nlol1 sc lolosagt€ nlcroeoupul unlvereal psntru
sculr. Cu aJutorul r{lelct dr d1v-i.sarc de pot detcralaa defor;aalll}c oarc dcp[gego 5 tr.
19 .3 Dasorloroa rtllaJulul
Trasarsa rctelal rootangulars pe
defors$r"U prfg crtrudsrc la rcoo ss faseu entat ln flg.19 .4 , d,l spost ttY
-car€ poat a
dc O, Ol . . .5 c , prln sgf1"ro flnl .
-
l-'..,
543210123/.5 i
F1g.19 .4,. Dtepoultlv pantrutraaare& rotelel r€c taagula-tra: 1-Bo do trasaJt z-ghlda-J e ; 3-grrub nloronatrlo .
A
Ia aaonlE, netoda r"t"t"i:ii. artr"are) r€otaagul.arecocetl ln ertrudarea unal epruvetc fornat6 de d,oi ecn{olllndd.(rtg.l9.5):n Pentre p,rns".a tn svld,eni;d a neunlfo:m1'tH 11 defor-naftel, pe auprafala de contast a unula dla eenlcllladrl Bo s-recut[ o ralea reotaagu]arE, aviud dlstanla d,lntre onnale d,e
1r2..e EEB' ln frrne.tlc dc a5rloea oppuvetel, 1er dloengLunlleoa:ra1elor dc Or5 E. Cc161al.t genlclllndru sE sxroatil fH,rd rc-tea, ler tuprafala dc oontaot se*g4 b pentru a Bq pclnlte ltpl-roa sau gudarsa acalolllad,rlLor ta tlnpul extrqdEr .l.
tfF1g.19 .5, Epruvetd pertru de-t erulnarea ne rln1 formlt5t1;Ideformaf lel La extru,dane.
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L55
i *' : ''.Epruve t el,g
tA, furversd gi
. :,- .-, -. " -'. ..
a:.. rlr "I . I "
Hod" de luaru. . ':...'l'..'Epruve e1evorf1defo]raate,pentrutoetot1prrrl.J'ad'r|
c\ dlferlte rlteze d.s defortare, in yedgros seost€- .,
in evtaenid, u roflu"nlel vltezel de'defortrare sgupra rgal.s-.
1a:de?ormiie,gt a nodutrrl de d,efornars s rafelel, ' , ' "DeaeemeneaE9vorut111zae9ruvete.foefatategiI'tl-pentru a scoetg in evfuienlE lnflueala fireo5ril aaapra
rnateriarulul. Defornarea aE va faootn trepte,
pr{.na
s€ va reallza la b/3 91 a doua La 2bl3r : . :
1S o5 Reaultatele incero{rtl
' Uetoda,refelelor de dlvlzare (rlelopLasttc6)1 oBtB Be-oea maL qt1]6 pentru gtucllul defonnallllor .n oasul. €rtru-La rece, ea putlnd. fl utillzatE iq- orlce prooea d,e ilefor-oi,nd suprafala eecftunll epruvete . /" o"r" se traeeazd
r€nlne pJ.aa5. 3lanul. d.e eeparafle oonstltule ln aoelaglgt plenul de elmetrle, decl varoarea tenelunl\pr eate nuld
acest plan. ldlcH, curgsrea naterlaldul la oazul extrudErilforroat dtn douH buc6 1 eatc aoeeagl oa 91, f ' oaaul
Yor fl deforne** 3,n
combtns t5 ( flg e 2. 2 ')
ne trtle ds oxtrud,arep€ presa hldrau1lo[
'1
loagttud.t-nete ( frfl,lg .6):-.
..' i-.
(19.5)
ctlindrn LJxtFeg r:d' Seu;rlfornuttatsa defonnallelavg eJrBrLfira prfu trapoartole:
..'0r -a Qp 9n
":',''',i'
-?"f : 1f, tLe : f ,..lvn a fr,nErtmaa lnitl,al,[ a retelet ned,eforrue i e ;
ga r alung .rlle re$elel la dLreclte 1ongL-tud1nald.
.Deformafllre longltudlnara vor nal fl' expr-tnato gi pri.rn
nalorlldr ungldulul f, care reprezlntE unghlul de iq..d.iatre dlreclla in1fia15, 91 dlreclla po care o are in
cu llnia transverealE a fostal refele recta.ngulara
H,{enrarsa aoestul trrlgbl sE va fecs cq ntcroeoopul ,
d.e ecu1Erlc.
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1i6
."'t
.'a , :i
.'.,.
' , -1,.,'';
ra '?
.:''''.
-:- .,..,
. i:,.
.i,;t
1'.i
. ir:
Flg .19 .6 r A epec t ul unel r€Nele rsc tangu,3.ared eforna tS prln extrud.pre .
tezei de defor:nar€ aeuprs d.efo:mErtl retelel ,.E d.efonnarea naet erlalulul' La d.lferlt-'..
rlalrrlul extrud.at ic J-afluenfa geonetrtsl ' elenentelor a
nlrtl ne t erla1 ului .
19.5 Conclazll
Pe beza anal1-gaJ,. fH.cu.te cu prl-rrlre la defonnarea
retelel .rec tangu-Iare, Bs vor'tra-gs conoLuzll, oo
prlvire la:- Lnfluenla Yi-
ia d.J-ferite zone;punc te ale naie-
ctlve as[pra d.efor-
i, . .tI
ItF
.:
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B.
/f
:INds orergl e l
F otlunl de ba zS
faaa de lucru1n Jrucru;L 'tuecanlc
de arpreEi-a 3
I,d
Iapreee
r BxtstduJm5toarEle oonEurnuri
,..1,-.,":
,
.-.,
oo$sunat de for 'a de prasaro ldr dat
tra tr
l"-Fd,&,t.ll (t)
I,-
ro gstb forf a de pre6aro, 1r '$ i; .'.
ir. E6rl,nea ourset de lucrlr ln I[o ., , r , ,
Luorul neoanlo oonsurnat prln defonnarss eLastlcH,.a. \ ., : i
..
.''',':'l.,-..."Jr..,.'.r5t9,,.. .: ,. L_ ,o
-r
; [;'J (A)-O 2 t l--J .
ln care r Fd,
b,Ct
presst L- lg
,;e E6? cste.,forfa narlnll d.e praaare, in ng
e -, oad,qrea e1aetlo6 a presol;(unde s n' 1/C5r:iar
.cb - x'u/For E
'8i r.251 Fo ln kl$)r 1n n/[.
3. Lucrul meoanlo oonsunat pp1g frecare Ir' d.at de er-,.'
i.l, : .."r ''.. ,'
' ,, ,[' ",
ac, [r] (3)'Jo
sr [- - oate nomentq]. de freoar€ 1B macllntmal blel5-aa-l
a1'velEo ia trn;' . ': .::'Cf- valoarea ungblu1ul de luoru, tn rqd. lr' v.. ;
Songntul de frecare poate f1 cal,cqlat .cu re_lafLa 3
rh. Forrfnoo"+ r) +rR" + * *. * roa F], (4)-: .1, &
€r g - eate ooeflolantul d,c freoare; ij::' ' r:r:
h^ - """"legdrulul blelal t" t oi*ta, :r ' '
:
nt - r6za artloulallel de lagare la bbrbeoiro, 91 ro' - bazele fueululr"*'' : :
roi er t;; - reactlunrle'dln lag6re;i _', " '':.
ri - rorii de prasare i ''. '' . '?v - coeflolsntul de bleld;.
Randenaatdpreae11atinpq1iueru1n1,eepoateca1ou*arpreela: : i.
cFl
4
a
r.
r
a
l'
a
:
a
u
ta ol
prss
Lnt
S.n g;
Iao
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unde: Lt - oete lucrul nccnrlto scilat dc lotor ll tlopul ourgrlrie luoru, la J I
t*'- lrlcru]' nconalo oedat dc volaat, lD iI ' ,Y-\_Irueru]. rass..nlo oedai de motor ge oElonlcall on ralallrr\
rr 3P- 7.9* r
t
undo; Pt - aete patcrea aedLa oonsunatl pr o ferl a ootortrl,uleleotrl,o t
r; -:rraadanea*ul notorulql chotrLolB - surnXltr.]. dc suree dqblc pc nLaut alc prolal.
l,I,qcru]. ruaconlo oed.at d,a volaat gg oalsulragil sa 'lcla-tla:, ,: ,, ', . _ J(-f -* 1, :
,_::.j_l.Y
..r . ..,:lv -
-i?t'r (?)
nnd,er J - eaio nonentul dc laarflr al volastdul, (calculat pa
baza nEgnr{tor{.1or dlrcote ala 65s6gt'atlor} I
olr -.vlteza'unghlnlard a volantulul le taorputul ourgclLd.e lucrq; : t' ' l
1Dq - vlteze uaghlular5 a volantuluf fj sfirgttql ourscl4,
,' ' de, 'l-ucr{ti . 1. ,"1i..- ,..
Paatru a detarrqlaa toatc oonponeatal.c bllanfulu ' riibr-getlo cgts .noceaar a- 6o.,sunoagte u::l$toarclc datrr ,'.
- forle de precar" Fd gl vartalla at pr toat{ eur6-a
aotlvEl I-t,'
.--.. : :nErLaca ouraed- da lucra, b; l'
.
ced.erea s.LagtloE a prasctr. cl
derllor prp":a= fr-coarc t : :'-*ict:,
';Iucrn, cl, i .
-vlt6za'rrnghlularEsvola^qtuluird| :: ''. .. .. ; .
-:putereamad,1aooasutrat dcmotor,P".]'. Ib.flg.f ire prczlirtl eehana l:rttalaflct paatru deter.'-
nlnarea peramatrllor nacsgarl etablltrll bllaafulut cnergetlcal preaclor Eecanloe.
ta
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7r.'r
Fls.l. Sohona lngtelstlel psntru etnblllraslllantllul snergetlo al predelor mocanlossl-etant6 sa ir- ma tn 6 d.Inarnomo trl cH ( rraduo -..
tor de fort6) i Z.-traductor de CIurfiS i 3-f $* 'tod.1o46 i 4..tabIou d,o comandg ; 5-trang?onna*.tor I 6-ffnpllflcator r
r(ft
r)
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+h,
Peatbu n5s[raree. forlel Co presare ee utillzaazE un
traductor d,e forfiE, a oirul inpuleutl elnt inregiairste po un
oacl.S,ograf cu buc1E, ungbiul 9i viteza volantulul ee fnragi4-
tredzE'pe acelagl oacllograf .
Puterea medie P* consumat6 ':.e
lioner€ r Ee n5sosre dlrest pe una d.i-n
unul ffattnetrtr,
Botorul eleotrj.c de 8o-
fazele sala ou aJutorul. .. {t. .
4
f,. I
I
.,:
. .i
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TUCRAREA 28
DETEFJ{IITTREA FORTEI NESESAREI,..A DECUPARE.PERFOzuRE
20.1 I{otlunl de bszE
ProosEul decuptirll sau perforEril ee apropl€, fu oaztll
Joculul nornal d.lntre elenentale aotlve, di eohena forf,ec5rll
p[rs. in oeea ce privegte forfeoarear aoeaeta estE rezqltatul.Buprapuaerll nloroforfecErllor ce ee produc fn planele de aLu-
necaro ale crlgtal'elor, in cazul. rrnut Joc Bare, precum gl Ln ca-'gu1 materlalelor fraglle poate avea 1oo o emulger" dotf"fd "orlstalelor, Ln care caz are loo atlt o dletrugere lnterloar6olt gl o.dletrugere lnterorletalin5 a cristalelor, eeparat eau
elmulta.n.
Forla narlnl neoesard sefa$rll naterlalulut, ia oazul
deoupdrll gliperfordrlt, se poate oelouLa ou reLalla:
Fgtt3k
Ln carel q j - eete aria eecllunll forfeoate, f,n nn23
k - ooeflolent de oorecfte, oare llnelrea.oa de L:oflu-enla uzurll tX1gurJ.Ior, neunlfornitatea naterla-Lulul, fooul dlntre elementEle aotlve etc.i
5- - rezlatenla Ia decupare gl perforare, fur dail/mo2i9Forfa marlmd datE dc relatta (ZO.t) eernegte pentru
i
alegerea utllaJuluL d,e presars.Efortul d.e forfeoare €p ln prooeeul de d,ecupare-perfo-
rars au eete ldeatlo cq efortnL de forfecare puri sau de forfe-care La zonele de agchS.ere. Valoarea LuL este d.epend,ent6 d,e fao-tor11 procesulul de decupare-p€rforare, cun ar flr
- groelnea 91 calltetea naterLalql,rll
- nl1 s6s Joourllor;- Eradul de uzurd aI nuohliLor aotivel- forna p5rlllor aotive;- coaatructlq gtanfel eto.
r g i. tE ) la"nf, ( ao .1)
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' u'". r9-5
i . n; De scrlerea utllajulr#
lor eiorcu g gEsntd dlaasc'lsetric5 L 3*
fig.2O ,1
---
__
Flg"tC .? n C apter de
eiartic eub forsl d'a
C+ desupare-perforerg se ye facs
I cu patru coloane, prsaentatE 3n
\
F3
forle e a elensntclll-nd.rq"
oJ
I
14
II
I
tI
BI
i
I
{I
I
l.I
lI
110
Y Ftg,ZO ,1 Stan 6 diaaraometrlcd"
DlranometrEle oq traduotoare tensoaooetrlce rezlatlve,ca princlplu, constau tn montarea ln sErte ou for$a eedtre'ouiesi5eurat5, a ind elene&t elastlc (ol1lndrul g) pe oare e-su li-
pit traductorll tensoaonetrloi. Doforna 1ii"o el-esentuLul elae-tio a1 oaptorulul g1r ca [rrnara sentralul de legire elai propor-
tlonate cu forla apllcetd, dac5, eforturlle ualtars ca Lau nag-tere Ln elementul elastlo ei:rt sub Lirnli;e d.e proporllonhlltate.
Rrt
; l. ,';--
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r54
Flg.2O .3 . Schema lnetala llel '
Constenta da nepropor-
lionalitat e d.intre defor-nafl-e gi fori6 trebu:le ob-
tinut5 prtn etalonar€ r ob-{lnlndu-6e astfel Tezul.trrte nal preclse d.ecit prln-calcr1 ( erdri de cca bffi) o
' Performanlels acestorcaptorl depind, ati t de gr
lenent ul elasttc , ctt gld,e carac t
erlstlclle tra-d,uctorul[l , de corectitu-dlnea aplicirlt acestuJ.a
ps elernenttrl elagttc eiconectarea lu1 tn cirstl-{ -tul de lucrut r trad,uctosrs-le ; tensonometrloe tazis-tf ie gf,nt ltplte pe cLlln-
drnl elaetlc 9t oonform
"fl,S.2O.2.
n5surare-inreglstrare a '
fortel de dec[pare-p€Tfo-rarg eete f,"rzentatH, lnfig.20 .3 ,
Pentru incercdrl €xp€-
rJ-mentsle se {a foleet o
pree6 PELr -25 ,-. U.M, Siblu,svind forta de presare d.o
25 kdall i cursa 8 . . .8O rnn ilungluea reg1eblle a ble.-Iei. 8...80 uullo
20.31 Modde lucru
gl st enul ( ff g . 20 .3) trebu-le etalonat de d,oui ortsusc eeiv:
t-o+g'66ot-
lno
aot?t,
8p?+
8b9E5o
FJJ
*g- ctI l.iqtsqu:
'tI
I
I
I
I
I
L)to(lFIlrt rEIC)lLNz-ltJ,, I
FI
HI
elI
I
I
-J(ut-ot-
-ct.E
(J{u
ql h'REJJ O
a-.-O'E=rX+q,,Uf E *.,FI \U
Er"E
,li * ,lcJ
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- o verlflcare s ]inJs3Ltrtli seuralqhd. obllaut d,e ls i
rezistlvl, pentru lacdrEare-dascdrcaro ou aarcinl pi-la 1000 dal{; \
- obtineres ruel ,nregtetr5rc. etalon prln tncErcare."o '
cunoscqte a gtanfet dlaarnometrice.Etalonarea se va faee cu forse succeslv orr{.ta pentru
groaioe de materLal.- cel pr:, ia gasa decup5tC.. \
Forla naxinH de dee:rpaf€-f*tfor"".""'"a
datenoijta per-diferlte jocrrri intre"e1em,.,ate1e actlvei J = Or13; OrpG Sl.
(prin echfusbarea plEcil actlve 15 gi a poaaso ,ulul 16),in cadrul iaceredrilor ae v.€ torosf UaoaX de olel L;..
l-a rece sras 1945-€11 15,{rrn'r f-8...20 m'nt gos{n{ sr}; o1451
gr8; 1i J.r23g1 115 prn, do asegr€nes band.5 de oteL STiS 9Og-?O ,
Ol 34; AL 37i OL 42-el OL 6O), t5tr't 18...2O n$; gtosl_tsi
Qr8; 1; 1r2 91 115 rnm.
il
20.4 Reznltatele Lnserc6rtl
Rezultatele n5sur€rilor efectuate, confom cel6rin lucrare, vor fi inregietrate pe oecilogr"an5, lar
vor f1 oelcrilate, artfelr ;a) Se traseazd pe osc5.1ograra6:
- ckrba d,e varialle a forlel d.e decups3s-perforare lnnc t1e de tirop;
- vari,alla cursel functle de tl*p; 'l
i . r curba de Yarlatle a vltezol unghlulare Ib) Se calcul ea?.e'analltls r
-' momental de frecaro MF ( rel n 4 ) I
- Tezistenla la dee[pa re-psrf orare
Fd
Avind. aoesto date, se ror trasa u:mdtoarelE curbe:1) Curba de varlt fie a forfel de lucrul rn func?ia de
= f(h) I
?) Grafl.cd fE= f(e) Si"E=
f(J), ' ' .'
Pe beza n6sqrEtoriLor gt cJlculelor prozeatate Be vortabelele 2O.1 91 2O.2, ; ' 'i ,,
',
Pre-anels
folantulul I
V I
(rel .2On1).
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165
fa,Fgl ql 20 .1
labqllr1 3.,0.?
Hr.n >r*|-,.L U.
Slnbol u .trt. Decupare - perforlareObeervafll
1Ac, J
,, (
.r) Medla
1 Fnax s
2 h In
3 d"t rad \
4 I n/U5 ('1 g-1
6az s-]
7uF
Nm
ID.f n IY
9Lu J
10 l,n ?U
1L LoJ
L2 L*t JT3 Lf
J
T4 2 %
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L5?
?Q .5 Co:rrL qElJ,
Pe beze preluor6fit rezultata .or naaunltorll.or gl sal-
oulelor efectuata, la eoacluziL vor fl relevate ulniltoarelar
.-infIueitag.1riniiJoorr1u1d1ntree1amente1eaot1Yeas.qpla forfioi de preeare 8U gi a rezlstonNel- Ia d,eoupare-p€rfr
mre tg:t,r-
,II
Iegea da va:d.alls I ts- ' f( s) t
LIraad,anentul preset fu-notla. da nd,rLnea Joculul, dlstre
eLementeLe 'actl,vet' -., -'.'""''.'. ' "
lBaglnea tlplcE a varLallei
raro fu ttnpul pregHrlt.
fortel d,e d,eoupare-psrfo-
l- .
)
1/
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IUCRAREA fig
DE?ER}IINAREA FORTET T{ECESARS
L4 AMBUTISARE,
2J. .1' Soopul J'ucrdrtl
Luorarea igl propune detemtnaraa teoretLoE 91 praotlo6
a forlef noceaare arubutleErll, de aeemonea 91 forfa oe 5s ap11oEpe lneluI de re 1aer6r Urlnind ea pe baza aoestora gl a altot GB-
rlnlo, lnpuee ln exploatare, sd se fao{ dlnenslonarea oorectd a
eLenentelor aoLloltate 91 alegerea oorebt6 a utllaJa1ul de Pr6-sa 6 - roepectlv dei arnbutlsars. Cunoagterea fortel de anbutleareperrolta 91 studlul bllanfulul energetlo al preseLor.
21 .1 l$otlttrrl d e baz[
. Forla de anbutlsare so poate ii.**f"a ou alutorul re-la 1lLor de caLoul deduEe analltlo eau stablllte erperlnental.
Relalllle aneiltlos ]de oal.oul se ded"uc pe baza eouafLi-lor dfferonllale d.e echlllbru, oorespunzltoare Et6rff d,e tensltr-n€ respeotlve. AoeEto relaltl pernlt evtdentlerea oalLtattvi 91j
cantltatlv5 a tuturor factorilor care .nf1ueafeaz[ prooeeul de
smbutlBEre rio oazul rslaflllor enptrloe de oaloul
anallza oomp1ot6 a prooesulul da d,eformoro c
La arnbuttsarea fdrS subtlerea perelllor IstciralLI
21.1) a pleselor de fornt clllnd.rlcE, forts de anbutloara,prlna operalle, ae oalouleazd cu relalla[fe]:
g
nu este posl,b116
( flg.Ia
pontru prl rna 91 u'rrs5toarele oper€I-
aj Lltorul uJndtoarefb" reIatll €IB-
F, c /?.dr.e,c"., fr.. *. d+ " aff; l.tl * l,6e).:( 21.r)
ForIa de a-nbntlsaro,
tll , Be poat e det ermlna gi o u
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dr=2r
'-I*"+*'+*h.g.r:,{Gg:hh€ffi € €g
;t'-'
t
-
''
Fig "2L.1o scheraa ambutLe5ril fdrH,'=st:.btierea perefilor, laterali
"
{- pelltr1,1 pr m6 .$p8*
ra tle;
Ft = k:., rr *dl c Ei uCF_* ;
- p€ntru a doua rylurtEtsarele operaf,ts-,r
kn,tr.d*og,f,.a+{,
.
(ar,?36* egte reats*teala lq r$I$ts,*
re e ma terf,a*Lului pieve$ 3 l
k1 $1, k, r' fio-
F
eficienlt d,e
m gi care se
corecfie care depi-nd d.e
alege d,tn tabelal 2l .I"
coeflclentul. de anbu,tlgarsJ
Sabelu1 27.'.c
oeflclenfilor k1 gl konr-
o,55 a r5v5 0r 5o o 1525 o'65 a )575 9-r7,Qa,r7 25 o 17F, ar775 org0
k1 1r o0 o' 86 Q tTg Qr72 or557
or60 or55' or45 or40
ko rfa - - t - ra ,1 ,oo orgS. orgo 0t85 orBot . ' .,, 'i .
...-,-'&e.pr1na.'o eragiedeanbut1Hare-".apresier6ro111nd'r1oe
cu lnaI de re ih'ere_*a. ef.ngrtqurrcatulul' forfa naxlnx se dezvol; .,
tE la lnceputul proc.eeuLrrL tse defo:mare. plezensa o6lorralta .
maxlme pe ramula d,eeoendenid a curbel aceetsL forfe ee, datorelEl-te forfel . eupJ.i.nentare de presare necegarE peatri tndreptareaeutelor eenri:febricatalul, formate dupE ellb;€.Dor€B agestlrla d.aeub inelul de ieflneie. ;
:,-. ...Pedtru:'a':dotra gr unn5toarere oleralil de''snbn*t""*" :.rforla roaxlmS':ee d.ezvoLtE spre sfirgltul procesnluf. d,e def,arna-
re. Aceaeta se expitc6 prln aceea cH, tn partea eup6rtoa.r,6 *a.p1ese].or,grad'uIrea1dedeforuureanateris1rL].$1esteiae1.ms-re gi ca u::sare a cregteril rezlstenfel nateri.aLuls.l, ch ,gmsdnld,e c.eforuare;: forla d.e prssare va fi mel raa.re,
Forta.nec'aear5 prevenirii forri,rri.i c'qt,ctor in .f.}an,5.a ,."
senifabricatului Q1 cu care trebnle s5'aclieieeae l"nr-.Lul- ge ,rsl",.
-. -..l:'
'Valor11e
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J..-r^
.. , 1 i,'
ttng
unce q esto pre sl uxea ned"l e d e apesars
"fal.oarea prgsl ur.J.r e r re primese poat a det erruina ul c u rele_ti a r
5n caros
;
Preelunea m-sdJ.s 'ds spHssrg
a = f . [ot 'E iui + + -)f o q , (er.tl
( tab .21 "z) ,
operaiie de embutisare
q = rft h - ;i3 o hl,n", (2r.4)L
n, = dr/D egte coefi.oientul de eqbutleare;a - grosfunea ssnJ.fabrleetrlul, ln nn;
f"-rrezistenla la ::upirs a Eer*fabrr.catur.ui;-
tna"g.t
rzik : :"ut"t.:"* 1".::*c 5.e (pentru tebte d,e oler"o, , ,'I < ir k * OrOO6, lar paa,tru s.>1, k- = OrOO?; pen_
tru tab ,e dla c,etele ueferoass cu"
*,f r'; = ;r;;;,
A4,gbel.ul 21.
Qr la ambqttsareI
[ir u
CIrt n
I-a
2
-r
3
Ofel lnoxldabll ;
o j:o ;. . or4o
OleI dur 0r2g ..o or354
--.5
Alan5 Otl?. oor ,Or2O
Cupru OrlO ... OrlI .,r'
6 Alunlnlu orog.". .. or12
: r:, ,,.,.. -_,., .,...:,1*.i,....:.. ,.: :,.,Forla de apilaarE Q eau presluaea q se poate d,e,termlaa
d1n condLtta de asigurare a etabl.lit5ttl la lflantal a une, niE"r.plane aclLohate cu forfa de compredirrns, *ooltoote ln pIaaul ta-blel. Rezorvarea analltlcE a aoestel probtene ocndqce ra ecuaqr;ou derlvate parltale d.e orafnr - l
;.-,
:.iii .,....: r1 patrur 8l€tl il-a- utlllzat "ln pras*
Ef'cg.: .
' ''j:'
' ro opei"atta de anbutliare o iafrueald rnportantdro aravlteza de deformare, ra iaggpFtur curs.sii"-io""u. .Astfar }a o,defortare prea rapldil are loc o dlstributr" nouni;";-;-*lir*i*-nllor, pqtl-nd ap5rea ruper. . eau fleurl ,i" ni""ei. orleatatir,vlteza ile anbutlEsle se etablr.egte
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Taex = i3r3 (r + na)@ ( ar,5)'; - ii L j-j
Ln aarEslm -,eEte ooeflelentrrl ile anbutl.sarst ' 'l , ' ' . '
D - diametruJ. senifabrd.catulul l:., .,: . al - d.Lagetrul. pl.eeel,aabutisate. ' 'j
'
DupE date'experlneatak, rrlteza d,e anbntlsar€ ar€ raloa-rea v = Or,15 ... As?..l m/s psntru pieee marl; v = Or28 ....Oi.J mlEpeatru 'pieee mlci, san valord.].e reconaadate,la tabeLql:2L.3. ,,1 ,.r ,
.: .' -.' ' ' .,, :"
Mate-
rj.alOfel'cu Gorr-
linut suEsutd.e carbon
Of el.
Tite-za, fnm/s
or5or o rarwS Or5O.r.1rO or4e., .o ,75 OrL?5 , ,.Or tl1 Or I. "Or15
: I i.:,.1 ...- ,: I
funclle d,e forbaei,d 'measLunils, precizig pleegl defomater Frog€-.
Go . ',, ''"\ ,In..:prd.ylnta fohel constrlrotlve,. e1@ontu1 eeerlIal;ll . :
oonstltqle raaord.area muchlllor sctive-ale poansonultft gl pLilcli ,
d,e anbutl.sare. Razele de racord.ar€ rp €i "pl(*[g.zl.t) ee aleg ,
ta func$.e de,groeiuea naterial*lulr-ae tliuL nat5flol gl proce-, '
deuL de ambu.tleare utllizat etc. ffBza de racordara a plEcli d,e
axobutleate se tletozmlaE ou relallilal.,,'-, pentru p$.na oparafLe d.e anbutisara: ./
,i:
'..."''-."ng=,o,e@;(21.6,.. ,,, ;.
r I I,',: ..,,.,.,i ".., rl. ,1,, r, l' ' " ' ''.' ,", ,. :'
|'.-..;end:r.u..opera tt].e.qra5toaie:......if-r'.,':..,I:':.
t.',..,
tncarii:D...i''"i*''at"'etru].sem1fabricaiul.ui;.':.,.'-' ' : I
d.,
-dianetrul ple-sei ambutleate; .:
.l .".-. is - gr'iistutab senifabrlcatulul; ;
dl--l, dl - deanetrele pieoei'la dou5 cperalii coil;recu-*-*' tlve.
:
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j7?
;
r'a piesele cu f1er.3ii, raza plxeli de arabrrtleer* 3.a ij1-tina operefie se alege egaiS.cq rass de 1a i:ri+liorql plesel.
Razele plSciior de anbrrtis..qre Be poi al.egs 91- dle iab.21,4, ia fuaclie de felul pieeei gi grosimea nete.ri.el-uLui.
TabeluL 41 dLRazele i.e racorcars ale pl5cil de a.Bbuiieare rF{ , in rrql
Fel uLanbutls6ril
Razele de racordare, pentru grosirnearelativS a se$:lfabri-ca tntui atn :g 1oo
2r0 o..r lro lno .ro erz Ibf ;.. 0106
FErE flatrbE (5''r' 8)s (g .cr1o)sCu flange (15 rrr 2ols (20 .o. 30)s
Cu,-'bervuJ-l
deqinb,qti sare
oo. 5)s4 (5 ..'. Els (a co" lro)s
'''" -; I'r' --:(' -' :"^ _-
' Eazele de raoord.are ale poanspnulqir,lq".aqbati,sarea in-tr-o glngurd operalle, ee'aleg.'egale ou razq,,la Lnterior a ple-gg1
.,.: :
La pieaele relatLv mlcl de d . eb ,io,"rUotleateqlte operalll razele poensoFnelor se aleg
""it"t, - la prLna oparalie tie qrnbati"r""i
,.
[n nal
.., , .-i.,
"
"p13 (or7'"n. Ioo)rp01
in care: tpgl eato:11..nt5cil de anbutisare
|a,,qrina.operalie( gtabtrlt5 d1n tabefiirt er;+ - Eau cu relalia 21 .5) ;. : dl-L, d'l. - dlanetreLe pieeel ta dou5 oleralir srccesive.
Peatru ultlna operalle ae anliltleare, raza poansonuluLse'1a egalE cu raza La Lnterlor a pleeel finlte, linlnd seana cEr
>(z.,.3)s-
pentru tabLecu'lroelne mlc5
(s<5un);
) (fr5...2)e - peitrq t6bl6 cu groslme uara (g =
=6 ... 20nu). i, d:j
ta operalla aE'anbutisa.re, rn *.oput nroeor€rlf irecxrilI'ntre selalfabrlcat 91 ouprafetele da jlucru ale matrifel, ugur6rliecoaterll pleeet d.1n natrJ.lE, proteJd,rLt pdrlllor acttve aLe Es-
-r la operallile urnStoa.re I l, :
: rpr = lt-l-,* t4',. - . .;,. ,,t,
,--)
"',"i*l
-li A
Pcti -p
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: 1
-irilei gl a a.e.aifa.brLcat,iiut, inpotri.lna lipiriior gr forsoEf,Lr:irurgigro :,-er4cerli. teaslu:r.ilor, ee uti.llzeaaE npgerea. seterla-ielr qtll-lsate pantrll .$egoFs i trebate rE indejilaesJsa',aeumita
'1
ccrdilitr sH fcrseze. e parLcul5. ctrre s5. =eztete la prealuni *art,sii aibE b,d.gren 5 b$Ie, ets ni;, stse e ,nupr#aga Srtilbr Ee:l'ucrnals matrilai, sE fia.ei;apf.3.a Ei ed, nu fi.e rool?e.'
Din ce:rcetErlle oxperi.loetrtaie e.fe*tuet""-"*
eta,btttt;j
anuinite retete de lubrifiat tn'f,mro$ie de netEra ;rirat,er:ia.:L,sAd.', ,:
'trAr'_rl-"::
d.e proced.eul d.e ambutisare utfll"aat eto. In eo:aponense Anbr. .fl-. '
anliLor $t$. o .qerie de cospoilente ca: aleL': dm.1,"un'3rrr$,.de
pegte, grafit, acid, olei.c, suLf,o ta1co eEppq" or,atXn apH eto, t.,
'Pentru piesele La care gradu-l de d.efo:r:nare eete riiilcat(nai nars der40 %') egte.necesar{ o pregEtlre ante;i.oarH a.,esal-_" ;_ 'Ys_ ' :'-: __r'iarir I
:- t
fab-ricatrrluir,j,csle constt tb fbsfatarea tablsL ta b tr sBeci,alB 'r--.. .:
de-.gdpuri',f,dgf:.gtlce. 8u regul.tate*fearte bu4e 3.s €sbsti.sa:Fa s'r tt,'.
ut1ll,zeazE tntffitantii cqt:baabs d'6 Uteuffur€ aa csl5-hdten"r ,.,I
:: ::
i I'ti .. i, ' :l''i Unger;a eeelfabrlcatelor este blne EE ae fass :nnnaL p.c ..'
partea'gatetyfir'i''tn qoataot.cq plaoa d,e'anbuttaars eatl' sE se *-'r' ' 1',',:n'ni '; "r" '
-
gH aunat.pi""" de anbatigat. tn ooroluzie, uCstenla ungsr-3.l se-'
nifabricAte].orgiooreotaa1eger€aeos}qz1 1e11qbrl'f1antrr]'n1I
dao 1a mlcAorarea ooe*Loterltul.'ul db aubufieare.
'2].-r3 Desorlerea:-
'l.o,91eg],ga.reg"forgeL neeegare'1a opbratid' ae ariuutisaro ,:'
a pteielor ctl.tro{rlce.,sq rq oxecuta po maglna unlvdre6l6 d.a 1n-::: '
..lii':'r' ": ': "t - v
cercat ndterd.ale de ttp INSIROT gt pe preea bld;tullsE Pg 4O. i
Matrita ettlLzatE este prev6zuti cu'tnel'de *a .nem:
..-.,,
.::.I : r:,. . i
.,._ :r ,:t -
contra fozrn5rli cntelo'
"a r t r t I e ' "l
'ctJc.ntelorr ",,c[ poqlbllltate de schl-ubare a p15l5c11
de anbuttsare'prevdzqte cu dlferite raze de raoord,aie. sE'ise-Eerlea Jocul d.lntre elenentele-aottve,pcate fl nod.lfi.*e*, 5.er
., ', l .
poaasoAaele elnt eoht.nbahll.e avlnd,,poeibilitatea uu.t'5'ug5..r:i;,:r9*: *u
r5clrea poarlsoaalnl cq anot l5.chld.
ffiod d.e lusrr
fsce la tebl"e avlnd I = 1 gl 2 n*, ilin n$.a'I ,'::: ii.*if+1.':a;,;'* :,i,rr
Agetaangq Utl.llztnd rBsB diferlte 'ie-int:;'i.t Fi-e{'ii C* e*,,[":,t3:srri"+
rpg = 31 5i 8l t2 gl 2O nn.
'F-h1..a-
utllal alul
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1?4
lfEgrrrar-ea gi i,areglstrarea forteJ. d.e ambutlsare se ya
face in condllli d,e teroperatur5 norualE g . cle cr{-ogenle. Regla-rea presl.unll pe ineiul d.e rellnere oontra fo:noHrll cutelor se
va face ou aJutor*l ulrel chel di^na.uonetrLce."Eoate tacercirilese vor fhce cn vLieze de anbqtleare dfferlfe pentru a'se: putea'
t.
trage coacluzll cu prlvlre Ia lnfluenla rltezel d,e deforoeressupra forlel de anbutlsarer De aeenenea se vor utilLza d.iferi-te ,
IBf ete de ungere d.ltt aceleagl oonsld,erente.
2L,, Rezqlta tele lnc erc5rll -
Rezultatele tnsercH,ri.lor se vor treos tn
.
Cu nErimLle oeloulate gt inregl,etratecu.fbele8 ':, ,1 j :, '
- vsrlatla fortpl de anbutlsare frrne tl e
' r- vard-atla fortel de anbtrtlsare funotle,lareapIeo11act vqF=r(rnc)i]....
-,-yerlalla forlel de arnbutlsare funclloIa care are loc deforrnarea F = f( to) .'
'
Pentru stud,luI bllantulut energetlc alcompleta tab .2O.2 cu datele obtinute la operafie
tabelul 2L.5 ,, r, ; ._,'
Tabelal 2L.5
'vorQnea
d,e Joc g=f(Ja) i.d.e raza de Fgcor-
-'l
,'.
d,e tenperatura.:
preselor ee va
de aabutleare,'.,...'..','
go
I
t:I
i:
II
I
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Pe baza rezultateLor obllaate so vss..f;oe eonparatit
:::*verori.le obllaute:prin calcur sr
"*ru i""_s;"*;;;-ttc. I
II.-tararE
21 .6 Coacluail
se vor face eprecterl prlrrla*care a pr.5'il as tive $1 a t enp+ra tuiril.
o .:
: - " . ...;:.
tnfLasnie razej" de Feco.t.*
asupre rc,ilrlmtt forled ds',
'.:8ptiJ'1Esse1Ece3eiga1.8orror*Er*c:entloua te,i,ot,*gte ,,
:
srabutf satE
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],UCF,{REA #tr
DETER$INAREA FORTEI $ECESAREtA EXTRUDAFG , .,. i
,22.L Scopul luorEril::, - r,: .... /'
Structural, relalliJ.e pentru detoruinarea forlei nece-
esrs La alegerea unei prese, cuprihde nal nulti terneal, la fwrc- 1e de operatla care se exeoutE, de particnlaritdliIe constructi-:
va als gtanlei'eau,matrifel gi d.e cel.e ale presei.'De aoeea Ln
lucrare se prezlntE rnodul de stabillre teoretiod gi experirnenta-
16 a forlei ile extrudare .
?2 ,2 Nolt unl de haz5
Peatru anallza forlolor nu"ee""e extrud5r .l, este nece-ear ed .ss ounoasc5 proqeeul de aeto#a* ln condillL1e caracts-rletloa atre extrud5ril. I,a dete:slnares forlelor pentrn extrud,a-
rs se vor utillza ecuaillle puse la d.lspozllie de teoria'pJ.ast1-oltSlll, d,tn.tre metodele cole mal qtlllzate, siit netoda bllan- uIu1 forfeIor, metod.a llnltel euperloare gi netoda liniilor de
alunecale.,, :,., : : , ,
In general, d.efornarea prin extrudare ee ddracterlzea-
zE prln prezenla unel st5rl Q.e tenslrrne de compresiune, rezul-tlnd forfe.de defonnare.mari. Extrqd,area poate fi dtrebtS, in-vers5 91 oonblnatdi ( ftg.Z?,l).
Preelunea apeciflcE la.extrudare deplnde cle mai nuLftfactorl, dJ.ntre care csi na1 lmportanli si.nt: raportul de defor-mare, erprfunat prln gradu.I ae defo:mare logaritnlc a1 materialu-J,u1; rezletenfa la d.efgrmare kr; coeficientul d.e frecare pri vi-teza d.e defornaars
r€tc.
Relatil1e cel nai des utllizate pentrud.e extrudare sint;
a ) Fentru extrudarea d.ire c tE, ( fi t.22 . , a ) :
cslculul forlel
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F = zkrFr , EE'+
t
b.' . t H6l + t;ffi+ 1).'b naI
FJ'
HGF$-
il
.saq
t-sg
af'l
ti'Ii(t t--
- .-,4r{ ae,1}
l
fifr?*r-.a- )
de-
, { ?P,?}
ll-- izI7l.L _.t
ZktFt ' * + r t 2i: + *).3riav-l er
(y'n
Dz I xD?
nPl. -t-U c.c d.'_J
{2e,3 )
s
ln
zktf +
2n(..ur -"t, d"-
$r.rrL*.-*e
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l,? E
\
c)
l
F = ZEt nco
und,e oonetgnta rrc rt r poat e Svea
.E pantru Ls/D E Or?5;.:
extrud.area ccmblnetE ( ffg .22.1, c ) I
P ? a. r
+ F 7'W'
Peniru
{[t-.' ot].
4l h"
-1
rde
e-T+ ,j o t,
c=0144+01085
r.rrn$toarele valori:
|rtttB
%
- peatru lu,/D ' 1i': p
r,ttA ''- pentru \o/D o J-t25i
. ,
RD
o=0068+011258.{,
ln care: RO ei R" slnt rapoarte de defornare(RA
= A,/AOgl
- RB = Aola') |"fi - srad de deiornare logaitinro (91 = ro(ozlai)).
: ' . Relalll1e analltlce di calcul. a forlel tle o:trqalar€
nu pot ouprhde nrrltltudlnea factorllor cle lafluentd, f,apt psn-
rarea practl.:c5 a inXrfdl forteld,e extrrdar€ r
22'.3 Descrlerea ut,lIai u1ul,
Pentru deto:lnlnarea experlnantalE a varlallal forfe .ileertrudarea3vaut111zanatri adl'nf1g.22.2..
La,extrudarea pl.esel 1?, forla ou care poangonul 6 ac-lioneaz6 aeupr€ eeolfabrtcatului ee tra.nslte prln plaaa EatlYE
4, tnelul 1.8 la bucga 191 care se deforaeazE elaEtlo 91. a alrel.d,efonoare va fl propor{lonald cu forla de ap5eaFee D€ sseae$e&
forla de extrudare poate fl n5surat5 91 pr:ln defomar€a eleett-cE a buogel. 8.
Traductoarel.e elaetice rezl.etlve flxate pe bucga I gi19 transfom5 varlalla nlrlm+ i ssgsnlee i,atr-c va.rtefi.e * elteS,
n6ri-ol electrlce.
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'l ?r;-... 4 ,J
13
U+
15
16
17
1g
: nlg.Z,Z.Z...
Dlnanoaetrelecoastau ln montarea inelement ela stic pe care
Hatri t5 d.inanoncgtrl cE peatruforf ei de extrud.aro..,"
c u traduc tocre rezi stiys r ca Frinc_i.plu, ,:
serie clr forfa ce trebuie rn5sur,*t5 a uun,rrl
,E-eu aplicat ( ripit) tradusto'i tensorseFl
11
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180
urmare s8nna1ui. d.e iegire, sint propcrtlonale cn forta apl1catd,dacd eforturile unitare ce iau nagtere lu elesentql elastlc sint
'sub linlta de proporlionalitate. constanta d.e neproporllonalita-te cliatre defo::rnalie
91 for 5 trebuie obllnutE prJ.n etal.onare,obltnio6o-se astfel rezultate mal lpreolee dect,t pr-Lr1 caloul ( e-rorlle produse slnt de cca ]0 % datorttd necunoagterrl prectsea caracterlstlolLor el.astice aLe elenestutui defor:anat etco).
: Perforuanlere acestor captorl dopj.nd. atlt cle elenentulslaetla, cit gi de caraoterleticlle trad,qctorulul, d.e corectttu-dlnea aprlcdrlt acestula pe elementul eLaetlc gl co[eotarea luLrn circultul electrlc, etc. Datoritd perfornaafeJ.or rldicate pe
car€ aceste, dLn'.niomatre (captoare) 1e eq (eer.\slbllitate, preci-zte, conodltate ia experJ-mentare, aparatarS si-mp].5, etc.)' sincele nel frecvent utllizate ln tehnic5 gi reepectiv lg qercelE-rile experlueatale dln d.omeniur tebnorogtei presErli ra rece.
aleger"a"onflgura 1el
elenentuLql eLastio prezlnt5 omare. lnportanfd. De agemenea trebule avqt l,n vedere faptul cE
nodul d,e apllcare a for,lelqr pe erementul el-astlo poate d,uce laerorl, un,eorl eubstanflare.'De aceea, in general, J.a stabll.lreacaptoarelor treb,de avute tn vedere qmdtoarele reconand.srL:
- - adoptarea unel conetruclli-gare gE perrnltd nontareanum5rul'ul de trad[ctoare necesare eengtultriarlri lnpuse Ia do-menlrrl d.e forle m5surat i
- este avaritaJos ca pe elementul elastlo eE, ee .prasezeo punte conpretE d.e trad,uctoare, d.e nulte or1 foLoelndq-se puntlalcdtultb din opt traduotoare dispuse sJ.nolrlc gl conectate aet-
fe}, tnoit eH. aslgure scopul u:nE,rlt: senslbi.rltate naxia5 glconpensarea tenperaturll ;
adoptarea unei con'struolil oare sE aslgure apllcareaforlel ps o Euprafa 5, nlc5 gl cq o bund reproducttbtlltate;
- teducerea Ia mlnln, prin fo:rme construotlve ad.ecvatela zonel Ln care dietrlbufta de tenslunl este neunlfb:m53
- alegerea corvenabilS a punctelor de nEsurHl aetfellncit eH se reallzeze o m5rlre a seasj.blrit5tti gr compensarea
efectelor nedorlte care lntroduc erorl in detemlnarea varorlinS"rirnJ.i nEsurate;
- elenentere cars converteec forta ln depJ.aeare trebqLeeE alb6 clefornalil clt mai mlcl gl o dlstribulie de tensiunl sl.tna1 unlforaH pentru a se reduce drortre d.e nelinlaritate gt hle-
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? F'r
,",:
.Dinarronetre}e.(oaptoare1e)prezentatena1gu8'eintdesti,ne'te n*sur',ril for{elor, avtnd. ;";;i-;; ;;;r;;;; ;;-;r_roclle blno cunoscute. un estfel da captor, trebni moetat aet-
fer inolt axa rui sE coixcid6 cu dlree{ia fo:r' el oar€ ae rnEeoa-r€' rn r:nele cercei5ri dln tebnoicgia presdrli ]a recer dL-reclia pe oave aclioneaa5 forla:de llEsarat nn eats' d.iealnte eu-noscutH,, fiind. necesar s6 se oxeoare toate cele trei conponentea1efortei(sau'uneo31nrrnaid'ou5)'j:.
cit eE aslgure etimlneres - pe iit posiui.i ;-";;;;; ;-;;;;;-lel celorrlalte doud conpcinente. .nceaet5. separere-se astgu"x, io ,
general, prtn aLegerea dorectE, a elenenturui olastts, "ipr""r";"orect5 a trailuctoarelor 91" ptln conectarea lor coieopunzrtoare..:n olrcultul electric, ad.icE pri.n montajul ereotrj.o'r'falo;iaa,aj l
un numdr de punli tlheatstono egal e{-r nrxidrul cbnponente-,, 1
Re se m5soarEn
TRADUgTORIAPARATfu
.DE -MASURA
ADAFTOR '.
ATENUATOR
a
INREGISTRATOR AL'I{ENT{RE
-' D- Tl
l-:r:lw
r :4 I
L:J
r':lu
| -21.lstr :4 I
:J
r-lryliI
L-J4. .' .'
.-i ,;'.
Fi g"22 ,3 , Cone c tfi res f lr c j,:i-.."
IJ1
I -z3r:
,,Il
I
'' 't r.
k f; r. f i:i '*t I:-i" t il,
r<(
d:)ID
=}I,L
tElLllCJIJ1(Jltnlc)I
t.|-t-o,n
\c](\tstE.c)kci
{n
'-<ln
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i5:
\ Pentru reallzarea ur:ei &Eeqriri d.e p.recizie a fo:elel\-de e\trudare, se foloeegte montajul in prrnte a} tradactoareLorconfo'nn fLg.22.3.
\.... io vederea cieterminSril erperd,nentale a forlai do egtru-
alare (dlreetE, LaversE gi conblnatE)r natrila *iaanonetric5 se vamonta pe preea hldrauJ-lcE cle tip PH 40, pe care. se vor efectuaplesarale.
' ' '2? 14 [od, de luoru
' '': ' i" cadrul lucrlrii d.e lEboretor, ya fi clete::niaatd for-
tade presare neoesar6 er,trud'HriL directe, laverse gi combinate,
pentru een1.fabrlcate clln alruninlu, a1an5 gi cupru.&igurarea 91 lnregistrarea forlei d,e extrudare se va
face uttltzlnd dLferfte viteze de defo:mare.-t
Intreg slstenul pentru nEsurarea forlei d.e extrud.are
treblde etalonat de d.ou5 ori succesj.rr(-overiflcareallnlaritgtll
trad,nc torl pentru inclrcdro-d.esc5rcare
' - obtlnerea unel inreglstririsarcki cunoBcute o
Pentru a avea rlate deternlnefter'cu suficLent5 precLzIe,experlnentH,rlle vor fl repatate in aceleagl oond.l.fil de cite pa-tru sau clnoi orl, conalderind. reaLe gl obleetive numaL vaLori1enlllocll aId for ?loro
22 .5 .Rezultatele incercH.rll@: l'a
Forfa efectlv[ de extrqdarE este totd,eauna nai nare tle- -
clt.cea aalculat5 cu_ relalil"le ( zz;l), (zz.z), (22.3), (22.4) gl ','
(22.5), deoarece ln tfunpul procesulul d.e d,efo:mare pria extrqclare ,.
lntervln faotori care nu au fos.t cuprlngt ln retall:lIe cle naL sus.'lFaetorll care lnfluenleaz5 asupra fortet de extruclare pot fl gru-patl astfel:
fastorl ce d.eptnd de nqter{a1u1 ilefo::rnat;
- faetorl. ce depind, de construclia matrifeL i .
- factori ce <ieplnd d.e-modul d.e desf6g[rate a procesu-lul tle d.efo:mare prln extrud.are. .r,
GLobal-, lnfluenla aceetor factorl egte introd.usS prin-,,:''
gsrul€l1ulrrl obtlnut lacu sarctni d.lferite;
etalon pr.J.n inc6rcaie cr
a,
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. 1r-.-L;a -:
%
tr-un, coeflcientYa fl.:
de so:pecfile k, sr*tfel f<irga tehnolcglc5
'.j
{zz"?'}
iaeit
F+=kI
s
. F,La"rJForlele de presare celcurate eE Tor coai*rra cE eela ob_,ltnute pe cale erperiaeatar', din coeparalie ;-;;;"- Ji--""_ioarea coefl.cr.eatu]rrl ce ma':.;rplr,care ukn E forlei e"
"=i"oeur".e baze *rucr€rJ:1 r.,zertsteror nieerato"*o, j ;;:-oulelor efectuate Be vJr Conp_i.sg6 cata.Ee d.l.n tab.ZZ.l.'..'-'.'i.-:.
' 'i'"'. :ir" l
caz^t;tl pax"ti"sulsr'a1., :
d:e: nt5Elr-ne^rg fologi, t,**, ,
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,,ucnaReA 2 S
BIUWTIIT M{ERGEITC II, PRESETOB ES TPATE
cu nr$pozrrrrn DE Ar,IHEI,ITAFs cu Ror,s
23 "1 Soopul lqor€rtt
AIa luorare ge urrolrcgtr detcrtl.aerea pe oala e=parC-
neEtal6 .e ,g*g1sltrurtlor-".do*caergle la o presE neoanLod aohLpat5
on d,:Lapozltlv de allmaatare cu rsle. Se preofzeazl pe aoeastE
oala netodologl.a tl.e nEEurare a parametrdlor energetlot al pre-eet, u:uArlnd,u-ae gt c6lle de plerdere da energle la praeE, .
dooi.ra.:rdalantul preeei 91 depenilenla lut ile factod.l .tehnolo-gio1.
23.2 froftnn{, de bazE
i" fazs de lqoru a
prosot
d.s oncrglo s erlgt5 urgXtoareleoonaumurd-
,
1. Laorq mebanlo oonetrnat ilc gtanlll .eas natrllE 91 rle
dlepozltlvele do allmentare S1 eyaon,Bror
2. Irqorql neoado consumatrprln dcfornarEa slaetlotl a
organelor presei. Bd.lanlul energctlo a1 prese.Ior dg.conetruollerecentl, peatru preluorarea tableLor, relevE oI .LZp.-L5 % dLu..Iucrul neoanlo consunst ln afara proopetrlrrl 4s preaare se ohgl-
talegte pentru deforuarea ; el,etenutul elastLo.
plrll oar€ es deforneazd .elastlo, rrrnlad, a ft ellberatX lned,latoE lnoeteazil forfa cle presare, Elr.ttrarea energlei. ee nanifeet$prta revanlraa bruecd la, poztlla latltaLB a pErlllor caro s-aq.
defornat elaetle.Revenlrea La pozl 16 r.n{ flaLE a p5rlLi enperLoare gl..
e oele1 Lafer{.oare a batLqLrrl lafluealeazE f1e lnohelerea opo-
rattel de presare, ile evacqarea senLf,abrlcatu)'ui sau dogeul-u .,rla alezairr] de trecere al gtaalel sau rnatrltel. La ambutlsareenergia asumulet5 se oonsr',*X - la t .npul elLber5rlL el, - aproa-
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pa f-ntagrsl penttq evaoq4l6a.prin EatrltE a piesct esb[tLeat*(l.n cazurile cind. piesa ee erasueaz.S pric p1aaH,); 6a g?anfara
se recuporeazE aprorj.:asii.v 2o.n5 iL dJrr aceaeiE energle peat::xr
ftnailzar€a operailei gi inpiagsr€a parttaLB n pEigft daeprlnae
prln.p -aca de tELere. ia cea': :ael nare parte aceasf5 ea*rgJ.e'reco.s,sr:m5 iasl iiluti.L - generind. zgouote gl vibrall5. tu ca<irrrl
proe€suJ.ui de pr$3usrsre .
3" T,irbrri} nrece:rls consinrat prln frec5ri.Meceaimele de ayare cu rbLe eint frecyent u*Lllaats
pentru avantaJeie daoeet'ite pe care ie au: preciaie ridLaatd,( 1 Orl rnn pentru avanryuri sub 5O r.ra gi.iSr2 mm pentru atravsuri.
pirre lq 2OO ura) gl grad, de urivorssli'taie traro i ee pot acliona
benai sab 2.nu groeins €i pae da ?5O nnli- ,,,i :lileaaal.siele cu role funelloneaiE prln tragerea naterie-
luJ.ul sau pr5.n tragere gi inphgera. .lc]ionarea rolelor poate fif6cqti.iLe lE arborele pri:rcipal ai preseL sau de la berbeot0plesaL. .
Ffi:neptrrl d.e fgnc $1Onftrs sl- .ii*iltltlf $'-"
ag€ng lfisi;e:.ai cii Tciel ip'*af:bofcriesi
"r>res$i; F-flarigii ; c *crilpl.n],iul3;ii .*'
i R.*r'+is ; Z-r Si & g''*rtl'f; i tiin t{l f, E r*
1r
R
7t
Fig"?3 n},:nu}:.ii d e
ps}srlJ.pe I"
re c I j-cnai
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1E6
A
In fig.23.1 este reprezaaiet prinalpiai" funcli"ondrilunul nec,anl.eo rle avana ctt roIe. Arlloaarea sistenrr].q1. de Evn:rs..
ee face prin tragerea tlrentulul 2.Ungb1.ul
de rotlre eI olesen*tulul conducEtor (cuplal unidlrecflonal sau roat6 cu eLlcbet)clateml-uii preclzla avaneulul.
Reglaroa lunglnll tlranlllor 91 a rEzei exseatrl.cuLul.
dg pe capaoul arborelql prlnclpal aI preaeL ee facb aetfel la-clt el.eoeatq.l oonclucEtor sE se roteascd oq maxl.m I/5 rotatttfi?o) la o oure6 dubld a preseli la unghLurl nal narl prec .zia
paaulul Bcgdc. :
Prln mecenlzarea gl automatozarea aLlmentdrll cu seml-
fabrlcats crogte produotlvltatea nunali gi ln aoetagl tlnp ee e-elgur$ oonilllll optl.ne de proteelle a nqncll pentru presatorl,DacE in cazql deeervj.ril manuale a maginllor d,e preluorat prlndefornsre la rece, ln oele nal bune cazurl, .se posts utlllza i2r.,,35 fi dln totelql curselor prolectate, prln eutomatlzare ee
sJqngo la 90.,.95 %. Chlar I,n cazul eutomatlzfu{.l oompl.ete a u- I
nnul proeee tehnologl.c d.e prssare, utllig,area Ln prooent ae lO(E i
a nunlrulul de crrrs€ prolectate ale preeel,nu eete poelb1L6, da-torltd eta 1ondrllor pentru regl6il, le lnceputnl schiebuJ.uL,
i
proouln gl datorltd unor lntreruperl aeprbv5zute.
23 .9 Deecrlorqa utllal ulul
Determlnarea bllastulul energetlo ss va.efectua Ia o'preal cu excentrlc d.e tlp PBLI 25 echlpatd cu o gtar 5 dlnamo-.
netricd S1 un.dlspozltlv d.e avana cu ro1e, prazentat''in t 8,23.2.Dlatre dlepozttlvele utllLzate la alimentarea cu senl-
fabrlcate contlnql (beazl eau flgil) cel nal r5epindlt eete d,ts-pozltlvul cu ro1s.
ilaterlalul eete avansat cu aJ.utorql rolelo" ?. nota
""-
'i
te apdsatE aaupra seolfabricatulul eu aJutorul unor arcurl eIi.-'co1da1e, pentru a crea frecarea neceeard in vederea aatren6rLleemifabrlcatulul. Higcarea de roialle'lnteruitent6 a rolelor d.e
ayars Be tranemi te prln ro 1 dinfata de }a arborole 4 pe caro se
g{eegte cuplaJal de saae urrlc, antrenat de mantvela 1t d.e la ar-
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't ,:7
sentat poate reall ?,a ln15tf d intre 10 et 259
intre . IC Sl 250 mur r c u
0nlrrc0r4 m/r's9o
conditll ",i;ile eraneal rlaterialainl saInIn, pe {' :'ii. grosint ds 11 5 I truE, cil paealeroarea d.e Or2r r.Or3 En gl Ia vltosa ds
.:. ;
Fig .?3 .2 . Die ?cal tlv€ rl rcie
a
?3 .1 l[od. de l uc ru
.d7
Fentrq s Butra ceLculatoe t a eonpo&entele blleatu -r
1 ul en,erge tt c e et e &e s € ssrI 68 0 trfioggEs 3
o- 2 ^A'.r rgrtrr tre aef<lrur.ara F€
gt varlalla et pe toat6 lun-ginaa c nrgeL de lusra; '.
.J
ne' ud,rj,n* e c uieei *e J G*.
cru, sIi- c eCarsa e1ae ticd E FFO-
eei, e ;
- nane&tui g€ erbcrei.e
d.e svans
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188
presel, K - psntru stablllrea pierderLlor prln frecare;
- u.agblul rie rotlre al arborelui- in faza d'e lucru16l,i
- rLteza ungblulard a volantu1nlrr^r;- puterea ned,le consunatE de motor, Pmi
Scheoa utlllzatd pentru deter:mlaarea datelor'de ma1 gus
eate prezentat5 ln flg.1. Fortele de dafornar'e,vor trebat aleee
ca s5 fle aproxlmatlv aceJ.eagl gt sX nu albd valorl rsal na1cl d'e
50...75 F dln forla nom1nel6 a preeel'c
23 15 Rezul tstele tncercdrlt
c oEpl e ta 8e I e d.e
c[rba d,e
Pe baza reauftatelor lnregletrste /gl oalculate ee vor
datele dlir tabelnl 20,2r dupd eare se Yor trasa dlagre-
varlalle:a forlel d.e defornare ln funclle dle tJ-np 91
varlafle a cursel funcfle de timpo
23.6 Conclustl
La concLuzll se vor face apreclerl cq privlre la con-
euonl enorgetic -bl preselor ecblpatb 9u dlspozttlys de allnenta-re cu role. Se vor faoa proprrnerl cu prtvlre 1a eventualele mo-
dlflclrl sonstructLve ale gtan e1or gi d.lspozltlveLor d,e allmen-
tare caro g5 conduc6 .Ia un oonsulB de energle ulnlm.Se va ootlvs dlferenla dlntre vatrorLLe calculate c[ x€-
La 111canalltlce
gl cele obfinute pa cale eiperLoetrtal5.
a,
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DEEERIIIS.IREA CAIJIf 8II PIESELORa--r, i*-lP8E:ICRATE PRI}I PRESAEE. I"A RECB
:
.:
Calltatea pleeeLor grelucrete pr.la prcsano la rsoo sc
axgrlnE tn general pria pre::lzl.e dLnoaetonal,Er" Breclz .e de for-Esr rngozltatea saprafetelor r : ;
- ' ' '''Ia geceral, La t5lereE p€ Etaata de oonatruolle oblgnn-
1t5, on JocurL optlme, Lntre elementels act1"€ aenzate, ee. ob LareegtltEtf ale
_en,orafeloi rezqltato prln tllere la d.onenld Rai
]1rg...3t2ym. I,a cal.lbrarea.prLn tllere a pleselor d911nate gt,,
e or1flclllor perforate ee obfla rugozlt6 ,1 d,e Ru= 038..,116 pn.
In'oazuL decuperll gi pcrforErtt de precizie ed obSlae
o nrgozttate tn d,ome 1ul B"= 014..'0;8ipn
L,a operalllle de a.obutiears fErE subflerea yoltltterlaluLul-, rnaL a.leE atuncl a5,ad ae,ludfeszd c's,'grado nari dc
:,:,
defoiuare,'o lnportan 5'deosebltE o ara niorog'eonetrl.a saprafe-
t€l.lntttaLe a ean1fabrlcatalu5'r pracqm gl n5rinea grEunlllor .:aa
crl,etalt.nl:al matarla].ulul ce este supus dsforroiirll. ' "',,1
' ' : Calltatea plesoLor preluorata prla preaara la. rooi dsr: :
plnd.e ctE o naltitqdlne da factori ce lnpllcii atlt oaracterlsti*oile natrtalelnlr preoun gl ooad.l l11e tehaologioo la care are,
1oo prelucrqboao ''":1:':::''
' ' ' : :: :
.1"
A l[8-
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I,T'CAAREA 24
CAIISA?EJI PTESEIOR OE$ISUTEPRIS DECTIPARE.PEN.FONARE
24.1 Scof rO lnordrll
Iruoraree ara oa.8ool' prlnolpal detaralaarea lnflqentel
dlferd. 1l.or parametrf (in speolal Jocu,l dlntre alementele ectl-ve, groslnea gl natura s€nlfabrloatqlu.t) aeqpra paranetrLLor do
oa1ltatea1p1cae1orcleoupatagauperforate.',.:]
24 "2 Fotlqnt de bsa6
Calltatea pleeelor obllaute pr .n cleonBaro-perforareeete e-prlnatH prLa:
- proolzia dlnensloaal5lpreolzla d,e fonnE;
- rugozltatea eaprafalel pfelQcrate;
-rnIrd.naabavuiiI'orplese '.'.'..]-.l
dlnensiunlle p{r 11 eottve a pl6cXi aotlve, lar dlnEnelunlle 01e..sslor perforate oo1ao1d. cn d.loeagiunl.Ie pErtfl aotlve 8 poarpo-.
nul.ul, Praotlc lns6r. dlnenslunlle pleae3.or obtlnute $rla doculra're asu, perforara ge deosobaeo l.atotd,eauna d.e <lLbeneinn{ le pErtl-lor actlve ale eculelor gtaale1. AoeaslEi deoseblre es datcregte,
\1a apectal, ileforma 1llor elastlsE a1e'rnater1alqlul.p o€t € apain prooeeul de deouparo-perforare g1' dlspar du,p5 'ellml.narea pLe-
eelor d.U gtatrt6. Astfel, la deaupaF€r abaterea d.l^eensl,onal6 vafl r
du, rr d'r
D;po ( a+
"tlLn oarer 6 - sgte dl.uanslunea efeotlvil a piesei d.ecupateg
Dpg - dlmsnglnnea zoaol astlYe a p1Ecll d,e t5lere"IrE perforare, ebaterea dlsesgLonElE ve fl1
. O.- (24.2,
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:' '+t r
,, .: r Jocul dtntre elencstsle aetlve; : : ... .,,. , r, ,,
- satara sl car*cterlatl'lj.s roecanl.e al. naterralqlnr.pr€lucrat t
'.''..'gtar8adguzuI€aeuch1t1orts1etoarol:':.geos1nei'-.nater1aI.ulu1;.--''.-
t*::g{rnr}so"
""1*"1ooo""olt
,'
r '- rLgldltatea proeel;- gtarea dE qzur€, a preee .o
A3s eEF€ I il ,a:. esta di:senslu,.€a*O .Lr dimenglanse Eor,el
-:-,.Cepkids de uie5tarll fasto;;
efesti?tr a srrflcl*r*l' perforst:;,."
astlye g poaaasnalul . ,l
a plasslor dsoap€t€-perforate i
Sl dtnenslr1nil aeaprqprelucrequ6 ests dat{pentru perrorsFs r
sr fr $z pM /o prna
d,{,rdzp?nd lo tOrrrrrr
.t ttr3.5
..:
preetzlel-dl-msnsloaale a pleselor ce seln fls .24.1 pentrq d.ecupars. gl flg .z4 rZ
'ddfrnn J
-l
ro'o€
0,04
., , i 0102
,.. 0
.,t o,oz
; 0)06
Flg ,24.1" Yar{.atlaLn funstle de Joa
{;Fl-
{/nrnJ: q06
o)o+
,
idr<d,P
0 orls
d 1F
abaterLt dlneneionale la d,sc upare ,91 de groelmea gl, d.lmeasluxea plagei,
5 t 'rO?,
,t,fi ti fnd /a Zmrn
Dt { ?2pfnd,b'Fomm
0
0,02
0,011
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"tiil
Se observE ci: la cregterea grosfur,ll naterlaiului pra-
lucrat yalorlie absolute a1e abaterilor dimenslonale ee nlogo-
reazE.l 1a cregterea dlnenelunLlor oa sa preluoreazH, valorilc ab-
solute a1e abaterllor dlmeasionsle oreec; pentru J.ocuri foarten:1c1, La clccupare, abatarila dlse ,slonale etnt pozltl.ver 1ar La
perforare eint aegatlve; pentru Joouri oarl, Ia docupare abate-.
rlle dineneloaale elat negativo, lar Ia perforare siat pozltive.
arlIrrfluenla saraatsrlstlollor Ire-
cnRi.ce ale natgrlaluf.ql sste pre "r
%eatet6 ln flg .24.3 (pentra dscn--
pafelo i .i,r :: :-
' Se obserre ce abaterlle dJ.meg-i99 L,L"
i
i slcnale creac od.stH cu oregterea
Se poate goacluzlona .'CS eKtet5
0,0q05
0roo{
un donenlu al Jocu"lqi' pentrtr Gare
abaterile dlmeasional e eini; rni.ni-rte
rac esta repreu extind doneal uJ'
Jocirrllor optine dl-n punc de Y€-
dere *lr.precizlel d,tmensLonele'
I,a prelacrarea cu gtanle oblg-nu-tte se obtta pentra nlaterleleou groslnl d,e pinE Ia I rnm, preol-
g11 coregpunzE.ioare trepte3.or h 1O (decupare) g{ n S - H 10(perforgre), 1ar pentru groslnl de peete 1 nro preol-zil goFes-
punzdtoare treptelor h 11 - h 13, respeotlv H 1l - B 12.
rea de la perpendloularltato a generatoarel sqprafelel rezulta-te "La tElere, falE de p1anul frontaL gl de a'baterea d.e La s3-11n-
drloltate a aceetela. Preclzia de fotse este lnflaenlat5 de ace-lagl parametrl ca gi preclzla d'lmenslonalE. Elntre acegtia cea
nal pater:nlc5 lafluealE o ar'e {ocul,dlntre,eleqentele aetive gigroslmea aaterlal.ufU ( tLg.24.4 -. pentrq orifi.clu perforat).
.Abaterea de ollfurdribitate ae :poat€ exprlma prln un-ghlul suprafelei conLce oa ee obilne. Varialir ssm{,unghiulai ce
ee obllne prln perforare, in functie d.e joc'gl grosinea nateria-lu1ui ae prezi-nt5 n flg. 24.5 (materj.al OL 37, D = 15 mrt).
Dln d.1ag:'ameLe prezentete ee observE c5, in 6eneralo
l; o,oli
[mmtp?iI
I o,ot8,00?'0,ffi5
0,@2
0,04 460/ q$ q?q
j/t*I
Flg .24 ni . Yarlalta aba terlidlnenslonale la desupqre i,nf rr,to tl e de J oc ul rela tlvpentru dl f erl t e durl t5tlhle luaterla1ulul pr€lucrat .
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'l ^a&.)
:i', ;-t''*; .tuIEt ..i.r,;1il.,rili,.r,i,,1.i.'.- ' -,,' : ,
PIolq-te ', de
Jootutalementele sctlve
Fornarea bavurllor gt e1cn8t1-
,, telei' geonetrloe prtnotpalo eint ,
prazentate la flg,2,4.?.: i'''"
In cazal ln cars 8j nzat Etl-
ehla actlvE a poanEofof ul r Ia do-. , oupare
rbavura aparo' la ptoell
r
'-
In oaztrl ln ears E-8 uzat numalrlJrU..-rga: urqohla actlvE a PlEcll de t[lQr
-or Ia deouParo bavuralapare 14"
degetrr lar La Perforats la PtgrsE . La uzarea nuchlllor ac tlvegt La poanson gt la Placa de tE-
lere, bavrra aPare gl Ia Plee5
91 Ia deg€ur
-
-ilule .24.6, Varlatla n$rlnttbavurl,t la f uns tie d,e gra -dul de uznr5 al, slenaente-lor actlve.
4-=
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l. 94
Flg .24.7. n Elenentele BBo-Bstrtce alo bavurll .
.. ,-{'
de
laea
24 ,3 Hod d.o lucru
Pentru dater:nlnarea influenlel;
Jocalul' ae[pra pa]anetrllor de c8-lltate a'lntlti se ys utlllsa o
:
gtantd cu poatxsoane schJ nbablle n
8e va folosl, un set de poensoa4e
cr dlgnetre d,lferlte, ale pErtll Bo-
tive, rEallgtnd, aetfel jooart d.lfe-rlte lntre elementele actlver, ,Ftanfa are p.qsLbllttatea prelu-crH,rll, unor eenlfabrlcgte cu gro-slnj. intre Or5 gi ? nrro
gl (Z+.21 se d,etelmlnH
.r 32
trec tn tabe-
Suoceelunea fazelor l-ucrHrit este qrrgtoaroa lg) Ee monteaz6 gtaafa pe pread, regllndu;ee parametrll.
de lucru;' b) ee noateazE prLnuS. poanson pe gtant6 f6cl.nd trel da-
oupErl penlru fLecare groelme gl oalltate de.matertaL;c) ge monteazl ln ordlne orescEtoare a d.iametrelor ce-
lelalte,poansoaue, decupiod'cu flecare poanion oite troi piesepentru. flscare grgelme gi calltate de maferlalt ' ..,
'
a) ee ndeoard dianetrele pLeeel gi a degeulul La fleca-re deouparel . .:. e
precrzla ;L::"i:::ill
reratll'on (z+'1)
,;:.
f) se ndsoard n^6rlru11e oare dau
Be calculeazE, acestea;abaterlle de foru5
,-S) ss determln . rugozitatea auprafelel preJ.ucrate prinfoloelrea unor etalq;qro de rugozltatei ' . :.
,, , U) se nieoard Lndlglnea bavurllor foloelnd un mlcrosoopnEgqrare sau un cllopozitlv cu oare se poate deierrnlna tnE1ti-
ned.le a bavurllor unul lot de pleee stivrdte;1) nEr{ m1}e ndsuate gL/ sar calculate se
lul 24.1.
-it,
24.4 Concl uzl1
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"? ua
csltt5ttl -rnaterl,altl-i&1 esulra pr) perforate,
pleee].cr degupate Bsuisi el
fabel *s,3traltza tcr cu d.atelery;suraie Si/saq calculate
Tabalul 24.1
HF,crt
"
Hate^*i,alnLeeui.febri-eat nlul
s dp Dpe i D dd dp dpe T Rt % gbs
grln ry nin trm ILTJ nnt qUT ran ofIn FITIT
,- .,.
:
-. t
1r
,." i
a
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r,ucnAR&a 25'. '. ....::jit
car,ITAsEA?IESET,OBoBTISUIE '. : ' t
'te al pleaelor anbutleate gt &LferltEle lnfl.uo4t€ asupra lor.'' ::,':-,ii
natlprlar ,L'
1: r preclzla de foruEi
ra ',...i
ile,urotltorLi faotorlr:
- prreolzLa dc elecutl.o a elonontelor aotlve a natr.Lfal , , ,dearirbutleqtl '''
,Ed.etenfa qnul ssrrrnlt Joo lntre elenentele aotlve face'ItELBtOnlA qnA:L Anllnl JOO anlr€ elemenIgJ.€ aoTAv€ raGo ,i':i;
cs dlanetrui plelelor tn partea Errp€d.oarll eE flE nrnl sssE fls- I .olt <llopetful aoestora ln partea tnferloar€. .0ceet lUsfn eetG ,,; ...,..;'
acocntuat 91 rte aroulroa naterlahtrl{ (ttg.25.1). I . I'r.. .. . .r..,.:.J
.
. : . i,
. 'Lqora:lea ats oa scop 0eterntnarea lndlollor de callta-'r.',';
e-v- eY-r-esrv Y- 5v.alv
. .: I . ,.
r.zffi...',...''].Calltatea pleaelor obllnute prla anbutleare este'otprl-
"-i.,1
- precLzla dlnenglonalBl i'i ., | ,' .'.;;.:;,
- rugozltatea auprafalei pieael'. ' , , ,:ln
Prcclzla d,lnenelonali a pLesel anbutieate ec.refetd lar '
- precizla d,lneneLunLLor traagvereale ale' pLeeel i , ,: , ' j
- prcclzla li tallllne a.pleselo:rl . " .: ,'.,' . .' ;,.
- PrcolzlalSlogtnl.l perefllor pleeel. . - -' , .:',rir,
:r'--'
Preclzl.a dlneneluntlor transversale a plesei, deplaile :";.,;
- gmdul d,e qgur6 a elenentelor aet .vei",,,,'.'-'' "
:l,' t''',,,''
- goom€tita elenentslor aotlve;i
- atataa de ungere S ' ,ti
- Etqrgq $s gE,grEl . : , .r. ,.',:j.
- oalLtatea gl propr.J.et{t1le naterialutul prelucrat 3 . '':.:
; aroulrea mater ,a1ululn r. .
/a
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-t
nteBt€i o
iisittj.c s
_--feioareaareulril ae poata atebr.ll aaalrtlo er'. crgit=r-
De obr'.aer, ea adopta celea eSperinsntalSe arB:roalll€ 8rfiind. grea de rrttllzat. se obeerrll
d,la t1g .25.1, sI 10-
ptese(a) sl
ctllndrloo cq filangn'':";-
egto totdea[na Eal , ." ,'
, nlc5 deolta cglor
,. ,,,,''.
fer{ f,LangE. lrorl-, aat
tdtrl ot5 or6 0r8 Iro 112 lt5 2ro" 215 t,ofr,o 5rO f 619,',
; -.-
d
[un]
<.5o or12 or15 o,20 o.25 or 30 Q r35 or 40 o r45 Or50lo'60 iorTGf Oreq
.t--,EtE0...100 or15 or20 ar25 O' 3O o r)5 or40 or50 srSG ,r,.$1*;ffi
100...300 o,20 o)2, or 30 or4o or 50 or6o t,*;;t,'T[-H;,silfr
rea pleselor orsgtc,;od,atI cu oregtercg:,idlanetrulu,l . pleeel,. '
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198
- valosrea corfiolelrtulul d.e ambutisare;
- Yei.oarea cooflcientuLui d'e anizotropls nornald;' - preclzia elenentslqr active;
.1
'
,'- Jocal dlntre elenentele actlveS -
','-stareadeulgere.In Eotla unda materlalul eEte nal .Etos lood, dln-
tre eLenentele actlve ale natrilel dste nal nto, 1a aceeagL gro-glme a eenlfabrloatulull materlalul ee d,gplaseazd gai enevolos
La natrl 6, rezultlntl o lnSltine a plesal nal mare. ''I . l
onare1nf1uen 6as[pratn61 ini1p1esel.anbut1sateoiare coeflclentul de asizotropie no:malH, obselvindq-se o dlreot$'proporfloaalltate lntre rn6rlnea aoeetula 91 lnElfimea festoane- :
1or,In tabelu1 25,2 ests datE preslzla la Ln61tlne a
rtleate, clllndrlco r f6r€ flengE'or anbu
.' 1,
Preclzla Ia i.n$lIlne a ple E elor:. clllndrlc a ambrtieate, fErE flangd
ple89-
lfabelul 25.?
:
g
f-r*_l<18 19r..30 30...50 50. . '80 BO. . .r?O 120. . .180
tAh[t*:l<1 or5 or6 orB lro r12 1r5
1...2 or6 orB 1ro L,? L15 lrB?r..4 orB 1;o Lr2 1t5 1r8 ls 2rQ
4...5 Iro 1r2 L15 lrB 2rO 215
'
Prectzla la lnHltlne a
ests dat6 ln tabelul 25.3.
rpE'gsim}l
pereiffo"plesel anbntleate
tra tat[ ln lrcrar€a rlr-r18 ( vezl flg.18.3 ) .
a fost
Preelzla de for_n5 a pleeel ambqtlast€ 8e Poate cleter-
to1rla illn t1g.25.1. Ss obsertt6 o abatere a fonnel pieeei ambutl-
eate do la fo:na o111ndrlc6, abators care egt,a oU ati't nal nare
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I q3?/a j'.-trn I
Srecls1a l-s tnH}tlns a Fleaelsrci^SAnCric e elnb.att,sate+ *ri flang{
Tgbe-x3i} ',?fu]. '
da o eerid d,ouprafelelor ests tnfluenf at[factorl I
a
:,.: ;.f ,
-rgatrltet ;
etarea suprafefel 1a1 1a1s a senLfabrlcatulul;starea anprafelelor actl.ve gle elenentelor aotlvc slo
-; rnaloaaaa Jocqlal d.tntre elenentele actlve;r et€,rea d,e Engere g seml.fabrieatului.
',,'Ro€ozttatea
saprafelol lnterloens epleselor
...
ogtg oon-gi eeqlfa-arabru s {,ntre poansenu a sentfabricattrlul deaerecl
brisat nu se prodaoo Blscare relatlvl.,.: "$"gggzltatea ,euprafelel exterloare a pleeol reznlt[, d,e
obLcal, naL dare deolt a eenlfebrrtoatul.ul datorltd aperltiel u-nor zgirloturl gi ol,npltrrri pe euprefa{a pl.eeel. Acoetea pot q-pare d.atorlt6 lipl.r1l nate,rtalulal senlfabrl.oatul.ul ge nuehlap16o11" actlve,' ('etane . de un,gers necor6sl]qnzH,toare] , datoritE ni-oroBartloulelor.:abrazlve dln lubroflan{i, datorlt5 ale6er11 ae-oorespurxz6toare-a-razalor de raoordare a plEclt actlve, etc.
&a anbntJ.ear€a cs sublleroa voitE a perelilor Be oblJ.ne
o rugozitate foarte bund e auprafelel plesel.
25'.3 [od de luc ru
,.-
Pentrq deternlnarea practztei d.iraenslanel e e
anbutlsate eo poate folosl motod.a tras5,ril rolelelo"r,
tE Ln'lucrarea nr.18,Abaterea la in$llrne a
coeflctentql 3
i) I essLo:
crgg€tit&.-
ple selcr se poa t e exP rira P.Y.tn
g
t**l <18 18'.'30 3S. n ,5O 5'{$" - 'SS -S,F*.'}-?fJ
3,gS* * 'ESO
<1 ot3 or4 on5 srS s*s 3*s
I .'. .2 o14 or 5 on6 s"7 so9 3*P
2.i"4, ot5 or6 or? ors 3"s 1"4
4.1;5 o;6 or7 orB ot9 lnl Ln5'
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sucBasas ffiffiSETEFI{I$-* HEA DEFqFJt*sII,I3afgr EafERI$Lgtglts sAuuj., FREi,ucR[HIr pqrs *ignncpansaE€
-r-.--
-.
25,l Scgpu.l Laor{' ..i1
Se prcrt-nt[ o tehaologte nodemd do d,cforoars ]s rooa
a eetrlfabrloatelor tubnlarc Ln dooeninl elssto-plaatto la g la-.tr1t6 eu. Lnele netalloe gllaaate gl preslunsa dlrr lnterlors.l caa€xt ert.orEl setrlfabr.t catqlsl .
Procedetri e-a dosvolta' d{n ncocgl,tatoa raallzfrl,l grtadefo:lnare ra reoe a qnor pleae ca+ crenente dc ooanndE n$tr€ternogtgte, tuburi. go#ete, aupapa d,e oiguranlE pontra prloeto-te, ato.
Plesele obttaats pot Bvsa B€lrete1e gnfrat
sq, eqrbnrS eonl)led aau. vsrtabllE" t. ;
Etg ,26,1. ElemantElE geonstrtoeele tabu-iai gofrat o
f6r.i[ ourbn:ll6,
i
26.2 Fottqnl d,e basg
Deter::al,narea prcatea{ d'{n later:Lernl aoul.fabr.loetalalqn gt a grog{r'rl fllale a plcecl dcfonatr a, . baleaz[ p9 tco-r{,e taburllor ea perell eabflrd. ad.aptatr la dofomrfta"p .erclortu,belare oa partea frcatalE flrd (f1g.26.1). ,
Calcalal sste fundara€ntatt{ ntnd oont ds trrEEtoarcle l-Potese:
- saroltrs apllcst[ pc rTptasc oonsldord nnlforrr rspsrtl-satil i
Ba t crlal nl. ssrdfabrloate-lal ssts nslforn gl onogatrt
-E Es negJ.lJ oaa$, forlole def,recara lstre Estrlt$ :Sl, Bod,t-E-l defora&t
"
CeLcqlul est€ beest pe rumH*
tcErele dapaed,esr$e t
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eoe
Felatte 1s,1 i,spj.ass s
-Puq t,l2-rltE-=?F-E ..1 *g
fta.3)
qa
q
SinA
OorldltJ,llc do Eeapa*$.btlltete t Eookg generullgst) :
tI ?6t ,E 6?
=E;
-.
it? *n? r *l( ag.2)
' Coad1S5.3,1e sup1l,.B€s,tare obllnq€o dLs a.nal.lza soblltbru-g$ttll socfloaato s senta}elr
nadca 61162163 - sLnt tstreLunl prLnoXBaLo (o, : eo) i4 B.r r, _
ilo:"lJ:*rale erofel r,a direcll' ra.r.ele
.8e dotlnegtc d,efonafla taBgcntlalE
tar(ag*4)
6? r h*ffi * (\ e te)21
onari I - crte tnllltnaa valnlet gpfrsl dnp[ for:narcaBo - Ftzr aeoflaatl d,t troocre e raatalcl eal a piesel o1-
ltnd:d.oo {alflalo.dctl.rlcgtt &fcratlc j nerf &lona1E €
Zt
1a
tzg.5 )
8c
qadct 01 . tt(rl + ta) + 2a;goaZ(rt+"2)+bai
^6U 3 dcplasaroe ploeetEIrtI unal eLngur
f'leou{nd 5 rclafla
k = d hlrriln dlrestle uerld,lrnE t caEal fsr.*val sl gofret
"
tg { ag "gfrrI
So ieflar;tr l'efsmt 'at
f**I.sE3 I
( eg
"5) 60 obfl.be I
,- k) + Irl4 11 + 2a-a
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%rSabttcrol Trlrtlvli
lr. qlrl:
( 26.1e)
a?
dc hld.rofor-
26.3 Uttlajuf gl aparatara fologltl\.
rri^tr*f,a
rlSc folosegtor passa ItrSTBOtr 1.125, matrttl
arc, grnp Ltdrat8lo.'
.
Iatr'I'la de htd,rofornan agczatl ou plaoa de baz[ pt'traieraa.ftxt gL ou partca eqpeff.oard pe traversa noblll q:prf-8rt (f;lg ,26 ,2) .
Senlfabrloatul. utlllzatr fcav6 traal 0 47 - g or50ur rr-ooaptEi taevB sud,at6 (Jct ptaenil, 9.)2144 r Or2i aa.
.Iater{.alul utlllzatt cupru gl otrl llod.dablI.GrnBul bltlraqllo (tLg.25.21 aalgurl uaplerea tuburil.orr
ol alcl, var{.orea debltulul gl o1.;uca praslunllor dorlta do'}u-
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?o+=
t6
t7
11g.25.2. I.astalefile dc hldrof6fiians 1-pree[ dc acllonerc;2-dlapozltlv .ntcraedl.ar dc presarc; 3-ot{,f,t41 pcntrl €vaola-l.. mrrrlqtl 4-tubul dc ilofonnst (ecatf,abrlcat]t J-srrr{t36t335-rtrnglrll ?-ooloant gbldara; 8-p15c1 c-trrd,ernf 9-plaeE dcberll lo-ragulator dr irblt; lldtstr{.bqltor oa doql porttttiIt.anolatg - 15O ber; lf-re$rletor d,c presla4ct lil-aqpapi u-dsrarl l5-poapl bldnorloil ce rro 1 irr]rttt l5-tlltru d,e rScll
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Es* €* 3.asrt
' .: tra prrsa IgSg{5 rita lcbcrttcr a* tetlalf ratlr .f {.hlfirofsr:egrss rEaisie d,e fcr:eari ,r,r1;3r st=ltd, r rgrt Ir'diatsr,lc egsic g . biar rtgblllic sa*ir i*€ {r lrila -rlte Fslrtstara{itul bucgrlor dl,etaa ,rra. Gegi:d=arla to'r.ir I lrhlrlgpfrat rrc Loe dulE er s fcat tatr.oilng lleidial {ilfd,} 1r* 1ur-elunc la &terlor, ,ad.tciad dlrrcHl Gr ifcllettil cueE Iur:aa cfrotal'u ' de glrrrdh . I rtrbtll.tE 31 glrr fur. Irtl*tr rl-to prolcctatl paatrn-qn aunlr rqa:r{rr 6,e gofrn .le"* q lEl 1ll fErtru qn pas p - 1O E. &i{erta ga tasr pc doail coBner f{.ltln-fatc pr4a -atElucdl,al r rt en, prcrlrqtc f,i.rcur'cr d.tr 82bccAa dl.ataaflcrc egalc ce lnrl15. gil. ib d1eo$a anpftmt
ratla Or5 @r3abu1 gpfrat ajtr'ot. ia toru f,lss:l'I std ttl can ccd.plIc1l-ol toate .aelab lo lqlrapq,. Ia #hcr n &:r o1a o prcd.unc Eel t**'ol 1O-€O bar tln$, ir p-td.un
Daptl foaarc, tubal it gphgtl, m iqtrut ntdggi sc rrtrage apol ,tnbol gsntt tr. i$Tori.tiv gl rl "q"d nn-gltqi$nal psntru nEsnretort. hooreul tr f.rlp*t peatrn tcrr6 pr-lrlunl dr l'norn t g1 - 80 beri 112
7 itf- '
r lOO bsrg [3 3 te$ hF*
96.5 8&n3"ttk
oa
a-la1a a
oallbrargdo I'qoru,
Elg .?6i3. Sscfifn'a Io-8F tedscnll,prtr tabul gtrf:nat Ga FugectsSa doaEeurare & gnod,r'i :i.r
e,) ffi @% Gparsr
tratns
{S.9}.SEtIr{d swb
sa lt"mrr$ 1ur .hb "rar$tEnar&rc3.aeorttD Gesfrbrc ftet.S.3.th$qI;afE:IFeofuuilery%[rm.h&*@ #'ahfrh].
bl So c*3sr$&Gftsgii" % G& Fsi}'*
g3
otel LawiCr.*ll, fcl S- irLF.el sa -qsar& srasiqar Xnnc*oE"d $g; riu*q?li*sil iiaBrg,t*.*t-
nall ttr 1A pructc acafors f;tg.SJr Epst,'.lid& f,i&a+;',*E t.,i= e*a;i*ee*abtilr$ cn prrdlcm &l - &D ttFf q * $,Sffi tre*p S1 * .'i*lii: a.rm*.
Xsrltrte}'c n &rr la-trt llf a6&*
a*L
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206
26.6 Conclustl
8c epsllzrag6 rcsul.tatelc obllnqte g1
tll rcfor-ltoarc la lafiIucnfa prcglnn{ t dc lnorapcrufllor, gaotrotrlcl plcselor dofornate 91 a
fonan rdrnlslbll .
?abalnl ?6
go trag ogng1a-
agupra Sros{ rn{ fgradql.ul da de-
.r_ ,
,
ct { f)
L 3 4 5 6 7 6 I to
Grosrtc partfc {,t" inJel.4r -EObr.6 ro;rrx Pclulc {-tt DJ
F tt. *fosb'
6r*'** Ptrclc (Am)f'9s '1206c.
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5.i5cs.eaEr a7-:ff-L...E
v
$ ESg8i,TRE.f, CBTOGffiTO$%
2? "1 Soopni lqca#,.rf-t
Utlllgarea aeaublErllor rcaltuetr p:'io orlotrEtar* sa
Lepune aeelo undc pieae cir3rrlnr6t'eara esto d* d,lac.s,stgal. snrlaau dac5 are psrEtti. subftrt, ea*Bxl" ta care lt'q B8 pat atl.l, .zaprooed,eelc elasl"ae d,e proaare t'i5xt1 pers'col 8s d,efocrare..il& s-vantal laportaat a} etuetalulut et strtrgsro raall*at prfu* r{,*ol.rsa plaaef, cnpr{.ae* ,L aonetl*ele rorl.ctcnga Lni aaparlca.ril,conperattT cu, EE aJnata$ reall.zet ln oandlllt oblgraltre loscfi--ta es e:cpl1oE prtn faptuL c{ olcroaorse;uLerttdttlc tuprafcfe3.aria. osn*so* r1B ee rlel d:l^etrug dlqtorl.t{ preslef-l, rJaetaJal rnsal$-"
zlgd,n-se printr-Un nontal oU $oO rnin:l'n,-s&g et3{.r,ge3'a g.tj3t*'t$. t,E*
ctsroa prezlnt#, partioulsr3.t$fitlo tehaaf*glse els cniafrei$,r4,l,pJrcoulr gt perfonres{*ne aaeublEsl.S.
tl"?,
trettmt &o bas$
Agasblarga pnlE grtofircteFr Etspoate difalos 'e d,1u
puast Ce vedars tebnclcgle itr doul olgatl:el DacE plcat eeprj,n'sE (.arirorsls)sgtc rcalfa*tl dLn*r-un,
roataltai. rrE.F€ frr urns traienoniel.or iierolcc pr,*alnt$" su,Etoai.c{
rezld.qatrtn Sa ao.eat cag pr{..u,tr-c rssLrs la tcnperatu:{r nsatululIllohld, auetentta rsctCu*116, ae trantsfor:e{ ts rcarteas{.tdi ocea
oe,dnoa La ereEtcraa T'slnnu}gl p5oaol mepectJ.vc.. Aseaetd oreg-t+:re sg pclats orprfrna on releglar
R.,s
? -, e. .. vn * $;** ee,1 i'a - YF) t,zl.t)Js
ands: V sats roluul' f;f.nal l1 g*csc{.1-
Q €t Qf - to* pieeat gt naaa pleecl. cc aoa$las ausiealtdrusid,nal[,t
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zr'- .x
Yo., lo cr {f - volreu: speoiflo al aiiajaiclraarteeeitglgL aaetcni.tel,
lrborele sa cxgsatg ie coto ce pcrait uc, nontal ca Jcc
n.{r{r aal et:5agp3s rn{n{nIt dupl csrs 33tr€g aasaablnlr trebg'Er{alt La vcdcrsa r.allcEt{,l traaefotltEr'l,t etrastur'sle oare eete
:.rersrsd.bd1[. Efcctal do eeral sc obtlae pe baas oregtar{.l de,
vels e arboraiel"b) IB csgEl La oEre arberelo ga cosfeefi'oneaz5 d ',n' ne-
tera-ale oars 5-a ursa rdo -r:ll na-gl uod.l'fioE ai;rnctura, acegta
sc.ra rcalJ-la }a oote oc pe:*lt o atrllagere o& aleeaJal'o dnpE
cera agte rilsl.t h taporatrrra aeotal'ql 1lshld. In u:ltla :e5olr11
altorolc igJ. nlcaercard rrln64s{nn{Ic gstfEl cE se poate l-u'tro-{ncs ltor l^a alcssJt dlpE oat€ Ls ur:aa f-ncdl,zLt4 - le 293 X re-rl.as 1s &Ltcasl'qnll.e ra{tiels'reallstn(l atriiagerea preacr{sEo
H-o tts1l. ro ptlodq.se o etab .llzare s etractur{,i loltLeLe a
p 'mcLr r1ld-stadq-ae auantqe]'clc lssgfnnl.Ia nrrac apJ.I'cIrll acesttrl proesdeur capacitetaa portan-
t{ e artrbl'{r:L1or crcgta falE d.c netod.ale clasies, datorltE fap-taLsl' a5 E[croaspc:l,tEf11e snprafetelor aflate f^a soltaot au ee
rplat1rcrd, dr*lotrfv[ cle go latrsp6trnad.Is lqcrars ss va d.ccvolta tajoantfanct:re Preeedeql de-
rrl"s ls panatal b).
8.3 lltl-lhi gd' Fste1{alo ,fi}Essa^rg
\.
hafe reaf.lra.rc erraJnln1 prlrr r{cl'rc ae p1eacE cle
lr ro oryl'a drpfucc
te-tl.p
ar*ore a.lcaaj, ce Ls p.g,./l.L.gtJ'l€jql fclodt rgtc prrlaa IlfSBAf e:dsteatE ia oed.rn ,
llinlrtorrrl'd pe sals so rcatsere dispooi.tlva1 d.s caaBreelune,foct i*a t-evcasa Sl.lE +1 plaoc f1=5.
l#ru] dc oug]'u:* d,e plase at1 [get ee*a 10, elte 5
pratre f1rcen idp da i-a.saasa.rs. -
ftuta1 crf.ogralc lolod.t cgtc casotal' l'l'cbl'a cat aa
rtpg5an[ trtrs 11s DarAn.
7l e ES, &e lriere
Pe plrasa
.oor PE pleea flzilIgSEtsW
8,gs8gs
as soatses"fi, dsEpssl'tllnrl d.e cetapres5'n-
becga, 5'ar traverse sobtlE, a deplee$sr
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'r*J t:" **3 psx.t,sp* ** iT 3''l?,*rei,*
9n mi*Hisjo is stst#*i; ,*r-:.; F4**3-:.a;ix Fre B*F*n s pii?nu:, :.8 *::is tebusitiS. f?
"i
n*?H-n f :rrgF;
S.$ Frss€i'# *. S* fg* *j.:r::i. 5-E*,
s e r'l y". ,j. u E: f €r r'ii T.Ji ;: ',
Fe .i:; trx]. pr* pfi f'*e t i;: r* t i i:'*
egerd;n 'bn*gaI)8 pi**", fl,r$,,,
1n r *r'b*:* sl'r 5 ; ea ;r'-;i i.i * s:ff]
tn, ssstu: i.i*h;e *k: T&& s
TlnpuS. ae mesti,^aere ix. wg*n*
I(II
i
$rl$.;
I
i
*_ t_
litlL'tJ&t'u ss ;>t, S€.
,/ t' t,
$r
,/i{
:Al
riill,it:rl srj.{i6snis n}e i-srgitt&.r}$**u&
Iiros ssui Segnre$e nsd.i fiEs.rfiflstru,stu.ra16 gs proCu*e spFse.*
ile l-nste$taneu " $gog texs €Fbo*
rel.e avl.ird. gfiJ$ sd BE-i &t3.-S.*
gen gJ. .:r ttsp ct t &e$" ssrirS
i,l agezEn pe bacAE gj. reaiiaS.m prasarae prln epEesro cu ttraystr*sa raobj.LE" Ei Ls acest ceg f,aegn eiaoJ. EsapblEri,l aot$,nd -n tE-
bo1 forla pentru fLocare aaanbl.are.. Fasa a doua a LtrcrEr{l oonstHr\ extrassrea arboreLnld.Ln alesal prln laterraed.lul unu1 poarrso:r gl. apEsaro sE trayer-.ea nobll$, Se ra ruaer-l dacE dcp:r€sarea se real "saasE ao .tLnrru
a€u otr'gocuri. RealizEro ceis zeos depresErll n$eue{,ad forle 91
sa trageaad la preeE dlagrana de nlalla a fo: - "1 de dcpronarapeatra eite un caplu d,1a oels douf,, tlparf. de EeEobi$rl.
Eezultatele cbllauta ge trea la tabclsl fl',l. +n
Se va trega dt agrona pe hlrtle ael11s.et:*s$ "tabel"ul tT
.|
..
ti.ti
I idssi# i ,iI r*----- :l'#6eri
;.d-- r.l
319 n?7'tr n Dinensj.nnlle FieselcrF'regetite pentru aeeffbLe;''s
"
pcssa.,rc rtoerrrsl€ | P^*r, uit;anrci'
t't-.c-j1 { d -.
Prosdftr
Tprt'q fu &,
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€.I" Lf
AT "5 t,enc }nali
tre l-acercEyiJ-e efac*uato sa ycr tregs eoaclectl cap:::.rni.re le eodrrL de coxtper*;sre e:" esanbl-BrLLor reailzeta prJ.e
sele don5 teirncloeli. te, easd.lEll "aomal,e *l prln r6clrs el eYaE-
ta$eJ.a oo deeurg rt{q aoestea"
PerfolaenteLe aear0bl6rlt rioplnd gi do prerlule dlnensl-
sn,al$ 6i.de $bsterlle de foyx6 ele srbcreiat gl bncAei, de eceea,
i""n eadretl S"uerdril. se ror eurdoagla gi ageste aopacte.
f,.
,
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$UCRABE.f,
tr ffiHO;JfJ] DE 3T,I{T{IC$ SESURIfAfItr trli$*Ii T,A
}LqSI-ITI SI U?II-AJE PSTNTEU PTiESAfrE tS RESEtt*
28.7 Se lntarzloe ereloatarea prcsslor do orX,oo f,el0dacl nu au toate dlepozi.l;lve1e de protoc .c prav{rntc d.tn f,abrL-calte1 moatate gi ln bund etare ds ftlroflonare.
29.2 in caaul utl1izErll eoranelor de proteelle noblloneceetea trebule aE lnchldE cornplet zor'ra pertoul.oaeE lnaiatea dc-olaagErll loviturtl gl sd r5"rin6 tn aceaet{ pozttLc ptnE 1a ter-rntlng3gs cursel de ooborlre"
2e.j Dlepozltlvele de oupLaro ale preaelor ou exoentrlc,oare pe::rnlt lucru.} cq decisngare lndi"rldualE a cursel, trobalesE fie e,stfel conccpute, f,nctt sE prav'Iad acsldsstaS.e sanaato dsblooaree aoestor dlspozltive. Acllonat€a d,lepoaitLvrrlul d.e oupla-re
tntJ.ap ee presa eete
lnrepqos a6,
Ta daolanga ooborl,rae ber-becqltd ta somentnl pornlrll prosol.?8.4 Dl-epoziilvELe de oomendd, ale preaeLor *rebuie eE
fie aetf,el eapS-asate gl. proteJAta, S,:rolt eB .raplad,loe rieolaaga-rea lnvoluatarE a coborirl-l berbacnLnl.
28,5 Presele trebuie prev$zuto ou d. ,epozttlvo d6 slgu-renlE care sd lnpiedace c5d,erea berbeeulnt sau reLndSee u:xeL
onrae 1a lairsruporea cureltuluL elactrle aeu l.a ea6derea prssl-unll paeunatice eau b,ld.ratr1Loen
28r€ Anp .eserea eleae:ltelor de comandl trebul.e aetf,eLfiiutB lnclt presatoral. ln pozllle aorraL6 de Lesrrt eS poat$ vo-dea aolre de Lncru a preset.
?8,,7 I'a prsseLe prev6zate on seoead6 senualE gl ou. pe-
da15, }a acgio:aarea *.nut etsteno t:'ebuie si ee,bloehE'sa oaS"SlnLtt
astfeL i.:gslt. esurcL giad se lucrsesE.cu oosaads naauaJ.,E, ooiaasde
eu plclorut eE fle bl.oeat{ 91 tavsra,SLsterasl d,e conutara a ooneraallor dln ponlfla bl&an.uai$.
3.a pozltia plclor eau pczilie naar^laL6 gi i-avetrEp ?:i :'i. p:'*'rHar*rl'ca eieien d* ae{.6u.reF€ sti ch*; *n evinC. E,$ses ls ei c.u: ei r*5I**rei gi consucE.*ord- i.cc*iul .iir n::nci*.*
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p,}a .\ql-&aL
** p:"seale ia *sre lucraas.S in re*C p*rne.::'eat fo:ee , sc
va al,isiu'a po cit pcsll,Llu c*:se:da su. pedaia de plalar"
,JEu$ E-].e.iae:rtel.* d* *llsac.€5 aiE presei ver fi. asifeleoncapute 93- lau"eilnuie, 5.acit ei f,le s?cr d,€ nenevrat Fi sE
prerS.ate slgurcn'i;f, 5.n erpiostare o
EXseen:aia Ca oonaad,[ a].e prooe3.or trabaie prev6aute
ea pi8ea-la L,:d.Lcateal€, av"ertlaoareu ao:xtate t:r epropierea 8o98-
tore g* s.:s Locu:rl. c3.t rsei visibl-Ioo28.n-9 Fresel.a trsbcrle provEsute ou d.3-spozittve do alga-
rest$ oontra ropotErit Sostturll'Alirl"o ?roseLE oa srcentrig trabuls sS fie prevEzato cn
ua di.aposlt3.E coEtra repet6ritr Lorl.ttr.F-i.t? acllouat d.e arbcrelaprtnolpal i:r EJ.tlnul. efes* d.e tn.rE*
?S"13, Fa.ntre a provaal eo .oneree lnvaLsntard a pccialel
&o aaS*eaatr€e aae&sta m trl proteJat$ Lateral gl deaaupra, 16-
s5.nda-eE ls* eapcl gcntra aeeegal picLoraluL.
re"19 I,a proeo as vor 6t11Laa d.lepozliive de protecliep*ntru psevealroa
essldentErtl ntialloroadeoysts eculeJ,o:' g1.
rcoriqLc,t ris luoru aplteat n ,?8"13 irearXl,e d.lepoz1t1?ahd. de ouplare trebule sE fie
dtaensloeato corospunr$tor gl aetfcl riLapnoe Lsott starea Lor sA,
so poat€ su,pravcgbce agor, lar raperea urai arc sA nE provoeoo
eobordrea berbecslul,Egq.l,E ArcarilE ezate ala neoan{ esrlal dc oaplare trabo-
1g l.tr,locslto d.1a ttnp, deoaraea aEreao tfunp1t d,e sooandE gl nE-
roso pcr.loolttL da aooldcstarer ti.28:15 Slstarral dc cona.nd,E on anbslE ml.'r'o-t trebale sE
fle eatfcl oonocpot lnclt declaagarsa Loylturll sE f1e poslbllEB*r-rl la acflonarca clgq"ltaad a anbelor elenente d,e ooraandE.
?8.15 ia oszqL lu caro presa oa frLcfiuno pca*e fj. re-glatI ]a dcel,angarc cu o elagard nS,aA eau d.scla.egaree cu anbelcnl,{nle fslul. conaarll trcbqle s{ es rooulroagcd agor prlair-uniad, .oator.
28.17 ta preaalc su ffi.ollune trebala lnatc laEsad. co-roapuaz6toars . peatra prevealrce Jootrlul berbecalal ln paaetalaort onpc 'Lor.
28.18 Prdrle dr oooend.S, trabu1c sE l1c uger de cgua:r-
iht, ter lorfa da apEean trobuls estfol aloaa{, i.uclt sS au
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?lno
ae.i:. F dal.s i.e es's$€5 e preoeJ irebuXs eH f1a sspis-sete ls o i:: 1.g1oe Ce eal nril.t L?O rnr: iiaaetip** Sior€**aiei"
2S,20 tn ceauf sl,nii prees ssts daeervlt$ aLrultaa dscei eeu Eal nrl1tl preeeiorit *ietesul. es deeSsasare eL proscl.
va l:,tra i-a f*ccf tr nno nanai *aeE *ete {r*naedet de ?stl Frceeto-rli i.ri aceiagl ti:np, ta aeeet ess se ss sriFit E:r f,eepoaaalil' d.e
aagi-nE.
?8,3L La pro*e?-s u.tde exiet$ pcetbllS"tEles Lucri&l.si'
1a pozlllo gezlnd6o preeatoru]. tre-nule eE ej'bE ia riiaylstfJ,e
u:r acaqn orgonoo{c reglsbtl 1n tn51$1n4, fl1ad i:rtcrslsa L*pro-
vlzafl .Ie.2P.22 I,a prerelg EanuaLa au gurub, rasa {o acllunc e
mS.nerelor (ou saq fErd greut6 1) trob,ule ed fi.e ;rretoJat{.28.2?- Prasele ou frlcltu.ac vor fl. dotate su dlsgosj'ttr-
ve lnpotrtve c6der{l volantulul datorlt5, rupariL alulul.28.24 I.a lnaetarea ao trunitr shias 6i nueal uaula € a
sLsmentels de conead.S a doslangatorulut oe enb*Lo sifurlr snrra
berboculul trebnie sB fi.e iatrerap?d,
28.?2 I'a cxploatalca prasolor'sei vor rsspccta tstocuallnetruatiunilc ds daesrr-Ire gl lairaliaere elEborat* da lntls-prS.nd.erea congtrqo todtt r
28,?5 Erccqtarea opcraliilor d.e Lusrq Es"8
faoe dup6
iehnol.ogla di.a documaa*qlJ.a tohqlcE'28 "27 Reglaul d.e lncru na f,L reglat d.e inal'etrfi sstl 3c-
glor in frucflo dc ssqlala ut1l1zate 91 pLoaclr prsl.{ctatsr
- te8ln dE luorn iate:nLtoat, 1a gteafe 91 na*l'fs dss-
eb,leo, ln carc Ec latrocluo plosell nacuslsalr oq gcuLt ajut6-
toara;
- decl-aagarec el.lal1taa6 ou enbol'o nfl':rl ctsd seta pocl-
bllE lntrod.ucsrea nlltdl i.netaat6, aEa natrltdl- ragln dc lucrtr contln,uu, pemle nqna In c':zul il: ce'
rc posLbllltatca Latroduoerlt Efl;1l1 t . gtessd +,...i ',r,'i'.. d ;..:"t:
exclnsd, It agegt caz aa pernJ.ts conaad& pr'"l'': 'r
2er28. fioElarce 91 ecblnb€rea alsii:r ,;
eol,preeue gl nontarEa
Eirs8],cree eculef ;., r r:: '- r i' ' -'''u;'iiJr
'aunal de o pcrsoagE tigse-'rnatE 1:^ accet ac':,:"r1.:;
''.r;. I r i: "i"
gef d.c ecblpE).^2+"?9 In tiepul regiaJelor aat ;. -i r'si-'"'"' " : . -:' ' ':
CUI Ve fl aslgUfat lopOtriVa g4bilrl:*t' +:':i.t-*:'o,;:-;*'-r'13. i,r :1: r;:':.'j-.
Jlnlro enpllnontard.
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?' *t- r*?
28.3O isek.tc de incepcraa Lccrulal, praealr 9i dlspa-gitlvsle Jor da protoetla vor trebul ed fj.e verlfigatG fl tE-
glste,28,31 Sc va Yarlfloa raodql da f'rnetloaato oorcct6 a}
fri.uglor lualatoa fuocparil lucralol'.ZB.zZ iaalntca incaprr{.l lucnr],tr1 (riupE schinbaree
gtaafal eau netrltcl g1 Ia laccpcrea sohllqbqlui) B€ vo1' GIesu-
ta o .trva ourac dt lqcru La go1, vErl,flctndu-ec f,unollonareeglgtauelql dc dcolangara pretrn reglmul dc lucru alcs'
28.j3 S-tanlclc saa natrlfalc trebulc sE fl'e astfel dle-paec gl fftais pc Baaa preael lnoLt preeatorul, aB poatE latrotiu-oc 91 gooate p .eea dc praluerat, couod 91 eu o bund vlzlbllltate.--
28.31 Sqrubuil-Io dc flrara al.e gtanfalor eaq satrllelorrrq yor dcp5g1 rrlvelul paohetulul saperiot eau laferlor 91 nu vor
fo:us Ls lasblderea aoulcl punotc on pericol de etriYirc.28.35 Desohldgraa de acces Latre pozusaos 91 placa aetl-
vd Ia gtaalclc 91 uatrllale deeeh1oer ya fl d.e raaxim 8 nu. Incaaal ta oaro aeeaetE condllle aa poate f,L respectatE, BO Ya E-
tlLisa elstenul de ao 1oaar6 ou a.rabeLe Eiinl sau alt slstem .de
proteof i.s.
28.J6 ta proscle fe cars ,Plpsele ee lstroduc gl aesoot nenaal, la gtanga ean aatrlfe, tlebule eE sa foloseaeo5
ecalo aJtt6toaro coraspqns6toare (olr1lge, clogtl, peaecte ato.)cara €d eroludE latroducsrea etlattor Ln aona perlcu1oaeE, dacB
au slat pravEuutc cq un dlapozttlv adecvat de proteolie.28.37 ALfusentarea aanual8n pleeS ou pleeEr la presele
cu funcflonars contlnuE, eete peru16$ sr:mal dacd aceetea eiatprev{znte cu dlspozttl-ve de g}lmeatars ds te afstfngd,, 5.ncit pre-
eatoraL etr eu aju-qgd oq Eiiixlle i.rr sona de acllune a gtaalel eeunstrl e1.t8.38 Alj"oeatarea maaualE eete psroleE trumal 1a preeele
oa fuaclloaare lnta:salteatd.?8.39 Le itltrod.uosres saterl,alulql in lrreea d.e ladolt
tab15 {abhg3ti, aceasta as va 1ne ou degetul mare d,eagupre.
28.40 BEte l.ater:rleE ag€sar€a sau mod.iflcarea pozifilei.plesol dupd ca a foet acllonat5 presa.
28"41 Sgts'i:rterzlsS blooares unela dia conenzi. 1e praa-
soLs cs sistes ds cstraad.E o* arebel"e nii.-s.i,28"*?"Orice dofoc i'ns colxstatatE, ve fj" eauetrei5 maS^'-
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s*ralal llentra e fi resecistS, Ssls LatErale lneral 1e preeecare Frezi.et5, d.eiecilunl 5:r fr:s.cfioBfirap
?8"13 Organele exterioara 1e lc'tg*s:.e ele p:rerel {*n.rs-ie, roi;:. dJ-alaie, cugleJe eil"^) e ?gr fi prevsrat* cs *p$rEtorl
de prcteutle"28.44 Fr*gsLo var fL prev5*ute aR $B sj.sten d^s l.eter-
oontillionare & ooseaziiqr r:are sS ufi psr:nlt*. ereeuiaros uneX o-peealll p5.a$ nr,i stnt i.rxdep-'-lnite toste c*ndlglX,3.o dq lucra .a
depllnH e*suxltateo
€4g45 L'a enpleasree ssel-aL3or d* d.obltst ee sa Stnoeeana de lun6irneq $eslnE a satarlelel*r eare tsebale debl.te*s,
tg"g6_ HeginS.te de Ce*ritat trsbuS.e r.ii flo prer'8euie en
ritrepoaltlye carE sE aai6ux* flxere* a:sl"fsb:icer;e].ar $o nf,tuos-sd e fl 8ab:t"tatan 5rr ecegui evt.t5*i.1 sscidsrig,rll e*no1*cruJr$,"
ZBJT FoerfeaLla aeii.onsi;e n'ssaais irebuLe aE * e p,ro*
vdznte ca dlapcaltls son.tra lo'sJ.'strllor dnblac
Sgrc$g Pissal de tstere trebula sd. ff s prat*Ja* lx,citeS f,le sr$lee& pEtret*d*r*e aegetalcr Sntre aaffttoo
iggg ?oarfeeel-e i:s. rels t:retruie sS ftc prersrnte eu
ua d:LspozXtlv de p*otec$Lc sare sd, f.rrovlqE tiitr$duoerea degeta*lor gu'o rcLa t6tatoarE
.H*-:g Senl.e.l.e nrrleti.lLsste la f'oarfse+le ee$bleatCI vsttfi aco3lerlt esn €ecraatate,
in re*.6rres ls.L$tur€rll orlaArcr ec:rs de seelds.nt*raeio lnpun* rarpeciersa ea stri.ctoger r*t ? a laetrusgl.u:i11** ga.-
n'*rala de protecfie s nunslLu eSt 63 e .n*t.rucfLue5.3.s"r*npsoifl-*t psstru EaSJr-ttre ds pree€t.
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A"NEXET
dt-a ascse aE o rEloarg illdectleE.
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::i'i Q
hgsx-& I
Dianetrcl bi3eJ. r35{cF
':Sabel,n3 A-rrilirrD-rffiifrln
Durltetea tsrlaeli tt DlanetrellHB psntru, tl u.rnet
Suritetsn $r{,u,sLl
F*3S00 lF*3.0S{3=IOCOl d*5OS
?, c$3 r:-o? )zaerSo? t4O?r 502r602rTa2r80ar903rffi3tl'O7 r2o3#a3,40
5536015555141774444t538836534L32L
3L5385s60237
2182001.ts5
1,71L5gL48138Lzg1211141,O?
158143130119
1091009? 16gg,77e;6T4r]'.59oI :
64 rG6o'556 rB53 14
3r503r5o3 r?CI3r80,
3r9o4rOO4r104r204 r3o4 r4o4r504o6o4r?o4 DBC4 ,8Q.5noor
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tpt 3 io r V4 I OrOa
rpt' {rrrollnot ', I-ooro4lo'oz
rpr r lool8:ff.
3p (rrfo ,- ?lr-ofn
r(roo'o4-2.?rl)Lroeog5toaloroa
Bp r e5,tf:S .
r OrlSI J r 2r2
,J''rtrar+
+ Or3 ' 2r5
O rg
g
Bp
Tsbeltli 3.b
-j=----- tGc
PaEq3,p1 -?-sg
ruifi,
Lil
Hr".c. Dr.l['; It I
s
ffiB
fiEA
in$
I{ 't-
I" lool3:3; ?gon 2 521S' 5
?, ioo$:3e 2iOr2 523or5
3* roo:31L ? g'2 52 A15
Er."Crt r
BEts
arrlln
:r.*rr5
na
I' ?013:li L+0,1 ?0+Or4
3,+O I G ,". /'- rl-u."t., lift
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235
E-zgPpj ir . cFlc r,l:
'c = Or15;'J = 1r?5 .'
tn = (B*or]rt = i?olo4)loooaz.l
onu E {t^*^:.i)f$rt '' it:ll-
Apo = 72,5+ 'o22 - tzr5l8:{y'
Tpg = *n = tft* :tr C*Og/4 :E Cr*O?2 I S '
E OnO?; Ja
lr95 &m
iF (fOOrO?
SfAgg * Crts to
,=?or1*;38t
D q.t+Or02? l
c17tg
eL-;1l'" C4. sE ee calcal.aae ctlnaaalun.ll"s elemeatslor aotLvc,ala
uneI' aatrlle pentru ambqtiearea nnat pl'e.se f€rd subfle=ee ge E-
11or la care se cere preciala illseasLttatl artorsl'oare, ald'ad'
coaflguralla ql d,isaensiunile ladl.cgta ia tabelul 4ra1 r.stprotlYpentru arnbqtj.sarea unel pl.ese .a cere a€ c€tBE preclzla dlnenat-
unll lnterioara, avi.nd. conft-guratla gl dlaeas ,unlla .arltaate tl
tebelal 4.b. Glasa d.a preclzta fl card 8t ?or. cxeouta etresentc-le actlvo egte claEaralJloclcr STAS 23AA-75. ',
'?,FbFl'u*. it,g
Er.Cft r @
,g
ENEm
1: 1ool$lt, 1"5torl5{
?51Or2
.Fi
1o roo:313.fr 1r5t0r15 ?51on?
tbJ q
)t too-9'92-\Jrr
1r5+,0 ,L5 e}lsr3
16
Exeuoln eaicnl;Cas,ai 1:
I
T-n = T. = Y/1 = Or08/4PL .F
:-
Je = ]r55 + ona " 1r5 f
Dpg E (or* + 'o?2 g)lTP
,= 100n036;0roe
E"ggg,
* I?r8I B*0r2
+ sr2 o o o8)3,'sa o
. _"
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e3b .
Dpr E rocl[:83:
op= ( Dpt .r 2 J. ) lt-P
r 9G , L3510, o,
Dn a ez,ai: i .
E (1CC'O35 - ? . 1r95)Lro? =
Tabelu]' 4 "b
tr{r,crt
"
dUIE
B
m$
gmn
1' 5ol3:t, 1r5+OrI ZOIO I 2
2. 5oS:3; IrI+OrI 2OlO, 2
3. 5o:B:1. 1r5g0r1 2O+A )z
E9"p1uca1g,gl.''g3ggl-1., :
: lDt' tp - f/4 ' OroE/4 'OrOr2l.,$a' snar * Iu e.,
- 116 + Or2 . 1e5
tl a OrAi Ja ' Ir9;
Dpr- (d-"- -or2.l)3r-= (5or1 '|D
r 5o;L,o,-P
i
Dp:. 5or 1:3:318
Dpg a (on + eJa)l*n B (lonsg4 +
r 53 r8841o,,OZ i
DB€ , iir.l3:lff .
or2. orffi)}rg, a
{t
2 . 1r9)1o'o?CI
r
5, S6 ae caleulezs dlnessl.uslle e1esia.teS.or actlYe alesr,el uatr.ttc pcntru anbutlesrea, cq sublt.ore .ates,tlcnat6 a po-.
nlllor, r unal, piax* 3er e*rs se *sst prechle d.Ureselttsl.l axts-rtoarc, avlail config'areix.a ga {i-;.p:ese*itin$}+ l,*:*t*t'r:+ 3,n tabe}a3
5ra1 lfepretlv pcatnr gnbutlcerser oitr sublLaree 1a{r.ng$enatfl e
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,- a=tj
{ j {
peretJ Lor unel pi.e$s In cerc ea ssr* Freclst$ d1$eeelu, r-11 nte-rloara, ayiari coaflguratia et dlmenELenli* lnfri-,eg*e fn ta**"ire&
5.b.Elebeni;eLa
€otL"s*ie .exoout&
iaeless rr1-j:,ec3"a do gre*l"ala
STAS 2lo0-?5.
T\.LI
6R
8z
THA
ptes€
X3. -
Glt r
91 .. .,.. .,
l[Asetrlfsrbrtaat
1. 50:3:3i 1,51O,2 11Or i 3t):Or4
2. u'i3:3i 1r5:Or2 1:Sr1 ]*ls'43r .^4rO1
'r't-O r I
'..
1r5io12 i:O, )"f}*:urf iI
'rghgi.=nl T*s,
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e3t
Exen Jiu cal,c'i.1 ;
Casul
? - E T = Tl4 :'-p? *F,
Dp - (D*u-):rF rB
{
OrOS/le e OrO2;
(:o,01)i,2 =
J = g?*ao a Ot9 nnl
5a,il3:ii+0rOa2 . Org) g -r-
5. sE gs calculczc dlmeaelurlle elementelor aotive ale.uso . natrltr pestru c-trudarea unei pleee Ia care 8e cete preol-E1a drr"easiudl extcd.oare, attad, for:na gl dlnenstrul-le tnaloateLa tabclul 5.a, respeci;lv aie uaei natrlie pcatru e-trqdarea unelpicee la oare aeo6ta prcelzla {1s,611g pal1 lnterioare, ardad, for-la tl dLnaselrtn{1e 1a<l1cate ia tab'eJ'ul 6.b. Claea cle erEsLzle Ln
sera 6t ?or crssuta elcmeatcLe astlye eete olaeE niJlocle de pre-clrlc,SflS 2300-75. t t
tabelal E.a
Dpg (on + zJ)lto* E (lor$3. +
E 5lrrr:*ro= i
epo510{3:3i
i
Ercaplu ea].c u.l :
CagqL l: (
fpt tp=
t/4 a O;OE/4
=OrOAi J
Dpg r (Drro)i*n a (roo,oTlforoa
rE entn B 4'T
,= 1ool3:3?
.0,trl:rl
[r.'Cft e
D
ME
E:,ffi,
Hl@
eEII
1.. roolSll? 58to r 5 5o 0,4 5t013,
2. loo:3:33 5qto ,5^, 50t0r4 5tor3
3. 1oo:::31 ?9ro15 5otor4 5to,3
Dn . (Dne - ?Jllen - ,1o0ro? '2.4,7)%roa - 90,5?loro,
Dp 9o,?f:33
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"'I :-beiut 6..b
&eeplE aeleuLe
Sasqi Et
:
a Hratrt * {*?
o 4,0,3lHIf
4 o?)$sa+'i '
t*0 a En a Y/4 a OrIe/4 rE CIr63 I:
- 't :rc { tr f BsP = t{*,*'3*u = (4oro}}%u*l ,';a
D-n s {, -- lon * {4i3$j +P? .oP + 2$".'
'J;
: .-
_ARJ-
II Y
,E 49143+0 t0i'i
Dpg. ir 49"u*1ffi':
''...,. :''...
'.. ' l
....
,n
rl,I-
, fr-i -=E-TT$*_l-t. i 14 \i I'(\ i H iqii
l\l .L r
;+ *a{rrf U O
dtrfiI
FIBJT
tf*J-
I0f;l
glEr1
I" 4oi3:ll 5810 o $ 5J+O r 4 5io'3
,i- B ;40s:xdlIlD--ar-.FFari
5830r5 5olon4 5tso3
3JT s$:3;g* 58+S,5 5&FSr+ 53sn3
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?ds
BISIJCGRIFIE
l. lbradaar Gl..s 9"8. Stabl"}llsa profllnlul de legl,re Ia natrl-te dsetlaste e=trud.Er{,l la oa}d g bnrgbielor e11cc1-
da1s, Ia: Studlll gl ceroetdrl ae orecenLoi apllaatd.,nr 4r i980.
2. 4cblnag, G.. CsrcetEr{. ou prtrd-rc Ia prelaorablLltatea prtnprEsare a elleJelor ile aluninLu. IezE de d'octorat,
Igstitatulgolltehnlo
CluJ-Sapocar1981.
3. loblnaS, G., I'a. Stud 'nl'forlelor speclflsa ln ertrudarea
a-lrl slnatrlo6 ls rcce. Buletlnal. etllntlflc alI.PrC.d.r 1980.
4. 3aaoal 8onu1. El.d.l'ofotaaroa. Prolest' rleiillplons, I.P.g.d.rrggr. '
5. Sslaard, Cobe. Studlql unrrl crlter{.q de anbutlEabllitate a
tqblelor subllrl. io, O.D.. .S.llaglnl-unelte gl prela-
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5. Elltgnsn^r-Feldnann. SaJtoIde 6a, ldraltrda.'Euilapeat, lfEeaakl
, kGayrkl,atld, L977. ,
?, Cloclr{.la, C.' gl Uagerear[r I. Bezele ceroetEr{.l cxperloen-talc la tobnologla congtruotlilor ile naglai. Bqcq-
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.-+.4
15. Hsil, f .C. Sta8lu.l. incercdrtl de eonpregiuna ls lsstele dac-tt1e. to: lfleterlale Res, Staadarde, ,F,91 1959.
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23. Langc, K. $tadlul. actual gi evolutla fa tcbnlca de ileforua-rs. IlrI ladustrle-Anzalgers trrr 9r''1972.
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25. trlolI[fl, I. llbun de natrlle peat:ru naterlsl plactlc. Buou-
rcttlr Sdltqra tcbaiolr ,L97r..
26. Iocanu, D.B.1go6r lnallza erperd.nentalE a teaelunllor. Yol,
. I1II. . Buouregti, . Ed,ltura tchnlcdrlg?5.27. Xoliov.rn, Y. 91 Caata, t. tnaruuEtor pentru luorIrl dc la-
, borator 1g Utllale peatru deforuArl plaetics. Idto-grafla, I.P.C.-i [. r 1979. :
28. trEd6gan, Ft.r.g,a. incercErl gl aaaLlze ds netale. 3ueuragtl,Edltu:rs tehalcS, 1965.
29. f,anq, A.r g.8r Elttudarea la rece 91 forjarae cu, fll:ra; ci'.,il.-
tlaqq a ofolulal,' Slnlgsera, Edltur:e Facle, Li7i.30. Oehlern G. Dae 8lecb und selaa Priifu.ag. Spr .cge::-=,'r:,r-e$.L91:i,
7/22/2019 Tehnologia Presarii La Rece Indrumator Laborator 1986-Transfer Ro-26mar-483bd5
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?. Di--tg
31, OLszak, S.r g.B. ?ecri.a plgstLsitHiLj. (trsd., dia lb. polc-_ seaE), Sucuregil, Edl.tnra teh*le6n 19?0.
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Aacben, 1955.35. ptaltu, Gr. Coatrlbulll cu prlrrlrc La preoLgl,a do decnpare -
pcr:fonrl a tablslor aubf 'rl. SezI de dootorat,r.P,c.{., L971.
3?. Stcllr' Gr. inatungtor pcatru lEor{lrl de leborator la tsh-aologla roatrlf6rlf ef:gtaalErtt la raoe. Lltografta,r.P.cr.i[., 1959.
J8. lipAlagtr, I. fl.8. Tehsologia prea6rll.la rsor. Yol. I'II.
tltografls I.P,C.-f, .r L987.39. tipElagi, Ir g.B. Dcte :cl-Barsa caracterlstlcllor necaalce
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Sluporlon da orloganlc, 'octombrd.c,1985.
40. tipilag[, I., .a. Goatrlbolll pr{.vlndl defornar€g gJnn{nlq-
1El la cond1tll de frlg adino. GooEnloare Ia eesiu-Eaa a yf-a dc refcrate g1 connntc[rt tehnleo-gtila-llfloc, Bala l{arc, 2-3 lnnie, l;g7g.
rll. tipiLag , I. gl lanolu, E. Contrlbutli prlvbd d.eteral.nareaunor partloeLarltEtl ln tehaologLa de or{.pr€sa s..l IT-s Gonfcrlald nallonall d,e tahnologlt neooayen-
fJ.onale, lHlnlgoara 3-5 Xf, 1983.
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ES3
45" TuraBGr I, g.E, Erpl.oaterea,ie.i sLol Ce prseere ir-
alcE* 1gg4,
t:- ..rle $lneraa Si rGpd rersa ntX.;rsse r EaEarefitt; Bftlt&na tEh*
46. Turaag, r- 9i iGrdscr- Kr-eia, yr. Eaglnr pentm 3rarucr{rl^s;
pi'a defe*u^are. r.+drrradtor d,e r.aborstor, x,ltoglafi.aLrniverslt5iif. dia Eragov, l9E3 ,4?. zgurE, G. s'&o prEiuci.area netalelor prla dafo5arc ra rsog.
Eueur*gtin Ed,Ltura iel:nic6, IgT? .48- Tatero s. gr r,ainhEri;r A. r'fl.ueafa a:iaecslunllor probeior
zg72:.
49. Eeber, E.g. Plaetlaltfitaerrntttlrrag an nstallLaehcn Herk-
- uc Eflte. Blr.4s 1953.5O, Ylnsper, O.E. El SanEsrlal B,H. lpp .leatloa af altragonts y{,-bratlong.to thc arug dlartag of tcbs. iar rstel fcr-
a ning, tr3r'r9?1.5i. xxxlacarc5r{.t.s nctsl,clor (cshct .s STAS), Blbllotace Stsn_
da$lzEr:l'i, lecr ,a tcbatoE r, nr,?51 Bucuregtl, Ed,r-. tura tohnia5, 1g?1.
52-xxx O.D'P.T. llagl.trl unelts 91 pnolucrarFa sata .elor pr:ln de-- -formare plast:.c$, a1.1.;.1p, lg?J..
53.x xxorD.P.l. Prelqsrsraenetaler.or pria d.eif,oreare p .aet1cr,,_ u.l.,of.pp l9?A.
54-xxx o.r .F.t. Prelalrarea rsetslglor pria d.afoaarc p|lastlox, r,f....I21 t973.
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:.*4
C UFE].ES
IUSR.AP.TA
L;-'u *3RgA
QIt&r
PitIf"g TA
cA FiT,ittJi,, i
PsnfICiil*.[RITATI COl:gg,fRU#Tf 1r$ ALE S'IA$TB],OR SfH"[TRrrnton sI HGfILDII FESpRg PF*ESE Q:r eo s 3, o o $. o,,4
E-rensn Es construe tlye aLe gta:r e3,or Slm^gtrltglCf DrDossrsoooorr$eo.','.,oororroo& a.r r o$ iao
RcglaJ ul prsssJ.€'r &eeanlss 5.$ qredersa executErliI
opsr8tlllar de prsgers 1g rgeg r.Fesocesoc, ,.6u
Fgtgr?l,ng,,ttti& pr'Boi"zla1 prgsglor s e or s s o o rcs roo $ cc
Pag,
2T
3
11
3:__-
2r
g'lgl:g$i'-FJIETEfiMII{ABEA ISDISIL0n SE PRELWnIBII,IfITE
Pni$ PHSS.ARB tr"A RE0B . . r . . . o. r . . . r. r.... t.. . .. . ..l.;lCRARit[' 4:i Au Inoercer*a 1a tractlunc 1a tenperatarl
nor=nal5 a.r...a.. o..a. a l r..... r. a o ? aa r. a........ a
B. Iaoercarss la tracllunc Ia tenpcarturl.. gcIzute a....... o. f.r. ra......... roa.l... oa....r a
L.ig.A.AREt 5z Iseercarea Ia tractlune a naterlalclor plaqt1ce.
Dote::ml,larga caracter{.ettcllor rnecaatcc r.. r,....LUqRARE^I 6: Ic.c€rcarea Ia conpr€eluae
Incercarea la lacovolereIUCRIREA 8: Iucerclt{. la duritat-e ............o.....o.....o.o"l,U:iaAREl 9: Dotrro. ,uarea gtructurll oetalelor gi lnfluenla
cl asupra dgforosblllt5tl*" o .. . .. .................I,Ii{3.eFEl IO: Dete:::nLnarea rezletealel 1a defcrsare nkrr Ln
eszul praeilrd.l voluntcer ln cond,lfll dc tempe-
raturd nortall 91 de crlogeale ..r...............
ciPrTottjt IiI
aaa oa ootaararaaDa aaa.ta
oa t ao o ao t aoroaaooo af a.oa
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