teeth febrero 2010

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Teeth

by Esther Veas & Paula Gonzlez (3 E)

A)Introduction

We have chosen this topic because it is quite interesting, and important as well:thanks to our teeth we can chew food and so make digestion much easier.If we want to look good, a key part of our beauty are our teeth: if a person hasstraight, white teeth, they look better. A nice smile is something lots of us want.Many people are not really aware of these little structures in their mouths, andthrough this report we have become more acquainted with the big world of

dentistry; although we have left many topics untouched, this report practicallysums up all the basics about our teeth.

B) Questions & Answers

1. What are teethTeeth (singular tooth) are the small, hard, calcified white objects in the jaws,

which are used for biting and chewing. Some carnivores also use them forhunting or defense. The roots are covered by the gums. Teeth are made oftissues of varying densities and hardness. Usually, adult humans have 32 teeth(16 in each jaw).

2. What are teeth made of?

They are made of substances called enamel, dentine*, pulp* and cementum*.They are divided into two parts, crown* and root*. Sometimes the middle part iscalled neck.

Pgina 1 de 16Document - Teeth

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3. What is enamel?

Enamel (esmalte) is the hardest substance found in the body, and the visible(and outermost) part of the teeth. It is one of the four major tissues forming theteeth. It contains 96% of mineral, while water and organic material make up theother 4%. Its color ranges from light yellow to grayish white.

4. What is dentin?Dentin (dentina), also spelled dentine in British English, is a calcified tissue

found in the teeth. It surrounds the pulp and is covered by enamel in the crownand cementum in the root. Minerals compose 70% of it, while water and organicmaterial make up the other 30%. Its color is yellow. There are three layers ofdentin in the teeth, called primary, secondary and tertiary dentin.

5. What is cementum?

Cementum (cemento dental) is a calcified substance which covers the root of atooth. Its color is pale yellow, and it is softer than dentin. It is one of the fourtissues which support the tooth in the jaw (the periodontium). There are threetypes of cementum named afibrillar, acellular and cellular cementum.

6. What is pulp?

Pulp (pulpa) is the central part of the tooth, and it is formed by soft tissue aswell as odontoblasts, cells which secrete dentin (which engulfs the pulp). Itcontains nerves and blood vessels. Apart from the dentin-making function, thedental pulp also nourishes* the surrounding mineralized tissue and whensomething is wrong (extremes in temperature, pressure, or trauma to the dentinor pulp) its response is pain.




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7. Which tissues support the root?

Apart from cementum, the teeth are supported by the alveolar bone, theperiodontal ligament and the gingivae.

8. What is the alveolar bone?

It is a bony structure which supports the teeth. The bone is thin and compact,and it makes up the socket in which the tooth is placed.

9. What is the periodontal ligament?

Commonly abbreviated PDL, it is a group of fibers of connective tissue attachingthe tooth to the alveolar bone. They are meant to help teeth withstand the forcesthat appear during chewing.

10. What are the gingivae?

More commonly known as gums, and gingiva in singular, these are the mucosaltissue on the alveolar bone. It is divided into marginal, attached and interdentalgingiva. They surround the teeth and seal them in place. Their usual color is acoral pink.

11. Which types of teeth are there?

We have four different kinds of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars and molars.




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12. What are the incisors and what are they used for?

The incisors are the foremost teeth. They are a total of 8, 4 in the upper arch

and 4 in the lower. Their main function is for shearing* or to cut food as wechew. The maxillary central incisor is the most visible tooth, being the two centertop teeth. The mandibular incisors are their corresponding, but in the jaw. Themaxillary lateral incisors are one on each side of the central ones, opposite fromthe mandibular lateral incisors. Incisors measure an average length of 16 mm,the root measuring 10 and the crown, 6.

13. What are the canines and what are they used for?

The canines are the teeth between the incisors and the premolars, and they are

sometimes called cuspids. There are 4 canines, 2 in the upper arch and 2 in thelower. All of them are located 3 teeth away from the midline*. They have a dualfunction: their main one is to tear food, whilst they also complement the incisorsand premolars during chewing.The maxillary canines are the ones in the upperarch; the ones in the jaw are the mandibular ones.

14. What are the premolars and what are they used for?

Also called bicuspids, the premolars are found between the canines and themolars. They are divided into first and second premolars, and there are four in

each jaw. They are flat teeth with pronounced cusps* that grind* and mash*food. The maxillary first premolars are located between the canines and maxillarysecond premolars, in the upper jaw. The first and second mandibular premolars




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occupy these same positions, but in the lower jaw.

15. What are the molars and what are they used for?

The molars are the teeth farthest back in the mouth. There are 12 of them3sets of 2 molars in each jawreferred to as the first, second, and third molars.Their function is to mash and grind food as well, but they chew more stronglythan the premolars. The ones in the upper jaw are maxillary first, second andthird molars respectively, whilst the ones in the lower jaw are mandibular first,second and third molars.16. What are wisdom teeth?Third molars are also called wisdom teeth. These teeth developed when the

most primitive humans needed extra strength to chew raw and unprocessed food.Today they are not used, and therefore they are often removed because they can

use up space needed by other teeth.

17. What are baby teeth?

Baby, deciduous or primary teeth are the first set of teeth that we grow,consisting of 20 of them. They start coming out between six and ten months ofage.

Tooth Eruption CartTooth Primary Permanent




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19. How can we avoid dental problems?

Dental problems are never any fun, but they can be easily prevented by: Brushing teeth and tonge twice a day. Flossing* daily. Eating properly ( Healthy foods ). Regular dental check ups. Regular dental cleanings*. Not using tobacco products. Avoiding snacks and drinks high in sugar.

20. What is periodontal disease or gum disease?

It is an infection in the gums surrounding the teeth. Is mainly caused bybacteria from plaque* and tartar* build up. There are two major stages of gumdisease: gingivitis and periodontitis.

21. What is gingivitis?

It is the early stage of gum disease, which can be treated and reversed ifdiagnosed early. This stage of disease c. Their signs and symptoms are:.

Upper Teeth

Central Incisor 8-12 months 7-8 years

Lateral Incisor 9-13 months 8-9 years

Canine 16-22 months 11-12 years

1st Premolar - 10-11 years

2nd Premolar - 10-12 years

1st Molar 13-19 months 6-7 years

2nd Molar 25-33 months 12-13 years

Wisdom Tooth - 17-21 years

Lower Teeth

Central Incisor 6-10 months 6-7 years

Lateral Incisor 10-16 months 7-8 years

Canine 17-23 months 9-10 years

1st Premolar - 10-12 years

2nd Premolar - 11-12 years

1st Molar 14-18 months 6-7 years

2nd Molar 23-31 months 11-13 years

Wisdom Tooth - 17-21 years




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Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease:

22. What is periodontitis?

It is the more serious stage of gum disease which includes bone loss and is notreversible. It is the main causes of tooth loss in adults.

Periodontitis: At this stage:

Advanced Periodontitis

STAGES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE

Inflammation of the gumsPlaque and tartar build up is present at the gum lineGums are red and puffyGums may bleed when you brush or flossBone and fibers holding your teeth in place have not yet been affected.With treatment, gingivitis can be reversed.

Plaque has spread to the roots of your teethInfection continues to worsenThis infection has damaged the supporting bone and fibers that hold your teeth in

placeGums may have begun to pull away from your teeth forming a "pocket" below thegum line, which traps food, bacteria, plaqueImmediate treatment can stop further damage and tooth loss.




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23. Is there a relationship between gum disease and your overall health?Yes, studies suggest gingivitis may increase the risk of heart disease and

stroke* because of the high levels of bacteria found in the mouth. As the level ofperiodontal disease increases, the risk of cardiovascular disease increase with it.Periodontitis could also be caused by higher blood sugar levels (Diabetes).

24. What is dental caries?




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It is also known as tooth cavities* and tooth decay*. It is a dental disease whichdamages the teeth structure. It is caused by bacteria, saliva and pieces of food(plaque*) that remain between our teeth and around our gums. Dental caries iscaused by the acids produced by bacteria digesting sugars in the plaque. Theacids dissolve the enamel of the teeth causing tooth decay.

25. How is dental caries treated?In the early stage do not produce any pain, but the damaged part of the tooth

cannot be regenerated.It is treated by removing the damaged part of the tooth, by drilling* and thenfilling* the hole with gold , dental amalgam or composite resin. If it is untreated,

it may cause tooth decay and tooth loss.

26-What is an abscessed tooth?It is an infection and include pus* and swelling of the gum tissues surroundingthe tooth. It can develop from tooth decay* when infect the pulp (centre) of thetooth.




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27. What is tooth erosion?

It is the wearing away of tooth enamel by acids in the food (fruit juices) anddrinks (carbonated drinks). Also due to a decrease in saliva that contains calciumwisch helps to remineralize the teeth.Tooth erosion can cause tooth discoloration* and tooth sensitivity*.

28. How to prevent tooth erosion?

Carbonated drinks must be replaced with water, milk After eating acidic foods, rinse your mouth with water. Chewing sugar-face gum can increase the saliva flow, allowing for your teeth

to remineralize.

29. What is bad breath or halitosis?

It is an unpleasant odour in the mouth caused by the degradation of proteins bybacteria ( Food that remain in the mouth ).Having a bad breath can negatively affect your quality of life.




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30. What causes bad breath?

It can be caused by many factors: Poor oral hygiene. Particular foods, such as cheese. Dry mouth. Gum disease. Cavities. Smoking and drinking alcohol. Others health problems: sinusitis, diabetes, etc.

31. What is tooth sensitivity?

It is the experience of tooth pain or discomfort when you eat sweets, ice

cream, drinking hot or cold. Several factors can contribute, including cavities,gum disease and teeth whitening procedures.Our face is our identity, and teeth make an important part of our face, besidesgiving us a beautiful smile. Smile adds a new dimension to our personality. Thissmile can be ruined if teeth are placed anormally, our teeth have bad appearanceor we have a bad breath.

32. What are stained teeth?

Is a teeth discoloration, which may be caused by many different factors: As people age their teeth become darker in general. Foods and drinks people consume: chocolate, coffee, red wine, blueberries... Tobacco.

Dentists may suggest teeth whitening* to remove the stains.

33.What is an orthodontics treatment?

A cosmetic dental work made by an orthodontist who treat the irregularities ofteeth. Help teeth to grow straight when they have not been growing correctly.




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34. What are dental problems associated with tobacco use?

Greatly increase the risk for oral cancer. Increases the risk of gum disease.

Could increase the risk of tooth decay and cause hot/cold sensitivity. Can cause bad breath and stains on teeth. Can cause a build up of tartar.

C) Glossary

Shearing(Cortar)To clip or cut.

Root(Raz)Part of the tooth inside the gum.

Crown(Corona)Visible part of the tooth.

Midline(Lnea media)A medial line, especially the medial line or plane of the body.

Cusp(Cspide [de un diente])A point on the grinding surface of a tooth.

Grind(Moler)Reduce to small pieces.

Mash(Moler, hacer pur)Reduce to small pieces.

Nourish(Alimentar)Give food.

Plaque(Placa bacteriana)It is an invisible sticky layer of germs that forms naturally on the teeth and gums.Plaque contains bacteria, which produce toxins and acids that irritate and damagethe gums and teeth.




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Tartar(Sarro)It is a hard substance that forms on your teeth if the dental plaque is notremoved daily. Tartar is firmly attached to the teeth and cannot be removed bybrushing and flossing.

Swollen(Hinchadas)

An area of your body that has become larger than normal, because of illness orinjury.

Puffy(Infladas)If a part of your body is puffy, it is swollen.

Cavity(Hueco, agujero)It is a hole in the tooth that is caused by dental caries.

Tooth decay(Caries, cariarse, pudrirse)It is the destruction of tooth structure. If decay reaches the pulp of the tooth, aroot canal* may be necessary to save the tooth.

Root canal(Endodoncia)A treatment in which a dentist removes a diseased area in the root of a tooth.




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Flossing(Seda dental)

A thin thread that you use to remove the plaque between your teeth, that thetoothbrush cannot reach.

Cleaning (Limpieza de boca)A treatment in which dentist clean the surface of your teeth.

Filling (Empastar)A small amount of metal or amalgam that is put into your tooth to cover a cavity.

Drilling(Torno)To clean a tooth cavity using a drill.




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Stroke(Apopleja)If someone has a stroke, an artery in their brain suddenly becomes blocked, sothat they may die or be unable to use some muscles.

D) Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_anatomyhttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=83744&dict=CALD&topic=the-teethhttp://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodydigestive/678/http://mistupid.com/health/teeth.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementumhttp://www.dentalfind.com/glossary/cementum.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_%28tooth%29http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dental+pulphttp://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/alveolar-bonehttp://www.dentalfind.com/glossary/alveolar-bone.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingiva

http://www.healthmantra.com/pt-art6.shtmlhttp://dentistry.about.com/od/toothmouthconditions/tp/10-Common-Dental-Problems.htmhttp://dentistry.about.com/od/dentalhealth/a/smoking.htmhttp://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/mouth/gum_disease.htmlhttp://www.perio.org/consumer/2a.htmlhttp://www.dentalgentlecare.com/picture_gum_disease.htmhttp://www.teeth-diseases.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_anatomyhttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=83744&dict=CALD&topic=thehttp://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodydigestive/678/http://mistupid.com/health/teeth.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementumhttp://www.dentalfind.com/glossary/cementum.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_%28tooth%29http://medical/http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/alveolarhttp://www.dentalfind.com/glossary/alveolarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivahttp://www.healthmantra.com/pthttp://dentistry.about.com/od/toothmouthconditions/tp/10http://dentistry.about.com/od/dentalhealth/a/smoking.htmhttp://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/mouth/gum_disease.htmlhttp://www.perio.org/consumer/2a.htmlhttp://www.dentalgentlecare.com/picture_gum_disease.htmhttp://www.teeth/http://www.teeth/http://www.dentalgentlecare.com/picture_gum_disease.htmhttp://www.perio.org/consumer/2a.htmlhttp://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/mouth/gum_disease.htmlhttp://dentistry.about.com/od/dentalhealth/a/smoking.htmhttp://dentistry.about.com/od/toothmouthconditions/tp/10http://www.healthmantra.com/pthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_ligamenthttp://www.dentalfind.com/glossary/alveolarhttp://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/alveolarhttp://medical/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_%28tooth%29http://www.dentalfind.com/glossary/cementum.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamelhttp://mistupid.com/health/teeth.htmhttp://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodydigestive/678/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=83744&dict=CALD&topic=thehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth

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