technique magazine - september 1996

AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF USA GYMNASTICS

Inside

September 1996 Vol. 16, #8

Getting On The World Wide Web

Teaching Techniques: Before, During, And After Class

The Stemme Forward: Biomechanical Relationships

Men's NCAA Academic Champions

1997 Men's Continental Judges Course

Collegiate Comer -Chalk Talk

1996 Top 50 Scholastic Rankings & Scholastic AllAmerican Awards

Colleges With Women 's Gymnastics Teams

Qualifiers To The 1996 TOPs National Testing

([ISlA GYMNASTICS

T896

USA GYMNASTICS

Item # Size Demiption

SUBTOTAL

1996 Women's Olympic Gymnastics

G'.r.Cti r.~ (ie; C UG (.J].

Amanda Borden Amy Chow

Dominique Dawes Shannon Miller

Dominique Moceanu Joycie Phelps

Kerri Sirug

A ...... ·s ... ..............

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,

publisher Editor Designer Men's Progrom Director Women's Program Director Rhythmic Program Director

Kathy Scanlan Steve Whitlock Cindy L. Reed

Ron Galimore

Kathy Kelly

Nora Campbell

USA GYMNASTICS BOARD OF DIRECTORS (hair: londy Knopp; President: KOlhylconlon; President Emeri· tus: Mike Donohue; Amateur Athletic Union: Mike Iionner; American Sokol Organization: Jerry Milon; USA Trompoline & Tumbling: Wayne Downing; American Turners: Belly Heppner; Jewish Community (enters: Lori Katz; Collegiate Gymnastics Associan-M: Roy Johnson; Notional Association of Collegiate Gymnastics (oaches for Women: Gail Davis; National Association for Girls and Women in Sport: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Association of Women' 5 Gymnastics Judges: Yvonne Hodg'; Notional (oll'giote Athletic Association: (hril Voelz, Lou Burkel; Notional federation of State High School Associo· tions: Susan True; National Gymnastics Judges Association: Horry Bierke; Notional High School Gymnostics (ooches Asso' ciotion: John Brinkworlh; Special Olympics, Inc,: Kole Fober· Hi(kie; U.S. Rhythmic Gymnastics Coaches Association: Suzie DITullio; U,S. Association of Independent Gym (Iubs: Lonce (rowley; U.S. Elite (oaches Association for Men's Gymnas· tics: Peler Kormann; U.S. Elite Coaches Association for Women's Gymnastics: Tony Gehman, Roe Kreutzer; U.S. Men's Gymnos· tics Coaches Association: Mar( Yon(ey; U.S. Sports Acrobatics federation: Bonnie Davidson; Young Men's Christian Assodo· tion of the USA: Rick Dodson; USA Gymnostics Notionol '.\embership Directors: Men's: Jim Holt, Ray Guru; Women's: ,ulio Thompson·Arelz, Mork W,ber; Rhylhmic: Allo IYillky, UteAIt· (orberry Athlete's Advisory (ommittee: Koryn Lyon Glover, choir; (hrisWoller, vice choir; KrislenKenoyerWoodlond, lec;Tonyo lervice (hoplin, Wendy Hilliord, Koryn Lyon Glover, Peler Vidmor, (onrod Voollonger, Kim Zmeskol; usee Athlete Representative: Michelle DUllerre·Forreli.

USA GYMNASTICS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (hair: londy Knopp; Special Advisor to the (hoirmon of the Boord: Roe Kreulzer; President: Kolhy lronlon; Secretory: Mike Milidonil; Vice (hoir Women: Iioncy Morlholl; Vice (hoir Men: Tim Dogg,II; Vice (hoir Rhythmic: (ondoce Feinberg; FIG Women's Technical (ommittee: Jockie Fie; FIG Rhythmic Technical (ommittee: Andreo Ichmid·lhopiro; fiG Men' s Tech· nical (ommittee: Bill Roetzheim; At Lorge Members: Jim Horlung, Joon Moore·Gnol; Athlele Directors: Tonyo lervice (hoplin, Koryn Lyon Glover, Peler Vidmor; USO( Athlete Representative: Michelle Dusserre-Forrell; President Emeritus: Mike Donohue_

Unlesl expressly idenlified 10 Ihe coni lOry, all orlides, slole· menll ond viewl prinled herein ore o"ribuled IOlely 10 Ihe oUlhor ond USA GymnosliCl expresses no opinion ond ollumes no relponlibilily Ihereof.

CHANGE OF ADDREII AND SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES: In order to ensure uninlerrupled delivery olmHNIQUE mogozine, nolice 01 chong, 01 address should be mode lix 10 eighl weeks in advance. For 100Iest lervice, please endose your presenl moiling label. Direcl all lubscriplion moil to TECHIIIQUE Subscriplions, 1036 It (opilol Ave., luil, 300, Indionopolil, IN 46104.

TECHIIIQUEilISU 0748·S99991 is publilhed 10 limes per yeor by USA Gymnoslics, Pan American Plozo, Suile 300, 101 I. (opiloIAvenue, Indianapolis, 11146115lphone: 317 ·137·5050). Third dOli pOlloge paid at Indianopolil, IN. lubscriplion prices: U.I.-515 per yeor; Canoda/ Mexico-S4B per year; all olher foreign counlries-560 per year. If ava ilable, bock issue lingle copies 54 plus pOllage/handling. All realOnable core will be token, bUI no relPonsibility can be oSlumed lor unsoliciled maleriol; endose return pOltoge. Copyright 1996 by UIA Gymnallics and TECHNIQUE. All rig his reserved. Prinled by Sporl Grophics, Indionapolil, IN.

Contents Telecommunications Gelling On The World Wide Web

Preschool Gymnastics Teoching Techniques: Before, During, And After (/oss

Biomechanics The Stemme Forword: 8iomechonical Relotionships

Men's Gymnastics Men 's N(AA Academic (hampions

Men's Judge Course 1997 Men 's (ontinentol Judges (ourse

Women's Gymnastics (ollegiote (orner - (halk Tolk 1996 Top 50 Scholastic Rankings & Scholastic AII·American Awords (olleges With Women's Gymnastics Teams Qualifiers To The 1996 TOPs National Testing

Kinder Accreditation for Teachers KAT Workshop Membership Discount Levell KAT Observation Form Levell KAT Workshops (urrent Schedule KAT Registration Form

Preschool (ongratulations Levell KAT Preschool Teachers

General Gymnastics 1996 National Gym Fest Nominative Group/(/ub Registration For The 1996 GymFest Participant Agreement Form For The 1996 National Gym Fest

Announcements 1996 National Women 's (ollegiate (oaches Of The Year

Conditioning Strength Training Fundamentols In Gymnastics (onditioning

Rhythmic Gymnastics Revisions To The RSG 1. O. Technical Handbook For (oaches And Judges

Rhythmic Minutes Rhythmic Program (ommittee

Safety 1996 USAG Notionol Safety (ertifiers

4

8

10

14

15

17 19 20 21

25 26 27 27

28

30 33 35

31

36

43

44

45

Telecommunications

GE'I'I'ING ON THEWORLD WIDEWEB

Here are some examples of content you could publish through your website:

Calendar (class schedule, competition dates, holidays, registration deadlines) Newsletter and announcements

Meet results

Links to other Internet resources for gymnastics information

Gym philosophy, or "mission"

You could easily go beyond this list. Clubs might want to

-----------------------------1 consider adding biographies of top gymnasts, which could be used by members of your local media, or recruiting college coaches. A Rachele Harless

USAGO Webmaster

D eveloping a website for the first time presents a challenge. The web is a new medium, and requires a wide variety of skills, ranging from technical and functional to creative talents. The goal of this ar ticle is to

break down the steps of building a small website, simplifying the process to get your club, state, or region on the web. This article is not the only resource you will need to join cyberspace, but hopefully will serve as a starter guide for the first-time webmaster. A resource list is provided at the end of this article. NOTE: This guide is written with the assumption that you have spent some time surfing the web!

"J really recommend that the states and regions create a web page . .. J really enjoy having a page, and J think it gives my region some flexibility in communicating with our members." - Jan Greenhawk,

Region VII

Ask for help The first, most beneficial step is to secure the assistance of

someone who is familiar with writing web pages. This person will cut your initial development time in half (at least) and help you make the right decisions along the way. Most people discover that the initial hurdle is not the difficulty of the tasks, but rather their unfamiliarity w ith terminology, configuration, computers, and the Internet.

How do you find this helpfu l person? Look among the parents of your gym, and also among the older gymnasts w ho are in high school, or even their siblings. Ask around, post a sign, or make an a1U10uncement in your newsletter. If you feel particularly uneasy about star ting a web page, hiring a consultant at $60-$75/ hr. is an (expensive) option.

Develop the content Content is king on the web. A few pictures mixed with a few

words is a waste of your time and money - and the reader' s. Pinpoint the primary audience of your website, and develop your content with that target in mind.

Here are some examples of audiences, many of which overlap:

States and Regions: coaches and other professionals in your area; families moving to your area; clubs in your area; parents looking for clubs for their aspiring gymnasts.

Clubs: your gymnasts, parents of your gymnasts, parents of potential gymnasts

"Gymnast of the Month" page published on your website could be an award for athletes at your club. States and regions could include club directories, assisting those parents who are relocating and wish to find a new club for their child. Meet information, such as schedules, fees and registration forms, are often-demanded website material.

Find a place to store your pages Many options exist here within a wide range of prices!

The most cost effective option is to place your pages on disk space that a gym parent might have through their office. If you have any parents in the education industry, this is an especially viable option! This parent would hopefully serve as the webmaster of your site, since they would have the necessary access to update the pages.

Most commercial online services offer web page hosting as part of their standard package or for a small additional fee. The "bi three" are AOL, Proqigy, and Compuserve. Almost all onlin services also offer fee-based extended plans (e.g., AOL offers "PrimeHost") which greatly increase your options.

Dependable customer service is one of the most important factors you can consider when choosing a site to host your pages. For this reason, some prefer to find a local Internet Service Provider (ISP) to host your pages. You can find an ISP through the yellow pages, your newspaper, or "The List," a great ISP catalog available on the web. ISPs tend to be cheaper than a national online service (over the long run) and the service and help desk assistance is of consistently higher quality. The tradeoff is that you generally do not get hand-holding "wizard" software to guide the setup of a web page; rather, you search the Internet for freeware or shareware software to download. Some ISPs also offer classes to help you get started, however.

An alternative option is to use a free web page hosting service. These organizations usually require that you to put an ad of theirs on your page. Many have limitations regarding the types of organizations they host and the services they offer; for example, some will give free space only to non-profit groups, and do not provide any significant "interactivity ." However, many good websites are hosted through free page services.

The bottom line: shop around for a service that balances your budget with your needs.

Create your pages If you decide to go with a commercial online service, you will

probably receive software for creating your web pages. Generally, this software is good for getting started, but somewhat limited in functionality and slow to keep up with the trends ... consequently restrictive in the long run.

For those w ho use a local ISP, or otherwise do not get free software, web page editors are readily available and happily affordable. If you use Windows 95, then the current editor of choice is Microsoft FrontPage ($149, $109 for office users). FrontPage

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

Telecommunications

is a favorite wi th web designers of all levels of experience! For Macintosh users, Adobe PageMill has received similarly favorable reviews ($99/Mac, Win 95 scheduled for October). Also popular are GNNPress, w hich is very similar to AOLPress (free, Windows and Mac); HoTMetaL Pro ($159, Windows and Mac); and Netscape Navigator Gold ($39, Windows and Mac). All of these are WYSIWIG (What You See Is What You Get) editors - especially important for the novice webmaster!

Web pages are written in "HTML" (Hypertext Markup Language), the language of the web. WYSIWYG editors do not require you to know any HTML, w hich is great for a new webmaster! When building a web page, keep in mind that users can see only one screen's worth of information at a time, and that screen sizes vary. Pages should be uncluttered, and dressed up with limited graphics.

Graphics are key elements of the best web pages, but too many graphics will drive your audience away. Huge or numerous graphics take a long time to display over a personal modem, even at 28.8 baud. Decrease display time by using fewer colors, or simply resizing the digital image to smaller height and width. The two most common image formats on the web are . gif and . jpg. Use . gi f for line art, and images w ith crisp edges; . j pg is better for photographs.

Scanning snapshots is easy. If you are unable to find a friend with a scanner, then investigate what might be publicly available at the nearest university or high school; or, visit a place like Kinko's. If you anticipate lots of scanning, buy your own scanner, a product which has dropped remarkably in price over the years. A considerably more expensive option would be to consider purchasing a digital camera, which would entirely eliminate the ;canning process.

Shareware products for creating graphics for your web pages are available for dow nload on the web. My favorite product, for its ease of use, is Paint Shop Pro, which just released version 4.10 (shareware, Windows). For more professional results, Adobe Photoshop has won many fans on the web.

Links to relevant Internet resources complete an excellent web page. Find other web pages that your audience w ill appreciate. Look for " local" links, such as your city newspaper or high schools that your athletes attend; gymnastics links, such as the USAG website or your state or region, or clubs in your state or region; and personal links, such as families of the gym w ith their own web pages.

Finally, be sure to include a form of contact on your web pages, preferably including your email address!

Copy your web pages to a web server Now that your p ages are complete, you must put them on a

server to be read by others. Software such as Microsoft FrontPage comes with the functionality of uploading your pages to a web server by jus t a few clicks of a button. If you do not u se one of these products, then you must upload your pages by use of an "FTP" program (file transfer protocol) . FTP programs have been around for years, so a great number of them are available as freeware or shareware.

When uploading yo ur web pages, remember to upload ALL of your fi les ... your graphics and other multimedia files must be uploaded in addition to your " . html " files, which contain only the text and layout specifica tions for your web pages.

Test your pages! The sign of a poorly maintained website is broken links or

graphics. As soon as you upload your pages, test each one to ensure that all images display properly, and that a ll links work.

Have a few friends visit your website and give it a test run.

If possible, v iew your web pages using different web browser software. What might look great with Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer might also look terrible with AOL. Some websites have been designed specifically for one of the first two web browsers; while this allows ex tended options for designing your web pages, it can also possibly limit your audience to only those who use your chosen software.

Register and advertise your web pages Once you're on the web, how will anyon e know? How do you

communicate the fact that you have made all of this wonderful information available? Two approaches must be taken: register your websi te so that it can be found, and notify your target audience of your website address.

You can register your website using a service such as "SubmitIt" or "SubmitAll," which will send your web address to various search engines and catalogs. All of these are free! Be sure that your site is registered in Yahoo!, the "heavyweight" of web catalogs. The two "must" search engines are Alta Vista and HotBot, w ith Lycos a close third. Be sure to let other gymnastics websites know of your presence: the Gymn Forum and Cetate's 'Net Gymnastics Guide are two more essentials. If you are a club, and your region or state has a web page, w rite their webmaster so that your page can be linked from theirs. Regions and s ta tes should contact USA Gymnastics Online (via email!) w ith their web address .

A!U10unce your website to your target audience initially tlu·ough a sign on the front door of the gym, an announcement in the newsletter, and/ or an a!U10uncement at a meeting (regional congress, parent's booster club, etc.). Be sure to include your website address in advertisements, newsletters, bills, meet programs, business cards, and stationery. Even if people lose the printed paper, they will remember that you are on the web, and they will be able to look you up using one of the services mentioned above . Larger gyms might also consider writing a press release of the startup of their website for distribution to the local paper.

Maintenance Once you get online, follow through w ith proper care and

feeding. You'll start to get feedback, usually through email. Everyone is impressed when you answer your email promptly! Check your links often to verify that they still work; other websites sometimes disappear w ith no warning to you, because they have moved to a new address or because the site is no longer being maintained.

Most importantly, update your pages with new information on a timely basis! This is the heart of the web. While the World Wide Web is fun and new, providing timely content is the true wonder of the web.

USA Gymnastics Online wants you! Our web staff hopes to help gymnastics be one of the most

"connected" amateur sports over the next year. We aim to provide volunteers to assist states and regions in starting their websites, with a minimal fee to cover costs if necessary. Also, we plan to provide " templates" that will accelerate the development of gym club websites. If you are interested in volunteering, are a state or region desiring assis tance in developing your website, or would like more information abou t web page templates, please send email to webmaster@usa -gymnas tics . org .

Why bother getting on the web? Some believe that the web is only a passing fad, while others

September 1996 TECHNIQ UE

9 f', A-S

Telecommunications

cannot imagine a future without cyberspace. Regardless, the web is here today, and for the directly foreseeable future (at least!). An ever-growing number of people turn to the web as their first choice source of information and communication.

As of this writing, two sta tes and one region are on the web: Georgia men's gymnastics (Mike Strada, webmaster), NorCal women's gymnastics (Ben Corr, webmaster), and Region VII women's gymnastics (Jan Greenhawk, webmaster). A common misconception about being on the web stems from the belief: " if I build it, they w ill come." Putting up a website will not result in a magnificent surge in popularity for your gym, with record-setting enrollment. The web is rarely a key source of a company's revenue.

There are, however, numerous tangible benefits to having a website. We asked the three webmasters, "what would you list as the benefits of being on the web?" Here is a compiled list of their answers:

Efficiently distributed, Timely information .

Information on demand. ("People don't have to wait for me to return a phone call", Strada)

Everyone, including people new to gymnastics, can learn more about the sport. ("The people who are not in gymnastics ask some interesting questions about our sport, and I really love being an 'ambassador' for gymnas tics. " -Greenhawk)

Increased satisfaction of users to have information at their disposal (particularly parents and coaches).

Kids (and parents!) love seeing their name published on the web. This is one for the scrapbooks! Information for coaches and other gymnastics professionals. (" I try to provide coaches with information on rules and training, as well as links to coaching related sites on the web that would be hard to find on their own." Corr)

Resource list If you have access to the web, visit our Technique web pages for

active links to these sites!

Gymnastics Sites Georgia Men's Gymnastics

http : //p ages . prodigy . com/ gagym/ NorCal Women's Gymnastics

http : //www . s onic . net / -bjcorr / Region VII Women's Gynmastics

http : //www . r egion7gymnastics . com USA Gymnastics Online

http : //www . usa-gymna s tic s . org

Good Reading "What Makes a Great Website?" (by Andrew King)

http : //www . webr e fe r ence . com/ g r eatsite . html

Online Services AOL

http : //www . aol . com Prodigy

http : //www . prodigy . com Compuserve

http : //www . compuserve . com The List (catalog for local Internet service providers)

http : // thel i st . i world . com Geocities (free web page hosting)

http : //www . geocities . com

Web Page Editors Microsoft FrontPage

http : //www . microsoft . com/ frontpage / GNNPress

http : //www . gnn . com/ gnn / netizens / gnnpr e ss / HoTMetaL

http : //www . softquad . com/ products / hotmetal / hmpo rg . htm

Adobe Page Mill http : // www . adobe . com / prodinde x / pagem i ll / ma in . html

Netscape Navigator Gold http : / / home . net s cape . com

Graphics and other programs Paint Shop Pro

h t tp : //www . jasc . com/ p sp . html Adobe Photoshop

http : / /www . adobe . c om/p r od i nde x /ph o to s ho p / main . html

Stroud's Consummate Winsock Apps List (catalog of Windows programs, for FTP, graphics, and many more programs)

http : //www . cwsapps . com/

Registering web pages Submit-It

h t tp : //www . submit-it . com SubmitAll

http : / /www . home team . c om/addu r l / Yahoo (Internet catalog)

http : //www . yahoo . com Alta Vista (search)

http : //www . alta -vista . com HotBot (search)

http : //www . hotbot . com Lycos (search)

http : //www . lycos . com USA Gymnastics Online Debut - Press Release (sample)

http : //www . usa- gymna s tic s . or g / news / 1996 / ma r Olu s ago -debut . html

Gynm Forum's Hot List http : // rainbow . r mii . com/ - rachele / hotspot . h t ml

Cetate 'Net Gymnastics Guide http : //ww . p i . net / -ce tat e / netgymgu i de . html

Advanced Web Development Resources Webmaster Reference Library (WRL)

http : //www . webreference . com Matt's Script Archive (free and useful scripts!)

http : //worldwidemart . com/ sc r ipts / Gamelan (Java and ActiveX resource)

h t tp : //www . gamelan . com Gif Construction Set (animated graphics)

http : //www . mindworkshop . com/ alchemy / gifcon . html WebTechs HTML Validation Service (for checking the syntax of your web pages)

http : //www . webtechs . com/ html -val -svc / A Kinder, Gentler HTML Validator

http : //ugweb . cs . ualber ta . ca / - gerald / validate / Doctor HTML

http : //www2 . imagiware . com/ Rx HTML /

Contacting the author webmaster@usa-gymnastics . org

PLEASE NOTE: Addresses on the web change often. If you are unable to locate a resou rce, try one of the search or catalog resources listed above.


call II. 1"""

Preschool Gymnastics

TEACHING TECHNIQUES: BEFORE, DURING, AND

d AYfER CLASS A-S Carol Robuck, Level I KAT

The Gymnastics Bus

E very club has that group of overly excited children that make many preschool teachers frustrated. Here are a few techniques that help keep the class on track and provide a positive learning experience.

Before Class Leader / Greeter

This team teaching method works great with two or more teachers. The Leader/Greeter welcomes the children as they come in the door. They direct them to their carpet square or hands them their warm-up prop. After the warm-up activity, the Leader/ Greeter immediately starts the stretches. It is their job to keep the warm-ups going. They also compliment the children on the good job they're doing, while keeping the focus on the good listeners. Also, their job is to keep the class moving.

Helper The Helper directs any stray children to their carpet squares.

If a child is having a problem, the Helper goes directly to that child and talks to them one on one. The Helper never yells across a class to correct a child unless he or she is in danger. The Helper compliments the children who are doing the exercises correctly and helps correct those who need help. They also take care of any other problems such as roll call, bathroom, tying shoes, etc. Their job is to help keep the children focused on their warm-up.

Many times one person is in charge of the group. Here are some helpful hints to keep their attention. Make sure everything is taken care of before class starts. Keep them busy and moving. If you need to make corrections say: "Can you __ ?" or "Let's try __ ."

If someone is not listening, point out the children that are doing a good job. Some children try negative behavior to get attention, so keep the focus positive.

During Class Directing the children in a positive manner works better than

reacting to a situation. Tell the children what you want them to do, not what they are doing wrong. If you tell a child what he or she is doing wrong tl-tat does not mean that he or she will do the right thing. This takes practice but has rewarding results.

For example:

Instead of - "Johnny, don' t throw the balls in the pit," Try -"Johnny, let's put the balls in the box."

Finger plays are a great way to keep their attention while they are in line or if the teacher has to make a quick set-up.

Always be aware of your tone of voice. It's not always what you say, but how you say it. If a group gets used to being talked to in sharp loud tones, then it can be difficult to get them to respond at first. A short finger play or the use of props are great tools to get the

class back on track.

A mimicking game where the teacher simply starts making moves and doesn't say a word until all the

children are following is fun. The child that responds first can be the leader on the next

activity .

Many times the teacher can walk over to the child that is unruly and stand

by him or her and place their hand on his or her shoulder. Many times, this will be enough. If you need to

talk to the child, talk one-an-one in low tones . Give them choices and explain the conse

quences. Let the child make the choice. Hopefully it w ill be the right one. If the student continues w ith the

undesired behavior, then follow through with the consequences. Be sure the boundaries that you set are reasonable and realistic to begin with.

If discipline is required, explain that you are very sorry that they made that choice. Follow through. It is

very important the child understands that it is the behavior that is the problem and not them. The teacher needs to let the child know he or she still likes them,

and is anxious to work with him or her as soon as he or she is willing to listen. Never threaten! Think what could

happen if the child didn't cooperate.

If there is a conflict between two children, give them a solution and let them work it out.

For example:

The child says, "Johnny is hitting me."

The teacher says, "You need to tell him you don't like that. Johnny, you need to listen. Remember, we need to use our words not our fists" or, "Let's make a space between you and the other children in line."


Preschool Gymnastics

Circuits Set-up circuits that are:

1. Safety conscious.

Check equipment height (keep it low), landing areas, the equipment itself, and make sure the circuit does not have built in danger zones. For example, a tunnel right before a handstand roll so the students get kicked in the face as they come out of the tunnel.

2. Will keep an even flow of traffic. If the children are piling up at a station, change it.

3. Have few stations that require spotting. The teacher can only be one place at a time, however, the teacher needs to be able to direct traffic at more than one station.

4. Are not too spread out. The teacher needs to be able to talk to the children not to shout to them.

5. In an order that blends together. For example, front roll, cartwheel, backroll... NOT.. . cartwheel, front roll, backroll.

Remember you can always add skills before or after an element to make corrections.

For example, add a tuck jump after a front roll if they are not standing up, or add a few jumps before a dive roll to get the desired results.

6. Appropriate for the age group. If the activities are too long or too difficult or too easy the children will lose interest. A good teacher can tell when they have lost the group and will change the activities.

Ending Class It is important to end on a positive note. This can be done by

having a group activity (you can use props, sing a song, dance to your carpet square, etc .) .

Thereare many fun ending activities. The activity does not have to be long. Their purpose is to finish the class on a fun note with happy children that are anxious to return next week for more gymnastics fun!

Fun & Fit Gymnastics Curriculum Poster Reward System

Jen Lulla. is a member of the USAG Presdlool Committee and co-

~~ra~ ~a~t(j~:ty~=IV~: t?sAT~a:;J~~Pi~~; consultant. and is a seminar presenter for the Amateur Athletic Foundatioo. the US Associatioo 01 Independent Gymnastics Clubs. and USA Gymnastics. He owns two successful gyms in Southern CalifomQ.

Congratulates Our OLYMPIC ATHLETES

TM

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KidGym Gymnastics· Kitty Perkins

The Gymnastics Bus • Carol Robuck

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Academy of Elite Gymnastics

West Suburban Gymnastics -Samuel Zeman and Dance· Carol Callahan

For FREE Video, InformoJWn and Sampk', col1 (800) 81JO.316.

ClIrr(,lI/(r 1.;c('II\('t/ III On'r 90 (; r.\Is


I

" A 9

Biomechanics

THE STEMME FORWARD: BIOMECHANICAL

d RELATIONSHIPS .A 10 William L. Cornelius, Ph.D.

UniversihJ of North Texas, Denton, Texas

T he use of basic anatomical and mechanical principles of human motion can be one of the important steps leading to performance virtuosity and mitigated judging deductions. Kreighbaum and Barthels (1996) sug

gest knowledge of a few basic movement principles provides needed information for improving athletic performance. This has implications for the gymnastics community by suggesting that performance enhancement can be uncomplicated and is associated with the use of basic movement principles. Therefore, the purpose of this discussion is to examine several biomechanical relationship existing in anatomical and mechanical aspects of the stemme forward to "L" support (Figure 1).

Alliance of Anatomical and Mechanical Concepts

There is a relationship between anatomical and mechanical aspects of human motion. An example of this relationship can be shown in the stemme forward (Figure 1) and the connection between anatomical components of the human body and transferring angular momentum. For the gymnasts to effectively transfer angular momentum from one body segment to another there must be a sequence of functional muscle group contractions . Consequently, the transfer of angular momentum and a

Figure 1 The Stemme Forward

coalition with functional muscle groups will provide the focus for this biomechanical discussion.

Transfer of angular momentum Angular momentum can be transferred from one body seg

ment to another. Luttgens et al. (1992) indicate the transfer mechanism occurs as forces are generated by functional muscle groups and summated from one body segment to another. This is shown in Figure 1 as the overall angular momentum produced in the swing at frame E is transferred to the arms through frame H as the gymnasts rises against the resistive force of gravity to the "L" support position above the rings.

Functional muscle groups. One muscle does not usually acf along, rather there is a group of muscles acting to contribute to the desired joint movement. A number of muscles, contributing to a common joint action, exert tension to accomplish a specified movement. Kreighbaum and Barthels (1996) suggest that a muscle group is named based on the joint movement created. Frames E to G provide an example in Figure 1 with the muscles causing shoulder adduction; therefore, this functional muscle group is referred to as the shoulder adductors. Further example exists with the muscles causing hip flexion (frames F-H) being connected with the functional muscle group called hip flexors. Table 1 provides the primary muscles connected with shoulder adductor and hip flexor functional muscle groups involved in the transfer of angular momentum (frames E-H) during the stemme forward upswing phase.

Analysis of Stemme Forward to L-Support The stemme forward to L-support is a skill performed on the

rings that requires angular momentum through the bottom of the swing, subsequent swing against gravity, and an abrupt cessation of angular momentum as static equilibrium is established in the L-support. The primary mechanical mechanism in completing this skill incorporates a transfer of angular momentum to linear momentum. This mechanism utilizes a change from the circular path of the body's center of gravity (CG) in frames B to F, about the mediolateral axis at the hands in the saggital plane, to a curvilinear path in frames F to H as the CG then following a relatively straight line from below the rings to a point above the rings.

Me(hani(al aspeds in the downswing phase The downswing phase from frame B to D serves to utilize the

external force of gravity that is instrumental in producing angu-


T~ey sell so fast your ~ead will spin.

Alpha Factor.

~~ ~~ Aerials.

~ o .A 12

Biomechanics

lar momentum. Angular momentum is best produced with the body fully extended as the gymnast moves away from the rings early in frame B. Failure to first move through the planche position, however, will result in points deducted during the judging process. Extension away from the rings from frame B to C produces a large external torque as gravity acts through the body's CG. Moving the CG away from the rings, early in frame A, allows gravity to act as an effective motive force and is essential to a well performed stemme forward.

A forward motive force on the rings in frame B results in moving the rings outward. This action maximizes rotational enertia prior to frame C. Such a maneuver allows for the greatest possible distribution of the gymnast's mass away from the axis of rotation at the rings. A hollow chest technique and the rings placed the greatest possible distance from the CG, produces the desired rotational inertia. Rotational inertia equals the product of the gymnas t' s mass and mass dis tri bu tion and is considered to be an important component in angular momentum. Angular momentum is the product of rotational inertia and angular velocity. Consequently, maximal rotational inertia created from the early long body technique and gravity's influence on establishing maximal angular velocity on the downswing provide a desirable level of angular momentum at frame D.

Anatomical aspects in the downswing phase Anatomical aspects dealing with the downswing phase of the

stemme forward are integrally tied to the mechanics of the skill. Blending anatomical and mechanical aspects of human motion can provide the practitioner with information needed to improve performance. Examples of this relationship can be observed in adjusting the angle of muscle insertions to improve the production of torque, securing proper alignment of skeletal structures for manipulating rotational inertia, and producing adequate joint range of motion for maximizing angular momentum created from the force of gravity.

Passing through the planche position in frame B is dependent upon proper skeletal alignment and the way in which the lumbar spine, pelvis, and femur interplay. Kreighbaum and Barthels (1996) consider the pelvis as the fulcrum of the body. Control of this segment, therefore, is essential for all gymnastics movements. Performance breakdown is guaranteed when the pelvis is not stabilized and will result in loosing proper skeletal alignment. The hollow chest and a stabilized pelvis are the basis for controlling the body and provide the framework for effective teclmique in many gymnastics movements. This is certainly the case in the movement sequence from frame B to C.

The CG is dependent upon skeletal alignment and will drop below the rings earlier than desired during performance of the planche when vertebral hyperex tension is brought on by a strong hip flexor and weak abdominal relationship. A strong abdominal muscle group is primary in limiting forward anterior pelvic tilt and is essential in controlling the ill effects of an over zealous hip flexor muscle group. Typically the hip flexors shown in Table 1 develop faster than the abdominal muscle group and create an unbalanced strength relationship . This is often the case because of the active involvement of the hip flexors in daily activities. The problem can be compounded when a conditioning program does not begin by assessing this strength relationship.

Shoulder joint flexion occurs from frame B to C. A successful maneuver against the effects of gravity is instrumental in initiating the movement necessary for maximizing angular momentum on the downswing. The shoulder flexion muscle group consists of the biceps brachii, anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, and the pectoralis major and is responsible for moving the CG above and away from the rings. Shoulder flexion is accomplished with an explosive, concentric contraction of the shoulder joint flexor muscle group, but is dependent upon a 2:1 ratio between the humerus and scapula (Arnheim and Prentice, 1993; Kreighbaum and Barthels, 1996). Full joint range of motion at the shoulder joint will permit this maneuver to be appropriately completed prior to frame C and allows the downswing to be fluent and artistically performed.

TABLE 1 Primary Muscle Groups involved in Upswing Phase Muscle Group Joint

Shoulder Adductors Shoulder

Hip Flexors Hip

Muscles Involved

Pectoralis Major

Latissimus Dorsi

Teres Major

Psoas

Illiacus

Rectus Femoris

Pectineus

An extended body position is maintained and controlled through frames C and D in order to increase angular momentum. The primary mechanism for maintaining the extended body position is in shoulder girdle elevation and slight posterior pelvic tilt during the downswing in frames C and D. The mechanism relating to the shoulder girdle consists of scapula elevation at the sternoclavicular joint through concentric contraction of the shoulder girdle elevators (levator scapulae, trapezius 1 and 2, and the rhomboids) . The elevated shoulder girdle position is then maintained, w ith the external motive force of gravity, and the internal force of the shoulder girdle elevators, enabling the gymnast to maximize the distance of the CG away from the rings on the downswing. The pull of the gravitational force provides a significant contribution in allowing the elevated shoulder girdle position to be maintained as the body nears from D. Consequently, the muscles of the shoulder complex can relax into frame D without loosing the large rotational inertia. Complimenting the contribution of the shoulder complex in securing angular momentum is the position of the pelviS. A straight, long body in the downswing is enhanced by slight posterior tilt of the pelvis. The abdominal and hamstring muscle groups are prime movers in securing posterior pelvic tilt and will contribute to the hollow body technique when relaxation and fleXibility of the antagonistic musculotendinous units (hip flexor, erector spinae an quadratus lumborum muscles) allow proper pelvic positioning.

Mechanical aspects in the upswing phase Previously produced angular momentum continues in the

o


Biomechanics

upswing phase (frames E-H), but with significant transfer from the entire body to right and left arm segments. Prior to the transfer process and as a lead in, Frame E demonstrates forward displacement of the pelvis and chest, creating slight hyperextension of the lumbar spine. The arched body position is accompanied by a slight decrease in angular velocity of the legs and feet. This is the mechanism required to initiate a shifting or transfer of angular momentum to the arms in frames F and G.

Accompanying the transfer of angular momentum to linear momentum is a change in the path of the CG from a point away from the rings (axis of rotation) to a point closer to the rings. Frame G depicts a redistribution of body segments about the CG during linear translation. Hip joint and trunk flexion in frame G now provide a shorter resistance arm and an improved means by which linear translation of the CG can be directed against gravity to a support position. Completion of hip flexion and shoulder adduction in frames G to H allow the gymnast to reach static equilibrium in the L-support (frame H). Appropriate mechanics in frames F and G are associated with complete elbow joint extension and progressive bending at the hip joints, rather than elbow flexion and early, excessive hip joint flexion.

Anatomi(al aspeds in the upswing phase Anatomical aspects significantly lend to smooth transfer of

angular momentum in the upswing. Anatomical considerations such as muscular strength and normal joint range of motion are critical in smooth transition from the downswing to the upswing phase and in moving against the resistive force of gravity in completing the upswing.

As the angular momentum of the swig from frame D continues into frame E, slight shoulder joint hyper flexion, coupled with upward rotation and stabilization of the scapula, allow the gymnast to continue to rise as the chest leads and the lower body segments experience reduced angular velocity. It is at this point in the upswing that the shoulder joint adductors, shown in Table 1, are the primary internal force contributors in continuing linear momentum. The shoulder joint adductor and hip joint flexor

muscle groups (Table 1) are placed on stretch in frame E, providing the implementation of the length-tension mechanism and subsequent increased force production in these muscle groups. This increased motive force is necessary to overcome the external resistive force of gravity in frames F toH.

Frame E places the gymnast in an important position for the transfer of angular momentum to begin. The initial transfer takes place in the transition from frame E to F. As the lower body experiences reduced angular velocity, while maintaining alarge rotational inertia around the mediolateral axis, the arms begin adduction at the shoulder joint. Transfer of angular momentum from the entire body to the arms takes place as the summation of forces change from the total body segment to the arm segments. Reduced rotational inertia produced with hip joint flexion in frames G and H provide needed conservation of angular momentum as the body rises to secure the L-support (frame H). The position in frame H terminates in static equilibrium with the abdominal and hamstring muscle groups securing slight posterior pelvic tilt and a stable base upon which the hip flexor muscle group (Table 1) established 90 degrees at the hip joint.

*Figure 1 was based on illustrations in the 1984-1988 Junior Olympic Age Group Compulsories.

References Arnheim, D.D., & Prentice, W.E. (1993). Principles of Athletic

Training (8th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Year Book.

Kreighbaum, E., & Barthels, K.M. (1996). Biomechanics: A Qualitative Approach for Studying Human Movement (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Luttgens, K., Deutsch, H., & Hamilton, N. (1992). Kinesiology: Scientific Basis of Human Motion (8th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: W.e. Brown and Benchmark.


9

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Men's Gymnastics

MEN'S Peter lombard Navy 4.00

Peter Masucci Iowa 4.00

Chris McGone Illinois 4.00

NCAA Rob Rimpini BYU 3.97

Ofri Porat Syracuse 3. 96

ACADEMIC Jay Thornton Iowa 3.96

I Sean Juguilon Iowa 3.94 ., Neil A. Niemi Ohio State 3.93

A CHAMPIONS Theodore Harris Nebraska 3.92 14 Andy Fulmer Massachusetts 3.90

David Schrock Temple 3.90

Scott Hrnack Syracuse 3.90

Geoffrey M. Jensen Air Force 3.90 T "' the ,"cond time in thm yea", the M.""hu,"u, Kenneth Sykes Temple 3.89 Institute of Technology has been declared the national academic team champion for men's gymnastics by the Ben Nordby BYU 3.88 College Gymnastics Association. Andre Zimmerman Santa Barbara 3.86

The College Gymnastics Association's academic top 15 with Casey Bryan Oklahoma 3.84 their corresponding GPA (4.0 scale):

Kyle Quigley Western Michigan 3.83 1. MIT 3.543

Joe Roemer Penn State 3.83 2. BYU 3.399

Darin Gerlach Temple 3.82 3. Oklahoma 3.237

Chad Finefrock Ohio State 3.81 4. Air Force 3.215 James Abbatiello Vermont 3.80 5. UC-Berkeley 3.151

Marshall Nelson Nebraska 3.79 6. William & Mary 3.132 Jason Newman Michigan State 3.77 7. Iowa 3.090 Brad Panozzo Illinois 3.76 8. Syracuse 3.018 Gareth Robinson Illinois-Chicago 3.75 9. Ohio State 3.007 Arlen J. Hanle Navy 3.73 10. Navy 2.997 Blaz Puljic New Mexico 3.72 11. Vermont 2.967 Garon Rowland Oklahoma 3.71 12. Nebraska 2.924 Dan Fink Oklahoma 3.71 13. Santa Barbara 2.916 Steve Pryor Massachusetts 3.69 14. New Mexico 2.885 Mike Plourde Massachusetts 3.67 15. Temple 2.869 Greg Gebhardt Iowa 3.65 Forty-eight individual gymnasts were honored as 1996 all- Matthew M. Holecko II William & Mary 3.64

America scholar-athletes for earning at least a 3.50 grade point Scott W. McCall William & Mary 3.64 average while attaining a minimum NCAA scoring average of 8.5

during the 1996 season. Navy's Arlen Hanle, New Mexico's Blaz Greg McGlaun Illinois 3.63 Puljic, and Santa Barbara' s Andre Zimmerman have been de- Stephen P. Dvoranchik William & Mary 3.63 clared academic all-Americas for the fourth straight year. NCAA

Carllmhauser Temple 3.60 rings champion Scott McCall of William and Mary, NCAA vault-ing champion Jay Thornton of Iowa and NCAA high bar cham- Jon Randall Frederick James Madison 3.60 pion Carl Irnhauser of Temple earned academic all-America Chad A. Silva Air Force 3.60 designation. Nissen A ward winner Darren Elg of Brigham Young

Ethan Sterk Michigan State 3.58 University was among the six gymnasts with perfect 4.0 grade point averages. Aaron Cotter Iowa 3.58

Complete list of honorees: Tim Gergen New Mexico 3.56

Jonathan P. Corbitt Illinois 4.00 James Koziol Nebraska 3.52

Darren Elg BYU 4.00 Gray Wetzler Santa Barbara 3.52

Jeremy Killen Oklahoma 4.00 Paul G. Davee William & Mary 3.52


Men's Judge Course

1997 MEN'S CONTINENTAL JUDGES COURSE

Albuquerque, New Mexico - January 2-5

Daily Schedule Thursday, January 2 Noon-10:00 pm Registration

Friday, January 3 8:00- 8:30 am Registration 8:30- 8:45 am General Welcome 8:45- 9:15 am Introduction to the 1997 Code of Points 9:15- 9:35 am Organization of the Judging Panel 9:35-10:30 am Difficulty and Bonus

10:30-11:00 am Coffee Break 11:00-11 :45 am Exercise Presentation 11:45-12:15 pm Judges Control 12:15- 1:00 pm Lunch

1:00- 2:30 pm Floor Exercise / Theory and Practical 2:30- 4:00 pm Pommel Horse 4:00- 4:30 pm Coffee Break 4:30- 6:00 pm Rings

Saturday, January 4 8:00- 9:00 am Questions and Answers (Optional Session) 9:00-10:00 am Vault

Registration Information

10:00-10:30 am Coffee Break 10:30-12 noon Parallel Bars 12:00- 1:00 pm Lunch

1:00- 2:30 pm Horizontal Bar 2:30- 3:15 pm Questions 3:15- 4:00 pm Coffee Break 4:00- 4:15 pm Introduction for Practical Test 4:15- 7:00 pm Practical Exam

Sunday, January 5 9:00-11:00 am Theory Test

12:30- 2:00 pm Banquet & Awarding Brevet

Hotel Pinnacle Four Season's 200 Carlisle NE Albuquerque NM, 87110 (505) 888-3311 ph

Course fee $425 - Single Accommodations $350 - Double Accommodations Fees includes hotel (three night), course, and three meals a day. Course fee only is $225

Name _____________________ Member Association ________________ _

Arrival Date ___________________________________________ _

Airline and Flight # ________________ Arrival Time ___________________ _

Home Address ___________ State ______________ Zip _____________ _

Home Phone ___________ Business Phone __________ Fax _____________ _

E-Mail Address _________________________________________ _

Departure Date __________ Airline _____________ Departure Time _________ _

RoomlnateRequest ________________________________________ _

PLEASE NOTE: There will be a shuttle available to transport you to the hotel. Please fill out the above information in order for us to plan transportation.

Please send course fee and registration information to:

Ron Galimore, Men 's Program Director USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza 201 S. Capital Ave., Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46236 (317) 237-5050 ext. 231

All fees and registration must be received by December 1, 1996.


9 ., .A 15

Good as Gold Tee T·shirt featuring the 1996 Women's Gold Medal Team. Printed front and back #1996·0 ADULT IXL, L, M) YOUTH (L, M, I) REGUlAR PRICE $19.96 MEMBER PRI(E $17.96

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Women's Gymnastics

COLLEGIATE CORNER CHALKTALK

-Kathy Feldmann, USA Gymnastics Collegiate Coordinator

NCAA Women of the Year State-Level Honoree Kristy Savoie from Louisiana was the only gymnastics rep

resentative to receive this award as announced in the September 2, 1996 NCAA News .

NCAA Women's Gymnastics Committee Pat Panichas, Southern Connecticut State University, was

appointed chair, effective September 1,1996, to succeed Cheryl Levick, whose term expired.

National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Coaches/Women Meg Stephenson, assistant coach at Minnesota, was re-elected

to a two-year term as president of the NACGCjW.

Recruiting Guide Now available from the NACGCjW is the Guide to Under

standing the Recruiting Process in the Sport of Women's Gymnastics . Cost is $8 (make checks payable to NACGCjW). Send order to:

Lynn Breuckman, Women's Gymnastics Coach 1700 South Fourth St. . Bielfeldt Athletic Administration Building Champaign, IL 61820

NCAA HOTLINE NUMBER 1-800-638-3731

1997 NCAA Gymnastics Championships April 17-19, 1997 at University of Florida, Gainsville

Structure

All Divisions; 12 teams (five Regional Champions and seven At-large); 12 All-Around gymnasts not on qualified teams; event specialists (win their event at Regionals with a score of 9.80 or better).

All teams compete the first day in two sessions. The top three from each session advance to "super Six" on the second day . The Event Finals compete on the third day (this includes the top eight gymnasts in each event from the first day).

Dates

Regionals (S): AprilS, 1997

Northeast: Ohio State University

West: Boise State University

Midwest:

Southeast:

Central:

University of Utah

University of Kentucky

University of Michigan

USA Gymnastics 1997 Collegiate Championships (M/W) April 10-12, 1997 at Seattle Pacific University

Structure

Collegiate Division: Eight teams, eight All-Arounds, and two specialists with a 9.0 or better National Qualifying Score. Division I teams may qualify providing they meet the scholarship requirement.

All teams compete the first day in two sessions. The top team from each session and the next two highest scoring teams from either session advance to the team finals on the second day. Event Finals are on the third day (top eight gymnasts in each event from the first day) .

USA Gymnastics representative: Sandy Thielz

USA Gymnastics National Invitational Tournament April 12, 1997 at University of Iowa

Structure

Any Division I team who did not compete in the NCAA National tournament the previous year . Selection based upon regional representation and national qualifying score from the previous season. Eight teams compete in one session. The home team has an automatic slot . Awards for team, all-around, and events are given for this meet.

USA Gymnastics representative: Kathy Feldmann

National Collegiate Gymnastics Association First week-end in March

Site rotates yearly between the Midwest and East Coast

Structure

Division III teams. Eight teams, four All-Arounds, and four specialists based on qualifying score. All Teams compete on the first day. Event finals are held on the second day.


9

" A-17

I

" .A 18

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d N ationalMem"d 1 have beenelecte , d ' 'pline:

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bership Dlfec Ray Gura Men's Program Jim Holt

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Women's Program

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Alla Svirsky

Linda Chencinski David Holcomb

)

Women's Gymnastics

1996 Top 50 SCHOLASTIC RANKINGS & SCHOLASTIC ALL-AMERICAN AWARDS

National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics CoachesfWomen

Scholastic All-American Teams 48. University of Rhode Islond 49. Northeastern University

1. Boll State University 3.50150 50. University of Kentucky

2. Western Michigan University 3.48400 Scholastic All-American Individuals 3. Southern Utah University 3.43400

2.89330 2.87000 2.77000

4. George Washington Univ. 3.38900 (Due to space constraints only individuals with a 3.900 and up are listed) 5. University of Michigan 3.37400 6. University of Nebraska 3.37000 Melindo Blondis U of I-Chicago 4.0000 7. University of Denver 3.36600 Kimberly Dehaan U of Neb.-lincoln 4.0000 8. Yale University 3.35000 Keri Erazmus James Madison 4.0000 9. Texas Women's University 3.34600 laura Hambly Ball State 4.0000 10. University of Bridgeport 3.29100 Dono Henkel Western Michigan 4.0000 11. Central Michigan University 3.27000 lisa Kurc Univ. of Georgia 4.0000 12. Iowa State University 3.23000 Sari lehmuskallio Towson State 4.0000 13. University of Pennsylvania 3.23000 Adriana Manogo West Virginia Univ. 4.0000 14. University of Georgia 3.21000 Amy Meyerson Univ. of Florida 4.0000 15. James Madison University 3.20700 Jessica Nonnemacher West Virginia Univ. 4.0000 16. Cornell University 3.19620 Kristin Quackenbush West Virginio Univ. 4.0000 17. University of Iowa 3.17800 Emily Swank Utah State Univ. 4.0000 1 B. Col State Fullerton 3.17700 Susan Talbot Bowling Green State 4.0000 19. Utah State University 3.15000 Joy Taylor U of Neb.-lincoln 4.0000 20. louisiana State University 3.14900 Monique Taylor Texas Women's Univ. 4.0000 21. Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill 3.14900 Anne Marie Vassallo Oregon State 4.0000 22. University of Alabama 3.14600 Sadie Warren Texas Women's Univ. 4.0000 23. University of Alaska Anchorage 3.14400

Heather Werner Boise State 4.0000 24. Oregon State University 3.13420

Meredith Willard Univ. of Alabama 4.0000 25. University of Washington 3.13000

Megan McNulty George Washington 3.9900 26. Towson State University 3.12980

Kathryn Sutter U of Missouri-Columbia 3.9820 27. Southeast Missouri State Uni v. 3.11500 28. University of Minnesota 3.11000 Julie Talbot Southern Utah Univ. 3.9650

29. Brown University 3.10000 lynn Dameron College of William and Mary 3.9640

30. University of Illinois-Champaign 3.09500 Heather Ozaroski Northeastern Univ. 3. 9640

31. University of California-Berkeley 3.07600 Elizabeth Cluxton University of Kentucky 3. 9600

32. Boise State University 3.06860 Kim Mazza Iowa State University 3.9600

33. College of William and Mary 3.05930 Alice Kruk Bowling Green State 3. 9500

34. Univ. of California-Santo Barbara 3.05000 Molly Northrop University of Utah 3. 9500

35. University of Pittsburgh 3.04400 Sirinda Sincharoen U of California-Berkeley 3.9500

36. Son Jose State 3.04000 Kelly McKinnie U of Missouri-Columbia 3.9470

37. University of Vermont 3.03000 Kristie Gockenheimer George Washington Univ. 3.9300

37. West Virginia University 3.03000 Amber Gaskill Central Michigan Univ. 3.9300

39. Penn State University 3.02000 Meena lakdowolo George Woshington 3.9300

40. Kent State University 2.9BOOO Kim Purcaro Univ. of New Hampshire 3.9300

41. Univ. of Californio at los Angeles 2.97340 Melanie Sanford Yale Univ. 3.9200

42. University of New Hampshire 2.97000 Moria Ventura Western Michigan 3.9100

43. Michigan State University 2.92800 Tracy Owens Boll State University 3.9030 44. Ohio State University 2.92000 Shelly Bartlett U of Nebraska-lincoln 3.9000 44. University of Illinois-Chicago 2.92000 Betsy Cousins Ohio State Un iv. 3.9000 46. University of Florida 2.91200 Emily McKee U of Illinois-Chicago 3.9000 47. California State Univ.-Sacromento 2.90000 Theresa Show Univ. of Kentucky 3.9000


Women's Gymnastics

COLLEGES WITH Northern Illinois University DeKalb, IL Southeast Missouri State Uni v. Cape Girardeau, MO

WOMEN'S Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI

Division II

GYMNASTICS TEAMS Winona State University Winona, MN

Division III Gustavus Adolphus College St. Peter, MN

I Hamline University 51. Paul, MN

" Univ. of Wisconsin Eau Claire, WI

.A Here 's a complete listing of colleges in the U.S. that have a women's gymnastics team. Univ. Wisconsin-La Crosse La Crosse, WI

NORTHEAST University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, WI 20 University of Wisconsin River Falls, WI

Division I University of Wisconsin-Stout Menomonie, WI Bowling Green State Univ. Bowling Green, OH University of Wisconsin Whitewater, WI

Brown Univ. Providence, RI SOUTHEAST Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY Kent State Uni v. Kent,OH Division I Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, MA University of Florida Gainesvi ll e, Fl

Univ. of New Hampshire Durham, NH George Washington Universi ty Washington, DC

Northeastern Univ. Boston, MA University of Georgia Athens, GA

Ohio State Univ. Columbus, OH James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA

Pennsylvania State Univ. University Park, PA University of Kentucky Lexington, KY

Univ. of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA University of Maryland College Park, MD

Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC

Univ. of Rhode Island Kingston, RI North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC

Ru tgers University New Brunswick, NJ Radford University Radford, VA

Temple Univ. Philadelphia, PA Towson State University Towson, MD

Univ. of Vermont Burlington, VT West Vi rginia University Morgantown, WV ) Yale Unive rsity New Haven, a College of William & Mary Williamsburg, VA

Division II MIDWEST Univ. of Bridgeport Bridgeport, a Division I Indiana Univ. of PA Indiana, PA Arizona State University Tempe, AZ Southern Connecticut 51. Uni v. New Haven, a Uni versity of Arizona Tucson, AZ West Chester Univ. West Chester, PA Brigham Young University Provo, UT Division III Uni ve rsity of Denver Denver, CO

Wilson College Chambersburg, PA Uni ve rsity of Nebraska Lincoln, NE

SUNY College at Brockport Brockport, NY University of Oklahoma Norman, OK

SUNY College at Cortland Cortland, NY Southern Utah University Cedar City, UT

Ithaco College Ithaca, NY Utah State University Logan, UT

Mass. Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT

Rhode Island College PrOVidence, RI Division II Springfield College Springfie ld, MA Texas Woman's University Denton, TX Ursinus College Collegeville, PA U.S. Air Force Academy USAF Academy, CO

CENTRAL WEST Division I Division I University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL Boise State University Boise, ID Auburn Uni versity Auburn Univ., AL University of California Berkeley, CA Ba ll State Uni ve rsity Muncie, IN Univ. of California-Davis Davis, CA Centenary College Shreveport, LA University of California Los Angeles, CA Central Michigan University Mo unt Pleasant, MI Univ. California-Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA Eastern Michigan University Ypsi lanti, MI Calif. State University-Fullerton Fullerton, CA Illinois State University No rmal, IL Calif. State Uni v. -Sacramento Sacramento, CA University of Illi nois Champaign, I L Oregon State University Corva lliS, OR University of Illinois Chicago, IL San Jose State University San Jose, CA Iowa State University Ames, IA Stanford Universi ty Stanford, CA Lousiana Stote University Baton Rouge, LA University of Washington Seattle, WA Michigan State Uni versity East Lansing, MI Division II University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Univ. of Minnesota-Twin Minneapolis, MN University of Alaska-Anchorage Anchorage, AK

University of Missouri Columbia, MO Seattle Pacific University Seattle, WA


Women's Gymnastics

QUALIFIERS TO THE 1996TOPs NATIONAL TESTING

Gary Warren, National TOPs Coordinator

October 3-6, 1996 Gymnastics Training Center of Rochester, NY 2051 Fairport Nine Mile Point Road Penfield, NY 14526 Phone (716) 388-8686

Name Age Reg. Club Name Melissa Chan 10 1 Airborne Gymnastics Jaci Reber Michelle DeGroff 9 1 Airborne Gymnastics Jean Storey Ottie Shimamoto 10 1 Airborne Gymnastics Justine Cephus Theresa Casella 10 1 Airboune Gymnastics Kristin Juarez Jessica Brown 11 1 Arizona Sunrays Carrie Knepp ShivOIU1 Croasdale 10 1 Arizona Sunrays Lindsay Slocum Rachael Etzkorn 10 1 Arizona Sunrays Gem1y Sutko Danielle Farming 9 1 Arizona Sunrays Katelyn Verduzco Ashley Miller 9 1 Arizona Sunrays Erin Cattolica Elizabeth Waldman 10 1 Arizona Sunrays Ashleigh Gunderman Amanda Wible 10 Arizona Sunrays Heather Hall Amy Bridwell 10 1 Charter Oak Amanda Alston Janelle Dantzscher 9 1 Charter Oak Laura Cockrell

Jalynne Dantzscher 9 1 Charter Oak Erin Blackstock

Adrienne Platts 10 1 Charter Oak Keeva Brumley

Megan Holbert 11 1 Desert Gynmastics Kristin Crane

Melanie Gray 10 1 Desert Lights Danielle Friesen

Christie Jones 11 1 Desert Lights Jade Kvach

Jessica Combs 11 1 Diablo Gymnastics Meghan Sieverten

Heidi Pasch 9 1 Diablo Gynmastics Jem1ifer Green

Alicia Sanchez 11 1 Diablo Gynmastics Megan Harders

Giselle Solorzano 10 1 Diablo Gymnastics Kerry Cronin

Brisa Fuentes 10 1 Dynamic Gynmastics Katie oesen

Taisia LaumalU1 10 1 Dynamic Gynmastics Chris telOdgard

Marissa Messer 11 1 Dynamic Gynmastics Ana Rickard

Jessica Stevenson 9 1 Dynamic Gymnastics Ashley Small

Monica Emanuel 10 1 Encore Gymnastics Nicole Ourada

Katrina Olesniewicz 9 1 Gigi Gymnastics Ashley Warzon

Hilary Saskin 9 1 Green Valley Queenita Gamble

Allison Knapp 10 1 Gym Cats Brittany Eisemnan

Jordan Schwikert 10 1 Gym Cats Chelsie Smith

Lisa Butler 11 1 Gym evada Denai Vogel

Anna Helmreich 11 1 Gym evada Meagan Ziegler

Siobhan Luce 10 1 Gym evada Jihan Abdullal1

Chelsea Plourde 11 1 GynmNevada Desire Sniatynski

Danielle Rederford 11 1 Gym evada Jessica Beck

Kate Sturdivant 10 1 Gym evada Ka tie Henmich

Karissa Vossler 11 1 Gym evada Saral1 Marrs

Alise Blackwell 9 1 Gymagic Lindsay Nelson

Laura Galia 11 1 Gymagic Ashley Powers


Age Reg. 10 1

11 1

11 1

10 1

9 1

10 1 9 1

11 1 11 1

9 1

10 1

10 3 9 3

11 3 9 3

11 3 11 3 11 4

10 4

11 4

11 4

11 4

9 4

9 4

10 4

11 4

9 4

9 4

9 4

9 4

9 4

9 4

10 4

9 4

11 4

9 4

10 4

9 4

10 4

10 4

Club Gymagic Gymagic

LA School of Gymnas tics

LA School of Gymnastics

Las Vegas Flyers Las Vegas Flyers

Las Vegas Flyers

Madera ational Gymnastics

National Gymnastics

National Gymnastics

Texas Star Gymnastics Texas Star Gynmastics Tulsa World

Tulsa World

Tulsa World

Wichita Gynu1astics

Cedar Rapids Gymnastics

Cedar Rapids Gymnastics

Grand Island Twisters

Grand Island Twisters

Iowa Gym-

Iowa Gym-

Iowa Gym- est Iowa Gym- est Iowa Gym-

Lafleur 's

Lafleur 's

Racine YMCA

Saito

Saltro

Saito Saltos

Scamps

Scamps Team Central

Team Central

Team Central

Team Centra l

Team Centra l

9

" A 21

I o A 22

Name Allyson Traylor

Katie Mild Devan Kestel

Jessica Albert Briana Derck

Megan Griffin

Laura Rings

Amy McLaren

Julie Abaray Christina Green

Meghan Weier

Emilia Sykes

Lynette Suber Sarah Foehl

Jennifer Hilyard

Ashlee Davis

Stacy Falvey Amy Lynch

Krista Roemerman

Patricia Rogers

Kelly Day Erica Trippet

Nicole Hameister

Abagail Breidenstein Kate Goldberg

Rebecca Goosman Cassandra Kent

Alison Kish Bridget H ollingsworth

Teresa Kiel

Nicole Bruno Devon Downs

Makenzie Kline

Jasmine Thompson Rececca Breitholle

Julie Crall Bethany Cunduff

Shannon Dehart

Jamie Vishnauski

JanaI Cox Valerie DeVore

Adrierme Mills

Morgan Ricke Chelsea Rogers

Emma Sartini

Jenna Asad Sinisgalli

Stephanie Sherrell

Emily Snellenger

Amber Brobst

Jessica Ewart Dara-Ann Bauman

Maegan Koller

Julie Kulak EmilyZilm

Katie Zilm

Lauren Jackson

BethSawitz

Stacy Zickl Jenna Rivers

Age 11

10 11 11

11

11 11

9 10 10 11

10 11

9

10 10 10 10 11

9

9

10

11

9

10 10

10 10 10

9

9

10

10 9

10 9

9

10

10 11 9

9

9

9

10 10

10 9

9

10 9

9

10 9

11

9

10 10

11

Women's Gymnastics

Reg. Club Name Age 4 Team Central Lindsay Willner 9 4 Twin City Twisters Kaitlin Harrison 10

5 Bluegrass Gymnastics Natalie Lipshutz 10 5 Buckeye Jennifer OiNeil 9

5 Buckeye Gina Rinaldi 11

5 Buckeye Katelyn Schenkel 10

5 Buckeye Jessica Webb 9

5 Buckeye Meghan Cicero 9

5 Cincinnati Gymn. Academy Mary-Cate Cicero 11

5 Cincinnati Gymn. Academy Brittany Fon'as 10 5 Cincinnati Gymn. Academy Lauren-Ashley Garan 9

5 Classics Nicole Bergeron 10

5 Classics Gymnastics Jennifer Sobuta 9 5 Gahanna Gymnastics Erin Bush 11

5 Gahanna Gymnastics Justina Sullivan 9

5 GTCofOhio Jen Lenches 10 5 GTC of Ohio Kristy Behr 9

5 GTC of Ohio Heather Nielsen 9

5 GTC of Ohio Corissa Pirkl 11

5 GTC of Ohio Christina Walsh 11

5 Gymnastics World Hadley Singer 10

5 Gynmas tics World Jodi LaBean 10 5 Illinois Gymn. Experience Alyissa Hasan 9

5 Indy School of Gym Jessica Jones 11 5 Indy School of Gym Melissa Roemmele 9

5 Indy School of Gym Brittany Anderson 9

5 Indy School of Gym Doreen Baram 10 5 Indy School of Gym Erin Quigg 9 5 Mega Gymnastics Katie Grocki 10

5 orthbrook Gymnastics Katie Hammond 11

5 Olympic Dreams Rebecca Tucker 9

5 Olympic Dreams Heather Hite 9

5 Olympic Dreams Bethany Martin 9

5 Olympic Dreams Kara Weaver 10

5 Queen City Ashley Levine 11

5 Queen Ci ty Nicole Muffoletto 9

5 Queen City Krista-LYlm Purol 9

5 Queen City Holly Weber 9

5 Queen City Sarah Fiorillo 9

5 Southern Indiana Gym Laura Digrazia 10

5 Southern Indiana Gym Erin Os trove 9

5 Southern Indiana Gym Sophia Pantano 11

5 Southern Indiana Gym Cassander Martin 9

5 Southern Indiana Gym Courtney Turco 11

5 Southern Ohio Angie Hall 11

5 Thome Gymnastics Jovani Coleman 11 5 Twistars Sayaka Hino 9 5 Twistars Julia Stola r 11

5 Universal Gymnast Stephanie Sullivan 11

5 Universal Gymnast Michelle Turner-Goldsmith 10

6 Cats Ashley Martz 9 6 Cats Aslym1 Satterfield 10

6 Cats Jessica Goldyn 11 6 Cats Zoe Magiros 10

6 Cats Lakisha Gatling 10 6 Charles River Gymnastics Jessica Sauceda 11

6 Charles River Gymnastics Ashley Morris 10

6 Charles River Gymnastics Victoria Bergreen 9

6 Exper-Tiess Emily Brown 10

September 1996 TECHNIQ UE

Reg. 6

6

6 6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6 6

6 6 '

6

6

6

6 6

6

6

6

6

6 7

7

7 7

7

7

7

7

7 7

7

7

7

7

7 7

7

7

7

7 7 7

7

7 7

7

7

7

7 7

7

7

Club Exper-Tiess

Granite State

GTC of Roches ter GTC of Rochester GTC of Rochester

GTC of Rochester

GTC of Rochester

Gym Cats

Gym Cats Gym Cats

Gym Cats

Kingstown

Mass. Gymnastics Academy NEGX

NEGX Nelson's Gymnastics

New Image Gymnastics

New Image Gymn. Academy

New Image

New Image Gymnastics Southern Tier

Southing ton YMCA

Stumpf's Stumpf's

Stumpf's Twisters

Twisters

Chantilly Academy Fit n Fun

Frederick Gynm astics

Frederick Gymnastics Glendale Gymnastics

Glendale Gynmastics Glendale Gymnastics

Harford Gymnastics

Harford Gymnastics

Harford Gymnastics

Harford Gynmastics Head Over Heals

Hills Gymnastics

Hills Gynmastics

Hills Gymnastics

Hills Gymnastics

Karon Gymnastics

KMC Gymnastics

Marva teens

Marvateens

Marvateens Marvateens

Marvateens

Nittany Gymnastics Nittany Gymnastics North Stars

North Stars

Ocean Tumblers

Ocean Tumblers

Paragon Gynmastics

Paragon Gynmastics

Parkettes

Name Age Reg. CrisalUl Calvo 11 7

Michelle Cramer 11 7 Cherrish Funk 10 7 Mallory Marcincin 10 7

Caitlin Pellegreic 11 7

Courtney Regan 10 7

Christina Stegura 9 7

Tiffany Tanzosh 9 7

Kristal Uzelac 10 7 Meghan Welsh 11 7

Jessica Caroe 11 7

Kimberly Harman 9 7

Julie Brazitis 11 7

Kacy Lebo 9 7

Kerrie Blumer 11 7 Lauren D' Ambrosia 11 7

J ill ian Komett 11 7

Catlin Stafford 9 7

Valerie Town 11 7

Heather Zito 11 7 Rachael Welniak 9 7

Daniela Palumbo 9 7

Amanda Garron 10 7

Karin Wurm 10 7 Amanda Chirlin 9 7

Women's Gymnastics

Club Parkettes

Parkettes Parkettes Parkettes

Parkettes

Parke ttes

Parkettes Parkettes

Parkettes

Parkettes

Pres tige Gymnastics Presitge Gymnastics

Prestige Gymnastics

Prestige Gynmastics Rebound

Rebound

Rebound Rebound

Rebound

Rebound St. Mary's Rec. & Park

Sunburst Gymnastics Watkin's Gymnastics

Watkin's Gynmastics

World Wide Gymnastics

Name Age Reg. Club Kristin Kremer 10 8 Charleston Flyers Margaret Adams 11 8 Charleston Twisters Ka therine Douglas 10 8 Charleston Twisters Megan Linton 11 8 Charleston Twisters Ashley Morris 10 8 Charleston Twisters Natalie Clark 9 8 Countryside Gymnastics Ashlee Bradley 11 8 Elite Gymnastics Keri Fryoux 10 8 Elite GyrtUlastics Ansley Joe 11 8 Gwinette GyrtUlastics Christina Thoms 10 8 Gwinnett Gymnastics

Jessica May 11 8 Gyrmlastics Unlimited Erica Raulerson 11 8 Gyrmlastics Unlimited Emily Riddle 9 8 GYflUlastics Unlimited Jessica Rogers 10 8 GYflUlastics Unlimited Misty Wade 10 8 Gymnastics Unlimited Alyssa Zambryckij 11 8 GYrtUlastics Unlimited Jordan Brewer 9 8 Gymcarolina

Jessica Brogden 11 8 Gymcarolina Michelle McGrath 9 8 Gymcarolina Lucinda Vance 9 8 Gymcarolina Molly Jo Herrin 10 8 Kips Molly McNutt 9 8 Mt Brook Gymnastics Abby Peterson 10 8 University Gymnastics Center Keri Lee Sullivan 11 8 University GyrtUlastics Center

REPLACE YOUR CARPET OR MATS AT 0% FINANCING*

Start your season with carpetfrom Tiffin!

*for 6 months Email: [email protected] http://www.tiffinmats.com


I

" i~ 23

GKConsi~ entPro~~

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Our consignment program offers

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Your packages are specifically

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For more information on how you

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1.800.345.4087

KAT WORKSHOP MEMBERSHIP DISCOUNT

Effective immediately - the cost for KA T Workshop registration is $160 for non-members and $140 for General, Instructor, or Professional Members.

As a General Member ($20), you receive: Official USA Gymnastics Member Kit. Which includes a workout towel, key chain, luggage tag, and a decal.

USA Gymnastics Membership Card. This card entitles you to a 10% discount off all gymnastics apparel sold through the USA Gymnastics merchandising department.

Subscription to USA Gymnastics magazine (6 issues, bi-monthly) . Additionally, you w ill r eceive USA Gymnastics M ember Newsletter, w hich includes information and features geared specifically to parents of gymnasts .. . preschool through elite ... on topics ranging from safety to nutrition to choosing the right club or coach.

As a Instructor Member ($40), you receive: Discounted rate for initial Safety Certification course.

Subscription to Technique magazine (10 issues per year).

USA Gymnastics Membership Card. This card entitles you to a 10% discount off all gymnastics apparel sold through the USA Gymnastics merchand~sing department.

USA Gymnastics Instructor decal.

As a Professional Member ($75), you receive: Authorization to participate in USA Gymnastics Sanctioned Events and insurance coverage at such events.

Subscription to USA Gymnastics magazine (6 issues, bi-monthly).

Subscription to Technique maragine (10 issues per year).

Complimentary Safety Recertification course.

Professional Member discounts on USA Gymnastics Congress, seminars, clinics, and more.

Professional Membership card that enti tles you to a 10% discount off all gymnastics apparel sold through the USA Gymnastics merchandising department.

Rules Ilnd Policies book(s) for the d iscipline(s) you select.

Complimentary FIG supplements with original purchase of FIG Code of Points.

Authorization to hold USA Gymnastics sanctioned events.

Newsletters issued by State and Regional Chairs .

Voting privileges for program positions, including Membership Director of the USA Gymnastics Board of Directors.

For each Professional Member received, USA Gymnastics sends a rebate to your state and region to assis t including gymnastics competitions at the local level.

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#&1 ................. $19.95 r~~---~---- - ------- - ------ - - - ----I I To order any USA Gymnosli{s mer<hondise presented in this issue, please complete th is order form.

I

I T

USA. GVMNi\.STlCS ORDER FORM

II,,, ___________ _ PHO II! _____ _

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CHAm: 0 MAm,C"o 0 VISA OD'I(o'!' OA"!"",, Exmll Ex p. DAT! ___ _

SIGUATURE

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SEND ORDERS DOM!STI( SH!PPING & HAN DUNG, AND MAKE CHECKS PAYABlE 10: C ; :.:I\!l jl\j l.':~IC' ~)l )o;1Sj,)t:')liil::I:· XGSi

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I

" A 26

Kinder Accreditation for Teachers

LEVEL I KAT OBSERVATION FORM KAT Observation Steps 1. Contact club (let the teacher know you are completing

your KAT observations) 2. Set-up a time to meet with the teacher prior to start of

class 3. Observe class/complete observation form 4. Allow teacher to review and sign your observation form 5. It is advisable to send a thank you note to the teacher you

observed NOTE: you can observe two classes at your gum.

Name ______________________________________ _

Social Security No. _____ -__ -__ _

Mailing Address ______________________________ __

City ________ State Zip _____ __

Day Ph: ( ) - Night: (l..... __ )<--__ - __

Ages (circle): crawlers walkers 2-yr 3-yr 4-yr 5-yr

Ratio = Students / Teacher(s)

Club Observed ______________________________ _

Address ________________________________ _

City ________ Phone: ('--~)'--__ -__ _

Teacher Observed -----------------------------Teacher's Signature

Lesson plan

Objectives

Warm-up Components

Skills introduced & practiced

Activity (name & explain)

Theme

Props

Music

Games

Closing

Skills practiced

Students

Comments and observations regarding student's personality characteristics (i.e. shy, aggressive), their behavior patterns, and social interaction.

Teacher

What communication methods were particularly effective (i .e. verbal, demonstration?)

What teaching style was used (i.e. animated, enthusiastic, authoritative)?

Safety

General Observations (facility and equipment)

Class Management

Class organization - Were the students organized in a manner in which learning was facilitated? How?

Time management - whas there enough time allotted for each part of the lesson (i.e. warm-up, skills)? Last time frame .

Discipline - whats types of discipline tactics were used (i.e. time out, warnings)?


(

Kinder Accreditation for Teachers

LEVEL I KAT WORKSHOPS CURRENT SCHEDULE

October 11-12 Williamsburg, Vir. Region VII Congress Workbook is sent prior to workshop.

October 12-13 Billings, Mont. Billings Gym. School Accreditation is valid for three years.

October 17-18 Orlando, Fla.

October 24-25 Boxboro, Mass.

Region VIII Congress

Region VI Congress

Grandparenting 4 class observations is available. Must have at least 5 years preschool gymnastics teaching experience- send resume with registration.

December 7-8 Atlanta, Ga. Adam's Gym Corner For more information, contact Jennifer Gallahue Lee at 317-237-5050 extension 237.

KAT REGISTRATION FORM Minimum age for KAT is 16 years

Nan1e ________ __________________________________________ ___

Soc.Sec.# _____________________________ _ Birthdate _____________ _

Address ______________________________________________ ___

City ______________________ State ___________ _ Zip _________ _

Telephone (Day) ___________________ (Night) __________ ______ _

Course Location ___________________________________ Date ____________ _

Organization Represented ____________________ Job Title ___________________ _

Local Newspaper _______________________ Fax ______________________ _

Current USAG Member. # (required for discount)

* Any USAG individual membership: General, Instructor, Professional, or Team

Prerequisites

___ Rookie Coaches Guide Test/ or PDP Level I

--- Four hours observation/ or Grandparent (via resume)

Registration __ $140 member (General, Instructor, Team, or Professional)

-- $160 non-member

Form of Payment: Check Visa Mastercard ___ Am. Express Discover

Name on Card ________________________ Number ___________________ _

Expiration Date Signature __________________________ _

Please make checks payable to USA Gymnastics KAT Workshop.

Mail Registration Form and Payment to :

USA Gymnastics KAT Pan American Plaza

201 South Capitol Ave. Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46225


tt o A. 27

Preschool

CONGRATULATIONS LEVEL I KAT PRESCHOOL TEACHERS

I Following is a list of preschool teachers who have completed the Level I Kinder Accreditation for Teachers program:

" A. 28

* indicates KAT Clinician

Alabama Kathy Chambers

Joel Inman

Arkansas Laura Beam

Sara Todd Goebel

California Mary Byers Ashieris

Linda Dembrow

Kristine Lowry DeTurk

Debbie Fricker

Steve Greeley

Susan Gross

Michelle Klimesh

*Jeff Lulla

Patty Sylvis

Kelly Woods

Colorado Sue Ladson

Betsy Sprague

Connecticut Nancy Ford

Margaret Hanssler

Darcy Riehl

Florida *Barbara Davis

Judy Kuhnle

Patti Lubaski

Georgia Melanie Walker

Illinois Cindy Morano

Deirdre Niziolek

Kelly Noonan

Heidi Soper-Lawless

Nancy White

Indiana Jan Fadell

*Loree Galimore

Linda Hanson

Kathleen Kelemen

*Patti Komara

Tamara Laird

Karen Schroeder

Iowa Lisa Fandrich

John Harris

Suzanne Lux

Lisa Miskowiec

Erin Netteland

Ben Nichols

Candy Winters

Ron Winters

Kentucky Tracy Lynn Cromer

Julie Wright

Louisiana Connie Overton

Maryland Patricia Delaney

Allison Hyland

Massachusetts Lisa Foisy

Liz Gonzalez

J en Scannell

Peggy Traumuller

Michigan Cindy Raleigh

Margaret Stevens

September 1996

Minnesota South Carolina Linda Thorberg Cindy Hawkins

Mississippi Texas Tijuana Boyanton Marilyn Bitsis

New Hampshire Nina Corley

Diane Havens Pamela Berube Barbara Hughes

New Jersey James Jeffers

Holly Nay Jane DeAngelis

Kate Faber-Hickie Carol Robuck

New York Annette Thomas

Jana Vonfeldt Estelle Alfonso

Washington Satu Lahti

Alfanso Weinlein Nicki Geigert

Richard Samuels

Nevada Joanna Fritz Wisconsin Al Lansdon Debbie Grainger

Mary Lee Mansfield Louise Parenteau

Karen Spencer *Sharon Scherr

Ohio Australia Evan Sayres Linda Pettit

Lisa Shuck

Oklahoma Sarah Brawley

Carol Corbett

Paige Phillips

Michael Thoendel

Oregon Tammy Peterson

Pennsylvania Lori Jackson

Rhode Island Brenda Glover

Sandi Marth

TECHNIQUE

COMING SOON ... *' 1996 USA National

Congress ~ideos

*' 1996 U.S. Oly ... pi«: Trials fl'o ... e ... a .. d rhyth ... i«: ~ideos

*' 1996 Atla ... ta te«:hni«:al ~ideos

WOMEN'S 1996 M«:Donald's ~meri«:an Cup Women's Competition Fort Worth, TX. Preliminary and Finals competitions. Features all competitors. Including: Kerri Strug, Kristy Powell & Andree Pickens (USA), Svetlana Boginskaia (BLR), Oksana Chusovitinia (UlB), Sang Lan (CHN), Svetlana Zelepukina (UKRI, Yvonne Tousek (CAN), Alexandra Dobrescu (ROM), Joanna Juarez (ESP), Jul ia Korostilova (RUS). 2 Tope set (2:40) #2471. . ... . $24.95

1995 IBM Atlanta In .... national Women's Competition Filmed in Atlanta, Georgia, this meet took place in the Georgia Dome, site of the Gymnastics Events in the 1996 Olympic Gomes. Participants included: Katie Teft & Mohini Bhardwaj from the USA, Roza Galieva & Elena Grosheva (RUSI, Svetlana Boginskaia & Elena Piskun (BLR), Alexandra Marinescu & Mirela Tugurlan (ROM), Ji liya & liu Xuan (CHN) as well as competitors from Spain, Japan and Ukraine. #2503 ... .. . $16.95

RHYTHMIC 1996 m...".hmi«: Challenge SeniDr CDmpetitiDR Downers Grove, IL. Day one and day two competitions. Features all competitors: Jessica

Davis, Lauri Illy, Natalie Lacuesta, liriel Higa, TIna

Tharp, Kristin Lee, Kelsi Kemper, Melissa

Alicia Albe. 2 tapes (2:40) #2375 . .. . .. $24.95

1996 m...".hmi«: Challenge JuniDr CDmpetitiDR Downers Grove, IL. Day one and day two competitions. Features all competitors: Kassy Scharringhausen, Kate Jeffress, Tara McCargo, Johanna Shoemaker, Ellie Takahashi, Diana Quirin, Amy Ng, Emily Varela. (2:00) #2395 .. .. .. $19.95

1996 USA. & Belarus Rhythmi«: ExhiLition Downers Grove, IL. Features all athletes: USA: Jessica Davis, Lauri Illy, Natalie lawesta, liriel Higa, Kassy Scharringhausen, Kate Jeffress, Taro McCargo, USA Group Team, and the Elite Sports Complex Rhythmic Children Athletes. BLR: World Championships medalist, Larissa Lukyanenko, Tatiana Ogryzko, Evguenia Pavlina, and the BLR Group Team. BONUS! Training footage of Belarus Gymnasts and USA Group Team. (2:00) #2396 . .... . $19.95

MEN'S 1995 ~erimn Cup Sea Hie, Wash. Prelims & Finals. #2246 .. . . . $19.95

1995 Winter Cup Challenge Three SlP format tapes featuring EVERY routine, compulsories and optionals, all divisions! Features all competitors including: John Roethlisberger, Chainey Umphrey, Chris Woller, Jair lynch, Trent Dimas, Josh Stein, Brian Yee and many more! Camcorder footage taken from the stands. # 2245 .... . $19.95

1005 Pan J\rnerimn Garnes Straight from Mar Del Plata, Argentina: Men's Preliminaries and finals. See the U.S. men's team triumph! Camcorder footage taken from the stands. #2247 . .. ... $19.95

1995 IBM Allanla lo .... italional Men's Competition Filmed in Atlanta, Georgia, this meet took place in the Georgia Dome, site of the Gymnastics Events in the 1996 Olympic

Games. Participants included: Mihai Bagiu, Jair Lynch, Kip Simons & Kip Wilson from

USA, Andrei Kan & Vitaly Rudnitski (BLR), Alexei Bondarenko & Eugeni Podgorni (RUSI, Huang Huadong (CHNI, Rustam Charipov &

Alexandre Svetlichnyi (UKR) as well as competitors from Korea, Jopan, Germany & Bulgaria. #2502 ...... . $16.95

OTHER 1996 M«:Donald's 1 on 1 International Championships Atlanta, GA. Every round of competition. Features all competitors. Including: Kerri Strug, John Roethlisberger, Jair Lynch, Andree Pickens, Lauri Illy & Jessica Davis (USA), Svetlana Boginskaia, Andrei Kan & Eugenia Pavlina (BLR), Oksana Chusovitinia (UZB), Sang Lan (CHN), Svetlana Zelepukina & Valery Goncharov (UKRI, Yvonne Tousek, Kris Burley &Camille Martins (CAN), Alexandra Dobrescu & Adrian lanculescu (ROMI, Joanna Juarez (ESP), Julia Korostilova & Oleg Kuzmin (RUS) 2 tape set (4:00)

#2472 ...... $24.95

COACHING "A. Day In The Gym" Video Series

Series Descriptian:

"A Day In The Gym" is for use as an educationaltool for USAG profeSSional members. Each video in the series shows a candid, unrehearsed view of a typical workout featuring training footage from dubs across the nation. Each video

Le .... el 8 - Cin«:i ..... ali G." ..... asli«:s A«:adeIDY Be a "fly on the wall" at Cincinnoti Gymnastics Academy! This second video of the series is from Cincinnati Gymnastics Academy showing their LevelB Workout. 2 tape set #2473 .. . .$24.95

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General Gymnastics

1996 NATIONAL GYMFEST

USA Gymnastics General Gymnastics Advisory Panel

Dates: December 6-8,1996

Site: Disneyland Hotel and Disneyland® Park, Anaheim, Calif.

Staying at Disneyland Hotel is just like staying at Disneyland® Park! At this 60-acre resort playground it's hard to tell where the Park ends and the Hotel begins.

Fees: $40/ participant for1996 National GyrnFest activities

NOTE: Each Group receives one FREE participant and one FREE Group Leader for every 10 paid registrants.

Deadlines: October 15 - Nominative registration deadline. A 50 %-of-total payment is required by this date.

November 15 - Definitive registration deadline. The balance of total payment is due at this time along with all required forms.

Theme: Beyond Imagination

Additional Information:

Updated 1996 National GymFest information will be provided in Technique magazine and on the USA Gynmastics World Wide Web site - http : //www . u s a -gymna s tics . org/usag/gg

Schedule and Description of Activities Disney Magic Music Day

Friday, December 6 - For an additional fee of $52/person, participating Groups will be able to perform at Disneyland® Park (subject to approval of Disneyland® Park). For each participant, this fee includes:

Your Group's performance at Disneyland® Park

A five-consecutive-day pass to Disneyland® Park

A workshop with Disney staff members

A participation plaque for each Club

A lapel pin and T-shirt

FREE Disney Music Day packages for two of the Group Leaders

NOTE: 1) Performance in the Disney Magic Music Day activities are NOT required for participation in the 1996 GymFest; however, 2) Groups MUST be registered for the 1996 National GymFest to

©Copyright Walt Disney Corporation

be able to participate in the Disney Magic Music Day activities; and 3) Groups must submit a videotape of their performance for submission to Disneyland® Park to be eligible for the Magic Music Day activities.

Activities of the 1996 USA Gymnastics National Gym Fest

Saturday and Sunday, December 7-8 - All 1996 National GymFest activities will be conducted at the Disneyland Hotel. The GymFest participation fee includes:

One rehearsal time for your Group's performance routine at the Disneyland Hotel

One performance of your Group's performance routine at the Disneyland Hotel

Gala Showcase group performance - All registered groups will learn, rehearse, and perform in the Large Group routine at the Gala Showcase on Sunday

1996 Nationaal GymFest T-shirt

Additional performance of your Group' s routine or special miniroutine during the Gala Showcase on Sunday (if selected)

Workshop and social opportunities (TBD)

A 1996 National GyrnFest participation plaque for each Club

Written comments and suggestions concerning your Group's performance routine by the GGAP.

NOTE: Each 1996 National GymFest Performance Group is required to submit an additional videotape of their performance routine to the GGAP to assist in planning the Gala Showcase by the November 15th definitive registration deadline.


Announcements

1996 NATIONAL WOMEN'S COLLEGIATE COACHES OF THE YEAR

Source: NACGCjW (National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Coachess/Women)

National Coaches of the Year Val Kondos, UCLA

Frank Kudlac, Texas Woman's

Dick Stapleton, Rhode Island College

1996 Women's Regional Coach of the Year Northeast: Brice Boggin, Kent State

Southeast: Leah Little, Kentucky

Central: Kathie Klages, Michigan State

Midwest: John Spini, Arizona State

West: Jim Turpin, Oregon and

Sam Sand mire, Boise State

FREE CATALOG In NY 914-963-0005 Dept.GA56

1996 Women's Regional Assistant Coach of the Year Northeast: Steve Craig, Pittsburgh

Southeast: Tom Meyers, Kentucky

Central: Tim Rivera, Michigan State

Midwest: Rob Drass, Nebraska

West: Mark Cook, UCLA and Dick Foxal, Oregon

Important Dates: 1997 Women's NCAA National Championships

April 17-19 at the University of Florida

1997 USA Gymnastics Collegiate Championships (W 1M)

April 10-12 at Seattle Pacific University

1997 USA Gymnastics National Invitational Tournament

April 12 at the University of Iowa


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I

General Gymnastics ----------~~~~

Nominative Group/Club Registration for the 1996 GymFesl Please return by October 15, 1996

Group/Club /Contact Organization Name: ______________________________________ _

Mailing Address: _______________________________________ _

City:----------------------State:---------- Zip: ________ _

Day Phone: ( __ ) __ -___ _ Night Phone: ( __ ) __ -___ _

Fax: ( __ ) __ -___ _ Email address: ___________________ _

Name of Contact Person: ______________________ ______________ _

Contact's Mailing Address: ____________________________________ _

City:----------------------State: __________ Zip: ________ _

Day Phone: ( __ ) __ -___ _ Night Phone: ( __ ) __ -___ _

Fax: ( __ ) __ -___ _ Email address: __________________ _

Description of Gym Fest Group Performances

Name of Group Performance routine: ________________________________ _

Briefly describe your (long) Group GymFest routine: ___________________________ _

(Groups MUST bring at least two cassette copies of their music to the GymFest)

Length of performance: __________ (9 minutes maximum)

Number of performers in the Group Performance:

__ Children (ages 5-10) + __ Youths (11-17) + ___ Adults = ____ Total Number

Your GymFest Fee: Number in Group Performance = ___ x $40 = $ ____ Total

Magic Music Day Performance at Disneyland Park - Friday, Dec. 6 NOTE: 1)

2) 3)

Pelformance in the Disney Magic Music Day activities are NOT required for participation in the 1996 GymFest; however, Groups MUST be registered for the 1996 GymFest to be able to participate in the Disney Magic Music Day activities, Groups must provide a videotape of their pelformance to USA Gymnastic for submission to Disneyland Park to be eligible for the Magic Music Day activities.

Name~MagkMu~cDayroutine:--------------------------------__

Briefly describe your Magk Musk Day routine: ____________ _________________ _

(Groups MUST provide at least two cassette copies of their music to Disney)

Length of performance: (30 MINUTES MAXIMUM)


9

" A. 33

I o A 34

General Gymnastics

Number of performers in your Group's Disney Magic Music Day routine:

__ Children (ages 5-10) + __ Youths (11-17) + Adults _____ Total Number

Magic Music Day Fee: Number in this routine = ____ x$52 = $ ____ Total

1996 Gym Fest Gala - Sunday, Dec. 8

_ YES, our Group would like to be considered for participation in the Sunday Gala. (Groups that are selected will be notified on Saturday).

_ YES, our Group will participate in the March-in and Combined Group routine even if we are not selected to perform our long or short program.

(Groups MUST provide at least two cassette copies of their music to the GymFest)

Number of performers in your (short) Gala routine:

__ Children (ages 5-10) + __ Youths (11-17) + Adults ______ Total Number

Summary Payment Information

1. GymFest Group participants

2. Magic Music Day participants

Payment Method:

Total No. __ x $40 $ ___ _

Total No. __ x $52 $ ___ _

TOTAL = $ ___ _

_ Credi t card

Charge to: _ VISA MC AMEX Discover

Card No: __________________ _ ________ Expiration date: _____________ _

Cardholder Signature: _________________________________________ _

Return all forms and make checks payable to: 1996 National GymFest, USA Gymnastics Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46225


General Gymnastics

Participant Agreement Form for the 1996 National Gym Fest All Gym Fest and Magic Music Day participants MUST complete this form

NOTE: Due to the fact that the 1996 National GymFest is not a USA Gymnastics sanctioned event, USA Gymnastics is nat responsible for providing medical insurance coverage for the participants. Therefore, it is necessary that each participant in a graup fill out and return the following agreement. This form may be duplicated for additionol participanfs.

Agreement In consideration of my participation in the 1996 Notional Gym Fest, I agree to be bound by each

of the following:

A. Eligibility I ag ree to comply with the rules of the 1996 Notional GymFest.

B. Readiness to Participate 10m physically and psychologically prepared to participate as a participant in the 1996 Notional Gym Fest. Prior to my participation in the 1996 Notional GymFest, I will have practiced my exercise display and will perform only those exercises that I have accomplished to the degree of confidence necessary to assure I can perform, without injury to others and myself.

C. Medical Attention I hereby give my consent to USA Gymnastics and the Host organization of the 1996 Notional GymFest events to provide, through a medical stoff of its choice, customary medical/athletic training attention, transportation, and emergency services as warranted in the course of my participation in the 1996 Notional GymFest.

D. Waiver and Release

death, as well as other damages and losses associated with participation in physical activities. I further agree that USA Gymnastics, the host organization, along with employees, age nts, officers, and directors of these organizations sholl not be liable for any losses, except where such loss or damage is the result of the inten tional or reckless conduct of one of the organizations or individuals above.

Primary Medical Coverage 10m covered by primary health/ medical/occident insurance through:

Company Nome: ___________ Policy No: _____ _

Signature of Participont: __________ Dote: _____ _

For any Participant who is not yet 18 years old: As legal guardian of the above named athlete/ participant in the 1996 Notional GymFest, I hereby

ve rify by my signature that I fully understand and accept each of the above canditions for permitting my child to participate in this event.

Printed Nome of Participont: _______________ _

I am fully aware of and appreciate the risk, including the risk of catastrophic injury, paralysis, and Signature of Parent/Guardion:~ ________ Date: _____ _

Participant Registration Information - Return by October 1 S, 1996 Group Nome: ____________________________ _

NAME:

Gp Ldr #l _________________ _

Gp Ldr #2 ---------------------

(You may duplicate this form for additional participa nts)

Return to: National Gym Fest, USA Gymnastics Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol Indianapolis, IN 46225

T-shirt size (YS, YM, YL)

(AM, AL, AXL)


Sex M/ F

Age Performance Particip'ations (check 011 that opply)

Magic Music GymFest

t'~

" A 35

Conditioning

STRENGTH TRAINING FUNDAMENTALS IN

d GYMNASTICS CONDITIONING .A 36 James J. Major

Motor Behavior Laboratory Oept. of Exercise and Sports Science University of Utah Salt Lake Cih;, Utah

O ften coaches must be a jack-of-all-trades, but masters of one. Gymnastics coaches are responsible for not only skill training, routine composition, safety, education, and mental health of their gymnasts, but also

their conditioning. To help the coach with conditioning, there is a plethora of advice and equipment. However gymnastics coaches need fundamental information to evaluate these products and su ggestions; and yes, even see through the grantsmanship of the sport scientists. Understanding basic principles, coaches can sift through the advice and ch oose the best conditioning for their gymnasts.

To help coaches towards understanding basic principles of strength training, the U.s. Elite Coaches Association for Women's Gymnastics (USECA - W) has had translated an excellent article on strength training fundamentals (Biihrle and Werner, 1984). The translation of "The Muscle Hypertrophy Training of the Body Builder" (Biihrle and Werner, 1984) is available from the USECA.

I want to explain how these fundamentals should be applied in gymnastics. Four basic principles that w ill help coaches to evaluate strength training are:

Consistent, special strength training is necessary for maximum performance in gymnastics;

Training to increase muscle size and strength is important, but maximum strength from minimum size is the most important training goal;

Rest and recuperation are important aspects of strength training, also in gymnastics;

Strength training must be integrated with the skill training in gymnastics.

Consistent, special strength training is necessary for the best possible performance in gymnastics.

One of the most important insights of modern training is that a highly developed level of strength cannot be maintained even by intensive performance of the event itself (Biihrle and Werner, 1984). This insight has proven to be true in such very different events as swimming, cross-country skiing, and gymnastics. Gymnastics alone w ill not develop nor even maintain an adequate level of strength for advanced gymn astics (Oppel, 1967). Special conditioning must be performed, besides countless elements, combinations, parts, and full routines. Inconsistent strength training can explain the decline in performance, or at least the stagnation, of a number of athletes who had promising performances during the

preparatory season. Once those athletes started to compete, their results did not live up to these expectations (Biihrle and Werner, 1984). Gymnastics specialists have warned against decreasing strength training during the competition season (Borrmann, 1978: Hartig and Buchmann, 1988; Plotkin, Rubin and Arkaev, 1983; Ukran, 1969).

Special strength for gymnastics training must answer the demands of gymnastics. The principle of specificity implies that the exercises used in train ing should be similar to the exercises that must be performed in the competition routine. Therefore, we might imagine that the best training for gymnastics would be more gymnastics. However, long ago this was proven no t to be the case (Borrmann, 1978; Oppel, 1967; Plotkin, Rubin, and Arkaev, 1983). Special training is necessary to develop the strength and power in the athlete sufficient for correct technical performance of skills (Hartig and Buchmann, 1988; Oppel, 1967) . Repetition of the skill alone w ill not guarantee even a minimum level of strength to perform the skill correctly.

The observation that a highly developed level of strength cannot be maintained even by the most intensive performance of the movements of the competition routines does not contradict the principle of specificity, but completes it (Biihrle and Werner, 1984; Martin, 1991; Verchoshanskij, 1985) . Special s tren gth training is necessary, but it must specifically meet the demands of the event, in this case gymnastics skills. What is specific for gymnastics will be discussed below.

Training to increase muscle size and strength is important, but maximum strength from minimum size is the most important training goal.

Muscle size and strength are related. The thicker a muscle fiber, the stronger it can contract, and the more tension or force the muscle can generate. The sum of all the cross-sectional surface areas of all of the fibers determines the size of the muscle crosssection, and thereby the potential for strength. This fact is particularly true for the lean, well-trained muscle of an a thlete. The crosssectional surface area of the muscle thereby becomes the most important trait for estimating strength (Biihrle and Werner, 1984) .

Increasing the cross sectional area of the muscle, or muscle ~ hypertrophy, is fundamental for maximal improvement of strength (Biihrle and Werner, 1984). However, we must admi t that the exact biochemical mechanism for muscle hypertrophy, what factors cause it, and therefore how to best go about achieving or avoiding muscle hypertrophy is still unknown (MacDougall, 1986; Hartmann


Conditioning

and Tunnemarm, 1988) . Muscle hypertrophy is most important in body building, but a survey of elite Swedish bodybuilders found no agreement on how to best achieve muscle hypertrophy (Tesch, 1986).

fraction of energy delivered

Figure 1

[%] 100

so

--------". ". CP-decrease

----------------- , '" ' -. ,

ATP-decrease,,'/"\-, ",.I \.

/ i ;/' \

.-",' : c.::.::-

I

---- -aerobic metabolism

aerobic -------_ glycolysis

load duration

o 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 The cross-sectional area of the muscle increases with strength

training because amino acids (proteins) are added to the muscle after training. There are at least two theories of exactly why and how proteins are added to the muscle because of work or training. One is the ATP-deficit theory of muscle h yper trophy, Adenosintriphosphate (A TP), is the immediate source of energy for contraction in the muscle. The ATP-deficit theory states that muscle growth is stimulated by a disturbance of the balance between production and consumption of ATP. ATP is essential for life but is only stored in limited quantities in the muscle (Figure 1) . ATP-deficit in the muscle, particularly if it is the result ofintensive maximal strength and power efforts, seems to provoke extra riboneucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. In turn, RN A stimulates muscle growth. Although it has been demonstrated that increased synthesis of messenger RNA is an essential requirement for the hypertrophy process (Lundholm, 1986), the stimulus for increased muscle uptake of protein apparently occurs before there is any evidence of increased RNA synthesis (MacDougall, 1986) . An ATP-deficit probably also influences protein metabolism because the body requires ATP to compound amino acids into protein and more muscle.

Intensive maximal strength and power exercises cause not only A TP-deficit but also damage to the body proteins. This damage occurs to components of the muscle fibers (structural proteins) as well as enzymes and hormones (functional proteins). Both structural and functional proteins are important for muscular contraction. Large concentrations of nitrogens excreted by the body after

original level

Training load

Rest

Figure 2

Positive adaptation

Negative adaptation

----

Fatigue Recuperation Super- Return to original level compensation

such efforts is evidence of the use of these proteins. These proteins are then rebuilt and supercompensated (Figure 2).

Increasing cross-sectional area of the muscle w ith strength training is the result of the addition of contractile proteins to the muscle after training. However, w hen a muscle hypertrophies from training, other components also increase. Body builders have increased amounts of connective tissue in the muscle (MacDougall, 1986). Hypertrophied muscles also have increased resting concentrations of ATP and creatin phosphate (CP) (Hartmann and Tunnemarm, 1988). More connective tissue and increased stores of A TP and CP also increase the vol ume, or cross-sectional area of the muscle. Moreover, I suspect that ATP and CP are the key sources of energy for gymnastics performance. I also suspect that ATP and CP are so important because well trained gynmasts have little lac tic acid in their blood after completing full routines . The two m ain endurance problems in gynmastics, the last tumbling pass during the floor exercise and men's optional pommel horse routines, are probably related to ATP and CP stores, and thereby of the size of the main muscles used in those events. A TP and CP stores in the muscles are probably depleted in finishing gymnastics routines (see Figure 1). Therefore, muscle size is basic for endurance in gymnastics .

There are other theories that attempt to explain muscle hypertrophy besides the ATP-deficit theory. However, the bottom line in strength training is that the muscle must be bigger in order to be stronger. It is trite, but bigger muscles identify athletes better than any other physical attribute. This is also true for the male and female gymnast. However, gynmastics coaches also know that among the very best gymnasts many gymnasts w ith the biggest muscles are the weakest in the strength elements. Many gymnasts with the most exceptional strength moves do not have big muscles for a gymnast. How is this contradiction between physiology and gymnastics explained?

Most important for gynmastics is the insight that maximal strength can also be increased without increasing muscle mass (Buhrle and Werner, 1984; Poliquin, 1991; Verchoshanskij, 1985). Increasing strength without increasing muscle mass is important in gymnastics because the gymnast must move his or her own body. In gymnastics the power-to-body-weight ra tio is a factor that decisively influences performance. It is the power-to-weight ratio that strongly influences gynmastics performance, not strength alone.

We do not use all of the fibers in a muscle at once, but some use more fibers than others. An athlete's maximal strength is mainly determined by the number of muscle fibers recruited by the nervou s system for the movement, together with the cross-sectional surface area of these fibers. Only 70 to 90 percent of the potential strength, determined by the cross-sectional surface area of the muscle, can be voluntarily activated and applied to athletic movements. Only by stimulating the muscle w ith electricity at a high frequency (100 H z and higher) will permit all muscle fibers, and thereby the entire potential of the muscle, to be activated a t once (Strojnik, 1995).

With the appropriate assistance, for example, stimulation of the muscle w ith electricity, the entire potential of the muscle to produce force can be measured. The potential strength value measured in this way is termed the absolute strength. The highest strength value produced by voluntary contraction is the maximal strength of the a thlete. An athlete's maximal strength will usually be lower than that athlete's absolute strength. The difference between the absolute strength and the maximal strength is termed the strength deficit (Buhrle and Schmidtbleicher, 1981). This is because even well trained athletes cannot use all of the fibers in their muscles a t once. A " big" muscle is not necessarily the stron-


I ., .A-31

I

" .A 38

Conditioning

gest one, particularly if a substantial fraction of the absolute strength cannot be voluntarily and skillfully applied. This is the strength defici t. Muscle hypertrophy training like the REF program w ill tend to increase the s trength defici t, while maximal strength training like the MAX program will tend to decrease the gymnast' s s trength deficit (Table 1). For example, body builders usually have a very high absolute strength, but also a relatively large strength deficit.

Strength may be increased without increasing the size of the muscle by reducing the strength deficit. The training methods used are similar to that of Biihrle and Werner's MAX group (repeated maximal strength efforts). Notice that this group had a substantial increase in maximal strength, but with the least increase in muscle mass (Table 2). With the MAX program the muscle simply does not do enough repetitions to go into ATP deficit and hypertrophy (Biihrle and Werner, 1984; Hartmann and Tiinnemann, 1988) . Instead, here strength is increased by increasing maximal strength without little increase in muscle size, thereby reducing the strength defici t.

= t:; as "'" t;;; ....... c::> >z

~

1\ Figure 3

Strength Capacity

g ••• ~ e o o . o 0 . 0

Time r---------~--------~--------__+>

Initial Level 1. Training Cycle 2. Training Cycle

1\

••• . 00 .

0 · 0

-----------------:> STRENGTH TRAINING

Figure 4

Strength Capacity

• •• • ••• • o.

~--------,---------~---------+> Initial Level 1. Training Cycle 2. Training Cycle

-----------------> STRENGTH TRAINING

Special, specific strength training for an event provokes an adaptation of the neural innervation processes that control the skill. The fraction of the absolute strength that can be voluntary activated may be increased with maximal s trength training. Consequently, maximal strength can be increased by other means than

by increasing the cross-sectional surface area of the muscle. An example of a training program that w ill increase the maximal strength of the athlete, w ithout increasing the muscle size (absolute strength), would be the program of the MAX group in Biihrle and Werner's experiment (see Table 1) . However, coaches and athletes should recognize the fact that improvement by this method is limited by the morphologically available muscular mass, in other words by the absolute strength level. Therefore, a gymnast's conditioning should alternate between muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength training, between the training processes shown in Figures 3 and 4 (Schmid tbleicher, 1992) . During training periods w hen relatively many whole and part routines are completed, the special strength training should be like that in Figure 4, using a program like that of the MAX group in Table 1. The reason for emphasizing training like Figure 4 is to keep muscle hypertrophy and the strength deficit as low as possible during this routine training period.

Rest and recuperation are important aspects of strength training, also in gymnastics.

It is a common idea in training that fatigue develops strength. This idea is particularly popular among athletes who train for muscle size, for example bodybuilders, football players, and throwers in the field events (Brunner and Tabachnik, 1990; Biihrle and Werner, 1984) . A rapid exhaustion of ATP stores has been associated with the "burning" feeling in the muscle. This painful feeling often accompanies strength training sets with heavy loads (70%) and many repetitions (8-15). This kind of strength training tends to be very fatiguing and is also the kind of training that make the muscles increase in size, or hypertrophy. If the load is less, but the speed of movement is very fast, the effect may be the same: muscle growth (Table 2; Biihrle and Werner, 1984).

Figure 2 shows the time course of the training process. No tice' that this graph also shows that rest is also necessary if strength is to increase. Chronic fa tigue tends to reduce effects of the strength training on muscle size. In fact, it has been shown that strength and power training w hile chronically fatigued decreases the effects of, strength training (Verchoshanskij, 1985). Bodybuilders often use split routines strength training every day, but a muscle group only every other day (Biihrle and Werner, 1984; Tesch, 1986).

Heavy fatigue from strength training has other effects that are important in gymnastics. Heavy fatigue from strength training can be very detrimental to coordination and technique. When gymnasts perform powerful movements, their nervous system is heavily involved and their coordination is also improved by this training (Borrmann. 1978). Therefore, maximal strength training should be performed when the gymnast is warm, but relatively fresh. Training periods where strength training is emphasized should be separated from periods w here skill learning is emphasized (Major, 1993; Verchoshanskij, 1985) .

Strength training must be integrated with the skill training in gymnastics .

Modern strength training and conditioning has two priorities:

On one hand, training should improve the cross-sectional surface area of all muscle fibers, and thereby the absolute strength.

On the other hand, this potential, absolute strength must be able to be applied w ith maximal effect, in a manner specific to the event. Applying strength, with maximal effec t, specific for the event, is achieved with skill practice and training (Biihrle and Werner, 1984).

Correct technical execution is often impossible without sufficient strength. Performance of gYITmastics skills w ith virtuosity


Conditioning

often demands a great deal of strength. With insufficient strength, the gymnast learns a skill w ith one technique only to have to relearn the skill when he or she has increased strength. Relearning can be very time-consuming, frustrating, and is a substantial source of inefficiency in the training process (FKS, 1988). Alternative methods are:

1. Develop sufficient strength before learning the skill (sequential strength-skill development), and

2. Spot or assist the gymnast w ith insufficient strength for technically good performance during performance of the skill while strength is being developed (simultaneous skill-strength improvement). As well, any loss of strength will deteriorate the technical performance of a skill that the gymnast has already mastered.

Specific for gymnastics skills are the muscle groups that need hypertrophy, and which muscle groups do not. After observation of the morphology of the world's elite gymnasts in several European, National, and World Championships events, I believe that eli te gymnasts of both genders appear to need hypertrophied:

elbow extensors (movement: straightening the elbow joint; typical exercise: bar dips or hand stand pushups)

plantar flexors (movement: standing up on toe; typical exercise: standing toe raises)

shoulder (hyper-) flexors (movement: lifting the arms above and past the head; typical exercise: press to handstand)

sternoclavicular joint elevators and depressors (movement: lifting or pushing down the shoulders and arms; typical exercise: straight arm lat pulldowns or incline bench press)

hip extensors (movement: kicking the thigh back; typical exercise: cast to handstand)

shoulder extensors (movement: pushing the arms down and behind the back; typical exercise: Manna)

In addition, the male gy~nast must have hypertrophied:

shoulder adductors and horizontal adductors (movement: end of front giant in rings, cross; typical exercise: flys)

elbow flexors (movement: bending the elbows; typical exercise: initial pull up to Asarjian in rings)

The above list does not ignore the fact that many of the individual muscles that participate in these movements also participate in other movements important for technically perfect gymnastics, for example by stabilizing the joint (stabilizers). For technically correct gymnastics, almost all other muscle groups than the above list must be very strong. The muscle groups must have minimum muscle mass and minimum strength deficit. This is particularly the case for all (remote) joint stabilizer muscles of the body.

Strength Training Principles for Gymnastics Muscle size is important for strength, but gymnastics condi

tioning must not become body building. Absolute strength does increase w ith body mass. Among trained athletes, the bigger the person, the more weight they can usually lift. This relationship between body size and strength can be seen in the graph comparing weight lifted in the Olympic weightlifting events (world records) compared to weight class (Figure 5) . However, the strength of an athlete relative to their body size decreases as the body mass of the weight lifter increases (Figure 6) . The world record in relative strength is held by an athlete in the 60 kg (125 lb.) class who snatched three times his own body weight with one movement over his head! Olympic weightlifting is an extreme power, tech-

nique, and quickness event like gymnastics. We must remember that the power-to-body-weight ratio IS an important performance determining factor in gymnastics. A gymnast must lift his or her body mass with their legs w hen tumbling or with their arms on bars. As the mass of the gymnast increases, they inevitably tend to slide dow n the curve in Figure 6, and their gymnastics performance will tend to suffer.

Figure S /\

460

420 0>

-:::=. ""'0 380 Q)

':E

-= 340 0> ' (i;

3: 300

260 V~

525660 67.5 75 82.5 90 100 110 125 Body moss (kg)

The power-to-body-weight ratio is perhaps the real reason w hy the taller and heavier gymnasts seem to have more difficulty succeeding in gymnastics. The taller the athlete is, the greater his or her body mass will be, and the worse the relative strength. If this is indeed the case, then the training of the taller gymnast must concentrate on the highest relative strength and lowest strength deficit.

Figure 6

-;- /\ * ~ 5.4 ~ c E 5.2 >-

""C 5.0 0 ..0 4.8 = --"" 4.6 * ""C 4.4 ., ffi 4.2 = 4.0 ~

...c: 3.8 '& c: 3.6 ~ v; 3.4 ., .::: 'E V~ Q;

"'" 525660 67.5 75 82.5 90 100 110 125

Body moss (kg)

I believe the problem of the taller gymnast is analogous to the loss of performance and strength commonly seen in the pubertal gymnast. Well trained 10-year-old girls and 12-year-old boys commonly show comparatively h igh values of relative strength. But as children and teenagers become taller and therefore heavier, their relative strength should decrease . Relative strength often does seem to decrease, especially during pubertal growth spurts and skill performance deteriorates at the same time. In the case of


tt

" A 39

I o A. 40

Conditioning

the pubertal male gymnast, the problem is due to a relative strength that cannot keep up with the increase in body mass due to body height growth (Zatsiorsky, 1995). What might be appropriate here would be muscle hypertrophy training. In the case of the female gymnast who is filling out during puberty, the loss of relative strength is also due to increased body mass, but not only from body length growth. In the case of the female gymnast, more muscle hypertrophy training would be clearly inappropriate. Instead, the maximal strength of the female gymnast must be increased while maintaining body mass. Increasing maximal strength while maintaining mass would reduce the strength deficit and increase relative strength.

Muscle tissue and fat tissue are the two kinds of body tissue that are relatively quickly gained or lost with training. As muscle tissue is much more dense than fat tissue, muscle hypertrophy can cause a greater increase in body weight than a slight loss of fitness. Muscle hypertrophy training must therefore be very judiciously used in gymnastics training. As hard as it is to loose a pound of fat through correct diet and exercise, a pound of excess muscle is comparatively impossible to loose and still maintain fitness. Muscles that are not absolutely essential for gymnastics should not be hypertrophied. The important muscles for gymnastics need to be hypertrophied, but only within strict limits.

Not only will exaggerated muscle hypertrophy training ruin the gymnast's power-to-weight ratio or relative strength, muscle hypertrophy training may also make the gymnast slower. It is well-known that bodybuilders tend to have a higher percentage of slow twitch muscle fibers than Olympic weight lifters, power lifters, or other strength athletes (MacDougall, 1986; Tesch, 1988). One explanation is that typical body building sets last so long that the muscle suffers a lack of oxygen (8-15 reps per set). Moderately heavy loads high numbers of repetitions and shorter rest periods restrict the supply of oxygen to the muscles. It appears that this restricted supply of oxygen can cause muscle fibers to change to slow-twitch tissue (Tamaki et aI., 1994) . The lack of oxygen stimulates the muscle to increase its oxygen binding ability. The ability to extract oxygen is unfortunately also associated with slower contractions and lower peak forces . High numbers of repetitions, and shorter rest periods, describe the training that caused the greatest muscle hypertrophy in the Werner and Biihrle's (1984) experiment (Table 1, REF group) . This may be the explanation behind the bigger, but relatively weaker, muscles of bodybuilders compared to Olympic weight lifters.

In one particular case, ignorance about hypertrophy training can be potentially catastrophic. When the coach is asking the gymnast to loose weight, while having the gymnast do a muscle hypertrophy training, the gymnast is in an impossible situation. Due to the hypertrophy training, the athlete is gaining weight no matter how little she or he eats. In such a situation, disordered eating behaviors might seem to the athlete like the only solution. Muscle hypertrophy training is therefore potentially connected with eating disorders.

Coaches may unwittingly have their gymnasts complete body building. Many typical gymnastics strength training exercises could in fact cause excessive hypertrophy. Looking at the muscle hypertrophy of gymnasts who claim not to lift weights, but only perform body-weight resistance, (traditional) gymnastics strength training would also lead one to believe that gymnastics in and by itself can cause substantial muscle hypertrophy. I suspect that muscle hypertrophy due to a POWER type program using body weight gymnastics specific exercises and speed is happening too often in gymnastics (see Table 1). Gymnastics training, particularly performing many routines and half-routines during a single workout, is very similar to Biihrle and Werner's POWER training

program. This group achieved almost as much muscle hypertrophy as the body building group (REF), but without corresponding increases in maximal strength (Table 2). Moreover, among gymnasts there is obviously a wide variety in the ability to build body mass . The observation that individuals have individual ability to hypertrophy their muscles concerns females as well as male gymnasts. Therefore,

Gymnastics Coaches! Critically evaluate your

strength training.

It has been noticed for some time that the very best gymnasts in the world have great strength with little muscle mass (Schwermann, 1986). Massive development of quadriceps (women) and upper arms (men) in some of our best gymnasts is also anecdotal evidence that our strength training should be reevaluated. Elite gymnasts who resemble body builders make a nice show, but poor gymnastics . My direct experience with the 1993 World University Games USA men's gymnastics team leads me to believe that the strength deficit is a problem in USA men's gymnastics training methodology. During the first phase of the training camp for those World University Games, the athletes demonstrated an almost daily increase in maximal strength, and excellent performance during gymnastics practice, despite unusually hard and fatiguing training of daily compulsory and optional routines as well as twice-daily strength training. These changes happened over such a short period of time that a change in absolute strength can be ruled ou t. The morning strength session was according to the same program as the MAX group in Table 1. The afternoon strength training was according to Plotkin, Rubin, and Arkaev (1983). The MAX program involved a maximum lift in each training and therefore the lRM was measured every day. Almost without exception, the lRM of the team members increased each day. I believe that what was happening was an increase in their maximal strength before there was any possibility of further hypertrophy because there was not enough time for the muscle to hypertrophy nor were the gymnasts lifting enough to cause muscle growth. Therefore they reduced their strength deficit, and thereby increased their relative strength. Another sign was that their gymnastics performance continued to be excellent, and even improve, despite the fatigue of strength twice a day as well as half-routine and full-routine training (Watanabe, Major, and McKelvain, 1993; Major, 1993). The situation of our elite and collegiate female gymnasts is unknown. The 1991 Women's Senior National Team was stronger than the Junior National Team (Irvin, Major, and Sands, 1992). However, the fact that the Junior National Team had better relative strength indicates that the Senior National Team's strength training was not maximizing strength while minimizing muscle hypertrophy as effectively.

Conclusion An increase in the cross-sectional surface area of the muscle is

fundamental for the maximal improvement of strength because strength improvement is ultimately limited by muscle size, the muscle cross-sectional area. However, the gymnastics coach must also understand muscle hypertrophy training because gymnastics training must keep muscular hypertrophy within strict limits . Hypertrophy must be kept within strict limits to keep the powerto-body-mass ratio of the gymnast as high as possible. Gymnastics coaches must understand body building so that they canconservatively use hypertrophy training with the gymnasts in their care.


Conditioning

) References Borrmann, G. (1978). Anatomischphys iologische Zusa mmenhange bei

turnischen Bewegungen [Relationships between anatomy - physiology and gymnastics movements]. In G. Borrmann (Ed.), Geriittllrnen Third Ed ition (pp. 70-82) . Berlin, GD.R.: Sportverl ag.

Brunner, R., and Tabachnik, B. (1990). Soviet Traini'lg and Recovery Methods. Pleasant Hill CA: Sport Focus Publishing.

Biihrle, M., and Schmidtblelcher. 0 (1981) Komponenten der Maximal- und SclUlellkraft [Components of maximal strength and power]. Sportwissenschaft, 1,11-27.

Biihrle, M., and Werner, E. (1984). Das Muskelquerschnitts training der Bodybuilder [The muscle hypertrophy training of the body builder]. Leistungssport, 3,5-9.

FKS [Research Inst i tu te for Physical Ed ucation a nd Sport]. (1988). Entwickillngstendenzen del" Leistungen teclmisch-akrobatischer Sportarten bis 1992 sowie abgeleitete Erneuerungen und Alternative zum Trainingssystem [Trends in the development of performance in technical-acrobatic sports up to 1992, as well as thereby derived innovations and alternatives to the training system]. Leipzig, G.D.R.: Forschungsinstitut fur Korperkultur und Sport

Hartmann J. , and Tiinnemann, H. (1988). Modernes Krafttraining [Modern strength training]. Berlin, G.D.R.: Sportverlag.

Hartig, R. and Buchmann, G. (1988). Geriittllrnen-Trainingsmethodik [Gymnastics-Training Methodology]. Berlin, G.D.R.: Sportverlag.

Irvin, R., Major, J., and Sands, W.A. (1992) . Lower Body and Torso Strength Norms for Elite Female Gymnasts. InJ. McNitt-Gray (Ed.), 1992 USGF Sport Science Congress Proceedi'lgs (pp. 5-12). Ind ianapolis, IN: United States Gymnastics Federation.

Lundholm, K. (1986). Nybildning och Nedbrytning av Kontraktila Proteiner [Creation and destruction of contrac tile proteins]. In A. Forsberg and B. Sa l tin . (Eds .), Styrketrii'ling (pp. 88-93). Farsta, SWE: Sveriges Riksidrottsforbund and Folksam.

MacDougall, J. D. (1986). Morphological changes in human skeletal muscle following strength training and immobilization. In N .LJones, N. McCartney and A.J. McComas (Eds.). Human Muscle Power (pp. 269-285). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

Major, J. (1993). New Ways to Plan mId Organize Gymnastic Trainingfor blcreased Effectiveness According to J. W. Werchoshanskij. Carmichael, CA: U.s. Elite Coaches Assoc. for Women"s Gymnastics.

Martin, D. (Ed.) (1991) Handbuch Trainin gslehre [Handbook of Training Theory and Methodology]. Schorndorf, F.R.G.: Verlag Karl HofmalUl.

Figure 1 Fraction of the different metabolic substances in the supply

of energy at continuous, maximum effort. ATP and CP are the sources of energy for gymnastics. A TP and CP stores can be rapidly replenished . It is well known that there is little lactic acid in the blood of elite gymnasts after the floor exercise and optional pommel horse, so these routines apparently do not substantially tax anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic metabolism . Perhaps there are enough relatively easy phases during which A TP and CP can be restored. (Modified after Kuel et al in Biihrle and Werner, 1984)

Figure 2

Schematic process of training load and adaptation (Matveyev, 1971)

Figure 3 The course of a typical muscle hypertrophy training. Notice

that the diameter of the muscle increases as the diameter of the fibers increases. With this training, the number of the fibers in the muscle that are activated does not increase. This effect is produced by a training like REF in Table 1. (Modified after Hartmann and Tiinnemann, 1988)

Matvejev, L. P. (1971). Problema periodizacii sportivlloj trenirovki [The problem of the periodiza tion of a thletic training]. Moscow. USSR: Fiskultura i sport.

Oppel, C. (1967). Die Abhangigkeit turnischer Leistungen im Jugendalter von der Muskelkraft [The dependency of gymnastics performance on muscular strength during the junior ages]. TheOl·ie u. Praxis d. Korperkultur, 12, 236-244.

Plotkin, A.B., Rubin, V.s.,and Arkeev, L.J. (1983) Oprazhenyenie ssoprotivlyenle u spyediatsvnaie polgotovka ot vleshiy gimnas ti [Exercises w ith weights in specific conditiong of elite gymnasts]. GYl11nastika, 1, 21-23.

Poliquin, C. (1991). Training for Improving Relative Strength. Sports, 11,3-11.

Schmid tbleicher, D. (1980). Maximalkraft und Bewegungsschnelligkei t [Maximal strength and the speed of movement]. Bad Homburg, F.R.G.: Limpert Verlag.

Schmidtbleicher, D. (1992). Training for Power Events. In P.V. Komi (Ed.). Strength and Power in Sport (pp. 381-395) . Oxford, GBR: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Schwermann, B. (1986) . Mussen unsere Trainer beim Krafttraining umdenken? [Do our coaches need to rethink their strength training?]. Geriitturnen Aktuell, 3, 22.

Strojnik, V. (1995). Muscle activation level during maximal voluntary effort. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 144-149.

Tamaki, T., Uchiyama, S., Tamura, T., and Nakano, S. (1994). Changes in muscle oxygenation during weight lifting exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 68, 465-469.

Tesch, P. (1986). Principerfor Styrketraning [Principles of s trength training]. In A. Forsrberg and B. Saltin. (Eds.), Styretrii'li'lg (pp. 104-113). Farsta, SWE: Sveriges Riksidrottsforbund and Folksam.

Tesch, P. (1988). Skeletal muscle adap tations consequent to long-term heavy resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20,5,132-134.

Ti ttel, K., and Wutscherk. H. (1992). Anthropometric Factors. In P.V. Komi (Ed.), Strength and Power in Sport (pp. 180-196). Oxford, GBR: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Ukran, M.L. (1969). Ginmastika [Gymnastics]. Moscow, USSR: Fizkultura i sport.

Verchoshanskij . J .V. (1985). Programmirovnnie i organisacija trenirovo.,1Ogo processa [The programming and organization of the training process]. Moscow, USSR: Fizkultura i sport.

Watanabe, M., Major, J., and McKelvain, R. (1993). The specific preparation at the United States men's gynmastics team for the 1993 World University Games: Summary Report. Indianapolis, IN: United States Gymnastics Federation.

Za tsiorsky, V. M. (1995). Science mId Practice of Strel1gth Training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Pub!.

Figure 4 The course of a typical maximal strength training. Notice

that the diameter of the muscle depicted as circles does not increase w hile the ability to activate more muscle fibers increases. This effect is produced by a training like the MAX group in Table 1. (Modified after H artmann and Tiinnemann, 1988)

Figure 5 The relationship between maximal strength and body mass

exemplified by the World Records in Olympic Weightlifting. The heavier the athlete, the more weight is lifted. (Modified after Hartmann and Tiinnemann, 1988; Tittle and Wutscherk, 1992)

Figure 6 The relationship between maximal strength and body mass

exemplified by the World Records in Olympic Weightlifting. The heavier the athlete, the less weight is lifted per kilogram body mass. (Modified after Hartmann and Tiinnemann, 1988; Tittle and Wutscherk, 1992)


9 ., .A 41

I

" .A 42

Conditioning

Table 1 Comparison of the training routines of the three experimental groups in the experiment

(Biihrle and Werner, 1984) MAX GROUP: Repeated maximal strength effor ts

3 sets of 3 repetitions @ 90 % of 1RM

2 sets of 2 repetitions @

2 sets of 2 repetitions @

1 set of 1 repetition @

95 % of 1RM

97% oflRM

100% oflRM

Total: 18 repetitions in 8 sets w ith an average intensity of 94.3% of lRM. Pauses between sets: 3 minutes

Perform ance of the movements: explosive contraction

This kind of program is appropriate for reducing the strength deficit.

REF GROUP: Repeated st rength efforts until failure

3 sets of 12 repetitions @ 70% of1RM

Total: 36 repetitions in 3 sets w ith an average intensity of 70% of 1 RM.

Pauses between sets: 2 minutes

Perfo rm ance of the movements: repetitions to failure.

771is kind of program is appropriate for muscle hypertrophy, increasing absolute strength, or body building.

POWER GROUP: Pow er training method

5 sets of 7 repetitions @ 45 % of 1RM

Total 35 repetitions in 5 sets with an average intensity of 45 % of 1 RM.

Pauses between sets: 5 minutes

Performance of the movements: as rapidly as possible. This kind of program produces almost as much muscle hypertrophy as repeated efforts to failure (REF).

No te: The relative level of the training load was readjusted every week to the improving level of maximal strength (1RM) . l RM is the one repetition maximum or the heaviest weight the athlete can lift one time.

Table 2 The results of training with different methods (12 weeks) (Biihrle and Werner, 1984).

N refers to Newtons, a measu re afforce. 1 pound of force is equal to approximately 4.5 Newton s. mm2 is a measure of s~lIface area of the muscle measured with computed tomography.

Isometric Maximal S trength Muscle cross-sectional area - triceps

before after difference before after difference

N N N % mm2 mm2 mm2 %

MAX 441.3 521.7 79.4 18.0 27.4 30.1 2.7 9.9

POWER 442.3 518.8 76.5 17.3 26.2 29.0 2.8 10.7

REF 421.7 509.0 87.3 20.7 25.2 29.7 4.5 17.8

MAX: This group used a training program for improving maximal s trength, with a minimum muscle hypertrophy effec t, thereby reducing the strength deficit. This group used the lowest number of repetitions, but the highest average intensity, and intermediate rest periods.

REF: This group used a training program for increasing strength by increasing the cross-sectional area of the muscle (muscle hypertrophy). This group used the highest number of repetitions at an in termediate in tensity, and the shortest rest periods. The result was intensive fa tigue.

POWER: This group used a training program fo r improving power and quickness . This group used almost the highest number of repetitions, the next highest number of sets, but the highest speed of movement, and the longest rest periods.


Rhythmic Gymnastics

REVISIONS TO THE RSG J.D. TECHNICAL HANDBOOK FOR COACHES AND LUDGES

Levels 5-8, Group

pg. 10 Add at bottom of page:

E. OPTIONAL PARTS

Splits and chest stands are not permitted as starting or ending position

penalty 0.50

pg. 11 Add at bottom of page:

RANGE OF SCORES on a two judge panel, where the scores are being averaged, the maximum difference between the two scores is 0.30

pg. 12 Rules for Compulsory Judging

A. General Rules

Add:

9. A gymnast must salute the judge prior to stepping onto the mat and upon completion of her routine. Penalty for not respecting either rule is 0.20.

pg. 18 V. BASIC CONCEPTS OF JUDGING LEVEL 6

B. One judge per gymnast can be used at a local meet. A panel of two judges per gymnast is necessary for state and regional meets.

C. Two gymnasts may compete the same routine either at the same time or alternating, with two judges judging one athlete and two judges judging the other.

pg. 19 IX. Judging a Level 6 Routine

3. The composition score and execution score are added together, this becomes the gymnast's competition score when a one judge panel is used.

pg. 23 Level 6 Meet Format

Change to read:

B. A one judge panel may be used for each event for local meets.

C. A two judge panel will be used for state and regional...

J. The rotations of the events should allow for the gymnasts to be evaluated by both judging panels.

pg. 24 III. Level 7 Judging Breakdown

7.00 ; Maximum score (compulsory

3.00 ; Composition/ musicality

4.00 ; Execution

8.00 = Maximum score (Optional)

3.80 = Composition! musicality

Bonus 0.10 Musical relationship

0.10 "B" difficulty

3.90 = Execution

Bonus 0.10 Expression

IV. Level 7 Optional Routine

eliminate" A" and change the following letters" AC"

A. Level 7 optional routine must follow the Level 8 rules (see pg. 31-37) and is judged on a 8.00 maximum score.

pg. 27 Part VII

Element #1 Hips out of alignment in split, back knee bent

Element #11 balance done on flat foot

0.20

0.30

pg. 29 After Element#12 listings of deductions and before PreacroIllusion forward roll, insert

Level 8 Rhythmic Floor Exercise

pg. 30 VII. Level 7 Meet Format

B. For all compulsory routines, both judges judge composition and execution. The two scores are averaged. The optional routine is judged with one judge judging composition and the other judge judging execution. The two scores are added.

pg. 35 Club Composition Requirements Level 8

B. Other Groups ...

4. asymmetric elements, three occurrences 0.10

Add NOTE: Asymmetric movements are characteristic of clubs; they are either combinations of elements belonging to different structural groups, or combinations of elements of the same structural groups, but performed on different planes or in several directions.

The two movements of the clubs may have the following relationships

Ribbon Composition Requirements for Level 8

A. Fundamental Groups, three occurrences each category

2. spiral w ith pivot of A difficulty

D. Ribbon specific

2. one pivot of A difficulty must be performed with a spiral


tt ., A 43

I ., A. 44

Rhythmic Minutes

RHYTHMIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE

Conference Call

September 3, 1996

I. Roll Call Members present: Andrea Schmid Lana Lashoff Catherine Yakhimovich Maureen Broderick Vanessa Vanderpluym Candace Feinberg

FIG Representative Coaches Representative Coaches Representative Judges Representative Athletes Representative Rhythmic Program VP Rhythmic Program Director Nora Campbell

II. International Assignments Junior assignments based on events gymnast is currently training. Senior assignments based on Olympic Trial results. Sept. 21-23 -10th Kasasagi Rhythmic Cup

Gynmasts: Kate Jeffress AmyNg

Coach: Catherine Yakhimovich Oct. 25-27 - Namibia, Africa

Gymnast: Alicia Albe Coach: Catherine Yakhimovich

Nov. 20-21 Pacific Alliance Gymnasts: Natalie Laques ta

Lauri Lilly Heilie Isaacs

Coach: *Judge:

Lana Lashoff Nora Campbell

Dec. 6-8 - Jr. Pan American Gymnastics Championships Gymnasts: Johanna Shoemaker

Coaches:

*Judges

Tara McCargo Kassy Scharringhausen Kate Jeffress Catherine Yakhimovich Efrossina Anguelova Marina Davidovich Norma Zabka Ellen Nyemcsik

*Judge assignments made by the Rhythmic Judges Selection Committee

II. 1997 Rhythmic Challenge Format: Two day All-Around competition (2/7-2/8 in the AM). Re-ranking based upon the combined scores of day one and day two. Coaches will be required to submit, prior to the competition, a written routine analysis for each apparatus identifying difficulties in sequence AND using the terminology as defined in the new Code of Points. Following the second day of competition, judges will meet with athletes and coaches for a video and/or floor review. This will be followed by a Code discussion with coaches and judges.

III. 1997 National Championships Format: Three day event

Day one: Each gynmast competes two events Four events will be rotated

Day two: Each gynmast competes two events Four events will be rotated

Based upon the results of day one and day tvvo: The top six athletes (Jr. and Sr.) will be presented individual event awards The top twelve athletes (Jr. and Sr.) will advance to All-Around Finals.

Day three: Each gynmast competes four events Based upon the combined score of the preliminary All-Around (40%) and the final All-Around (60%):

The top eight athletes (Jr. and Sr.) will be presented All-Around awards The National Team (eight Jr. / eight Sr.) will be determined


Safety

, 996 USAG NATIONAL SAFETY CERTIFIERS The following list of National Safety Certifiers is provided to assist in finding or organizing safety courses. Please no te that a minimum of six participants is required in order to conduct a course. If you wish for the certifier to travel a significant dis tance, a minimum of eleven participants is required in order for the certifier to receive any travel expenses from USA Gymnastics.

Dollie Landvaller AK 907/ 789-0909 & 789-7440 Scoll Gay MN 612/ 920-5342 tt Ricky Garcia AL 205/ 970-0496 Ray Overmann MO 314/ 291 -7664

" Scoll Wright AR 501/327-7742 Julie Maynard MO 417/883-9963 & 417/ 882-5311 A Bernie Ray AZ 602/ 978-1336 & 934-2007 Donald Davis NC 919/847-7647 &790-9400 4S David Wehr AZ 602/ 596-3543 Dan Keane NC 910/665-0662 David Adlard CA 510/ 439-7651 David Mickelson NE 402/ 551 -3977 Edward Franz CA 619/ 670-1638 & 594-5553 James Reichar! NE 402/ 296-2326 & 712/ 328-8588 Hiroshi Fujimoto CA 408/ 372-1006 Anthony Retrosi NH 603/433-0404 Jeff Lulla CA 818/ 845-0700 Cathy Finkel NJ 201/586-1808 before 9 pm David Moskovitz CA 415/ 721-7347 Willie Forman NJ 609/ 453-8791 & 882-2000x6493 Steven Paul Scoll CA 415/ 866-4932 Phil Frank NJ 609/ 786-3977 Quinn Shannon CA 619/ 562-7667 & 296-8411 Louise Janecky NM 505/662-9118 & 662-9523 Michael Taylor CA 415/ 854-3880 & 858-3480 Derick Moellenbeck NV 702/ 355-77 55 Ron Barella CO 970/ 482-3118 Sarah Jane Clifford NY 716/ 381 -8840 & 388-8686 Betsy Sprague CO 303/ 750-3356 Edward Konopa NY 516/ 422-0116 Robert Beach CT 203/ 787-3388 & 392-6092 Paul Spadaro NY 212/ 957-1963 Virginia Redmond DE 302/ 831 -8599 Ronald J Ganim OH 216/ 237-3808 & 216/ 526-2970 Karl Bishop FL 813/ 532-0574 & 447-2108 Bobbi Fahrnbach OH 614/ 777-5057 & 457-1279 Marci L. Levine FL 305/ 861-8753 Scoll Blakemore OK 918/ 584-4093 D.J . Milem FL 904/ 641-7768 & 641-9966 Richard McCoy OR 541 / 929-2003 Suzanne Stanton FL 904/ 769-6464 Ruth Lepper Sandoz OR 503/ 246-0818 & 531 -9492 Christine Calvert GA 404/687-9911 Jeannelle Jay PA 412/ 429-8879 & 279-4344 Michael E. Goodale GA 803/ 643-3458 Ken Miller PA 908/ 356-0633 & 271 -2838 Cora Fonseca HI 808/ 488-7030 Michael Rizzuto PA 814/ 867-4305 & 238-8995 James R.Tighe ID 208/ 853-4042 & 853-3220 Robert Lynn Ross PA 717/ 369-4667 & 267-1760 Monte Kimes IL 312/ 586-6015 & 747-2024 Mike Franco RI 401/789-8096 Edgar Pulido IL 708/ 969-0900 Kimberly Domagalski SC 803/ 773-1404 Barry Dubuque IN 812/ 473-3232 & 482-4800 Robert White SC 803/ 268-77 40 & 268-3790 Loree Galimore IN 317/ 823-0393 William Allen SD 605/ 341 -5914 James Gedney KS 913/ 469-5554 Robert Valley TN 615/ 822-8116 Steve Schoenbaechler KY 502/ 458-8094 Kay Brown TX 903/ 785-2130 & 784-0205 J Kevin Spencer KY 502/ 752-6300& 1-888-496-8963 Janice S. Eyman TX 817/ 694-2065 Caesar Garcia LA 504/ 924-1705 John Edward Smith TX 214/ 203-8298 & 722-8294 Stephan DiTull io MA 508/ 263-9306 Russ Ward TX 713/ 444-6595 Stephen Posner MA 413/ 748-3357 David Clifton VT 802/ 863-4714 Bob Ouellelle MD 410/ 379-8468 Leigh Eaton WA 360/ 578-2042 & 577-6274 John Perna MD 410/ 848-2771 Nicki Geiger! WA 206/ 788-2676 Gerald Bellemare ME 207/ 395-4306 &443-3134 Ralph Druecke WI 414/ 796-0265 & 782-3430 Stephen Randall ME 207/ 284-8351 & 603/ 964-9000 Heather Gollnick WI 414/ 246-4307 & 789-6885 Rae Rogers ME 207/ 667-9648 & 947-3860 Billy Bob Taylor WV 304/ 757-3860 & 304/ 344-3279 Mary Panackia MI 810/ 474-0689 Raleigh Wilson WY 307/ 745-8302 Jerry Reighard MI 517/ 828-5604 & 774-6696


Calendar

Date Days Discipline Event Location Contact Phone

SEPTEMBER 1996 20 MW Region II Congress Seattle, WA Ruth Sandoz 503-531-9492 24 1 MWR PDP I Video Clinic New York, NY Heather Stout 314-256-4500 28 2 MWR Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop Buffalo Grove, Il Jennifer Gallahue lee 317- 237- 5050 28 8 M Senior Team Camp Colo. Spgs ., CO Ron Galimore 317-237-5050

OCTOBER 1 996

I 3 4 W National TOP Testing - at USOTC Colo. Spgs., CO Gary Warren 317-237-5050 11 3 MW Region VII Congress Williamsburg, GA Jan Greenhawk 410-226-5943

" 11 2 MWR Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop Williamsburg, VA Jennifer Gallahue lee 317-237-5050 A 12 2 R J.O. Group Championships Downers Grove, IL Nora Campbell 317-237-5050

46 12 2 MWR Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop Billings, MT Jennifer Gallahue Lee 317-237-5050 15 8 M Junior National Team Camp Colo. Spgs., CO Dennis Mcintyre 317-237-5050 17 3 MW Region VIII Congress Orlando, FL Tim Rand 954-972-4947 17 2 MWR Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop Orlando, FL Jennifer Gallahue Lee 317-237-5050 18 1 MWR USA Gymnastics Executive Committee Meeting Indianapolis, IN Jul ie Bejin 317-237-5050 19 2 MWR USA Gymnastics Board of Directors Meeting Indianapolis, IN Julie Bejin 317-237-5050 24 4 MW Region VI Congress Boxboro, MA Kathy Fe ldmann 617-784-5830 24 2 MWR Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop Boxboro, MA Jennifer Gallahue Lee 317-237-5050

NOVEMBER 1996 4 7 W FIG Women's Intercontinental Judges' Course Athens, GA Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 12 6 MW Pacific Alliance Championships Kuala Lumpur, MAS Gary Alexander 317-237-5050 14 4 M "Future Stars" 10·11 Championships Colo. Spgs., CO Dennis Mcintyre 317-237-5050

14 4 M National Coaches Workshop Colo. Spgs., CO Dennis Mcintyre 317-237-5050 23 8 R FIG/ RSG Intercontinental Judges' Course Lahti, FIN Nora Campbell 317-237-5050

DECEMBER 1 996 3 7 MWR PAGU Junior Championships Guatemala City, GUA 3 7 MWR PAGU Congress Guatemala City, GUA 5 4 W National TOP Training Camp Tulsa, OK Gary Warren 317-237-5050 6 3 MWR National Gym Fest - at Disneyland Hotel Annaheim, Calif. Jennifer Gallahue Lee 317-237-5050 7 2 MWR Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop Atlanta, GA Jennifer Gallahue Lee 317-237-5050 8 8 M FIG Intercontinental Judges Course Seattle, WA Ron Galimore 317-237-5050 20 2 MW Israel's Open Gymn. Champ. (Peace Tournament) Tel·Aviv, ISR TBA MW DTB Pokal Stuttgart, GER

JANUARY 1997 8 5 W Women's Continental Judges' Course Indianapolis, IN Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 14 5 W Women's Brevet Judges' Course Indianapolis, IN Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 25 MWR Reese's International Gymnastics Cup TBA Jeff Olsen 317-237-5050

FEBRUARY 1997 8 2 R Rhythmic Challenge Colo. Spgs., CO Nora Campbell 317-237-5050 14 2 M USA Gymnastics Winter Cup Challenge TBA Ron Galimore 317-237-5050 14 3 W Revco Buckyeye Classic Columbus, OH Jim Ginzer [email protected] 27 3 MW McDonald's American Cup Ft. Worth, TX Jeff Olsen 317-237-5050

MARCH 1997 1 1 R International Competition Houston, TX Nora Campbell 317-237-5050 2 1 MWR 3 x 3 Int'I Gymnastics Invitational Ft. Worth, TX Jeff Olsen 317-237-5050 20 4 W Americon Classic TBA Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 21 2 MW Int'I. Team Championships (Jr./Sr.) Cincinnati, OH TBD W Nat. Collegiate Gymn. Assoe. TBD Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050

APRIL 1997 4 2 R Rhythmic EastMest Championships TBA Nora Campbell 317-237-5050 4 2 W American Challenge - National Elite TBA Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 5 W NCAA Regionals Various Sites 10 3 MW USAG Collegiate Champs - Seattle Pacif. Univ. Seattle, WA Kathy Kelly 317-237-505 11 2 R Rhythmic EastMest Championships TBA Nora Campbell 317-237-5050 12 2 R Level 10 Regional Championships Various Sites Nora Campbell 317-237-5050 12 1 W USAG Nat. Invitational Tournament - U. of Iowa Iowa City Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 17 3 W NCAA National Championships Gainesville, FL 26 2 R J.O. Championships TBA Noro Campbell 317-237-5050


Safety Certification

SAFETY CERTIFICATION COURSES Minimum age for Safety Certification is 18 years

OCTOBER Fl; 6:00- 10:00 p.m. In conjunction with Gemini Cup Invitational Site: TBA Course Dir: Karl Bishop 813-447-21 OB Kent State Univ., OH; Time: TBA local contact: Bob Anderson 330-677-6700 Course Dir: Ron Ganim 216-526-2970 Evansville, IN; 2:00-6:00 p.m. M.E.G.A. Gymnastics; 2949 N. Joseph Ave local contact: Kelly Vance 812-423- 3121 Course Dir: Barry Dubuque: 812-473-3232 Ft Smith, AR; 1 :00-5:00 p.m. Flame Gymnastics Academy local contact: Dan Beam SO 1-646-7723 Course Dir: Scott Wright 501-327-7742 Crystal lake, Il; 8:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m. 387 Congress Parkway local contact: Kathy Gebhardt 815-477-4111 Course Dir: Edgar Pulido 630-969- 0900 Portland, OR; 6:00-1 0:00 p.m. MAC Club local contact: Meg Doxtator 503-246-0818 Course Dir: 503- 246-0818

11 Williamsburg, VA; 6:00-10:00 p.m. In conjunction with Region 7 Mink. Congress George Washington Inn Course Dir: Billy Bob Taylor 301-344-3279

13 Ric hmond, VA; 1 :00-5:00 p.m. Richmond Olympiad Gymnastics 10701 Trade Rd; 23236 local Contact: Judy Shaw 804-794-2813 Course Dir: Billy Bob Taylor 301 - 344- 3279

19 Salt lake City, UT; 9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m. Bailies Gymn local Contact: Tami Bailie 810-572-4905 Course Dir: Jim Tighe 208-853- 3220

20 San Bruno, CA; 2:00-6:00 p.m. The little Gym 731 Kains Ave; 94066 local Contact: Millie Chauser 415-225--0602 Course Dir: Randy McCoy 541-929-2003

20 Brooma ll, PA; 1 :00-6:00 p.m. Kehlers Gymnastics; 680 Parkway local contact: Carla Wilson 610-359-9999 Course Dir: Robert lynn Ross 717- 762-0448

20 Orlando, Fl; 9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m. Region 8 Training Camp; Mini Congress; Delta Resort Hotel Course Dir: Mard levine 305-861-8753

20 Allentown, PA; 10:00 a.m.-2:30 p. m. Gymnastics Center of lehigh Valley; 995 Postal Rd locol contact: John Becker 610- 266- 6711 Course Dir: Phil Frank 609-663- 8006 ext. 438

24 Boxboro, MA; 6:30-10:30 p.m. Holiday Inn - Boxboro Woods; One Adams Place Route 111 Region 6 Congress local contact: Kathy Feldman 617-784-5830 Course Dir: Paul Spadaro

,----------Participation Registration Form Minimum age for Safety Certification is 18 years

Name: Mr./Mrs. / Ms. _ _________________ _

Soc. Sec. #: _____ ________ Birthdate: _____ _

Address: ______________________ _

City: ____________ ,State: ____ Zip ____ _

Telephone: (H) _ ___ _____ (W) _________ _

Course Director: _ ___________________ _

Course Location: ______________ Date: ____ _

Organization Represented: ________________ _

Professional or instructor _________________ _

Current Safety Expiration date: ________ ______ _

I of Payment: 0 Check 0 Visa 0 Mastercard 0 AmExp 0 Discover

I ame on Card: _____________________ _

I Number: _______________________ _

25 Boxboro, MA; 8:30-12:30 p.m. Holiday Inn - Boxboro Woods; One Adams Place Route 111 Region 6 Congress local contact: Kathy Feldman 617-784-5830 Courses Dir: Steve DiTullio

26 Flemington, NJ; 2:45-9:00 p.m. Gymnastics Unlimited 2 lilac Dr. local Contact: 908-782-8882 Course Dir: Cathy Finkel 201 -586-1 808 (before 9:00 p.m.)

26 Cincinnati, OH; 4:00-8:00 p.m. American Eagles Gymnastics 754 Old St Rt 74 Suite C local Contact: Mark Fahrnbach 513- 752-2003 Course Dir: Bobbi Fahrnbach

26 Westminster, MD; 6:00-10:00 p.m. Perna Gymnastics Club; 3100 littlestown Pike local contact: liz or John Perna 410-848-2771 Course Dir: John Perna 410-876-0662

27 San Bruno, CA; 1 :30-5:30 p.m. The little Gym; 731 Kains Ave Course Di r: Randy McCoy 541-929-2003

27 Albuquerque, NM; 9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m. Gold Cup Gymnastics Course Dir: louise Janecky 505-662-9118

NOVEMBER Chesterton, IN; 1 :00-5:00 p.m. Chesterton High School; 651 W. Morgan Ave local contact: Mike or Maria Bachuchin 219-926-2151 ext 260 Course Dir: 810-474-0689

All materials (including the Safety Handbook) for 3rd Cycle courses are provided at the course and are part of the course fee.

Certi.£icationis good for four years.

To achieve Safety Certification, the participant must be at least 18 years of age at the time of the course.

Please make checks payable in full to USA Gymnastics Safety Certification

Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USA Gynu1astics Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225 or FAX to 317-237-5069

I rn% Expiration Date: Signature: ____________ _ L ______________________________ ~


Minot, NO; 6:00-10:00 p.m. Gymnotics Inc; State Fairgrounds local contact: Steve Carver 701 -852-4585 Course Dir: Bill Allen Florence, SC; 1:00-4:00 p.m. Freedom Florence local contact: louise Peck 803-667-5090 Course Dir: Kim Domagalski 803-469-8724

10 Raleigh, NC; 10:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m. North Raleligh Gymn. 5400 Atlantic Springs Rd; 27616 Course Dir: Don Davis 919- 790-9400

24 Jackson, TN; 9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m. Golden Circle Gymnastics locol contact: Don Kirton 901-424-5437 Course Dir: Mike Goodale

30 PA; 1 :00-4:30 p.m. International Gymnastics Camp 717-629-0244 Course Dir: Phil Frank 609-663-8006 ext 438

DECEMBER 11 Wrangell, Alaska; 12:00-4:00 p.m. Stikine Middle School local contact: Joe Rizzo 907-874-3393 ext 264 Course Dir: Beth landvatter 907-789-7440

JAN/ FEB

Sumter, SC; TBA; Sumter YMCA Course Dir: Kim Domagalski 803-773-1 404

COST: Pro·Member with Current Safety

Certification wishing to re·certify .... . . ............ no charge

Pro-Member with expired or new Safety Certification ......................... $50.00

Instructor Member ............... .. .... .. .. .. . $50.00

Non·Member ar Generol Member .......... $100.00

' You must have your USA number on the registranon lorm in order to Quolify lor the discount. NO APPLIED FOR numbers will be occepted.

You moy not register lor 0 coUise to recertify ony earlier thon 8 months prior to your expiration dote.

No on·site registration. You must pre·register no later than 10 days prior to the course.

To register please fax (317·237-5069) or mail your Participant Registration Form to USA Gymnastics.

rrtBA GYMNASTICS

Non-profi t Organization U.s. Postage

PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis, IN

The 2?gvo[ution Continues ... Air-I Board:

The Vaulting Board that lets you "Perfect the Vault Without the Pain." Used by tiny tots up through the elites. Also used by Bela Karolyi and other Olympic coaches. Now meets FIG specs for height and looks better than ever! Only $600 plus $45 UPS.

Ai r-/Trak: The sensibly priced tumbling trampoline that responds like a soft floor and has lots of options ("Russian Tramp", elevated end, spotting rig, bar trainer, horse body). Patented frame pads cover springs and all the frame. Only $680 per 8 foot section ($85 per foot; add to the frame in increments of 4 feet up to 80 feet long). Compare before you buy!

Air-I Horse: The ultimate spring horse will allow your vaulters to train longer and harder. And the horsey body can be ordered separately to fit your old Speith, Nissen or AAI base. Or mount it on top of your Air-O Trak! Only $595 for the horse body, $1195 for complete unit.

We also manufacture bungee pits, resi-spring pits, and, of course, trampolines. We sell a full line of gymnastics equipment and feature Tiffin Athletic Mats. Write, call, FAX, E-mail, or visit our web site for more information. Ask for Wayne Jewell or Rocky Kees at:

Trampolines Unlimited, Inc., 15690 Linda Ave., Los Gatos, CA 95032 1-800-287-:-7071, fax=408-356-4756, [email protected]

Web: tui-aob.com

technique magazine - september 1996

Documents

womens gymnastics

womens olympic gymnastics

elite coaches association

elite oaches association

mens gymnas tics

american turners

ray guru womens

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