AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF USA GYMNASTICS

Inside

February 1995 Vol. 16, #2

Book Review: Feel No Fear: The Power, Passion, & Politics of a Life in Gymnastics

Principle Release and Catch Moves on Bars

Level of Competitive Trait Anxiety and Sources of Stress Among Members of the 1993 TOP Team

Cheerleader Gymnastics: Cheernastics

Rings Specifications

1995 Congress

RSG Code of Points: Questions and Answers

Developing a Multi­purpose Facility: Increasing Programs, Profits & Fun with Kids

A Better Way to Evaluate Difficulty in Gymnastics/ Point-Counterpoint

1994 Technique and USA Gymnastics Index

([«GA GYMNASTICS

Educational Materials

It-.JA GYMNASTICS

GREAr GAMES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE '99' • Gustalson, Wolfe & King. paper· '52 pp

Add creativity and lun to physical education classes and after-school activities with Great Games for Young People.

Wri"en by physical education experts, this refreshing and challenging resource contains games and relays for upper elementary, middle school, iunior high, and senior high students. Use the games on an impromptu basis or as a planned and integral part of your daily program.

Great Games for Young People contains complete descriptions of 69 games. Most also include a diagram of the game and suggestions for modifications.

The games encompass a wide range of interests and abilities. To help you find the game or relay you need quickly, the Game Finder grid /ists all the games along with grad guidelines, group sizes, gross motor ratings, and the types of skills involved.

Great Games for Young People is a wonderful collection of tried-and-true, change-of-pace games and relays lor today's physical educator or recreation instructor.

#3623 512.00

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SUBTOTAL

SHIPPING & HANDLING: ORDfRS SIS AND UNDIR ADD 54. SIS.01·5S0 ADD 55. 550.01·5100 ADD 56 OVfR 5100.01 ADD 59

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POSITION AVAILABLE

WOMEN'S PROGRAM SECRETARY

Provides administrative and logistical support to the Women's Program Director and the Elite and Junior Olympic Programs.

JOB DESCRIPTION: Preparation of correspondence Maintenance of files Mailing, copying, computer data entry

QUALIFICATION: Computer knowledge essential: familiarity with word-process­ing and data base program Ability to work unsupervised Detail oriented Ability to work in a multi-task environment Energetic, enthusiastic, flexible, and positive attitude toward job challenges and co-workers

Fax resume to: Kathy Kelly 317-237-5069

CORRECTION WOMEN'S WORLD UNIVERSITY GAMES SELEGION PROCEDURES:

The site and dote given for the World University Gomes Trials/U.S. Classics is incorrecl as printed in January Technique. The tentolive dote is now July 21-23, 1995 and the site is

pending contract negotiolions.

To order any of th ese books, or other educational materials and videos presented in this issue, please complete this order form.

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Send orders and make checks payable to:

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publisher Editor Designer Men's Program Director Women's Program Director Rhythmic Program Director

Kathy Scanlan Steve Whitlock Julie T. Jones

Ron Galimore

Kathy Kelly

Nora Campbell

USA GYMNASTICS BOARD OF DIRECTORS (hair: Sandy Knapp; President: Kalhy S(Onlan; President Emeritus: Mike Donahue; Amateur Athletic Union: Sian Alkinson; American Sokol Organization: Jerry Milan; American Trampoline & Tumbling Association: Wayne Downing; American Turners: Beny Heppner; Jewish (am­munity (enters: lori Kalz; National Association of (ollegiote Gymnastics (oaches for Men: Abie Grossleld; National Association of (ollegiate GymnastilS (oaches for Women: Gail Davis; National Association for Girls and Women in Sport: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Asso­ciation of Women's Gymnastics Judges: Yvonne Hodge; National (ollegiote Athletic Association: Jane Bells, lou Burkel; National Federation of State High School Associations: Susan True; National GymnastilS Judges Association: Harry Bierke; Notional High School Gym­nostilS (oaches Association: John Brinkworth; Special Olympics, Inc.: Kale fober·Hickie; U.S. Rhythmic Gym­nastics (oaches Association: Suzie DiTullio; U.S. Asso­ciation of Independent Gym Clubs: lance Crowley; U.S. Elite (oaches Association for Men's Gymnastics: Peler Kormann; U.S. Elite (oaches Association for

'men's Gymnaslics: Tony Gehman, Roe Kreutzer; U.S. .n's GymnaslilS (ooches Association: Marl Yancey;

U.S. Sports Acrobatics Federation: Bonnie Davidson; Young Men's (hristian Association of the USA: Rick Dodson; USA GymnastilS National Membership Direc­tors: Men's: Jim Hall, Roy Gura; Women's: Jim Archer, Julio Thompson-Arelz; Rhythmic: Alia Svirsky, Ule All­Carberry Athlete' s Advisory (ouncil: Wendy Hilliard, choir; Chris Woller, vice choir; Krislen KenoyerWoodlond, sec; Tanya Service Choplin, Dione "Dee" fosler, Karyn lyon Glover, Peler Vidmar, Conrad Voorsonger.

USA GYMNASTICS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (hair: Sandy Knopp; Special Advisor to the (hairman of the Boord: Roe Kreulzer; President: Kalhy Scanlon; Sec­retory: Mike Milidonis; Vice (hair Women: Nancy Marshall; Vice (hair Men: Tim Doggell; Vice (hair Rhythmic: Candace feinberg; FIG Women's Technical (ommittee: Jackie fie; FIG Rhythmic Technical (ommittee: Andrea Schmid-Shapiro; FIG Men' s Technical (ommittee: Bill Roelzheim; At Large Members: Jim Hartung, Joan Moore; Athlete Directors: Tanya Service Choplin, Wendy Hilliard, Peler Vidmar; USO( Athlete Representative: Michelle Dusserre; President Emeritus: Mike Donahue.

Unless expressly idenlified to Ihe conlrary, all arlicles, Ilale· mentl and views prinled herein are ollribuled ,olely 10 Ihe aUlhor and USA Gymnaslicl expresses no opinion and assumes no responsibility Ihereol.

CHANGE Of ADDRESS AND SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES: In order 10 enlure uninlerrupted delivery 01 TECHNIQUE magazine, nolice 01 change 01 address Ihould be made lix 10 eighl weekI in advance. for fOllesl service, please enclose your presenl moiling label. Direct alilubsuiptian mail 10 TECHNIQUE Subscriplionl, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capilol Ave., Suile 300, Indionapolil, IN 46225. TECHNIQUE IIS5N 0748·599991 is publilhed 10 limes per vear by USA Gymnaslicl, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capilol

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lion prices: S25.00 per year in Uniled 5lales; all olher counlries S48.00 per year. If available, back issue lingle copies S4.00 plul pOllage/handling. All reolonable core will be loken, bUI no relponsibilily (On be ollumed lor unloliciled maleriol; enclose relurn poslage. Copyrighl 1995 by USA Gymnollics and TECHNIQUE. All righls reserved. Prinled by Sporl Graphics, Indionopolil, IN .

Contents Book Review Feel No Fear: The Power, Passion, & Politics of a Life in Gymnastics

Uneven Bars Principle Release and Catch Moves on Bars

Sport Psychology Level of Competitive Trait Anxiety and Sources of Stress Among Members of the 1993 TOP Team

Alternative Programs Cheerleader Gymnastics: Cheernastics

Still Rings Rings Specifications

1995 Congress General Information

Rhythmic Gymnastics Code of Points: Questions and Answers

Business Develaping a Multi-purpose Facility: Increasing Programs, Profits & Fun with Kids

Coaches Education ASEP Coaching Principles

Code of Points A Belfer Way to Evaluate Difficulty in Gymnastics Point-Counterpoint

Administration A Plan for the Future

Announcements

1994 Index Technique Index USA Gymnastics Index

This s,ucly's purpose was '0 cle'ermine 'he tevel of compe,itive s'ress among young female gymnas's ancl '0 ascer'ain 'heir worries

mee's.

10

Cheernas,ics combines 'he spiri' of a,hte,icism wi,h 'he compe,itive or' form of gymnas,ics by encorpora,ing gymnastics skills.

5

6

10

14

19

18

26

28

30

32 34

36

38

41 45

This ar,icle tis's 'he aclvan,ages of cleveloping a mutti-purpose gymnastics facili,y.

28

GYMNASTICS

EDUCATIONAL VIDEOTAPES

PLEASE IOTE: The videos listed in this magazine are provided for educational and historic purposes. While every effort is made to prod uce videos of the highest quality, it should be noted that some of the videos are produced at events utilizing handheld cameras from vantage points in the stands by non-profes­sional volunteer technicians. Only limited editing and production enhancements are utilized in order to provide a timely product at a reasonable cost to the USA Gymnastics membership.

ro order any of these videotapes, use the USA Gymnastics order form on page 2.

NEW FEATURES

1 994 WORLD TEAM CHAMPIONSHIPS,

DORTMUND, GERMANY WOMEN'S VIDEOS

The following is a brief explanation of each 1994 World Team Championship Tape.

THEUSA GYMNASTICS VIDEO MAGAZINE! A visual tour behind-the-scenes of gymnastics!

The USAG Video Magazine will feature: Product Previews, Competition Reports, Interviews, Training Camp News, Congress Summaries, Club Tours, Coaching Spotlight, New Equipment Demos, Conditioning & Training Tips, & Parents' Q & A.

The Video Magazine will be offered by subscription on a quarterly basis.

WOMEN'S rRAINING rAPE A good look into the troining styles of some of the top teams in the world. You will see such teoms os Romania and Russia from the time they walk into the training gym up through Podium Training. (SLP 5:00)

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WOMEN'S COMPULSORY PODIUM rRAINING This was the first time the teams trained on the podium. You will see mostly compulsory routines from the top countries. (SP 2:00)

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WOMEN'S OPflONAL PODIUM rRAINING This was the second time the teoms were on the podium. You will see mostly optional routines in 0

training mode. (SP 1:57) #2413 #16.95

WOMEN'S COMPULSORY COMPEflflON Compulsory routines on 011 events feoturing the USA team and selected other top routines. Please keep in mind that the USA team was, by for, the best compulsory team at the World Championships. (SP, 2:00)

#2414 516.95

PARr I: WOMEN'S PRELIMINARY COMPEflflON This is the first round of optionals featuring the USA team on 011 events with several other routines from other countries. (/:34) Part II: Women's Team Finals-This is optional competition of the top six teams from the combine score of compulsaries and preliminary optionals. You will see all of the USA routines with other selected optional routines. (/:36) (2 SP tapes)

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COCA-COlA NAflONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS 8/94, Nashville, TN. Senior Women's Optionals and Event Finals. (SP 2 tapes, 2:56)

#2142 524.95

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Book Review

"I am challenging the system, challenging their sweet mediocrity ... Alii am

• • saying IS that you must push hard. And tOU must ave the

highest standards." -Bela Karolyi

Feel No Fear is the unforgettable and enthralling

story of the most influential, charismatic, and

controversial gymnastics coach in the world, who,

for the first time, shares the secret strategies that

have contributed to his success. Karolyi has created

more gymnastics champions than any other coach in

the sport-in both his native country, Romania, and

his adopted country, America.

The following comments are from the book cover:

Feel No Fear is the unforget­table and enthralling s tory of the most influential, charis­matic, and controversial gym­nastics coach in the world, who, for the first time, shares the se­cret strategies that have con­tributed to his success. Karolyi has created more gymnastics

\ampions than any other coach in the sport-in both his native co untry, Romania, and his adopted country, America. His fierce determination and unique

vision enabled him to redefine the entire spor t of gymnastics from the unforgettable grace of Nadia Comaneci to the power­ful explosive strength of Mary Lou Retton and Kim Zmeskal. But his story is not jus t about creating gymnastics superstars.

Bela Karolyi's story is about facing and overcoming tremen­dous adversity. It's about fight­ing for what's right, and pound­ing your fist and raising your voice against injustice. Karolyi fought against the constraints of Communism, and the calcu-

FEEL No FEAR: THE POWER, PASSION, & POLITICS OF A LIFE IN GYMNASTICS Bela Karolyi & Nancy Ann Richardson

lated malice of Romania's se­cret police. Forced to defect from his native country, he left be­hind his six-year-old daughter whom he might never see again. Once in America, Karolyi struggled to master a new lan­guage and a new cui ture, all the w hile working to create a life for himself and his family. As a U.s. gymnastics coach, Karolyi proved that American gynmasts could be internationally com­petitive - an accomplishment

llama, donkeys, steer, chick­ens, turkeys, raccoons, pi­geons, wild pigs, and horses.

Nancy AIm Richardson is a freelance writer who has written for Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, LucasArts, and University of California, San Francisco. Se currently resides in Boulder, Colorado.

Item No. 3645, 522.95

1994, Hyperion, 114 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10011. Hard caver, 239 pages

that American coaches had yet ~ ___________ •

to achieve .

Karolyi and his gymnasts have won 10 American Cup Championships . In addition, he has created Olympic Cham­pions both in his n a tive coun­try and his adopted h omeland, gymnasts who have won over 176 medals in European and World Championships as well as the Olympic Games.

Karol yi currently resides in Houston, Texas, with his w ife, Martha. When not in Houston, Karolyi can be found on his ranch in New Waverly, Texas, along with his dogs, camel,

Bela Karolyi's story

is about facing and

overcommg

tremendous

adversity. It's about

fighting for what's

right, and pounding

your fist and raising

your voice against

injustice.

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

i 0 .A 5

I

" A 6

Uneven Bars

PRINCIPLE RELEASE AND CATCH MOVES ON BARS

This article is reprinted by permission from the Association of British Gymnastics Coaches ~ 6th issue, 1994. For information on this news leffer, write to Meg Warren, Sherwood House, Hinckley Road, Burbage, teicestershire, LE 10 2AG, Great Britain.

Meg Warren I have drawn several release moves which I copied from the French magazine Gymtecnic. It is sometimes confusing when in the FIG

Women's Code of Points these skills, originated on the high bar by male gymnasts, are called after the first women performers. I hope that these figures help you with skill recognition.

COMMON NAMES FOR BAR SKILLS Men's skill name (Code No.) Women's skill name (Code No.)

Illustrations of skills from FIG Women's Code of Points:

Hristakieva (5.501) - sometimes incorrectly called a Gienger

1/1 twist 17t \ ~/

rfiiiH Mo Saito (6.501)

\g~~ r;J'~' '-. ~ f.,d . '-- ' ../ e;:P I.

\\

Gaylord 11 (VI. 110)

Xiao Ruizhi (VI. 74) Counter-Kim (#3.503)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Men's skill name (Code No.)

Gienger (VI. 83)

Jaeger (VI. 48)

Markelov (VI. 8)

Tkatchev (VI. 13)

Uneven Bars

Women's skill name (Code No.)

(not in Women's Code)

Jaeger 1/1 twist (not in Women's Code)

IlLu strations of skills from FIG Women's Code of Points:

Gienger (5.403)

/'"

Jaeger (3.403)

Tkatchev (2.415)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

9

" .A 7

I

" A-8

Uneven Bars

Men's skill name (Code No.)

Voronin hop (VI. 27)

[Markelov with additional 1/2 tum] (VI. 10)

• The Gaylord I, the Deff, and the Xiao Ruizhi have all been performed by female gymnasts along with standard release and catch skills: Gienger, Jaeger, and Tkatchev.

• The Markelov is not so standard in women's gymnastics-as far as 1 know this has only been performed by Chorkina (Russia) [6.401] of Russia to date.

Women's skill name (Code No.)

W enningIVolpi (6.302)

Schuschunova (2.505)

• Schuschunova (USSR) performed the Markelov with an additional1h turn back in 1988. This is called a Schuschunova [2.505].

• The Voronin hop has also been performed by an Italian, Volpi, although it was not so true to the original.

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Sport Psychology

LEVEL OF COMPETITIVE

d TRAIT ANXIETY ~ AND SOURCES OF

STRESS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE 1993 TOP TEAM

Joan L. Duda, Ph.D.

USA Gymnastics Women's Program Sport Psychology Consultant; Professor, Oepts. of HKLS and Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907

Competitive stress occurs when an athlete perceives that her/ his abilities are in sufficient when compared to the demands of a compe­tition and that the possibil-

ity of not meeting those demands is psy­chologically threatening. Both anecdotal and research-based evidence indicates that all athletes experience stress before, dur­ing, and after competitive events. Sport competitors vary, however, in the degree of anxiety that they usually feel (or their level of competitive trait anxiety) and what causes them to feel

gymnasts and compare those results with those from previous investigations of you th sport team athletes. A second pur­pose was to ascertain what these young gymnasts worry about in terms of their involvement in gymnastics meets.

Subiects The subjects were 90 girls who were

participants in the 1993 TOP Training Camp in Birmingham, Alabama. Their mean age was 9.7 + 1.02 years (range = 8 through 12 years).

The sport psychology literature

on competitive stress has

focused on older athletes or

you th sport participan ts

involved in recreational team

activities. Our knowledge

about stress in the lives of elite

child competitors, especially

girls who participate in

individual sports such as

gymnastics, is limited.

Measures and Procedure The girls were administered a multi­

part questionnaire in a group setting (20-45 girls per group) by the investigator. The questionnaire, which was filled oui anonymously, took approximately 10 minutes to complete. The directions and each item were read orally and the girls were encouraged to follow along as well as ask questions at any time. Coaches and other members of the USA Gymnastics Staff were not present during question­naire administration.

The girls first responded to the Sport Competition Anxiety Test or SCAT (Mar­tens, 1977). This instrument measures com­petitive trait anxiety or the tendency to find competitive sport (in this case, gymnastics) threatening and to respond to the experi-

s tressed.

The sport psychology lit-era ture on comp etitive stress

Table 1: Mean and standard deviations for competitive trait anxiety

has focused on older athletes or youth spor t participants invo lved in recreational team ac tivities. Our knowledge about s tress in the lives of elite child competitors, espe-cially g irl s who participate in individual sports s uch as gymnas tics, is limited.

Consequently, one purpose of this s tudy was to determine the level of competitive s tress among young tal ented fem.ale

Present Study

90, 8-12 yr old female gymnasts

X SO

19.6 3.3

(as assessed with the Sport Competition Anxiety Test) reported in the present and previous studies of young athletes.

Passer (1983) Smith (1983) 80, 10-13yrold

baseball or football players 79,10-13 yr old

Brustad & Weiss (1987)

216, 10·12 yr old male soccer players

X SO

17.0 3.2

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

female sohball or volleyball players

Boys Girls - -X SO X SO X

19.1 4.2 19.8 3.7 17.1

55, 9-13 yr old male baseball players 58, 9-13 yr old

female sohball players

Boys Girls -

SO X SO

4.9 19.5 4.0

~

ence with heightened state anxiety. Specifi­cally, the girls were asked to consider each sentence "about how girls and boys feel when they compete in gymnastics" and indicate how often they tend to feel this way (i.e., hardly ever, sometimes, very of­ten) when competing in gymn as tics. Exem­plary items include "Before I compete my muscles usually get tight" and "Before I compete I feel relaxed." SCAT scores range from 10-30 with a higher score reflecting higher competitive trait anxiety.

The girls also responded to a 20-item measure assessing their perceived sources of stress in gymnastics (adapted from their perceived sources of stress in gymnastics (adapted from previous work by Gould, Horn, & Spreeman, 1983) . In p articular, the girls were requested to rate each of the statements (on a 4 point scale from " really agree that this makes me worried" to "re­ally disagree that this makes me worried") in terms of how much they are concerned about this w hile competing in gymnastics .

Results Competitive Trait Anxiety

In general, the members of the 1993 TOP ream were found to be moderately com­petitive trait anxious although SCAT scores ranged from 13 (very low competitive trait

Sport Psychology

anxiety) to 27 (very high competitive trait anxiety). As can be seen in Table 1, the observed mean SCAT score for the present sample was comparable to the average com­petitive trait anxiety scores found among girls involved in recreational team sports .

Based on subsequent analyses and pre­vious research in this area, the 20 "source of stress" items were collapsed into seven ar­eas of concern for TOP Team gymnasts:

1. The psychological factors related to per­formance (the gymnast worries about her pre-meet level of anxiety or her abil­ity to concentrate),

2. The adequacy of performance (the gym­nast worries about making mistakes or not performing well),

3. Losing (the gymnast worries about the competitive outcome of the meet),

4. Injury (the gymnast worries about get­ting hurt),

5. Weight and appearance (the gymnast worries about how much she weighs or how attractive she is),

6. The judges' scoring (the gymnast wor­ries about how her routine w ill be scored), and

7. Significant others (the gymnast worries about disappointing and/ or the reactions of her parents, coach and tecumnates).

Figure 1 depicts the mean level of con­cern reported for the seven s tressor catego­ries. On the average, the gymnasts indi­cated that they experienced little or some worry about each source of stress. Among the members of the 1993 TOP team, the most potent causes of anxiety were perfor­mance-related concerns, the judges' scor­ing, their psychological state before and during competition, and the possibility of becoming injured. It also should be noted that there was considerable variabili ty among this group of gymnasts in terms of how worried they were about each source of anxiety (see standard deviation bars). There were a number of girls who expressed great concern in terms of specific stressors.

Figure 2 displays the perceived degree of worry associated with the expectations and reactions of the gymnasts' coaches, parents, and teammates specifically. As a group, the girls did not find the significant others in their lives to be a salient source of stress. They did perceive their coaches to be a more potent stressor, however, and once again considerable variance was observed among individual team members.

Conclusion Drawing from the present study, it seems

that the young talented gymnasts who were part of the 1993 TOP program do tend to

Figure 1: Mean Level of Worry Associated with Different Types of Stressors

Performance

Losing

Injury

Weight/Appearance

Judges' Score

Significant Others

o No Worry

I Lillie Worry

2

.' ".'~ .'.~_ ·._2..!.·.!l.;.<',." h:' .. ,_

~

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Some Worry 3

Really Worry 4

I

" .A 12

Sport Psychology

Figure 2: Mean Level of Worry from Significant Others Some of the girls reported

very high levels of stress in

association with

competition. These

gymnasts are in particular

need of developing stress

management skills if we

wish to maximize their

competitive experience and

maintain their

involvement in the sport.

Parents

(oothes

Teammates

No Worry 1

find gymnastics anxiety-provoking al­though not excessively so. Some of the girls reported very high levels of stress in asso­ciation with competition. These gymnasts are in particular need of developing stress management skills if we wish to maximize their competitive experience and maintain their involvement in the sport.

Information was also gathered concern­ing what causes athletes at this competitive level to become anxious during meets (as well as the aspects of their sport which are not deemed particularly stressful). It is im­portant that we kn.ow what specifically leads

lill ie Wo rry 2

Some Worry 3

Rea ll y Worry 4

to stress among young gYl1masts if we hope to help them learn to control their competi­tive anxiety, enjoy gYl1mastics more, and perform up to their ability.

Relevant References Brustad, R., & Weiss, M. (1987) . Competitive per­

ceptions and sources of worry in high, me­dium and low competitive trai t anxious ath­letes. JO!lmal of Sport Psychology, 9,97-105.

Gould, D., Horn, T., & Spreeman, J. (1983). Sources of stress in junior elite wrestlers. Jou mal of Sport Psychology, 5, 58-78.

Gou ld, D., Jackson, S ., & Finch, 1. (1993). Sources of s tress in National champion fig-

ure ska ters. Joumal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 134-159.

Martens, R. (1977) . Sport Competition Anxiety Test. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Passer, M. (1983) . Fear of failure, fear of evalua­tion, perceived competence and self esteem in competitive h'ai t-anxious children. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 172-188.

Scanlan, T., Stein, G.L., & Ravizza, K. (1991). An in-depth study of former figure skaters: II. Sources of sh·ess. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13,103-120.

Smith, T. (1983). Competitive trait anxiety in youth spor t: Differences according to age, race and playing status. Perceptual Motor Skills, 57,1235-1238.

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Elite Sportswear, L.P. • 1230 Spruce Street • Reading, PA 19602

I (" i~ 14

Alternative Programs

CHEERLEADER GYMNASTICS:

Flexibility is essential to suc­cessfully integrate tumbling, jumps, and dance moves into a cheer, sideline, or perfor­mance routine.

Cardiovascular endurance is important for leading the crowd throughout an event while executing a myriad of other cheerleading skills.

CHEERNASTICS Karen Bucaro, M.S.

f you love to partici­pate in cheerleading, or if you are just dying to try, Cheerleader Gym nastics or Cheernastics offers a blueprint for

making the most out of your cheerleading experience. Cheernastics combines the spirit of athleticism with the competi­tive art form of gymnastics. It helps to improve a cheerleader's performance by incorporating gynmastics skills including, tum­bling, jumps, dance, partner stunts, pyramids, and choreo­graphed acrobatic routines. Such skills give anew look to any cheer­leading program by arousing ex­citement and interest for both par­ticipants and the crowd.

While Cheernastics adds new dimensions to a cheerlead­ing program, safety in perform­ing any gymnastics skill must be emphasized first. Therefore, prior to developing new Cheernastics skills a basic foun­dation needs to be established. Begin by determining indi­vidual or team goals and objec­tives. Once intentions are es­tablished , outline steps for achieving the desired results. For example, high school cheer­leading tryou ts req uire compul­sory skills to make most squads. These compulsory skills range from spread eagle jumps and a tumbling pass to a cheer, side­line chant and an eight-count dance sequence. However, if the goal is to compete at a Na­tional Championship, the com­pulsory skills become more complex, including a choreo­graphed acrobatic routine with

multiple jumps, cheers, tumbling se-ries, dance sequences, mu-sic and partner stunt combina­tions. In either case objectives should be targeted to achieve end results.

To assist you with your goals and objectives, lets review the elements required for develop­ing Cheernastics skills:

A significant amount of muscular strength is neces­sary to p e rform partner stunts and pyramids.

An illustration of the strength needed to perform these skills is a double-based extension, which requires two cheerleaders as bases and another as a partner who steps into their hands and is extended to a free stand over their shoulders.

Designing a program which combines Cheernastics ele­

does not have to be a troublesome

chore. Simply adhere to the guide­lines out­lined in the quick ref-erence

E.D.C.E. chart that identifies the:

Essential Cheernastics categories,

Developmental know-how,

Gym practice time, and

Competitive Edge for improving

your cheerleading performance.

After the Cheernastics cat­egories are understood, a suffi­cient amount of time is required

Cheernastics combines the spirit of athleticism

with the competitive art form of gymnastics. It

helps to improve a cheerleader's performance by

incorporating gymnastics skills including,

tumbling, jumps, dance, partner stunts, pyramids,

and choreographed acrobatic routines. Such skills

give a new look to any cheerleading program by

arousing excitement and interest for both

participants and the crowd.

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

to learn, develop, and master the skills within each category. Specifically, if your goal is to put a back handspring into a cheer, the objective is to per­form the skill with precise accu­racy prior to its implementation. This process of properly placing a mastered skill into a cheer, fight song, or sideline chant is called incorporation. Listed below are tactics for correct! y incorporat­ing Cheernastics skills:

1. Safety is the number one pri­ority. Practice safety!

2. Be creative.

3 . Replace motions with clean and precise skills (jumps, tum­bling, stunts, etc.) like those motions.

4. Decide the best angles or for­mations for showing off a skill.

5. The rhythm of the cheer, chant, fight song, or acrobatic rou tine is not changed or broken.

6. Skills should add to a cheer, chant, fight song, or acrobatic routine rather than distract from it.

7. Voice projection should re­main strong enough to be heard and understood while adding a skill.

8. Maintain crowd involve ­ment when performing, building, and dismounting all skills.

Reaching your full cheer­leader potential demands a te­nacious effort to improve the skills listed in each category of the E.D.C.E. Program. Once skills are mastered, proper in­corporation requires strategic placement into a cheer, chant, fight song, or acrobatic rou­tine . Uniting these devices as­sures a presentation dynamic enough to please any crowd. Remember, whether you are '\... first time cheerleader or a vet­eran participant, Cheernastics skills are additional goodies for spicing up your cheerlead­ing performance.

Alternative Programs

E D G E EssENflAL

DEVELOPMENfAL CHEERNASflCS GYM PRACflCE COMPEflflVE EDGE CArEGORIES KNOW-HOW

Cheer terminology Total body strength training Tryout skills learned, developed, and Cheer pose/stance Body awareness classes mastered

MOTION Basic cheer motions: Private lessons Dynall1ic showmanship a. Hands: blades, fists, buckets, Critique in front of mirror Sharp precision

TECHNIQUE candles ticks Video critique Strong motions

b. Legs: ready stance, lunges, Good motion diversi ty squats Good rhythll1 and flow of 1I10tion

c. Arms; angles, diagonals, T-1I10tions

Motion synchronization

Spotting and safety procedures Dance classes (jazz, ballet, funk, etc.) Tryout skills leamed, developed, and Basic techniques: Choreography classes mastered

a. Feel and leg positions Body awareness classes Reduce COll1lnon dance injuries

DANCE b. Hand and arm positions Gymnastics classes Dynamic showlI1anship c. Tums, kicks, leaps, and jumps Dance camps Good rhythm and music

Competitions (state, regional, national) interpretation Creative choreography Good incorporation

Spotting and safety procedures Total body strength training Tryout skills leamed, developed, and Common cheer jumps: Plyometric exercises mastered a. Novice: tuck, spread eagle, Flexibility drills Redu ce injuries associated with

JUMPS double hook Leaming to fall correctly jumping b. Intermediate: Herkie, toe Jump workshops Dynal11ic showmanship

touch, side hurdler Sumll1er & one-day cheer Cn/llpS Good execu tion skills c. Advanced: front hurdler, Jump diversity

double nine, pike Clean and soft landings d. Jump series Good incorporation

Spotting and safety procedures Total body strength training Tryout skills leamed, developed, and Common tUll1bling skills: Abdominal strength lI1astered

a. Round-off (with variations) Body awareness classes Reduce injuries associated with b. Back handspring series Tumbling classes tUlnbling

TUMBLING c. Round-off back handspring Leaming to fall correctly Dynamic showmanship d. Aerials, fron t and back sal tos GYll1nastics camp Smooth tUlI1bling passes e. Back layou t saltos SUll1111er cheer call1p Clean and soft landings

Good body alignment Good incorporation

Base and partner positions Total body strength training Tryout skills learned, developed, and Clill1bing techniques Body awareness classes lI1astered

PARTNER Dismollnting Leaming to fall correctly Redu ce injuries associated with Fundamental partner stunts: Acrobatic classes climbing

STUNTS a. Pony mount SUinmer and one-day cheer camps Dynamic showmanship b. Straddle press Good incorporation c. Twin towers Clean building skills

Clean dismounts Nice variety

Spotting and safety procedures Total body strength training Tryout ski lls learned, developed, and Base and partner positions Body awarelless classes mastered Climbing techniques Leam ing to fall correctly Reduce injll ries associated with

PYRAMIDS Disll10unting Acrobatic classes clill/bing Fundamental pyramids: SUllllller and one-day cheer camps Good incorporation

a. Pony mount Clean building skills b. Straddle press Clean dismounts c. Twin towers Nice variety

February 1995 TECHNIQ UE

layered Half Zip Ja.,L,et A unique combination 01 red sweatshirt and navy nylon jacket that imitates the popular layered look- without the bulk. USA Gymnastics logo embroidered on Iront, Reebok logo embroidered on hood and Iront. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #69412 119 $52.00

Full Zip Striped Ja.,L,et

Navy, aqua, white and purple stripes on pre­

washed Iully-lined cotton twill jacket. USA

Gymnastics logo on Iront and embroidered Reebok logo on sleeve and Iront.

Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. #69413119

$52.00

T ri Lea~es Tee 100% cotton ash tee swished with black brush strokes and filled with

delicate textures 01 deep lake, magenta and purple. Adult sizes: S,

M, L. #9426040

$15.00

BiL,eSl.orl Availabla in black heather or deep lake ivy print. Adult sizes: S, M, L.

#39459 49 (black) $24.00

#39491 A40 (ivy) $24.00

Corporate Crew V-notch neck sweatshirt with embroidered Reebok logo on chest and USA Gymnastics script on back. Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. #69411 50 $26.00

I~y Full Zip Wind Ja.,L,et Deep lake jacket with black ivy print. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39463 A40 $40.00

'1Jftifl ....... . Solid Wind Pant Zippered ankle and drawstring waist. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39309l A40 (deep lake) $20.00

#39409l49 (black) $20.00

ColorLlo.,L, Ho.,L,ey Crew Adult colors: Navy, aqua, white and purple. Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. Youth colors: Navy, aqua, white and purple combination. Royal, orange and white combination. (not shown) Youth sizes: YM, YL . • 19404 T19 (Aduit) $36.00 . 7940t 119 (Youth navy) $30.00 #79401118 (Youth royal) $30.00

Plaited Logo Sl.orl Navy poly/cotton shorts Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. 119406 T19 S18.00

Corporate Mesl. Sl.orl Aqua nylon mesh short. Youth sizes: YM, YL. #79400 TIS S15.00

The locker room brings a new look to USA Gymnastics' merchandising operations. It is bright and fresh and embodies the athletic spirit in all of us. Look for the "locker room" mark on future advertisements, catalogues and select lines of clothing.

Graphic: Jac:kel Wild! Fun! Bold! Nylon taffeta jacket in orange, aqua, white and royal with embroidered Reebok and USA Gymnastics logos. Youth sizes: YM, YL. #79411 T18 534.50

Splic:ed Short Perfect match with Graphic jacket. Orange, aqua and royal panels bolt across slightly longer shorts. Youth size: YL. #79401 TIS S15.00

No ... elty Warm-up Bright orange stripe charges down front and back of hooded jacket. Royal pants are fully-lined with zippered ankles and drawstring waist. Youth size: YM. #79408 TIS 552.50

..

I ... .,. Bra Top T-back nylonJIycra top with embroidered Reebok logo and USA Gymnastics logo in black on front. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39490 A40 520.00

Your sport of choice. Gyrnnastics is the epitome of pride, quality and spirit in the pursuit of athletic excellence.

Solid Wind Short Favorite basic for many athletes. USA Gymnastics brush script logo printed in super shiny black on deep lake nylon. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39206l A40 (deep la ke) 515.00

Team Full Zip Jac:kel Crinkled nylon jacket lined with quilted grey heather jersey. Embroidered Reebok logo and contrasting USA Gymnastics logo on front.

Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. Adult colors: White with blue embroidered logo; navy with white embroidered logo, red with white embroidered logo (in L & XL only).

Youth sizes: YM, YL. Navy with white embroidered logo; purple with white embroidered logo. Adult: 560.00 #69308 50 (white) #69308 Tl9 (navy) #69308 TI 0 (red) l & Xl

Youth: 548.75 #79305 Tl9 (navy) #79305 T20 (purple)

merchandise

Colorbloc:k Hm:ke.,. Hood Popular Property of USA Gymnastics design on purple and aqua sweatshirt. Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. Youth sizes: YM, YL. #19403 Tl9 (adult) 536.00 #79400 Tl9 (yauth) 530.00

USA GYMNA.SllCS ORDER FORM I NAME ________________ PHONE _________ _

I AODms ___ ________________________ _

I (ITY _ ______________ _ STAT( ZIP ___ __ _

I USA GVM NASTl(S PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP # ____ _ (LUB GYMNASTICS M EMB ERSHIP # ______ _

I CH ARGE: o MASIER(ARD o VISA Exp. DATE : ST.(HA1RMAN: _____ _

c .... # ____________ _ SIGNATURE: ________ _ __ _

ITEM # S,ZE DESCR IPTION QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL

SEND ORDERS AND MAKE CHECKS PAYAB LE TO: SUBTOTAL

USA GY MNASTIC S MERCHANDISE DEPT. SHIPPING & HANDLING: Oi.W.SSISA.~DU.~ Dli.I.DO PO Box 5562, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46255-5562 S4,SIS.OI-SSOM:lISS,smOl·S100}.D{lS6,O'IUSIOO.Oll!{JS9

317-237-5060

USA INDIANA RESIDENTS ADD S% SALES TAX

TOTAL AMOUNT PAYABLE

GYMNASTICS Tl95 L _________________ ~

I ., i~ 18

USA Gymnastics

opportunity to see the latest and the best in equipment, apparel, and services.

1 995 COCA-COLA NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

1995 CONGRESS

Congress attendees will be able to enjoy one of the most important competitions of the 1995 season - the Coca-Cola U.S. Championships for men and women will be held in the New Orleans Superdome. In­formation on session times and ticket prices will be announced in a later issue of Technique. USA GYMNASTICS HOST HOTEL INFORMATION

THE FACTS Host City: New Orleans, LA Congress Dates: Pre-Congress Sessions . August 16 Congress Sessions . August 17-19 Post Congress Sessions • August 20 Coca-Cola National Championships Dates . August 16-19

CONGRESS HOTEL The New Orleans Hilton Riverside and Towers Poydras at the Mississippi River New Orleans, LA 70140

RATES AND REGISTRATION DATES

This information will be an­nounced later

CONGRESS PRESENTATIONS

The biggest and the best! Watch Technique for more specific information on the Congress schedule, present­ers, and topics.

JUDGES TRAINING AND THE CODE OF POINTS

Sessions will be conducted to assist both judges and coaches in understanding and applying the Code of

Points. Explanatory and prac­tice sessions will be offered.

CLUB BUSINESS Experts and entrepreneurs

will be available to assist gym c lub owners in a wide range of business offerings. The fo­cus wi ll be on utilizing new techniques to make your busi­ness more efficient and prof­itable.

TECHNIQUE AND SPORT SCIENCE SESSIONS

Informative sessions will be offered for coaches at all lev­els-beginner, intermediate, advanced, and elite.

PRESCHOOL/ DEVELOPMENTAL

Once again, a full pro­gram will be offered in these important areas featuring outstanding movement edu­cat ion specialists.

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The PDP program will be offered at all completed lev­els: PDP I and II. The ASEP Coaching Principles course will be conducted as a pre­and post-Congress session. The new preschool accredi­tation program will be intro­duced at the 1995 Congress.

EXHIBITION HALL The Exhibit Hall will provide

Congress participants with the

The New Orleans Hilton Riv­erside and Towers hasthe per­fect location, right on the banks of the mighty Mississippi River, in the center of scenic New Orleans. The Hilton is in the heart of the central busi­ness district, and only a short stroll away from some of the best jazz, food, shopping, and sight seeing that New Orleans has to offer. Visit the Riverwalk Marketplace, a dazzling array of shops and boutiques which shares the riverfront with the hotel, or catch a ride on the Paddlewheeler Creole Queen orthe RiverboatCajun Queen. Walk or ride the Riverfront Streetcar to the city's brand new Aquarium of the Ameri­cas. Justa few blocks away, of course, you can visit the his­toric and charming French Quarter which is brimming with things to do and see. You'll never be far from the action.

HOST HOTEL RESTAURANTS, LOUNGES AND CLUBS

Le Cafe Bromeliad features superb lunch buffets. Friday night is the Cajun seafood buffet and on Sunday, a Champagne jazz brunch.

The French Garden Bar is located in the sunlit atrium amid lush greenery. Meet, un­wind, catch the news on TV while you enjoy the beverages and snacks. Open daily, 10 am-2am.

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Kabby's offers the freshest local seafood and a fantastic river view through the 200-foot glass wall. Every Sunday between 10 am-2:30 pm, Kabby's presents a beautiful seafood brunch. It's a sea­food lovers delight - pirogues filled with boiled shrimp, chilled oysters on the half­shell and soft shell crabs piled high, Jambalaya, Seafood Newburg, Seafood Lasagna, omelets made to order and much more! Dinner is served 6-11 pm.

Kobby's Lounge is open Monday through Sunday 10 am-midnight.

Horizons, one of the hottest new jazz clubs in New Orleans is situated atop the Hilton over­looking the great Crescent City and the Mississippi River.

Pete's is the showcase for the "The King of New Or­leans Jazz," Pete Fountain , where he performs five nights each week.

The English Bar offers inti­mate atmosphere perfect for business or personal con­versation.

Street Car Desires, located just inside the front entrance, is the perfect spot to get a wide variety of cold drinks in "Go Cups" so you can stay cool as you walk around New Orleans.

EXERCISE YOUR OPTIONS

The New Orleans Hilton of­fers one of the finest health and recreations facilities right under their own roof. The Hilton Rivercenter Racquet and Health Club features indoor and outdoor tennis courts, rac­quetball courts, and two squash courts. Or you can get your workout with a one-on­one basketball game, a ses­sion in the weight room, or laps around their jogging track. They also have Lifecycles, Stairmasters, and a rowing machine. Other features in­c lude saunas, wh irlpools, steam rooms, complete locker facilities, daily exercise and aerobic classes, or you may enjoy a relaxing massage or a session in the tanning salon.

Still Rings '------- __ ----l

RINGS SPEOFICATIONS Julio Marocs Felipe

Member of MTC/FIG

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USA Gymnastics is pleased to offer its peak member clubs a "golden" opportunity.

Our new retail sales program offers member clubs the chance to provide the most fashionable Reebok'" • active wear distinguished with USA Gymnastics' insignia . This exclusively designed product line is

• sold to clubs at wholesale prices. making this special program a profitable fund raising opportunity .

USA Gymnastics has a renewed dedication to member services. Take advantage of our • commitment to club promotion and feature USA Gymnastics apparel and fitness clothing in your

club and pro shop.

WHY SELL OFFICIAL USA. GYMNASTICS APPAREL IN YOUR CLUB?

~ Raise funds for your clubs

~ Provide your club members the opportunity to associa te with the image and success of the U.S. National Teams

~ Support t he U.S. Olympic and Nationa l t eams and t raining programs

WILL I GET SUPPORT FROM USA. GYMNASTICS?

Yes! In a ddit ion to offering this exciting program a nd exclusively de­signed product, USA Gymnastics will help you with your mercha ndis ing business.

Your fi rst order will contain a marketing packaged designed with you, the club owner, in mind. We' ll include posters and point-of-purchase materials that are designed to grab the attention of your buyer. We'll send you pe riodic updates regarding the Club Sales Program. You'll also receive notices of special promotional merchandise and sales.

February 1995 TECHNIQ UE

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RHYTHMIC PROMOTIONAL VIDEO IS NOW COMPLETE! til ('..;) ....... ~

~ ~ ~

-< til ~ ~

== ~

This new item is designed to introduce rhythmic gymnastics to the general public. The four-minute video illustrates for parents and club owners alike both the fun side of rhythmic gymnastics and the competitive possibilities. Images range from pre­school movement classes to international elite competitions.

Adding rhythmic gymnastics to your curriculum? Remember that parents and coaches alike are generally unfamiliar with the sport. The promotional video can be used to educate your clientel and to promote the development of new rhythmic classes. Turn on the your lobby and let the pictures do the talking!

The video is set to music and includes voice-over narration. Call USA Gymnastics Merchandise at 317-237-5060 to order your copy. (Item # 1 341 )

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

(r«SA GYMNASTICS

I

" A. 26

Rhythmic Gymnastics --------'

CODE OF POINTS: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Dr. Andrea B. Schmid

Vice President FIGjRSG/TC

As rhythmic gymnastics techni­cal questions arise, Te'hniquewill provide answers through this col­umn. All technicaVjudging ques­tions should be written and sub­mitted to Nora Campbell at the USA Gymnastics office.

Q Under what conditions does the switch leap (split leap with change of legs) receive a B difficulty credit?

A If in the first spli t of the legs are sepa­rated by less than 100 degrees prior to the switch, no credit is given to the switch leap and the difficulty is lowered.

Q What are the difficulty requirements for Junior gymnasts? If a junior does four A's and four B's (two B's special case) what, if any, would be the deduction?

A The difficulty requirement for Junior gymnasts are as follows:

Six difficulties A . Two difficulties B (optional)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

The six difficulties A will have to be performed in the following manner:

Two in conjunction with a jump or leap of difficulty. Two in conjunction with a pivot of difficulty A Two in conjunction w ith a balance of difficulty A

If a junior does four A's and four B's and satisfies the above requirement-there will be no penalty. A difficulty A can always be replaced by a difficulty B. If the number and level of difficulties are correct, but one of the compulsory body element requirements is not met, the pen­alty is 0.20 for each requirement missed.

Q Does a leap combination of two different A leaps = a B element?

A No. A combination of two of the same jumps or leaps of level A counts as one difficulty A. They will count as two A difficulties if the jumps or leaps are of different types.

Q Does a combination of two B leaps of the same type with no intermediary step (for example two turning leaps) equal a D difficulty?

A Yes .

Q Does a combination of two different types of B leap (for example one turning leap and one switch leap) with two intermediary steps equal a D difficulty?

A In competitions I and II, two different B leaps w ith two intermediary steps may be cow1ted as two B difficulties. It is very difficult for a judge in these competitions to recognize this as a D difficulty because the judge is not looking for a D combina­tion. This is the only situation when a combination counts as two difficulties and not one. In competition III the judge looks for a D difficulty and this combination will be counted as a D element.

Q (an the same difficulty repeated several times in a like manner in an exercise be given credit each time?

A No. The same difficulty repeated sev­eral times in a like manner in an exercise counts as only one difficulty However, if a body movement (for example: a turn­ing leap) is repeated in combination to make a C or D, the difficulty C or D is valid. The difficulty C or D is also valid if one of its components has already been used in another combination.

Q Is there a "special case" in which a very high toss of the ribbon with an A element becomes a B difficulty? (This refers to a hand toss, not a foot tass.)

A No! The very high toss does not raise the difficulty. A difficulty can be raised to a B difficulty with intricate handling of the ribbon. For a description of these special cases, see Special Cases in the FIG Code (page 123).

I o A 28

"Pure" gymnastics clubs will endure in the USA, but it always pays to be aware of your true competition. The compe­tition for gtjmnastics clubs is any place that parents spend money on educating or entertaining their chil­dren. Therefore, your "ri­val" in-town gymnastics club is actually one of your best friends because they promote gymnastics! Your competition includes dance schools, selfdefense studios, swimming pro­grams, indoor play­grounds, after school and day camp programs, chil­dren-oriented health clubs, and so forth.

G ymnastics club own-ers mu s t change their p e r s p ec t-ive in order

to survive and prosper. Who is better qualified than gym-nastics clubs? Gymnastics pro-grams typically work w ith big spaces, large numbers of chil-dren, and have d eveloped many tools that are usable in other activ ities .

If you think that a multi-pur-pose program is an easy answer, you are partially right! In the

Don't expand your

program if:

· You don't like kids.

· You don 't manage

people well.

· You don't handle

business risk very

well.

Business

DEVELOPING A MULTI-PURPOSE FACILITY: INCREASING PROGRAMS, PROFITS & FuN WITH KIDS Frank Sahlein

WINGS Fitness Center, Boise, Idaho

long run, getting bigger is easier matter what the sport. Chil- erf51J is gradual, yet picks up than staying "small" (in rei a- dren and pm'en ts will give speed as time progresses. tion to a gymnastics-only facil- you their honest input re- 7. It attracts public and pri-ity), but expansion can result in garding class content and vate markets. a whole set of problems, maybe instruction. more than the average owner is 3. It only requires one set of

Many times programs that willing to face! Consider deal- are open to the public, like ing with the cumulative" situa-

a dmini stra tive/ office indoor climbing or indoor tions" tha t 10 small businesses

overhead for all activities. playgrounds, generate a might encounter. There are a lot This makes each activity great deal of business to the of challenges, but there are also more inherently profitable by instructional programs. some significant advantages. reducing major overhead. 8. It is convenient for the The question is, "Why should 4. It provides potential profit w hole family. gymnastics clubs expand pro- from many programs. This saves time and money gram offerings?" Each program has its' own for family.

What do you have to gain monthly set of income, ex- 9. Your income is re-di-by exp anding your programs? penses, and profits. rected into your facility, Following are some advan- 5. It gives you more lever- rather than "traveling tages to developing a multi- age both in leasing and out" seasonally. purpose facility: purchaSing buildings. Insulate yourself from 1. You get a chance to uti- You become a major tenant "seasons" because your

lize your previously de- ar landlord. You should take club is the "place for all veloped trust from the more space than you think seasons." One example is public. you will need-remember, an 8-year old girl who went If your reputation is good, you can sublet space wh ile from self defense, to gym-then the public will con tinue your capital and human re- nastics, to dance, to cheer-to have trust in your busi- sou rces build up for the next leading, while also having ness- until you prove them program addition . a birthday party at the gym, wrong! 6. It's an opportunity for mar- and occasionally playing in

2. You already have experi- keting and promotion- the indoor playground! ence with curriculums, offeringmuch more than 10. You become know n in children and parents. anyone business. your community for be-

You know when a class is Each program creates syn- ing the place for youth

being taught effectively, no ergy to the whole. This syn- sports, fitness, and fun.

February 1995 TECHNIQ UE

Business

If you think that a multi-purpose program is an easy

answer, you are partially right! In the long run,

getting bigger is easier than staying "small" (in

relation to a gymnastics-only facility), but expansion

can result in a whole set of problems, maybe more

than the average owner is willing to face!

Examples are fund-raisers 15. for the Girl Scouts and fam -ily advocate groups, employ-ees children 's parties for lo-cal television channels and other local businesses.

11. Staff is much easier to re­tain d ue to hours avail­able- all year.

All afoul' staffcross-train in instructional programs- it is far easier to keep key per­sonn el when you have enough hours to give them all year! It is also easier to be flexible when the key people need time off!

12. Program Directors from various activities lend a rich diversity of ideas and approaches! They can pro­vide positive atli tudes, new teaching techniques, cre­ative ideas, leadership, and so forth.

13. It gives you the ability to compensate staff at ap­p ropriate levels for the long run.

14. Much m ore realistic self­funded re tirem ent plan possible due to the simple math of the profit from many businesses.

There is the additional bo­nus of looking at each pro­gram much more objectively, unlike gymnastics when we all first started!

You can use all of your creative powers, thus per­sonal fu lfillment!

The business challenge, the adrenaline rushes, the finan­cial risks.

Note: If you really swallowed # 15, you are ready for this!

Frank Sahlein i s the owner and director of a 35,000 square foot multi­purpose facility that com­bines gymnastics, pre­school motor fitne ss, swimming, dance, cheer­leading, self defense, in­door rock climbing, par­ties, sports camps, adult fitness, an indoor play­ground, and more! He is the founder of The Asso­ciation of Children's Fit­ness Facilities, which of­fers consulting seminars and mail order programs for gyms who wish to ex­pand their program of­ferings. He has been in the gymnastics business for 25 years. Mr. Sahlein can be reached at (800) 367-3641, or at AOCFF, 1875 Century Way, Boise, ID 83709.

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This handbook is now provided to all Safety Certification course participants as part of the course fee.

To oreler use the USA Gymnastics Merchanelise oreler form on page 2.

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1994 CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS BOOK 1994 CONGRESS

USA GYMNASTICS

If you couldn't make it to Congress this year or lost your book during all the fun ... you can purchase the highly-prized Congress Proceedings Book for your very own! This book is filled with useful information provided by Congress presenters. Subjects include: Sports Science, Alternative Interests, Preschool, Business, Education, Women, Men, and Rhythmic. The Handbook is a perfect accompaniment to the Congress videos advertised on page 4 of this issue.

Item #1402 $5.00

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

i

I

" A 30

Coaches Education

ASEP COACHING PruNOPLES

To more accurately reflect their current programs and future efforts, ACEP is now ASEP, American Sport Education Program. In addition, the Sport Science Course is now titled "Coaching Principles Course." USA Gymnastics feels this is a positive change which indicates more specifically the content areas covered in this comprehensive course curriculum.

Use the form below to pre·register for the course of your choice. To guarantee your registration, a completed form must be received by USA Gymnastics three weeks (21 days) prior to the published course date .

Successful completion of this course fulfills ONE requirement for PDP Level II Accreditation.

MARCH 11 Sal: 8:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Sumter YMCA, 50 Willow Dr., Sumter, S( 291 50 (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (803)773·1404

MAY 20 Sal: 8:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Sumter, S( (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (803)773·1404

JUNE TIA (uyamoga YMCA Akron, OH (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (803)773·1404

AUGUST 16 . 19 1995 USAG (ongress New Orleans, LA (ourse Dir: TBA

rr«iJA GYMNASTICS

USA Gymnastics-ASEP Coaching Principles Course- Registration Form

PDP LEVEL .. REGUIREMENI'S

• ASEP Coaching Principles Course

• USA Gymnastics Safety Certification

• USA Gymnastics Professional Membership

• PDP Level I Accreditation

• Technique Guide to Coaching exam

• PDP Level II Experience form

• J.O. Compuslory Exam (M, W, R)

Fill in the following form as completely and accurately as possible. please print or type.

Birthdate _____ Age __ (min . age is 18 years) Name ----------------City State Address ----------------

Zip ___ _ phone #: Home (_) - _ -__ Work (_) - _ -__

Social Security No. __ - __ -__ USAG Professional No. ______ _

Safety Certification Status: Are you currently Safety Certified? D Yes D No Expiration date: _I _1_ Course Information: Date: ----- Location: ___________________ _

Course Instructor(s) ______________________ __

Course Information 1. The textbook for the Coaching Principles course is Successful Coaching. The textbook is included in the course fee . Preregistered

participants will receive their materials at the course. 2. The course fee is $80. USAG Professional Members may register at the reduced rate of $70. 3. Successful completion of this course fulfills the Sport Science requirement for PDP Level II Accreditation. 4. Send completed form with payment to: USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN

46225 Payment:

D Check (Payable to USA Gymnastics) Check No. __ _

D MasterCard or D VISA Card No. ___________ Exp. Date: _I_I_ Card Holder Name: _____________ Signature: ___________ _

T295

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

NEW FROM USA GYMNASTICS

e!B SERIES OF VIDEOS THAT FOCUS ON THE NUTRITIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS NEEDED TO BE A HEALTHY ATHLETE. TITLE = 3 TO GET READY.

, ,

-t

, •

,

to get Ready

, ,

, , , PSYCHOLOGICAL READINESS VIDEO A video with the healthy and happy athlete in mind . . . featuring Dr. Joan Duda, USA Gymnastics National Team Sport Psychology Consultant, and Mary Lou Retton, 1984 Olympic Gold Medalist.

For athletes: This video sets the stage for better com­munication between you and your coaches/parents so that your sport experience can be maximized. Learn how ath­letes stay motivated and confident.

For parents and coaches: Learn how you can create an environment that fosters high self esteem and positive body image among young athletes.

First two parts of this video series are available for $4.95 each from USA Gymnastics Merchan­dise Department, P.O. Box 5562, Indianapolis, IN 46255-5562. Tel: 317-237-5060 r - - Toorder:;U~m~(s merchandise presented in t hisi~sue~se (omp~his order form. - - --,

NUTRITIONAL READINESS VIDEO A video with the healthy athlete in mind .. . featuring Dr. Dan Benardot, USA Gymnastics National Team Nutritionist, and Mary Lou Retton, 1984 Olympic Gold Medalist.

For athletes: Your performance is affected by your diet. Learn how and what to eat to excel. Answers your questions about what to eat: most of the time, before exercise, during exercise and after exercise.

For parents and coaches: This video was designed to educate about proper nutrition and to explain the hazards of eating disorders.

USA GYMNASTICS ORDER FORM I . : Ilom'__________ Ph"' ______ :

Address _ _______________ _

: :: G-Ym-1I01Ii-cspr-Ofes-siono-IMe-mb.-rlhi-P#-=--=-~-_-_-_-_--aUbGy:~::;"/!'mb."";p, _ZiP~~~~~== ~I I Chorge: :J MOlle/Cord 0 VISA Exp. Oote: ___ $L(hoirmon: ____ I \. I Cord i _______ _ Signature: _______ 1 ,

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Send orders and make checks payable to: USA Glmnostics Merchandise De~t .

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SHIPPING & HANDLING: o,mSS1 SJMU~D: i:WJ S(S I S.Ol ·S:·~!:JSi. S:O.Oi ·S l00 I.Oo~S6-. 0mS](lJO! lEO S9

INDIANA RESIDENTS ADD S% SALES TAX

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.-.... --.. ,, GYMNASTICS

Code of Points

A BETTER WAY TO EvALUATE DIFFICULTY IN GYMNASTICS

elements in order to lower scores and! or separate gynmasts. Mitigation of deduc­tions for risk and then bonus for risk (or for extra difficul ties, or courage, depending on the Code) were invented to prevent high scores; yet still they came. Each time many gymnasts quickly reached and exceeded the requirements w hich were often only slightly altered because significant increases in minimum requirements were, I assume, unders tood to be untenable .

This understanding led to an interes ting problem. It can be argu ed that w hile most gymnasts around the w orld fo und the re-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ qu~emen~ prohibiliv~ mostinternation~ gymnasts found them so feeble that, for

By Hardy Fink September, 1994

The Olympic motto, "citius, altius, for tius," exhorts all a th­letes in all sports to improve. It also reflects athletes' aspi­rations and public expecta­tions, because without contin­

ued improvement a sport would stagnate and soon lose support and adherents- it cer­tainly wouldn' t be interesting or marketable.

In gymnastics, improvement is refl ected in and measured by the continued increase in the difficulty of the performances. Table I shows that since consistent worldwide Codes of Points first came into existence (1960- 64 cycle), the difficulty of routines increased steadily for decades, and then exploded after 1992.

A similar escalation of difficulty occurred on all men's and women's apparatus. It occurred in spite of the professed intent of the Codes of Points w hich has always been to de- emphasize difficulty. This happened, to a large extent, because of how those same Codes of Poin ts addressed the d ifficulty fac­tor. Difficulty increased gradually fo r the fi rst 30 years, and then jumped exp onen­tially after 1992 (see Table I). This exponen­tial increase can be attributed almost en­tirely to the implementation of the 1993 Codes; Codes w hich in Brisbane had been in effect for only 16 months. Since 1992, diffi ­culty has been forced to increase at an un­natural rate and direction . Yet most of the authorities continue to claim that that is contrary to the intent of the Codes; that the intent is to emphasize execution .

In effect, the real but h idden intent of every Code over the past 30 years has been to prevent gymnasts-or, at least, to pre­vent too many gymnasts from reaching their only goal. That goal is, and always w ill be, to get the h ighest possible score: To score a 10.0. To prevent this, the Codes in­creased the difficulty demands in a variety of ways, and then the gymnasts responded

in the only way that increased scores; by meeting or exceeding those demands. Thus the goals of the gymnasts and of the Codes are constantly in conflict. I do not believe that such a conflict of goals exists in any other sport. Also, with the present system, the professed emphasis on execution can­not be com pletely expressed in the score because the execution score is a p art of the total score which is limiled or constrained by the value of the difficulty. Thus a score of 9.20 might be a perfect performance, but who is to know?

Let us take a closer look at how the Codes have addressed d ifficulty and other evalu­ation factors over the years.

The firs t real men's and women's Codes (1960-64) set minimum difficulty require­ments which most international gymnasts quickly reached and exceeded. Thus the 1964- 68 Codes an d subsequent revisions increased the d ifficulty requirements, added or changed bonus for difficulty, and! or reduced the value of frequently seen

Table 1: Difficulty of the men's champions based on 1993 Code for sum of the 1 0 best elements (A = 0.1; B = 0.2; ( = 0.4; D = 0.6; E = 0.8)

Floor Exercises Horizontal Bar

1964 Tokyo 1.6 1.9

1972 Munich 2.1 2.4

19B3 Budapest 3.2 3.3

1992 Paris 3.8 3.7

1993 Birmingham 4.6 4.6

1994 Brisbane 5.0 5.8

Febmary 1995 TECHNIQUE

them, d ifficulty was not stressed. Most of them easily met all the requirements and never needed to show all they could do to demonstrate superiority over others. I be­lieve that no other sport regularily crowns its champions wilhout demanding an abso­lute best effort. In essence, the Codes man­aged simultaneously to be not applicable to most of the world and to not challenge or separate the best. That is because require­ments can never, or should never, be set so high that perhaps only one gymnast can ever meet them .

Finally, in the 1993 Codes, significant bonus exclusively for the display of ex­treme d ifficulty (0 .6 for women and 1.0 for men; only for D- and E-parts)- a form of requirement-was introduced and was ex­pected to solve the high score problem . But gymnasts quickly concentrated on the only elements of any real value-the D's and E's-and have again and already begun to demonstrate theoretical s tar t values above 10.0. Tradition suggests that the goals of gymnasts must again be frus trated by a " tightening up" of the rules and to that end the Codes are once again being reviewed . Where to next? How can the rules respond this time?

It is no secret, that with the continued use of a "difficu lhJ requiremen t plus bonus for ex­treme difficu lty systell1 " only the same and oft attempted responses are available. These are to increase difficulty requirements; to reduce values of frequently seen elements; to reduce the values of the letters (i.e. C's have been 1.0, 0.6, and 0.4; B's 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2); to disqualify combinations and elements that formerly qualified for bonus; and to increase tl1e amow1t of bonus to be earned. Of course, this system can set such absurdly high stan­dards that no gymnast w ill ever reach the 10.0 point goal. But w ith unattainable re­quirements, w ho w ill want to participate, and at w hat cost, and w ho will understand the 10 point s tandard tha t in reality does not exis t? It follows that any reasonable and responsible revision of this system must eventually become a dead end.

Code of Points

Table 2: Evolution of the Codes 01 Points and add up to the posed an d artificially accelerated rate rather right amount. The than at their own rate. Stated requirements

(1960 - 1994) se tting of these put the responsibility for gymnasts trying mlnlll1Ull1 stan- to meet them, at least in part, on those

dillicu lty (ffA/ B/ C/D/ E) combination execution bonus dards as demanded setting the requirements. Stated require-1960-64 (m) 3.0 (5/ 4/ 1/- / - ) 2.0 5.0 by a "difficul ty re- ments will never solve the high score prob-

{3/ 6/ 1/-/-)Floor quirement plus bonus lem unless they are set absurdly and unac-

(w) 3.0 (- / 4/ 1/- / -) 2.0 5.0 for extreme difficulhj ceptably high. Stated requirements are a sys tem" has had nu- dead end. i 1964-68 (m) 3.4 {6/ 4/ 1/-/-11 1.6 5.0 merous other nega- Is there a better solution? Is there a way of

" {6/4/2/- / -)111 tive consequences, addressing the difficulty and content of rou-(w) 3.0 (-/ 4/ 1/-/-) 2.0 5.0

among them, non- tines that will avoid these negative conse- A stable rules and val- quences? More and more experts from around 33

1968-72 (m) 3.4 {6/ 4/ 1/- / -11 1.6 5.0 ues; complexity and the world are saying yes. And that it is a very {6/4/2/-/-)111 perhaps impossibil- simple answer-one that has n ot been

(w) 4.0 (-/4/2/- /-) 2.0 4.0 ity, for judges; in- adopted mainly for reasons of h·adition. comprehensibility

1972-76 (m) 3.4 {4/ 5/ 1/-/-)1 2.6 4.0 mitigation for risk and confusion for The answer is to simply add (within

(3/4/2/- /-)11 the public; exclusion clear parameters) the values of the 10 best

{2/ 3/ 3/- / -1I11 of ever more gym- or most difficult elements in a routine . nasts; no basis for Therefore, for example, a routine of 10 A-

(w) 4.0 (-/4/2/- /-) 2.0 4.0 long term planning parts (if A =0.2) would receive a difficulty 1976-80 (m) 3.4 (4/ 5/ 1/-/-11 1.6 4.4 0.6 (0.2 dill.) for coaches; poten- value of 2.0; 10 D-parts (if D=0.8) would

(3/ 4/ 2/ - / -111 tialliability for those receive a value of 8.0; and so on .

(2/ 3/ 3/- / -1111 setting the require- What advantages does such a simple ments; forcing gym- additive system offer? I believe there are

(w) 3.0 (-/ 4/ 3/ - /-) 2.0 5.0 nastics into ever many; among them: (until 1980, women used mediums and superiors which I have called B's and ('s) higher and selected

It rewards a gYllli1ast for all he does well extreme difficulty; 1980-84 (m) 3.4 (4/ 5/1/-/-11 1.6 4.4 0.6 (0 .3 dill.) and lots of repeated (not only D's and E's) .

{3/ 4/ 2/-/-)11 and futile work for It is simple (no requirements, no com-(2/ 3/ 3/- /-1111 the technical au- pensation, no bonus, no variable values

(w) 3.0 {6/ 3/1/- / -11 2.5 4.0 0.5 (OJ dill.) thorities. And once for elements (Incredibly, a D in the men's

{4/ 4/ 1/- / -)11 several gymnas ts '93 Code can be worth 0.7, 0.6,0.5,0.4, exceed the require- 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, and even 0, depending on

(2/ 2/ 3/- /-)lll ments, the one who circumstances and what it replaces.».

1984- 88 (m) 4.0 {6/ 4/ 2/ 0/ -11 1.0 4.4 0.6 (0.3 dill.) has mas tered the It can be used equally by all age groups

{3/ 2/ 3/ 1/-1I1/111 most difficulty (all and levels (no need for modified rules). other things being

(w) {2/ 3/ 2/ 0/ -11 2.5 4.0 0.5 (0.1 dill.) equal) can n ot be It has long term stabili ty and need essen-

(2/ 2/ 3/0/ -111 identified as the tially never be changed .

(1 / 2/ 2/ 1/-1111 champion w ithin It is understandable by all participants

1988-92 (m) 4.0 (6/4/2/0/-)1 1.0 4.4 0.6 (0.3 dill.) the rules. Judges, of as well as the public and the media. course, intuitively

(3/ 2/ 3/ 1/-111/111 know that the one It allows gymnasts to advance at their

(w) 3.0 (3/ 3/ 2/0/-11 1.5 5.1 0.4 (0 .1 dill.) with the highest dif- own rates. Gymnasts are not forced to

ficulty is best, and show D's before they are ready since (1 / 2/ 2/1/-)11 therefore compen- lesser elements always maintain their

(0/ 2/1/2/ -)111 sate for the inad- value and always contribu te to the score.

1992-96 (m) 2.4 (4/ 3/ 2/1/0) 1.2 5.4 1.0 (1.0 dill.) equate rules by com- There need be nothing wrong with a gymnast w ho can do only 10 A's. Why

(w) 3.0 {3/ 3/ 2/0/ 011 monly resorting to give credit for only three (women) or

(1/2/2/1/0111 factors outside the (0/ 2/ 1/ 2/ 0)111 2.0 4.4 0.6 (0.6 dill.) rules in order to re- four (men)?

ward that gymnast. It puts the responsibility for the routine

However, the content on the gymnast and coach. There

An interesting question is if there is such worst consequence is that stated minimum is a huge difference between requiring

a thing as correct values for difficulty, com- difficulty requirements essentially force D's and telling gymnasts to show us

bination, execution, and bonus or for the every gymnast to meet them or to quit. w hat they can do well.

required number of A's, B's, C's, D's, and Stated requirements do not reward gym- It allows gymnastics to continue to E's. The evidence of the past 40 years of nasts for all they can do well - For example, evolve at a gradual and normal rate d ebate among the world's leading experts in men's gymnastics, a routine of4A3B2C1D rather than at an artificially forced rate as expressed in the Code of Points (see Table has a maximum value of 9.10 and so does a and one that changes every four years. 2) demonstrates that there are no correct, or routine of 9C1D, or even 20 C1D. Only It simplifies the task for the judges. best, or even good values for these factors . additional D's and E's have any value and Most important has always been, that the any purpose!? Stated requirements force It enl1ances the marketing potential of values be manipulated until they " feel right" gymnasts to progress at an externally im- our sport in many ways.

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

It permits direct comparison of all gym­nasts of all eras so that all know where they fit in the gymnastics hierarchy at all times.

It permits long term plaIming for coaches and gymnasts.

It will help separate gymnasts and es-i sentially eliminate ties.

" It is similar to other sports that are judged A subjectively.

34 It is very logical.

It also fits very well with the A- and B­jury system that seems certain to be intro­duced. Thus the public and media can still appreciate a 10.0 score for perfect perfor­mance while an expert informs them of the value of the content. It is abundantly clear that a single number that includes all of the evaluation factors of a gymnastics routine will never be widely understood. And such a number will damage our sport aI1d will never be accepted if it is artificially forced too low.

The advantages of an additive system for difficulty over the present "difficu lty requi rel17en t pi us bonus for extreme difficulty system" are numerous. Some say that the old system works well in many ways and is good enough . But I ask, "Does it work as well as it should and is it the best that we can devise?" The answer to those ques­tions, of course, is no. We know from over 30 years experience that the present path will never satisfy. I fear that the ex treme steps now being contemplated to ad­just and to save the old system may be disastrous for the future of our sport . It is time to re - think the Codes of Points. It is time to evaluate the difficulty sepa­rately and logically .

I believe s trongly that we have reached the stage where an additive system for de­termining difficulty is essential. We must face the fact that a continued and gradual increase in difficulty is natural, desirable, and necessary; and that it must be logically rewarded. We should no longer toy with the number of required A's, B's, and so on (every attempted permutation has failed) . We should certainly not continue to in­crease bonus only for extreme difficulty if we ever again want to see anything else or if we believe that lesser elements also be­long in our sport. Nor should we play with rules and values only to make the available bonus impossible to reach. Those old solu­tions can now only damage our sport.

It is time to reward gymnasts for all that they can do well. Let's simply add up the values of all the good stuff they show us. Now that makes sense!

Code of Points

POI NT­COUNTERPOINT By John Scheer

Once again, Mr. Hardy Fink (CAN) has written a thoughtful article in which he makes many logical arguments. In fact, the reader may find himself agreeing with many points about which Fink writes. In 1993, a number of judges and coaches in the USA were involved in studies of Fink's system, and I gathered both formal and informal feedback about his proposed Code of Points. This response will note areas of USA disagreement with the views expressed in Fink's al,ticle, as well as different sides of some of the issues. Mr. Fink's "points" will be summarized briefly,Jollowed by "counterpoints."

Point As an eXaInple from his article, is a 9C, ID routine better than a 4A, 3B, 2C, ID routine? Clearly, yes, yet under the cur­rent Code both routines would have a maximum value of 9.1. Is Hardy right to argue the unfairness of this? Certainly.

Counterpoint Unfortunately, Fink's proposed judging system for solving this problem necessi­tates aI1 open-ended addition of the diffi­culty factor, resulting in a departure from our current 10.0 top score. Feedback I have gathered both systematically and infor­mally over the past two yeaI's indicates that the United States overwhelmingly supports retaining our 10.0 system. At the end of his article, HaI'dy writes that the adjustments now being considered " to save the old system may be disastrous for the future of our sport." However, opin­ion in the USA runs very strongly that to tiu-ow out our 10.0 top score may be disas­h'ous for the future of our sport. Are we right, then, to argue for the further devel­opment of a 10.0- point system which allows us to fairly separate gymnasts while enabling only the very best gymnasts in ilie world to still score at the top of the scale? Certainly.

The problem, then, is not necessaI'ily right versus wrong, but in this instance it may be right versus right. Not every­one in the USA agrees, but most believe that the 1993 Code has done an excellent job of solving some severe problems we had with the escalation and compres-

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

sian of scores at the top, and that, with a few needed revisions, the Code could continue to be viable into the foresee­able future .

Point The" intent of the Codes of Pain ts ... has always been to de- emphasize diffi­culty," and" the intent is to emphaSize execution."

Counterpoint I do not believe the intent of the Codes of Points has been a de- emphaSiS on diffi­culty, as we carmot do this and still separate gymnasts. The Codes have stated that difficulty should not be escalated at the expense of execution. In fact, Codes prior to 1993 placed unnecessary limita­tions on difficulty, as evidenced by th{ fact that eli te gymnasts quickly exceeded the difficulty expectations. No one has ever said, "Let's do less difficulty in gymnasticS." Rather, they have intended to say, "Let's doas much difficulty as we can do well," a point which Mr. Hardy Fink has made, and it is reflected in both his proposed Code and the current 1993 Code, at least for elite gymnasts, through the bonus system.

Rather than aI1y one paI'ticulaI' emphasis, it seems to me that most Codes have struck a balance between exercise content aI1d exercise execution. From Table 2 in Fink's aI'ticle, one CaI1 see that execution in eight of the nine Codes has ranged from 4.4 to 5.4, very close to half of the 10.0 scale.

Point Difficul ty increased grad ually for 30 yeaI's, then exploded at "an unnatural rate aI1d direction" after 1992, due" almost entirely to the implementation of the 1993 Codes ."

Counterpoint If we agree that previous Codes did not require elite gymnasts to show all the skills that they could do well, then how can it be argued that the 1993 Code forced difficulty to increase exponentially at an unnatural rate? Is the 1993 Code encour­aging gymnasts to do more? To reach their limits of skills they CaI1 do well? Yes it is, and Fink's data on the dramatic increase in difficulty attributable to the

1993 Code is the proof. This, in fac t, is an excellent outcome of the 1993 Code. Yet the balance between difficulty and ex­ecution is s till there. Gymnasts w ho try to load their routines with bonus skills before they are ready pay the price in execution deductions, but this would only be reflected in the well-documented fact that scores overall are lower, more reasonable, and not so compressed at the top as they were before. That is why charts which only show how much bo­nus gymnasts are potentially earning don' t reveal the entire p icture of the effectiveness of the 1993 Code.

Point The only goal of gymnasts is "to ge t the highest possible score: To score a 10.0." The conflicting goal of the Codes has been to prevent too many gymnasts from achieving their goal of a high score.

Counterpoint Gymnastics is inherently fun. Most kids start gymnastics for this reason. The mas­tery of new, and perhaps scary, skills adds an element of thrill to a gymnast's life that is not available tlu-ough other endeavors, and this tlu-ill continues tlu-oughout a gynmast's career. Ask an elite gymnast if his goal is to score a 10, and most will say they don't even think about a 10. Their goal is continued improvement, and per­haps doing well in specific competitions. They are smart enough to know that a 9.6 in one competition may be a 9.2 in another competition. So they learn to simply do the best they can and let the scores take care of themselves.

The goals of the Codes, on the other hand, have been to set directions for gymnastics, guide the improvement of gymnasts, and establish a scoring system which allows gymnasts to be fairly separated in compe­tition. Efforts to set rules which allowed for adequate separation of gymnasts be­came unsuccessful in the years leading up to the 1993 Code. Our current Code has indeed resulted in lower scores, but this has not been beca use the Code had a goal to prevent high scores, but rather it was a natural result of efforts to better separate gynu1asts. Gynmasts want to improve, the Code tells them how.

Point Significant bonus, a full point intro­duced in the 1993 Code, "was expec ted to solve the high score problem. But gymnasts ... have again and already begun to demonstrate theore tical s tart values above 10.0."

Counterpoint This is the subjec t of some debate. But

Code of Points

one fact is indisputable: We are in the third year of our current Code, and most elite, international gymnas ts cannot yet do 10.0 routines. In a s tudy conducted by Mr. Butch Zunich and others on bonus in the 1994 Dortmund World Championships, only 11.9% ofthe gym­nasts from eight of the top teams had start values o£1O.O (not including vault­ing) . If rings is eliminated (where 15 of 46 gymnasts, or 32.6%, had 10.0 starts), then only 6.8% of the gynmasts on the remaining four events had 10.0 start scores. And this resulted from an analy­sis of how much bonus was attempted, not how much was actually earned! Remember, almost all elite gymnasts had 10.0 start scores on almost every event prior to 1993. Furthermore, as noted earlier, charts of bonus potential only tell par t of the story. Gymnasts who compete bonus skills before they are ready will earn lower scores tlu'ough increased execution deductions .

In 1993, Mr. Hardy Fink argued that by 1994 most elite gymnasts wo uld have start values from 9.8 to 10.0. Two coun­terpoints: First, at this level of competi­tion, there is a big difference between 9.8 and 10.0. Second, in the Dortmund s tudy, only 45.3% of the routines from eight of the top teams had star t values of 9.8 or higher, and this dropped off to 38.9% if rings was eliminated . In other words, well over half of the best gym­nasts in the world demons tate routines w ith attempted start values of 9.7 or less. And this is with several flaws in the current Code which boost bonus potential and must be fixed, such as the elimination of value raising, restricting the repetition of bonus skills, and de­valuing a few of the obviously overval­ued bonus skills. While Fink writes about changes to the Code in a negative light, actually these are changes w hich must be made, regardless of what Code we use, if the rules are to continue to guide gymnastics in the right direction.

Point The worst consequence of stated mini­mum difficulty requirements is they "force every gymnast to meet them or quit. "

Counterpoint This assumes that gymnasts participate only for the scores they achieve. I've judged many gymnasts that did not meet the minimum difficulty require­ments, but they didn' t quit! While Fink writes that unstable rules provide no basis for the long term plalming of coaches, and the Code forces gymnasts to progress at an artificial rate, I believe

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

that the vas t majority of coaches are pretty sequential and developmental, and will not fo rce their gymnasts to progress at an unsafe rate.

However, I do agree that the Code could pay considerably more attention to how it fosters the progressive, consis tent de­velopment of young gymnasts. For ex­ample, w hy not allow the unlimited sub- t'~ sti tution of lower value parts for higher " value parts . A young gymnast could i, then earn 1.0 for 10 A parts, instead of ~ only 0.4 for the maximum of 4 A parts . 35 Why not allow A parts to satisfy special requirements, a proposal which Hardy Fink has made. Such changes would make the Code more applicable to young gymnasts while not affecting elite gym-nasts at all!

Point Fink writes that the current system is complex "and perhaps impossible for judges," and incomprehensible and con­fUSing for the public.

Counterpoint Good judges have had no more diffi­culty w ith this Code than with previous ones. But this is a moot point, because it seems certain that the next Code will split the duties of judges, an excellent suggestion w hich Hardy Fink proposed several years ago.

r also think that all of our recent Codes, not just the current one, have been difficult for the lay public to under­s tand. Th e lay p ublic would compre­hend the simple asp ec ts (but certainly not the d etails) of Fink's proposed sys­tem . Could this increased understand­ing also be accomplish ed with a sys­tem similar to what we have n ow? Yes, if the Code required both a routine con­tent score and a rou tine execu tion score to be flashed.

Summary The 1993 Code does need a few revisions.

But every Code we've ever had has needed revisions. I believe even Fink's sys tem would need periodical revision, because gymnasts tend to gravi tate to the easiest skills at each value level, and we don' t always ra te new skills accurately at first. But our current Code has alleviated the prob­lem of escalation and compression of scores a t the top, it has allowed us to better sepa­rate gymnasts, and it has restored 9.5 as a good score. Finally, it has increased dra­matically our odds of selecting champi­ons w ho have shown most, if not all, of what they can do well, champions w ho have done the most d ifficult routines with the best execution.

Administration

A PLAN FOR THE fuTURE OF USA GYMNASTICS PART II In the previous issue of Technique we introduced two elements of the Strategic Plan recently adopted by the Board of Directors of USA Gymnastics. Those were the mission statement and the visions of success related to that mission. In this and the subsequent issue of Technique we present for your consideration some of the specific goals for each of USA Gymnastics' maior areas of activity and examples of some of the key strategies and milestones adopted in support of those goals. The men's, women's and rhythmic programs are featured in this issue; next month the other strategic goals will be introduced. Please keep in mind that in communicating the information to you in this manner we are presenting only selected elements of the Strategic Plan; if you are interested in receiving a copy of the complete Plan, please contact Julie Beiin.

Goals of the Men's, Women's, and Rhythmic Programs 1. IMPROVE EACH PROGRAM'S INTERNATIONAL

RAN KINGS AT KEY EVENTS LEADING UP TO AND INCLUDING THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Men Representative strategJI Develop team goals and focus at training camps

Milestone: Bronze Medal-Team competition 1996 Olympics

Women Representative strategy: Personal visitations to all qualified athletes, early event assignments and pre-event training camps

Milestone: Gold Medal - Team competition 1996 Olympics

Rhythmic Representative strategJI Select Olympic Training Team in Group by November, 1994 and initiate year round residence training program for Group beginning January 1995

Milestone: Group advances to finals (top six) and one athlete ad­vances to semi-finals (top 12) in individual competition at the 1996 Olympics

2. CONDUCT TEAM TRAINING TO ENABLE ACHIEVEMENT OF PERFORMANCE GOALS

Men Representative strategJJ: Assist National Team athletes with develop­ment of a personal training plan and provide technical information and monitor individual training plans

Milestone: Conduct National Team training camps: two spring and two Fall each year, and increase training site visits by USAG Technical Director to at least five per year

Women Representative strategJI Conduct training camps for National Team members and provide access to expert clinicians

Milestone: Prioritize visitations for assigned athletes . Structure train­ing camp to meet personalize needs

Rhythmic Representative strategJI Conduct elite camps utilizing experts from around the country in the winter of 1995 and 1996

3. IMPROVE TEAM COMPETITIVE POSITION

Women Representative strategy: Synchronize look and style of National Team compulsories and provide personalized compulsory music

4. DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT SELECTION PROCESS THAT ASSURE MOST COMPETITIVE TEAM IS SENT TO THE OLYMPICS

5. PROVIDE AN ENVIRONMENT AT THE OLYMPICS THAT IS MOST CONDUCIVE TO ACHIEVING PERFORMANCE GOALS

Representative strategy: Work with USOC to ensure credentialing of all personal coaches and support staff; assess housing to ensurE appropriate environment in Atlanta

6. PROVIDE SUPPORT AND INCENTIVES TO INCREASE ATHLETE COMMITMENT TO TRAINING

Men Representative strategJI Provided financial support for top 15 elite level athletes until 1996 OlympiC Trials to enable conformance with training and competition plans Milestone: Conduct quarterly reviews of funded athletes

Women Representative strategy: Review athlete support system with Elite Ad-hoc Committee

Rhythmic Representative strategJI Review athlete support system with Rhyth­mic Program Conunittee

7. IMPROVE LEVEL OF INFORMATION ON INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

Representative strategJI Improve scouting and provide video analy­sis of competition to coaches/ athletes

8. PROVIDE COACHES' TRAINING Men Representative strategy: Develop coaches resource center for Na­tional Team coaches and elite developmental coaches at USOTC. Provide coaches instruction as part of Olympic Development Program (ODP)

Milestone: Train 150 coaches annually through ODP

Women Representative strategy: Provide coaches instruction as part of Talent Opportunity Program

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Administration

Milestone: Train 375 coaches annually by 2000

Rhythmic Representative strategy: Complete Professional Development Pro­gram Level 11 for rhythmic gynmastics; create video library and organize elite coaches clinic

Milestone: Train 50 coaches annually tlu'ough rhythmic Congress

9. PROVIDE INCENTIVES FOR COACHES AND CLUBS TO SUPPORT PERFORMANCE GOALS

10. INCREASE THE NUMBER OF ENTRY LEVEL PARTICIPANTS IN GYMNASTICS

Men Representative strategy: Develop curriculum for young boy's pro­grams that will encourage the general gynmast to stay in gynmas­tics and encourage adoption of boy' s programs by gynmastics clubs

Milestone: Increase number of registered male athletes by 3% annually

Women Representative strategJ;: Expand the reach of gynmastics into eco­nomically depressed communities and encourage adoption of gym­nastics programs by park systems

Rhythmic Representative strategy: Encourage adoption of rhythmic gynmastics by other organizations (e.g., Girls, Inc. YWCA park districts), by clubs and by schools; integrate rhythmic programs into TOP; inte­grate rhythmic gynmastics performances into major artistic events and revise the Junior Olympic program

Milestone: Increase registered athlete members to 2000 by the year 2000

11. ENSURE THAT NCAA PROGRAM REMAINS VIABLE AS A PARTICIPATION OPTION FOR GYMNASTS

Men Representative strategJ;: Provide for a national championship at the Division I NCAA level

Milestone: Extension of NCAA moratorium on cancellation of na­tional championship-January 1995

Women Representative strategy: Provide supplemental competitive opportu­nities for women's collegiate gynmastics and hire staff to assist with the development of NCAA programs

12. PROVIDE A STRUCTURED JUNIOR OLYMPIC PROGRAM

Represen tative strategy: Provide structured competitive program for all competitions conducted under the auspices of the Junior Olym­pic Program Committee

Milestone: Conduct J.O. State, Regional & National Championships annually with Quadrennial rules revision completed in 1996 Rhythmic Representative strategJ;: Write meet organizational handbook

13. INCREASE AWARENESS OF PARTICIPATION IN USAG PROGRAMS

Representative strategJ;: Ensure consistent identification of USAG at meets and with recreational gynmastics programs

14. PREPARE FOR SUCCESS IN THE OLYMPICS IN 2000 AND BEYOND

Men Representative strategy: Conduct Olympic Development Program for early identification of skilled athletes, develop an elite division at the Junior National Level and conduct national training camps for Junior National Team

Milestone: Have program in place for the 1996-2000 competitive program

Women Representative strategy: Conduct semi-annual national training camps for Junior National Team and TOP for early identification of tal­ented athletes

Milestone: Test 3250 athletes (ages 6-12) annually by 2000

Rhythmic Representative strategy: Conduct annual national championships and annual training camps for Junior National Team and Junior Olympic gynmasts. Conduct training camp for specifically identi­fied Level 5 & 6 athletes (1996)

15. PROVIDE TRAINING FACILITIES FOR DEVELOPING MALE GYMNASTS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

Representative strategJ;: Provide resident program at the U.s. Olym­pic Training Center Provide financial assistance to programs training at the interna­tionallevel

Explore alternatives for training of elite level male gynmasts.

Milestone: Appoint task force by 4th quarter 1994; task force work complete by 2nd quarter 1995

16. IMPROVE THE COMPETENCE OF JUDGES Men Representative strategy: Increase technical knowledge of judges and their ability to apply the rules

Milestone: Conduct annual judging courses and develop National Apparatus Leaders to increase communication between judging and coaching communities

Women Representative strategJ;: Provide training videos, conduct courses, establish judges training staff and curriculum, regularly evaluate judges and support use of Judges Objectivity Evaluation software internationally

Rhythmic Representative strategy: Reorganize Rhythmic Technical Committee (into event specialists), develop training videos, organize regional judges training clinics and provide opportunities for U.S. judges to judge in international competitions

Milestone: Have U.S. judge assigned to the OlympiC Games

17. IMPROVE THE COMPETENCE OF FIELD STAFF Women Milestone: Conduct annual state chair workshop

Rhythmic Milestone: Conduct amlUal Rhythmic Program meeting for State and Regional chairman at Congress

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

I {'; A-31

FLIPOVER

s You'll flip over USA Gymnasticsl This magazine covers important national and international events leading up to, and including, the 1996 Olympic Games. Get to know the gymnasts through interviews, profiles and competition results. USA Gymnastics gives comprehensive gymnastics coverage in six, full color issues for only $15.00. Foreign subscriptions $32.00. Don't miss what USA Gymnastics has to offer! ,-----------------1 I Please enter my subscription immediately. Enclosed is my I I check or money order for six issues of USA Gymnastics. I

I ~~ I I I I Address I I City I I I I State Zip Phone I I I I Check one: 0 Gymnast/ age_ 0 Parent I I 0 Coach 0 Other I

: rr.SJ~~ : I GYMNASTICS I I I I Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol Avenue I T295 Indianapolis, IN 46225

FIG: OFFICIAL NEWS

Norbert Bueche

Secretary General

The Executive Committee took the following important decisions at its meeting in Dortmw1d (GER) on November 21 and 22, 1994:

The Ethiopian (ETH) Federation was provisionally admitted to the FIG. This decision on final admission will be for the General Assembly meeting at the 70th FIG Congress in Atlanta in 1996.

After the Artistic World Championships in Sabae in October 1995, it is anticipated to organize "Galas" in Tokyo, Osaka and possibly in Seoul.

The drawing of lots for the" Artistic" World Championships in Sabae will be held on August 6th, 1995 in the same city.

The 1997 Artistic World Championships have been attributed to the Swiss Federation and they will be held in Lausanne.

The 1997 RSG World Championships have been attributed to the German Federation and they will be held in Munich or Berlin.

The first Aerobic World Championships have been attributed to the French Federation and they will be held in Paris at the end of November or beginning of December, 1995.

An Aerobic Commission has been formed as follows: President: Mr. Hans-Jiirgen Zacharias (GER) Secretary: Mr. Andre Gueisbuhler (SUI) GG-TC Representative: Mrs. MargaretSikkens-Ahlquist (NED) Members: Mr. John Atkinson (GBR)

Mrs. Carmen Fado (ESP) Mrs. Tiina Hannele Simpanen (FIN)

To date, 31 Federations have sent their Provisional Registration to participate in the 1995 Gymnaestrada in Berlin. In addition, 15 Federations will participate as "observers".

All the doping checks carried out in Paris during the 1994 RGS World Championships were negative.

Statutes Modifications These modifications are made as per decisions taken at the

Congress in May 1994 in Geneva/SUI and they have effect from January 1st 1995.

As there are only a few modifications, the 1993 edition will not be reprinted.

Please cut out the different changes and cover the respective modified articles in your Statutes, ed. 1993.

Edition 1995 14.4 Additional Member (Exceptionally)

In special circumstances the General Assembly may appoint an additional person, with particular knowl­edge and experience, to serve on the Executive Com­mittee but in no case shall the number of members exceed 20.

20.4 Functions of Technical Committee c) the Technical Committees concerned with

competitive events, prep are their respective Codes of Pointage which have then to be adopted by the EC

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Announcements

20.5 Meetings Apart from the meetings held in conjunction with the Congress, the Technical Committees meet twice a year or, with the agreement of the President (FIG) on each occasion the circumstances so require, subject also to consideration of budgetary control.

28.4 Membership Personal Vacancies filled by Committees (no changes in the text)

53.3 Decisions of Congress Operative Date The decisions taken at the Congress come into opera­tion on the 1st January in the following year unless otherwise decided by Congress.

These Statutes replace those of 1993. They have effect from the 1st day of January 1995 having been adopted by the General Assembly on the 13th May 1994 at its meeting in Geneva (Switzerland)

Signed on behalf of the Federation In ternationale de Gymnnstique. The President The Secretary general: Yuri Titov Norbert Bueche Moscow and Moutier, January 1995

Federation In ternationale de Gymnastique General Secretariat Moutier, November 1994

1995 AMERICAN CLASSIC TICKETS Now ON SALE

1995 American Classic and Pan American Games Trials Qualifying Meet

Sponsored by the Northern California Women 's Gymnastics Association

Oakland, CA (Special)-The 1995 American Classic/Pan American Games Trials may still be three months off, but interest is building.

Advance tickets are now available, and more than 300 have already been sold for this USA Gymnastics-sanctioned national women's competition, according to Meet Director Bill Strom. A sellout is expected.

"Bay Area gymnastics fans are excited about this meet, and it's easy to see why," said Strom, owner of Gymtowne Gymnastics in San Bruno. "With athletes such as Dominique Dawes Shannon Miller, Keri Strug, and San Jose's own Amy Chow all on schedule to qualify fo r the meet, a great competition is already anticipated ... even now, three months in advance."

The 1995 American Classic/Pan American Games Trials, spon­sored by the Northern California Women's Gymnastics Associa­tion, is slated for February 16, 17 and 18 (Thursday, Friday and Saturday) at Oakland's Henry J. Kaiser Arena. Thursday has been deSignated as a training session, with compulsories set for Friday and optionals scheduled for Saturday.

Individual tickets, good for all three sessions, are priced at $15, or fans may view the Thursday training session only for just $5. Group discounts are also available through local gymnastics clubs.

For more information on the meet, individual ticket orders or group discounts, ca1l 800/0N-2-0LYMPICS (800/662-6596).

- Walker Enterprises -

FOR MEDIA INFORMATION Call: Jerry Walker, Walker Enterprises - 415/328-9242

11 MILLION TICKETS AVAILABLE IN ATLANTA

You can't reserve tickets to the 1996 Olympic Games yet, but one thing is certain: Because of larger venues and more sessions, there w ill be more chances to see events in Atlanta than at any previous Games.

The la tes t es tima te from the Atlanta Commi ttee for the 0 I ym pic Games is 11,039,699 tickets. That's four million more than were available in Los Angeles in 1984; six million more than in Seoul in 1988, and seven million more than in Barcelona in 1992.

Tickets will go on sale to the public May 1, 1995. Tickets will first be available for purchase by direct mail and later for phone purchase in a second phase.

Prices range from $6 to $250 for athletic events. Only five percent of all 1996 Olympic Games tickets are priced over $75. The average ticket price is $39.72 and, for the firs t time ever, the ticket price includes the cost of Olympic tran sportation during the Games. Every sport has at least one session for which tickets are available at, or below, $25.

Tickets to Opening and Closing Ceremonies are the most ex­pensive at $200, $400, and $600. Ceremonies tickets in Barcelona were about $500 for the best seats. Only nine sports have tickets priced over $75; the last session of athletics, and finals of basket­ball, boxing, diving, artistic gymnastics, soccer, swimming, tennis, and volleyball.

"You do need to respond quickly once tickets are available to have the best opportunity of getting the ones you want most," said ACOG Director of Ticket Sales Jack Tyson. "But there w ill be so many tickets that you could come to Atlanta at the las t minute and still get a ticket for some sports."

-Olympic Beat

This ruU10uncement appeared in Sidelines, USA Volleyball, Winter 1994, Vol. 5, No.4, P 2.

ADDRESS CORRECTION:

Marina Davidovich

Rhythmic Region 6 Judges Assignment Chair

6851 Rosewell Rd., H-23 Atlanta, GA 30328 (404) 671-8342

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

~

" A. 40

USA GYMNASTICS

EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS

To order any of these publications, use the USA Gymnastics order form on page 2. To receive a Technical catalogue, call USA Gymnastics merchandise department at 317-237-5060.

RHYTHMIC RSG JUNIOR OLYMPIC DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM

1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC COMPULSORY BOOK The text and floor patterns for the 1992-'96 Junior Olympic Rhythmic Gymnastics compulsory program. The three ring binder book includes the routines for Levels 5·8 and a glossary of rhythmic gymnastics terms. Routines are written for rhythmic floor exercise, rope, hoop, ba/~ clubs and ribbon.

#1302 S29.95

1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS LEVEL 5 & 6 VIDEO Companion to the compulsory book, the video shows the six LevelS routines performed from both a front and rear viewpoint. The Level 6 routines ore olso shown in phrases.

#2321 S29.95

1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS LEVEL 7 & B VIDEO Companion to the compulsory book, the video shows the six level 7 routines and the level 8 RFX from two viewpoints.

#2322 S29. 9 5

1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS LEVEL 5 & 6 CASSETTE TAPE The music for the twelve routines in the LevelS & 6 Compulsory program.

#2312 S10.00

1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS LEVEL 7 & B CASSETTE TAPE The music for the six Level 7 compulsory routines and the Level 8 Rhythmic Floor Exercise compulsory routines.

#2313 S10.00

POSTERS BILL OF RIGHTS FOR YOUNG ATHLETES 1984, AAHPERD Display this colorful poster in your waiting and/ or gym areas to emphasize the importance your Gym Club places on the students. Use the list of 12 important rights of athletes as a topic of discussion with parents, coaches and the athletes themselves.

#3603 S5.00

REEBOK WOMEN'S '92 OLYMPIC POSTER

USA Gymnastics #4016 S10.00

UNITED STATES TEAM '92 POSTER Includes all ' 92 Olympians.

USA Gymnastics #4015 S10.00

SAFETY POSTER # I: SAFETY GUIDELINES USA Gymnastics #6101 S5.00

SAFETY POSTER #2: RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE GYMNAST

USA Gymnastics #6102 S5.00

SAFETY POSTER #3: MAT SAFETY USA Gymnastics #6103 S5.00

SAFETY POSTER #4: SAFETY FIRSrI USA Gymnastics #6104 S5.00

NUTRITION

HELPING A THLETES WITH EATING DISORDERS Thompson, R.A. and Sherman, R.T . • 1993' Hard Cover. Human Kinetics. 194 pages· The authors provide a book that presents a practical, sensitive and therapeutic approach to treating athletes with eating disorders. This guide thoroughly examines all aspects of eating disorders in athletes, from diagnosis to education and prevention.

#3631 S25.00

COACHES GUIDE TO NUTRITION AND WEIGHT CONTROL 1990 • Eisneman • paper. 192 pp • Goad nutrition allows athletes to maintain energy levels during training and safely regulate their ratia of fat and lean weight. A practical sports nutrition guide that translates the sciences af physiology, bio·chemistry and ~"'rif[nn into easily appliced information. Includes an excellent chapter on th signs of eating disorders. #17 S22.00

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

1994 Index

TECHNIQUE INDEX OF ARTICLES

Vol. 14, 1994

ANNOUNCEMENrS Announcements - general:

#2,40. (RSG announcements, USOC Sportswoman, and Sports­man of the year)

#3, 30. (FIG: aerobics & doping; Team Worlds format; Bud Wilkinson; Shannon Miller; 1994 RSG Nationals)

#4,44. (FIG notice to affi liated Federations; corrections to 1/94 issue; notice to membership)

#5, 42. (Special Olympics; safety courses for English as 2nd language participants: Safety Handbook)

#6,32. (Technique subscription information; Safety Handbook; National RSG Championships)

#7,41. (Hall of Fame; COlU1.ie Israel; Chari Knight; Men's regional locations)

ASEP Coaching Principles Courses: #1-26; #2-26;#3-16;#4-16; #5-16;#6-15;#7-14;#8-14;#9-17;#10-17.

Club Gymnastics: #9, 36-37. What is Club Gymnastics? #10, 28-29. What is Club Gymnastics?

Club Retail: #9, 6. January 1995 Debut! #10,6. January 1995 Debut! Congress/Championships in Nashville, Tenn.: # 2-18; #3-18-22;

#4-18-23; #5-18-23; #6-18-23;#7 -18-23. (description, registra­tion form s, ticket information and forms, add-ons furms)

iducation/Event Calendars: #1 - 47; #2-47; #3- 47; #4- 47; #5-47;#6-47;#7- 47;#8- 47;#9- 47;#10- 46.

Hacker, P. Attention all games enthusiasts. #1-28; #2-28;#3-17; #4-17; #5- 40; #6-40. (form to contribute to the new Educational sub-committee games book)

Membership Suspensions/Terminations: Notice to Membership: #1-37;#4- 44;#10-22.

Men's National Coaches' Workshop, Colo. Springs, 12/94. #9, 39. NationsBank Women's GymnasticS World Team Trials. #9, 41. Position Available: USAG Video Production Coordinator. #10, 4. Summer Coaches Workshops: #4- 37; #5- 37; #6- 31; #7 - 31. USECA-M Membership Application. # 9, 28.

BUSINESS Gibney,J. Managing your risks and insurance in the gym. # 6, 16-17.

(contract wording, claims made policies) Gibney, J. Spectator liability. #3, 28. (promotionalliabilihj, premises

liability, products liability, patron liability, participatory risk liabilih)) Gibney, J. Waivers . #4-28-29. (includes a typical athletic participation

waiver) Holcomb, D. Express Assumption of Risk in Youth Sports. # 1,20-22.

(parts four and five in the series) Smith, R. Booster club-boon or bust? #6, 12-14. (communication,

concem, character, control, change, constraint)

COACHES EDUCAflON Level II Experience Verification Form: #4- 30;#5- 28; #6-28; #7-

28;#9- 30. DPGrandparentingApplication: #4- 32;#5- 30;#6- 30;#7-30;

#9-22. Moskovitz, D. Accredited PDP Level II Coaches List. #1, 25. Moskovitz, D. Professional development program. #2, 24-25. (De­

scription of the required components to complete PO P Levels I and II)

Moskovitz, D . Professional development program. #4, 36. (Descrip­tion of the required components to complete PDP Levels I and II)

Moskovitz, D. Professional development program. #9, 24-25. (de-scription of the required components to complete PDP Levels I Ilnd II)

COACHING Malmberg, E. Product vs. process: a coaching decision. #8, 12-13. Roselund, D. Demonstrating skills effectively. #10, 16. Reprinted

from The Coaches' Coach, Fall 1994, The American Sport Educa­tion Program. (introducing the skill, demonstrating and explaning the skill, practivcing the skill, giving feedback, how can I improve?)

Roselund, D. Teaching visualization skills. #7, 36. Reprinted from The Coaches' Coach, Spring 1994, Vol. 8, No.1, The American Sport Education Program. (visualization program, teaching athletes basic skills, visualization before competi tion, carryover value)

GENERAL 1993 Index of Articles. #2, 41-46. (Technique magazine, USA Gymnas­

tics magazine, Safety Update) Biggs, T, and Dykstra, J. The Women's Gymnastics Journal. #1,5.

(book review) Donatelli, J. Is Gymnastics for your child? #1, 17. Franks, B. and Howley, E. Fitness Leader's Handbook. #4, 5. (book

review) Frederick, A.B. Halls of Fame for gymnastics: achronology-1990-

1993. #10, 5-7. Gallahue Lee, J. 1994 Congress report. #9, 18-19. Gallahue Lee, J. 1994 Ceremony of Honors, #9, 20-21. Jensen, J. A Healthy 10!: A reference guide for gymnasts and other

athletes. #3, 5. (book review) Knapp, S. New leader for USA Gymnastics: Kathy Scanlan. #5, 5. Komara, K. Fitness for life. #10,26-27. (children's fitness) Lewis, K. Fear is our friend . #9, 31. Lewis, K. Scardy cat. #8, 33. Massimo, J. The issue of ethics. #4, 39-42. (competence, approachabil­

ity, fairness and consistency, confidence, motivation, personal con­cem, support)

Millman, D. Natural laws: the making of an inne~ athlete. #5, 6-8. (excerpt from Millman's book, The Inner Athlete: Realizing Your Fullest Potential)

USA Gymnastics Ethics Committee: Procedures and Guidelines. # 4, 43. (Code of ethics, membership statemen t, profesional members, posi­tion on banned subs tances)

Sands, W.A. The role of difficulty in the development of the young gymnast. #3, 12-14. (a look at the role of diffiCUlh) and the selection of skills for gymnasts to pelform)

Vidmar, P. Peter Vidmar's tips for parents raising gynmasts. #1,35-36.

GENERAL GYMASflCS/GYMNAESrRADA 1994 USA Gymnaestrada Information: #3-24-26; #4-24-26; #5-

24-26; #6-24-26; #7 -24-26; #8-24-26; #9-26-28. Holte, 1. Performance Choreography: general points. #1, 12-13. Whitlock, S. Gymnaestrada: an alternative to gymnastics competi­

tion. #6, 27. (benefits of organizing and conducting a GG program)

MEN-COMMIFFEE REPORFS FIG/TC.™ 1/25/94, Meeting Report. #3,31 . (Worlds in Brisbane;

Worlds in Dortmund; pommel horse; vault) MJOPC. 5/5/94, Augusta, Ga. #6, 41. (reports, ODP, mushroom

routine, additions to testing, ro. format, competition program) MPC. 2/3/94, Colorado Springs, Co. #3, 32-33. (Dortmund team,

reports, rule changes, grants review, planning proposal, budget) MPC. 4/6/94, Conference Call. #5, 43. (regional format, competition

format, competitions)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

I o A 42

1994 Index

MPC. 5/21/94, Phoenix, Ariz. #7, 44-45. (Congress review, member­ship position, European tour, grant proposal, team '96 funds, qualifi­cations to Championships, petitioning)

MPC. 5/26/94, Conference Call #7, 46. (special requirements for Championships, Olympic Festival, regional qualifiers, key compul­soryelements)

MPC. 7/23/94. #10,42-43. (Jr. Pan Am Games, Team '96 funds, grant program, complian ce document, training schedule, 1995 USA Championships format, international competitions, 1995 budget, peti­tions, coaches incen tives, coach selection)

MPC. 8/26/94, Nashville, Tenn. #10, 45. (invitational meets, Winter Cup format, petitions, special requirements, apparatus leaders)

MPC. 10/ 13/94, Conference Call. #10, 36. (World Championships team report, Pan Am Games Coach selection, World University Games Team selection)

MEN-GENERAL FIG/MTC. Summary of the technical assistant's report: Brisbane

'94. #10,38-41. Galimore, R. Championships status of NCAA men's program. #9,

39; and #10, 37. Olympic Development Program: changes for the 1994-95 season.

(Implemented May 9, 1994). #6, 42-43. Selection Procedures: World Championships Team, Dortmund.

#5,44. Selection Procedures: Winter Cup Challenge; Pan American Games;

U.S. Olympic Festival. #10, 25. Sands, W.A. Physical Abilities profiles: U.s. men's national team,

May 1993. #3, 34-37. (Ii tness model, field test crtiteria, physical tests, descriptive statistics, results)

MEN-JUDGING Scheer, J. Some Observations on the 1997 Draft Code. #1, 30-32. Scheer, J. The men's 1993 Code of Points: Should we love it or leave

it? #5, 33-36. Smith, R. Report on the pommel horse: World Championships,

Brisbane, 1994. #7, 42-43. (symbols used to write a pommel horse routine)

Summary of Technical Assistants' Reports: Birmingham 1993. #1, 44-46.

PRESCHOOL GYMNASTICS Belka, D. Gymnastics for young children. #2, 20-22. (educational

gJjmnastics, supporting and transferring weight, balance, steps, rock­ing and rolling, flight and landings, hanging and swinging, climbing, sliding, types of equipment, sequences)

Gallahue Lee, J. Preschool education program. #5, 38-39. (survey regarding preschool education)

Gallalme Lee, J. Preschool survey results. #8, 34-35. (Includes profiles for aides, instructor, and master instructor)

Geigert, Nicki. Play's hidden purpose: teaching preschoolers. #3, 6-7. (guided exploration and discovery, problem-solving, teacher di­rected, free exploration)

Komara, P. Parent education is the key to increased enrollment in preschool gymnastics. #9, 32-35. (Includes sample parent education letter and sample class description)

Komara, P. Teaching cartwheels to preschoolers. #7, 12-13. (progres­sions, cartwheel games, illustrations)

RESOURCES-EDUCA TlONAL MATERIALS Page 2 mini-reviews:

#11993 Teclmique Guide to Women's Training; 1993 Technique Guide to Men's Training; Men's J.O. Training Plan.

#2 Psyching for Sport: Mental Training for Athletes; My Book of Gymnastics: Health and Movement.

#3 A Healthy 10! A Reference Guide for Gymnasts and other Athletes; The Women's Gymnastics Journal.

#4 The Gym Coach Video Series 1: Pre-novice and Novice; Helping Athletes with Eating Disorders.

#5 Fitness Leader's Handbook; Nourish Check Athlete #6 The Inner Athlete: Realizing Your Fullest Potential; Sports

and Stress Therapy: Athletic Rehabilitation on Massage, Stretching, and Strengthening.

#7 The Gym Coach Video Series 1: Pre-novice and Novice; 1994 TOPs Training Camp Video; Helping Athletes with Eating Disorders.

#8 Seniors on the Move; Creating Gymnastics Pyramids and Balances.

#10 Marketing Health/Fih1ess Services; Nourish Check Athlete PDP and Coaching Materials: #9- 25. Publications: #1-25; #2- 23;#3-23;#6- 37; #7- 38; #8-36; #9- 38; Software: Nourish Check Athlete. #3, 11. (nutrient intake & body

composition analysis software for your PC) Videos:#1-4;#2-4;#3-4;#4- 4;#5- 4;#6- 4;#7- 4;#8-4;#9-

2&4;#10-4. Video: The Gym Coach Series 1: Pre-Novice and Novice. #3; 5.

(video review) Video: TOPs National Training Camp Videos: 1994 TOPs Training

Camp Activities. #3, 5. (video review)

RHYTHMIC-COMMITTEE REPORTS FIG/RSG/TC. 11/1-2/93, Alicante, Spain. #3,37-39. (minutes of the

meetings held in Alicante: technical questions, proposals, judges) RJOPC. 6/17-18/94, Los Angeles, Calif. #7, 39-40. (reports, USA

group, regional structure, rO. program, 1997-2000 program, Can gress, awards)

RPC. 2/12-14/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #3, 26. (reports, USOC high peliormance plan, Operation Gold, Pan American Games, interna­tional competition, selection events, 1994 international assignments, petetions, equipment failures, Olympic Festival, training camps)

RTC. 2/12-13/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #3, 35. (FIG report, Scherrer request, competitions, test results, judges' report form, judges' proto­col, judge evaluations, training videos, RTC structure)

RTC. 7/5-6/94, St. Louis, Mo. #8, 40-41. (committee reorganization, FIG report, athlete evaluations, competition rules, judges training videos, practice judging, judges evaluation, national team evaluation, rO. program)

RHYTHMIC-GENERAL Abruzzini, E. FIG: A balance sheet of the 1993 Alicante World Cham­

pionships. #6, 45-46. (the competition, hoop, ba/l, clubs, ribbon) Abruzzini, E. FIG: The difficulty elements for the composition of

exercises with five gymnasts. #9, 45-46. (proposal of apparatus difficulty requirements for the composition of exercises with five gtjmnasts as specified in the 1995-1996 RSG program)

Hilliker, P. How to train floor patterns for two gymnasts. #8, 41-42. Hilliker, P. Rhythmic gymnastics Level 1-4 program: filling the

void. #3, 12-13. (about the materials, instructor's manual, instruc­tional video, student workbooks)

Schmid, A. FIG Update. #1,3-44. (judging, group exercise, floor area, competi tion programs)

Selection Procedures: Rhythmic Gymnastics 1995 Pan American Team. #5, 45.

RHYTHMIC-JUDGING Feinberg, C. Review of World Championships judging COurSE

# 1,18.

SAFETY National Safety Certifiers. #4, 38. (list of national safety certifiers with

ci ty/s tate/phon e)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

1994 Index

Safety Certification Course Schedules: #1-48;#2-48; #3-48; #4-48; #5-48; #6-48; #7 -48; #8- 48; #9-48; #10-47.

Whitlock, S. Safety Certification Mandate in 1994. #1, 37. (listing of competitions where safety certification is requrired in 1994)

SPORTS SCIENCE Australian Gymnastics Federation. Eating Disorders . #7, 8-11 . (an­

orexia nevrosa, bulimia, bulimia nervosa, suggestions from the author) Corneilus, Dr. Wm. Flexibility: a reasonable perspective. #7, 15-16.

(guidelines, muscular strength and the joint, accomodating ROM, questionable techniques, joint characteristics)

Corneilus, Dr. Wm. Vaulting vertical displacement: biomechanical considerations. #3, 8-10. (movement influences, inertial characteris­tics, available pathways)

Exum, W. United States Olympic Committee memorandum. #1, 4. (doping, stimulants, narcotics, etc.)

Hannan, P., Liddick, P., Weber, S., Lackner, J., Carmichael, P., McCabe, M., Carmichael, J., and Robacher, D. Human perfor­mance technology for gymnastics professionals. #6, 7-9. (human performance demands placed upon officials and methods for increasing the efficiency and accuracy of skill analysis)

Harman, P., Liddick, P., Weber,S., Lackner,}., Car'michael, P., McCabe, M., Carmichael, J., ar'\d Ro bacher, D. H umar,\ performance teclmol­ogy for coaching professionals. #10, 8-14. (EOS and lOS systems, physiologJ) of orientation, orientation standards, optics and hap tics, movemen t characteristics space and time map develop men t)

McNitt-Gray, J., Munkasy, B., Welch, M., and Heino, J. External reaction forces experienced by the lower extremities during the take-off and landing of tumbling skills. #9, 10-16.

McNitt-Gray, J.L., Munkasy, B.A., Welch, M., and Heino, J. Kinetics of successful and unsuccessful gymnastics lar'\dings. #8, 27-30. (the purpose was to determine the ability of u.s. National Team members to successfully land basic gJ)mnastics skills on landing mats and spring floors; and to determine if the impulses applied during contact with landing mats differed between successful and unsuccessful landings)

Sands, W.A. The good outweighs the bad-Iatrogenics: treatment induced injury or illness. #1, 8-9.

Shazryl, E. and Hanks, J. Sports and Stress Therapy. #5-17. (book review)

Sherman, W,M, and Rudd, J.S. Eating for recovery. #4, 13-14. Reprinted from Olympic Coach, Winter 1994, Vol. 4, No.1. (in­cludes body weight/carbohydrate intake chart and table of carbohydrate content of common foods and beverages)

Svijlik, L.W. Osteochondritis dessecans of the right capitellum with osteocartilaginous loose bodies of the elbow in a male gymnast: a case report. #8, 8-10.

TECHNIQUE Artemov, V. Clear hip circle, #1,10. (stick figures and drills) Rademaker, T. Improving vault scores through improved tech-

nique. #2, 30-32. Sands, Wm A. A drill for the handspring full twist vault. #4,34-35. Sands, Wm A. Flic flac drill. #4, 12. Sar'\ds, Wm A. Teaching the forward handspring. #7,32-35. (steps in

teaching, illustrations) Sands, Wm A. Technique error in the flic flac: a drill to help fix the

problem. #4, 10. Still, Colin. The round-off entry vault. #5, 11-14. This article is

reprinted from the Association of British Gymnastics Newsletter, 1st issue, 1994. (description, drills, illustrations)

Warren, M. Conditioning French style. #4, 9. This article is re­printed from the Association of British GymnastiCS Newsletter, 7th issue, 1993.

WarTen, M. The pelvic tilt. #2, 17. This article is reprinted from the Association of British Gymnastics Newsletter, 7th issue, 1993. (three key exercises)

Warren, M. The sissone. #5, 32. This article is reprinted from the Association of British Gynmastics Newsletter, 1st issue, 1994.

Warren, M. Vault skills for the young beginner. #1, 14-16. This ar·ticle is reprinted from the Association of British Gynmastics Newsletter, 1993. (stick figures and drills)

WOMEN-COMMITTEE REPORTS Administrative Workshop, 7/30/94, Indianapolis, IN. #9, 42. (Meet

director's fees, meet director's exams, medal supplier) Judges' Certification, Inc. #10, 31-32. (reports, certification fees, exami­

nation reports) WAB. 5/8/94, Allentown, Penn. #6, 38. (Rules and Policies, medals,

foreign a thletes, judges su l7Jey, reports, commi tUee assign men ts, state chairman workshop)

WAB. 6/22/94, Conference call. #8, 38, (Rules and Policies and Operating Code)

W-Elite Ad Hoc. 1/16/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #3, 43. (Sports Festival, Pan Am selection procedures, corps of judges, 1994 World Championships selection procedures, 1994 competi tion schedule, Team World Championships selection procedures)

W-Elite Ad Hoc. 10/17/94. (selection procedure review, goals and strategic plan, vaulting rules)

WEPC. 12/23/94, conference call. #2, 38. WEPC. 1/10/94, conference call. #2, 39. WE Pc. 4/4/94, Orlanda, Fla. #4, 45-46. (TOPs, reports, elite mobility,

calendar, equipment issues, competition rules, judging issues) WEPC. 9/30-10/1/94, Phoeniz, AZ. #10, 33-34. (vault, uneven bars) WEPC. 10/21/94, conference call. #10, 34. WJOPc. 5/15-16/94. Seattle, Wash. #6, 34-36. (equipment concerns,

age divisions, open scoring, draw procedu res, FIG rules, open op tional invitationals, non-citizens/foreign athlete participation, calendar, reports, petitions, East/West competitions, awards, Level 1-4, sched­ule conflicts)

WJOPc. 7/14/94, Conference call. #8, 38. (Open scoring at rO. Optional competitions)

WTC. 1/15-16/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #3,40-42. (fCI, elite program, rO. Technical Handbook, technical questions, rO. Element Supplement, training videos, open scoring, assigning officials, payment of officials)

WTC. 8/7-8/94, Palm Springs, CA. #9,43-44. (technical concerns, new elements, element clarifications, fCI, reports)

WOMEN-GENERAL Additions to Women's Code of Points. #10, 18-20. (effective November

1994)

Elite Qualification Procedures (1994). #2, 39. (table) Junior National Elite Testing Program (1995). #10,34. Maloney, C. 1992-96 J.O. compulsory errata. #3, 45. Maloney, C. Introducing P.R.E.P. Optional: Poise, Rhythm, Execu­

tion, and Presentation, #9,40-41. (description of the new rO. alter­native optional program)

Maloney, C. Jr. Olympic optional requirements (effective August 1994). #8, 46.

Sands, W.A. PhYSical abilities profiles- 1993 National TOPs test­ing. #8, 15-20. (a presentation ofphysical abilities profiles across the three age groups from the results of the 1993 tests obtained from the national testing in Indianapolis)

Selection Procedures: Final Women's Artistic Selection Procedures for the 1994 World Championships in Brisbane, AUS, April 19-24,1994. #1, 33.

Selection Procedures: Women's 1994 Team World Championships: Dortmund, GER. #3, 46; and #5, 45.

Selection Procedures: Women's 1995 Pan American Team. #3, 46; and#5,45.

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

tt o A 43

I

" A. 44

1994 Index

Vault Table: USGF Junior Olympic Program. #3, 45. (revised Febru­ary 1994)

WOMEN-JUDGING Fie, J. Essence of remarks by the FIG/WTC President. #3, 34. (FIG

Colloquium, November 1993, Alicante, Spain) FIG/USGF Eli te Vault Table. #1, 38. (effective January 1, 1994) Modification for Women's Artistic Code of Points. #1, 40-41. Weber, S. Compositional trends from the 1994 Wor! d Champion-

ships- Brisbane. #6, 10. (vault, bars, beam, and floor exercise) Women's Code of Points: New or Revised Elements. #1,42. USA Gymnastics judges' fee structure. #8, 43-45. (judges responsibili­

ties, meet director responsibilities, considerations, travel, lodging, per diem, modifications, hourly fees, championship fee s, hourly rate chart)

WOMEN-I'ECHNIQUE Sands, W.A. The german giant. #8, 22-23. Sands, W.A. Lowering to a back bend. #9, 8.

USA GYMNASI'ICS ONLINEI (DELPHI' #1, 6. Claire, J. USA Gymnastics Online! a Delphi custom network.

(membership, rates, plans, getting started) #2,14-15. Claire, J. and Whitlock, S. USA Gymnastics Online! - it's

here! (getting online, signup process, payment plans, downloading, some advice)

#3,6-9. Evans, D. Welcome to USA Gynmastics Online! (overview of USA Gymnastics Online! menus)

#4,6-7. Claire, J. USA Gymnastics Online! computer information and communication. (discusses the forum area)

#5, 9. Whitlock, S. and Claire, J. What is this "USA Gymnastics Online!" thing? (description of Delphi, telecommunications, how to hook up, hints)

#6, 5. Claire, ]. Data communications for first time users or the beginners' Bible to going online. (general description)

#7, 5-6. Claire, ]. Hold your next meetin g on USA Gymnastics Online! (conference, groups, password only rooms, online protocol)

#8, 5-6. Claire,]. Transferring files without pain. (uploading and downloading files)

#9,5-6. Claire,]. and Whitlock, S. Getting started in USA Gymnastics Online! (signing on, email, forum, control characters)

USA GYMNASTICS MAGAZINE INDEX

Volume 23, 1994

ADVERI'ISEMENI'S Alpha Factor and Reebok. #1-48;#2-48;#3- 48; #4- 48;#5- 48;

#6 - 48. (apparel) Athletic Orthopedics & Knee Center. #2- 41; $4-10; #6- 18. (book) Bradford Book Co. #6-39. (book) Brown's Gymnastics Houston. #6-35. California Academy of Rhythmic Gymnastics. #6- 42. Camps:

1994 China Gymnastics Camp. #1, 33. Brown's Gymnastics Camp. #2- 36. Houstonian Club. #3-34. International Gymnastics Training Camp. #l - (insert). Lake Owen. #1 - 4; #2-(insert).

National Academy of Artistic Gymnastics Camp. #1-35; #2-44;#3- 39.

National Gymnastics Summer Camps. #2-31; #3-38. Parkette Camp. #2- 43. Pozsar's Summer Camp. # 2- 30. Stanford Gynmastics Camps. #2- 8. Summer Camp Directory. #2- 18-19. (detailed listing of camps) Team USA Gymnastics Camp. #1-22-23; # 2- 20. USA Gymnastics Training Centers. #6-33. Woodward Gynmastics Camp. #l - (insert); #2 - 4. Cartwheels. #2-35; #4- 19; #5- 21; #6- 19. (misc. merchandise) Christian Moreau. #1 - 28; #2- 46. (leotards/warm-ups) Classified Advertising. #1 - 43-44; #2- 42-43; #3- 42-43; #4- 42-

43; #5- 42-43; #6- 42-43. Competitions:

1994 Goodwill Games. #1-11; #2-11; #3- 10. McDonald's American Cup. #1 - 17. Congress: Nashville, Tenn . #3- 18-20. Creative Images of Brevard, Inc. #1- 33; #3- 21; #5- 37; #6- 4.

(T-shirts and gymnastics record book) Designs by Margarita. #1 - 34. (gymnastics pins) Elite Sportswear, L.P. #1 - 2-3; #2- 2-3; #3- 2-3; #4- 2-3; #5- 2-

3;#6-2-3. Equipment and more:

American Athletic, Inc. #1 - 9; #2- 9; #3-17; #4- 17; #5- 17; #6- 17.

Gibson, Inc. #1 - 8; #2- 37; #3- 16; #$-16; #5-16; #6- 16. GMR.#3- 42;#4- 10;#5- 39;#6- 32. Mancino & AmeriGrip. #1 - 32; #2- 20; #4-13; #5-10. Midwest Gym Supply, Inc. #6- 14.

Eskay, Inc. #3- 12. (sports and stress therapy book) Evergreen Industries, Inc. #5- 19. (Christmas wreaths) Floor Express Music. #1- 44;#2- 41;#3- 42;#4- 29;#5-32;#6- 43. Foxy's Fitness Fashions. #5- 39; #6- 18. (apparel) Frank Endo Co. #5- 13; #6- 20. (shoes) Fun & Fit Gymnastics. #5- 20. (curriculum poster reward system) G.A. Deitch, Inc. #1 - 37; #2- 42; #3- 36. (grips) Grip Rip Eliminator. #1 - 35; #2- 44#3- 39. (grips) GS Su per Grips. #1 - 42; #3- 10. Gym Trix. #6- 30. (various) Gymtastics! #1 - 15. (preschooljbeginner resource system) Hodges Badge Company, Inc. #3- 29; #4- 36; #5- 32. International Gymnast magazine. #1 - 31; #2- 33; #4- 33; #5-31;

#6- 21. LAS. #5- 32. (miniature gym set) Laurel Canyon Productions. #6- 37. (NBC highlight video) Nassar System. #1 - 31; #2- 33; #3- 31; #4- 33; #5- 31; #6-31.

(ankle brace) P.LE. #6- 36. (collector paintings) Palmer Power Springs. #3-31; #4- 32; #6-31. Pegasus. #1 - 36; #2- 10; #3- 15; #4-31; #5- 38; #6- 10. (shoes,

grips, etc.) Pirouette Posters. #5-25. (posters) Promats. #4- 10; #6-39. (mats) RBBrown Consulting Group. #1-29. Re-Vita. #1-10. (nutrition supplement) SGI, Inc. #5- 27. (stationery products)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

1994 Index

Sherwood Forest Farms. #2-24. (profit with evergreens) Sports Jewelry, etc. #1-44;#2-41; #3-29; #4-29;#5-39;#6-36. Sports Management Group. #3, 40. (clinics, shows) Sterling Sports. #1-7; #2-29; #3- 29; #4-29; #6-43. (gymnastics

awards book) Tom Gilson. #1, 33. (display cases) USAG Merchandise:

All Around Activewear and Rising Stars. #1-21; #2- 27-28; #3- 4,7,37; #4-4, 7 ,27,37; #5-4; #6-12-14, 27-29, 41, 45.

USA Gymnastics magazine. #1 - 30;#2-32;#3-30; #4-32; #5-30;#6-30.

USAG Resources: Educational publications. #1-13. Educational videotapes. #1 -12. USAG Three to Get Ready Videos. #5-6; #6-7.

Valentines. #1-47;#2-47; #3-47;#4-47;#5-47;#6-47. (apparel) Wilson College. #6-38. Yellow Rose Video Productions. #1 - 39. (instructional videos)

ANNOUNCfMfNI'S Broadcast schedule. #3, 29. Chicago Park District: 4th Almual Co-Rec Beach Meet. #3, 33. Club Gynmastics: a great club for gymnasts and fans. #2- 15;#3, 35;

#4-11; #5-11; #6-11. Notice to Membership. #2, 7. (member suspensions and terminations) Orange Bowl Gynmastics Invitational. #6, 32. Selection Procedures:

Men's Winter Cup Challenge (1/27-28/95, Colorado Springs, CO); Pan American Games (3/4-19/95, Mar del Plata, ARG); U.S. Olympic Festival (7/21-30/95, Denver, CO) . #6, 29.

Men's World Championships Team Selection: Dortmund, GER. #3,32.

Rhythmic 1995 Pan American Games. #3, 38. Women's 1994 World Championships, Brisbane, AUS. #1, 39. Women's 1994 Team World Championships: Dortmund, GER.

#3,32. Women's 1995 Pan American Team. #3, 32.

A I'HUl'f FfA I'URfS Amy Chow. #5, 28. Bill Roth. #5, 41. Callal1an Molnar, T. Maria Petrova: A league of her own. #1, 26-27. Caroline Hunt: Consistently at the top. #2, 17. Casey Bryan. #5, 44. Dominique Moceanu. #5, 40. Jaycie Phelps. #5, 28. JeIUue Thompson. #5, 27. Katie Teft: Teft talks. #4, 28. Kellee Davis. #5, 40. Kip Simons. #5, 45. Lori Fredrickson. #3, 45. Mike Morgan. #5, 45. Paul O'Neill: One of a kind. #4, 45. Peszek, L. Dominique Dawes: Dominique domination. #5, 26. Peszek, L. Drew Durbin: Rising star. #3, 25. Peszek, L. Holiday spirit:

#6,26-27. Marissa Medal, Mike Dutka, JoshStein, Sarah Balogach, J.D. Reive, Lori Fredrickson; Parkettes, Dynamo Gyrrmastics, American Twisters.

#6, 40-41. Kristen Maloney, Kristi Lichey, Jeff Lutz, Tara Tagliarino, Domiluque Dawes, Lana Lashoff, Drew Durbin; Cincilmati Gymnastics Academy, Colorado Aerials, Flips Gynmastics, Gold Cup Gynmastics.

#6,44-45. Mary Lee Tracey, Shalmon Miller, Kip Simons, Kelsi Kemper, Kara Fry, Mary Beth Arnold, Fred Turoff, Kellee Davis, Vanessa Vander Pluym, Amanda Borden.

Peszek, L. Jelmie Thompson: Rising star. #3, 24. Peszek, L. Michelle Campi: Going for '96. #1, 24-25. Peszek, L. Mike Dutka: Starting a new chapter in Ius life. #6, 8-9. Peszek, L. Scott Keswick: Keswick grabs all-around title. #5, 41. Peszek, L. Svetlana Boguinskaia: Queen of perfection. #3, 40-41. Robinson, R. Bill Roth: Outrageous! #2, 27-28. Robinson, R. Bo Haun: Bo takes a break. #5, 18. Robinson, R. DOlU Thompson: Taking the road to Atlal1ta one step

at a time. #5, 12. Robinson, R. Ivan Ivankov: Meet the champion. #4, 12. Robinson, R. Kristi Powell is all smiles. #6, 22-23. Robinson, R. Lauri Illy: Why start at the bottom? #4, 44. Robinson, R. Mariarma Webster : Marialma medals in Russia. #5, 36. Robinson, R. Mihai Bagiu: Vaulting to the top. #2, 12. Seiter, G. Chainey Umphrey: Powerful yet elegant. #1, 46. Shalmon Miller: Gynmastics legend. #4, 24-25. Steve McCain. #5, 44. Stigleman. A. Larissa Fontaine: Looking toward the future. #1, 20.

fVfNI' RfPORI'S AND RfSU1I'S 16th International Rhythmic Tournament, 4/2-3/94, Budapest,

HUN. #4,34. 19th Annual Boys Invitational. 3/18-19/94, Allentown, PA. #6, 34. 22nd Hungarial1 International Gynmastics Competition, Budapest,

HUN. #4,31. American Classic: World Championships Trials, 3/25-26/94, Or­

lal1do, Fla. #3, 26-27. Arthur Gander Memorial: Montreux, SUI. #1, 42. Artistic Worlds Championslups, 4/19/94, Brisbane, Australia. #4,

8-9 and 20-23. Budget Rent A Car Gynmastics Invitational, 6/10-11/94, Worces­

ter, Mass. #5, 22-23. Callal1al1 Molnar, T. The XVIIIth Rhythmic Gynmastics World

Championslups, 1994, Paris, FRA. #6, 24-25 Chunichi Cup (11/20-21/93) and Tokyo Cup (11/24/93). #2, 29. Coca-Cola National Gynmastics Championships, 8/94, Nashville,

TN. #5, 29, 32. Corbeil-Essones International (RSG), 1994. #4, 34. Division I Men's NCAA Championslups, 1994, Lincoln, NE. #4, 39. Division I Women's NCAA Championships, 1994, Salt Lake City,

UT.#4,38. Division III Women's NCAA Championslups, 1994. #4, 39. Dobransky, J. Golden Sands Invitational, 9/10-11/94: Van1a, BUL. #6, 34. Dobransky, J. World Gynmastics Challenge, Toronto, CAN. #1,40. Hamilton, C. South African Cup. #1, 40. International Mixed Pairs, 8/8/94, West Palm Beach, Fla . #3, 28. International RhythmiC Tournament of Portimao, 4/8-10/94, Por-

tugal. #4, 34. International Rhytlunic Tournament, 4/8-10/94, Venissieux, FRA.

#4,34. International Tournament of Junior Women's Gymnastics, BEL.

#1,41.

February 1995 TECHNIQ UE

t't

" .A 4S

I o A 46

1994 Index

Joaquim Blume Memorial, 12/4/93, Barcelona, Spain. #2, 30. Junior Pacific Alliance, Canaberra, AUS. #2, 30. Junior Pan American Gymnastics Cup, 9/94, Monterrey, MEX. #6,

34. Litva, R. USA wins team gold in Four Continents Championships,

6/9-12/94, Seoul, KOR. #5, 35. Men's Junior Olympic National Team. #1, 40. Men's Gymnastics Collegiate National Championships, 1994,

Denton, TX. #4, 39. Men's Junior Olympic National Championships, 5/6-8/94, Au-

gusta, GA. #5, 34. National HighSchool Championships, 1994, Marquette, MI. #5, 35. Nikon International: Sydney, AUS. #1, 41. Olympic Development Program Evaluation, 1994. #6, 36. Peszek, L. McDonald's American Cup, 3/4-5/94, Orlando, Fla. #3,

8-9,22-23. Reese's World Gymnastics Cup, 1/23/94, Baltimore, MD. #2, 22-24. Rhythmic Challenge, 2/11-12/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #2, 16-17. Rhythmic Junior Olympic Championships (1994). #5, 35. Robinson, R. Goodwill Games, 7/23-8/7/94, St. Petersburg, RUS.

#5,24-25. Robinson, R. Levinson and Lacuesta Leap to the Top. Rhythmic

National Championships, 5/5-7/94, Nassau County, N.Y. #4, 40-41 .

Robinson, R. Road to Atlanta: U.S. Olympic Festival, 7/1-10/95, St. Louis, MO. #5, 8-9.

Robinson, R. U.s. rhythmic team captures second place at 1994 Opal Cup. #3,46.

Swiss Cup: St. Gallen, SWI. #1, 42. USA Gymnastics National Invitational Tournament, 4/16/94, Cape

Girardeau, MO. #4, 35. USA sweeps team competition at Hilton Challenge. #4, 26-27 and 29. Winter Cup Challenge, 3/4-5/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #2, 13-14. Women's Junior Olympic Level 10 Nationals, Junior Division,S /6-

8/94, Seattle, WA. #4, 36. Women's Junior Olympic Level 10 Nationals, Senior Division, 5/

13-15/94, Seattle, WA. #4, 35. Women's USA Gymnastics Collegiate National Championships,

1994, Denton, TX. #4, 38. World Championships of Rhythmic Gymnastics. #1, 42.

fEAJ'URES

Ask Mary Lou: Retton,MaryLou.#1-8;#2-8; #3-10;#4-10;#5-10;#6-10.

Body Balance: Benardot, D. Eating away from home. #1, 10. (nutrition) Benardot, D. Iron-Critical to working muscles. #2, 10. Benardot, D. and Miller, K. Fluids/Hydration. #3, 16. Benardot, D. and Miller, K. After-exercise replenishment. #4, 13. Benardot, D. Calcium- what you need to keep your bones

strong! #5, 13. Dusserre, M. Happy holiday meals. #6, 13.

Editorials: Knapp, S. Endings and beginnings. #1, 6-7. Knapp, S. Club Gymnastics. #2, 6-7. Knapp, S. Welcome Kathy. #3, 6. Knapp, S. Hard work. #4-6.

Scanlan, K. Planning is the key to success. #5, 6. Scanlan, K. Inside USA Gymnastics. #6, 6.

Event Schedule: #2-20; #3-34; #4-19;#5-19; #6-19. Faces in the Gym: #1-30-31; #2- 32-33; #3- 30-31; #4- 32-33; #5-

30-31; #6- 30-31. Reebok Coaching Corner:

Payne, M. Conditioning for a glide kip. #1, 45. Knoll, T. The balance beam body wave. #2, 45-46. Dimas, T. Strength on rings. #3, 44. Standriff, K. Shoulder strength made fun and easy. #4, 46. Yakhimovich, C. Leg extension. #5, 46. Morreale, A. Cast handstand on bars. #6, 46.

Updates: #1,38. (Sally Ward; Wendy Hilliard; Shannon Miller; Dominick

Minicucci) #2,34. (How many people watch gymnastics?; Dee Foster; Good­

will Games Team; Team World Championships format) #2, 38-39. (Rhythmic International Exchange; Bud Wilkinson;

USOC Sportsman & Sports woman of the year; Dominique Dawes; USA Gymnastics Online!; John Roethlisberger; Shan­non Miller)

#3, 13. (Jarrod Hanks; Ron Galimore; Sudafed grant; Boston selected)

#4,14. (RSG academic team; Connie Israel; Chari Knight; Hall of Fame)

#4, 18. (Michelle Campi; Dan Millman) #5,14-15. (ODP camp; Sudafed travel grant; Dominique Dawes;

Christy Henrich; eating disorders) #6,20. (Romanian team; Scott Keswick; camp issue)

When I Grow Up: #4, 30. (Career as Gymnastics Commentator: inter­view with Bart Connor and Kathy Johnson)

You've Come a Long Way Baby: #6, 8. Zmeskal Chalk Talk:

Zmeskal, K. #1 - 37; #2-37; #3- 36; #4-16; #5- 16; #6- 16.

GENERAL INURESI' ARJ'IeLES American School of Gymnastics Spirits Team. The twelve days of

Christmas for a gymnast! #6, 14. Baughman, S. Gymnasts turning flips over new Olympic Training

Center facilities. #1, 14-15. Bejin, J. 'Tiz the season for a word find . #6, 15. Boys age 10-11 Olympic Development Program national ranking.

#1,16. Callahan Molnar, T. The U.S. (RSG) teams up in Alicante. #1, 27-28. Campbell, N. and Whitlock, S. Magic moments: 1993 Gymnaestrada

report. #1, 18-19. Campbell, N. The USA Gymnastics Rhytlunic Group. #5, 20, 38-39. Dreams can come true. #4, 15. Edward's, P. 'Twas the night before the holiday meet. #6, 15. Gallahue Lee, Jennifer. USA Gymnastics Congress and Ceremony

of Honors. #5, 33. Hauser, M. Every moment is precious. #3, 14-15. (report on Kerry

Huston) McIntyre, D. 1994 Junior National Team. #6, 18. Peszek, L. Positive outlook on the men's team. #6, 39. Peszek, L. Preview of the 1994 Team World Championships. #6, 38. Peszek, L. The sacrifices one makes. #2, 25-26. TOPs Stars. #1, 33. (athletes qualified to the January 1993 training camp)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Calendar

Date Days Discipline Event Location Contact Phone .

FEBRUARY 11 2 R Rhythmic Chollenge/ Pon Am Triols Colorodo Springs, CO Noro Compbell 317-237-5050 16 3 W Pon Am Gomes Triols/ Americon Clossic Ooklond, CA Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 17 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (6:00- 9:00 p.m.) High Point, NC Don Dovis 919- 834-9380 24 3 MW Gymcorolino Clossic Roleigh, NC Borboro Blidden 919-B4B-79B8 26 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (12:00-4:00 p.m.) New Berlin, WI Heother Kinne 414-789-6885 TBA 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (Time: TBA) Edino, MN Scali Goy 612-920-5342

MARCH I 2&4 2 MW McDonold 's Americon Cup Seollle, WA John Kirchner 317-237-5050

4 1 MW Broodcost McDonold's Americon Cup NBC/Live 4-6pm EST Mktg. Assistont 317-237-5050 .,

4 16 MWR Pon Americon Gomes Mor del Ploto, ARG Golimore/ Kelly/Compbell 317-237-5050 ~~ 4 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (TBA) Houston, TX Russ Word 713-444-6569 47 5 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (TBA) Son Antonio, TX Russ Word 713-444-6569 5 1 MW Internotionol Mixed Poirs Seollle, WA John Kirchner 317-237-5050 8 4 MWR Internotionol Messe Cup Honnover, GER Golimore/ Kelly / Compbell 317-237-5050 8 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (TBA) Edino, MN Scali Goy 612-920-5342 10 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (5:30-9:30 p.m.) Sumter, SC Kim Domogolski 803-452-6525 11 1 MW Broodcost Reeses' Internotionol Gymnostics Cup ABC/4:30-6pm EST Mktg. Assistont 317-237-5050 12 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-5:00 p.m.) Rockowwoy, NJ Co thy Finkel 201-5B6-1808 18 1 MW Broodcostln!'1 Mixed Poirs NBC/TBA Mktg. Assistont 317-237-5050 18 1 MWR Sofety Certilicotion (5:00-9:00 p.m.) Ropid City, SD Bill Allen 605-341-5914 19 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (8:00-11:00 o.m.) N. Myrtle Beoch, SC Billy Bob Toylor 304-344- 3279 24 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-12:30 p.m.) Indionopolis, IN Tino Sunier 317-237-5050 25 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (1 :00-5:30 p.m.) Northboro, MA Steve DiTullio 508-263-9306 25 2 M Peter Vidmor Internotionollnvitotionol los Angeles, CA Heinz Schulemeisper 310-450-2555

APRIL 8 1 W NCAA Regionol Meets Vorious Sites Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 B 1 M NCAA Regionol Meets Vorious Sites Ron Golimore 317-237-5050 9 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (1 :00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.) TBA Betsy Sprogue 303-750-9821 10 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-2:00 p.m.) Penfield, NY Soroh Jone Clifford 716-388-8686 11 5 MW USA Gymnostics Collegiote Chompionships Denton, TX Golimore/ Kelly 317-237-5050 15 1 W USA Gymnostics Not'llnvitotionol Tournoment Cope Girordeou, MO Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 20 3 W NCAA Notionol Chompionships Athens, GA Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 20 3 M NCAA Notionol Chompionships Columbus, OH Ron Golimore 317-237-5050 22 2 W level 1 0 Regionols Vorious Sites Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 27 2 MW VISA Chollenge Foirfox, VA John Kirchner 317-237-5050 29 1 MWR Sofety Certilicotion (New:I-5:00 p.m./Renew: 2-5:00 p.m.) TBA Christine Colvert 404-377-0241 29 1 W Broodcost VISA Chollenge ABC/4:30-6:00 pm EST Mktg. Assistont 317-237-5050

MAY 5 3 R J.O. Notionols Atlonto, GA Noro Compbell 317-237-5050 7 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (9:00 o.m.-l :00 P.M.) Augusto, GA Mike Goodoll 706-736-1073 11 4 M J.O. Notionols Ooklond, CA Ron Golimore 317-237- 5050 11 4 W J.O. Notionols JR W. Polm Beoch, Fl Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 13 2 R Western Rhythmic Open Downers Grove, Il Noro Compbell 317-237-5050 14 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (9:00 o.m.-l :00 p.m.) Augusto, GA Mike Goodoll 706-736-1073 18 4 W J.O. Notionols SR Lincoln, NE Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 20 2 R Eostern Rhythmic Open TBA Noro Compbell 317-237-5050

JUNE 2 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (1 :00-5:00 p.m.) Sumter, SC Kim Domogolski 803-773-1404 9 3 R USAG Rhythmic Notionol Chompionships TBA John Kirchner 317-237-5050 9 3 W Elite Regionols Vorious sites Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 17 2 MW Budget Rent A Cor Gymnostics Invitotionol Son Jose, CA John Kirschner 317-237-5050 TBA 1 MWR Sofety Certilicotion (1 :00-5:00 p.m.) Akron/ Clevelond, OH Kim Domogolski 803-773- 1404

JULY 1 2 W Elite Regionols Vorious sites Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 1 9 MWR Speciol Olympics World Summer Gomes New Hoven, CT 7 2 W Notionol Elite Gymnostics Festivol TBA Kothy Kelly 317-237-5050 8 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-2:00 p.m.) Sonto Borboro, CA Michoel T oylor 415-858-3480 9 7 MWR Tenth World Gymnoestrodo Berlin, GER Steve Whitlock 317-237-5050 10 1 MWR Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-12:30 p.m.) Sovonnoho, GA Kim Domogolski 803-773-1404 20 11 MWR U.s. Olympic Festivol Denver, CO Golimore/ Kelly/ Compbell 317-237- 5050

' tentotive

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Non-profit Organization U.s. Postage

PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis, I

SAFETY CERTIFICATION COURSES FEBRUARY 17 High Point, N(

6:00-9:00 p.m. High Point Gymnastics 3530 N Main St. (ourse Dir: Don Davis (9191 834-9380 locol (ontoc\: Rob T rovers (9101869-3589

26 New Berlin, WI 12:00-4:00 p.m. M & M Gymnastics 16850 W. Victor Rd, 53151 (ourse Dir: Heather Kinne (41417B9-6885

MARCH 4 Houston, TX

T8A (ourse Dir: Russ Word (7131 444-6595

S Son Antonio, TX T8A (ourse Dir: Russ Word (7131444-6595

8 Edina, MN Time: T8A TAGS Edina, 5201 Eden (ircle, 55436 (ourse Dir: Scott Goy (6121920-5342

10 Sumter, S( 5:30- 9:30 p.m. Sumter YM(A, 50 Willow Dr., 29150 (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (8031773-1404

12 Rockaway, NJ Registration 8:45a.m. 9:00 0.m.-5:00 p.m. Princeton YW(A

1----------

94 Jacobs Rd., 07866 (ourse Dir.: (othy Finkel (201)586-1808

18 Rapid City, SD 5:00-9:00 p.m. Just Jymnostics 2830 W. Omaha SI., 57702 (ourse Dir: Bill Allen (6051341-5914 local (ontoct: (6051341-5914

19 North Myrtle Beach, South (arolino 8:00-11 :00 a.m. N. Myrtle Beach Gymnastics and More 523 Highway 17 North 29582 (ourse Dir: 8illy Bob Taylor (3041344-3279 locol (ontoc\: louie liguori (8031249-5867 Tommy Aronson (8031249-5867

24 Indianapolis, In 9:00 0.m.-12:30 p.m. USA Gymnastics . Pan Am PlaIa, 201 S. (opitol Ave. Suite 300, 46225 (ourse Dir: Steve Whitlock (317) 237-5050 locol (on tact: Tina Sunier (317)237-5050

2S Northboro, MA 1 :00- 5:30 p.m. (entrol Moss Gymnastics (enter 50 Beorfoot Rood, 01532 (ourse Dir: Steve DiTullio (5081263-9306 local (ontoct: Kathy Ostberg (5081393-3326

I Participation Registration Form I I Name: Mr./Mrs./Ms. _________________ _

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APRIL 9 Site: TBA

1 :00-5:30 p.m. (ourse Dir.: 8etsy Sprogue (3031750-9821 , (3031750-3356

10 Penfield, NY 9:00 0.m.-2:00 p.m. Gymnastics Training (enter of Rochester 2051 Fairport Nine Mile Point Rood, 14526 (ourse Dir: Sarah Jane (lifford (7161388-8686 (7161381-8840

29 locotion: TBA 1 :00- 5:00 p.m. New certification 2:00- 5:00 p.m. Renewal (ourse Dir.: (hristine (olve rt (4041377-0241

MAY 14 Augusto, GA

9:00 o.m.-l :00 p.m. Augusto YW(A Main (omplex, 3532 Wheeler Rd (ourse Dir: Mike Goodale (7061736-1073 locol (ontoc\: Koren Daughtry (7061 738-667B

JUNE 2 Sumter, S(

1 :00-5:00 p.m. 50 Willow Drive, 29150 (ourse Dir.: Kim Domagalski (8031773-1404

Please make checks payable in full to USA Gymnastics Safety Certification

Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USA Gymnastics Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300,201 S. Capitol, India­napolis, IN 46225

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Registration Form Received:

Confirmation Mailed:

I Expiration Date: Signature: T295 L ______________________________ ~

TBA Akron, OH 1 :00-5:00 p.m. location: TBA (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (8031773-1404

JULY 8 Santo Barbaro, CA

9:00 0.m-2:00 p.m. University of (olifornio (ourse Dir: Michael Taylor (4151858-3480 loco I (on tact: Mike Jacobson (407) 743-8550

10 Sovonnoho, GA 9:00 0.m.-12:30 p.m. Sovonnoho (oostol Georgia YM(A (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (8031773-1404

29 Decatur, GA 1 :00-5:00 p.m. New / 2:00-5:00 Renewal Decotur DeKolb YM(A 1100 (loire mont Ave. (ourse Dir. : (hristine (olvert (4041377-0241

OCTOBER New York, NY 11 :00 0.m.- 3:30 p.m. Sutton Gymnastics 20 (ooper Square (7th Floorl, 10003 (ourse Dir.: Joan Hicks (2031924-8666 local (onloct: Joanne Sotres (2121533-9390

All co urses are 3rd Cy cle courses.

All materials (including the new Safety Handbook) for 3rd Cycle courses are provided at the course and are part of the course fee.

Certification is good for four years.

The course/ examination is $100. USA Gymnas tics Professional Members and recertification is $75. Retes tcostis$25. For groups of a t least 10, contact the USA Gymnastics Department ofEdu­cationaJ Services and Safety.

To achieve Safety Certification, the participant must be a t least 18 years of age a t the time of the course.

"IHA GYMNASTICS