technique magazine - may 1993
DESCRIPTION
ÂTRANSCRIPT
USA Gymnastics
The Official Technical Publication of USA Gymnastics
Book Review: Movement
Activities For Early Children
Difficulty Vs. Ability
Beam Preparation
Club Risk Management
1993 Congress
Shoulder Complex:
Biomechanical Considerations
Ten Commandments
of Teaching Tumbling To Preschoolers
Equipment and Resource
Companies
Protect Yourself From
AIDS and Hepatitis
EDUCATIONAL RIALS
Coaches Guide to Nutrition and Weight Control (Second Edition)
Patricia A. Eisenman, PhD, Stephen C. Johnson, PhD, andJoan E. Benson, MS, RD
1990 • Paper • 192 pp
Item #17 - $22.00
Good nutrition allows athletes to maintain energy levels during training and safely regulate their ratio of fat and lean weight. Coaches Guide to Nutrition and Weight Control is a practical guide that tells readers everything they need to know about sport nutrition .
This second edition translates the sciences of phYSiology, biochemistry, and nutrition into information that students of physical education and sport nutrition can eaSily apply.
In Pursuit of Excellence
Huw 10 Wi" ill Sport mzd Lifo , Through Menial Truitting
\4' .. • ~ Te~r)/Orlick, PhD
In Pursuit of Excellence How to Win in Sport and Life Through Mental Training (Second Edition)
Terry Orlick, PnD 1990 • Paper • 208 pp Item #14 - $14.95
Written in an easy to understand, instructive style, this second edition of In Pursuit of Excellence is the supplemental text for courses that cover basic sport psychology techniques. It covers the psychological concepts of concentration, winning, losing, and competing successfully. Instructors will find it easy to put these concepts into perspective for their students.
This highly successful sport performance book by internationally recognized sport psychologist Terry Orlick has undergone a complete revitalization . Better organized for easier reading, the second edition includes dozens of new examples taken from Orlick's real-life experiences with champion athletes and their coaches.
,--------------------------,
To order any of these books, or other educational materials and videos presented in this issue, please complete this order form and send to:
Name _ __________________________ _
Address _ ________________________ __ Item Qty Cost Total
City ___________________________ _
State ________ _ Zip _____________ _
Phone (
USA Gymnastics Memb. No. _ ____________ _
S.s. No. _______ _
o MasterCard 0 VISA Exp. Date: _ ____ _ Subtotal Card # _ ________________________ _
Indiana Residents add Signature: _______________________ _ 5% sales tax
Shipping & Handling Charges Purchases 515.00 a nd und er 53.00
Send Mail Orders to:
USA Gymnastics Merchandise PO Box 5562 Pu rchases 5 15.01-550 54.00
Pu rchases over 550.01-51 00 55.00 Purchases 100.01 and up S8.00 Indianapolis, IN 46255-5562
Make checks payable to: USA Gymnastics Grand Total L ______ (T59~ __________________ :J
2
USA GYMNASTICS
POBox 5562 Indianapolis, IN 46225-5526
(317) 237-5060
PLEASENOfE: The videos listed in thismagazine are provided for educational and historic purposes. While every effort is made to produce videos of the highest quality, it should be noted that some of the videos are produced at events utilizing handheld cameras from van-tage points in the stands by non-professional L volunteer technicans. Only limited editing and ,""-production enhancements are utilized in order to provide a tirnely product ata reasonable cost to the USA Gymnastics membership.
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Publisher Mike Jacki
Editor Stephen W. Whitlock
Production Luan Peszek
Graphic Design Julie T. Jones
Men's Program Director Robert Cowan
Women's Program Director Kathy Kelly
Rhythmic Program Director Nora Hitzel
USA Gymnastics Board of Directors
Eme~~~~i:dBe~d: ~H~~n!~~~i~Tkheag~~:l;~~ ~:~fer~ b~~:~1::'s~ Wendy Hilliard, chair; Jim Hartung, vice chair; Michelle Dusserre, sec;Shef,'1 Dundas;Tim Dag~tt; Karon Lyon-Glover; Tanya Service; C lris Waller; Kevin avis, SOC Athlete's Advisory Council; Nancy Marshall, Admin. Ad visor; Ama-teur Athletic Union: Stan Atkinson; American Sokol 01ani-zation:Jerry Milan; American Trampoline & Tumbling 5S0-
dation: Wayne Downing; American Turners: Be~ He~pner; Junior Boys Gymnastics Coaches Association: arc a lley; Men's Elite Coaches Association: Peter Kormann; Nat ional Association for Girls and Women in ~ort: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Association of Collegiate ymnastics Men: Able Grossfeld; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Women: Gail Davis; National Association of Women's Gr;m-nasticsJudges: Yvonne Hod~e; National Collegiate Ath etic Association: Chert} Levick, red TuroH; National Federation of State Hi,h Sc 001 Associations: Susan True; National Gymnastics udges Association: Harry Bjerke; Nat ional Hifth School Gfmnast ics Coaches Association: John Brinkwort 1; National ewish Welfare Board: Courtney Shanken; Rhyth-mic Coaches Association: Suzie DiTullio; Special Olympics, Inc.: Ka te Faber-Hickie; U.S. Association of Independent Gym Clubs: Lance Crowley; U.S. Elite Coaches Association for Women: Tony Gehman; U.S. Sports Acrobatics Federa-tion: Bonnie Davidson; Young Men's Christian Associat ion: Rick Dod son; USA Gymnastics National Membership Direc-tors: Men's: Jim Holt, Ray Gura; Women's: Joan Moore, Julia Thompson-Aretz; Rhythmic: Alia Svirsky, Ute Alt-Carberry.
USA Gymnastics Executive Committee
Chair: Sandy Kn~p; Secretary: Mike Milidonis; Vice ChairWomen: Nancy a rshall;Vice ChairMen:Jim Howa rd; Vice Chair Rhtthmlc: Norma Zabka; President: Mike Jacki; FIG Women's echnical Committee: Jackie Fie; FIG Rhyth-micTechnical Committee: Andrea Schmid-Shapiro; FIG Men's Technical Committee: Bill Roetzheim; At Large Members: Roe Kreutzer;Sue Ammerman; Athlete Directors: Tim Dag~ett , Michelle Dusserre, Wendy Hilliard; President Emeritus: ud Wilkinson, Mike Donahue.
Associate Contents Editors Sports Science Advisory
Committee William Sands, Ph.D., Cha ir, Spor ts Advisory Committee Patty Hacker, Ph.D., Chair, Education Sub-committee
Stephen W. Whitlock, Liaison
Unless eXIressly identified to the contrary, all ar ticles, statements an views printed herein a re attributed solely to the author and the Ul1lted States Gymnastics Federa tion ex-presses no opinion and assumes no responsibility thereof.
TECHNIQUE May 1993
Inside This Issue
Contents Book Review Movement Activities for Early Children ...... ....... ....... .. 5
Coaches Education ACEP Leader Level Sports Science Course ....... ..... ..... . 7 Summer Coaches Workshop , .......... ...... .. .. .... ... ..... ... .... 36 PDP-At a Glance ..... ....... , ... .. ,., .. ... .. ...... ... ....... .......... ...... 37
Coaching Difficulty Vs. Ability ..... , .... ..... .... ... ...... ............ ... ........... 10
Technique Beam Preparation ........ , ....... ... ..... ........... ...... .................. 12
Safety Club Risk Management Committee ........... ... .......... .... 16
Congress Facts ........ ,..,. .... ,.,. ...... .... . ,.,.,. .... , ..... ...... .... ... ... ... ..... .......... 18 Registration Form .... , .. ,. ..... .... ..... ... .. ... .. .. ..... ...... ..... .. ... .. . 19 Tentative Schedule ....... .... .... ..... ... .. ... ..... .. ... ...... .... ..... .... 20
Sports Medicine Shoulder Complex:
Biomechanical Considerations ........... ....... .... ...... ..... 23 Protect Yourself from AIDS and Hepatitis .,. .. ,.,. .. ,. .. ,.43
Preschool Gymnastics Ten Commandments of Teaching Tumbling to Preschoolers .................... .... ... ..... .......... .. .. ... ,., ..... ,., .. ,.26
Resources Equipment and Resource Companies .. ....... .... ,. .... .... ,.31
Research A Twenty-four Year Retrospective Look ..... ....... .. ...... 32
Women's Judging Code of Points ,. ... .. , ... ..... , .... , .... ....... ... ......... ..... ....... ...... .. 40
Minutes W-Elite Program Committee, 3/28/93 ............ ......... . .42 W-Ad Hoc Committee, 3/7-8/93, Orlando, FL ....... .44
Announcements .... ... .. ........ ..... .... ,., .... ... .. , ... , ........ .. .. .. .... .. ....... ...... ..... .......... 46
C HANGE OF ADDRESS A D SUBSCRI PTION INQUIRIES: In order to ensure uninterrup ted delivery of TECHNIQUE magazine, notice of change of add ress should be made six to eight weeks in advance. For fas test service, please enclose your present mai ling label. Direc t all subscript ion mail to TECHNIQUE Subscriptions, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capi tol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, I 46225.
TECHNIQUE is published 10 times per year by USA Gymnas tics, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225 (phone: 317-237-5050). Third class postage paid a t Indianapolis, IN. Subscri ption price: $25.00 per year in United States; all other countries $48.00 per yea r. If ava ilable, back issue single copies $4.00 plus S1.00 postage/ handling. All reasonable ca re will be taken, but no responsibility can be assumed for unsolicited material; enclose return pos tage. Copyright 1993 by USA Gymnastics and TECHNIQUE. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
3
page 5
page 10
page 16
page 26
I EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS I VIDEOTAPES
Use the order form on page 2 to order any of these videotapes.
Educational General How to tape an injured gymnast. This tape was
prepared by Larry Nassar, ATe. (Part I = 1:55, Part II = 1:23) #2102 $19.95
PDP level I instructor's starter kit. For Level I Clinic Administra tors. Includes video and 15 Clinic Workbooks. #3609 $60.00
Safety Video. Gymnastics 1st, 2nd, and always. #2601 $39.95
Back exercises for the gymnast. A video designed to lessen the problem of back pain in the gymnast. With use of a skeleton and gymnasts, L. Nassar, ATe, demons trates how bod y positioning, flexibility, pelvic s tabilization & muscular exercises are beneficial. 0 :20)(1992) #2410 $10.95
Men Basic Skills Achievement Program (BSAP) video.
Demonstration of a ll of the ski lls. #52 $29.95 J.O. Compulsory Program (JOCP) video. Demon
stration of all of the exercises. (Edited by class level) #2221 $39.95
J.O. Compulsory Program (JOCP) video. Demonstration of all of the exercises. (Edited by event)
#2222 $39.95 Jr. Nat. Team Dance Training program and Boy's
team winter training camp, Colo. Spgs. (2:00) #2272 $12.95
Olympic Development Program (ODP) video-1992. Complete demonstration. #61 $29.95
USGFCongress, Indianapolis. International trends in men's gymnastics. Presenta ti on by M. Watanabe. (1991) #2243 $15.95
Goal setting and preparation for competitions. Sport Psychology session by Dr. K McKelvain at 92 nat. team camp, Colo. Spgs. (2:00)(1992)
#2273 $14.95 USGF Congress, Anaheim. Dieter Hofmann's lec
tures. Clinic for men's coaches. (2 parts: total time = 9 Ius in SLP)0992) #2200 $39.95
Intercontinental Judges Cou rse, Tampa, Fla. Pommel Horse. Presentation by B. Roetzheim. (SLP format) (1992) #2210 $24.95
Colo. Spgs. Coaches Seminar for Men's Gymnastics. TU: Lioukin; V: Artemov; PB: Tomita; R: O 'Neill ; HB: Akopyan; Co nditionin g & Periodiza tion : Sands; PH: Daggett; Watanabe. (2 tapes, SLP format, 5:43) (1993) #2253 $24.95
Preschool! elementary Preschool Workshop, Ft. Worth. Swedish gymnas
tics. Fea tures Ka jsa Murmark & Gun Stahl. #1/ 3 tapes includes: Introduction, Phi losophy, and first group lessons. (2:00)(1991) #2130 $12.95
Preschool Workshop, Ft. Worth. Swedish gymnastics. Features Kajsa Munn ark & Gun Stahl. #2 / 3 tapes includes: Ways to use apparatus, Day in the jungle, Bean bag activities, and Games. (2:00)0991)
#2131 $12.95 Preschool Workshop, Ft. Worth. Swedish gymnas
tics. Features Kajsa Murmark & Gun Stahl. #3/3 tapes includes: Games, Ba lloon activities, and final lessons. (2:00)0991) #2132 $12.95
4
Rhythmic 92-96 J.O. Rhythmic LevelS & 6 VHS. Companion
to the compulsory book, this video shows the six level S routines performed from both a front and rear viewpoint. The level 6 routines are also per-formed in phrases. #2321 $29.95
92-96 J.O. Rhythmic Level 7 & 8 VHS. Companion to the compulsory book, the video shows the six level 7 routines and the level 8 RFX from two viewpoints. #2322 $29.95
Women J.O. Compulsory Video levels 1-4. Companion to
the compulsory book. #2105 $29.95 J.O. Compulsory Video levels 5-7 and 10. Com
panion to the compulsory book.#2106 #29.95 J,O. Dance Workouts 1-3 for coaches' tape. Expla
nation of the basic dance exercises. (2:00) #2173 $15.00
J.O. Dance Workouts 1-3 for gymnast's tape. Basic ballet exercises designed for the gymnasts to fo llow. Demonstrated by M. Faulkenberry. (2:00)
#2171 $15.00 J.O. Dance Workouts 4 & 5 for gymnasts. These
levels are newly completed . #2172 $15.00 Roundoffvaulttraining. Developed byT. Gehman
fo r the Women's J .0. program. Prerequisites, training tips, conditioning, and technique.
#2107 $19.95 Talent Opportunities Program (T.O.P.), Indianapo
lis, IN. National Testing. This tapes shows all of the physica l abilities tests used at the National Testing in Indianapolis. ( 993) #2139 $14.95
Training Women
NEW Elite Compulsory Workshop, Salt Lake City. '96 Elite Compulsory Exercises.
This workshop was held in conjunction with the American Classic on March 28, 1993. Clinicians included: BB & FX: M. Grossfeld; TU & V: S. Elliott; and UB: A Akopyan. (SLP format, 4:00)
#2149 $15.95
Competitions Men
NEw USA/Japan A nnu a l Dual Meet,
Hamamatsu City, JPN, March, 1993. Team and Event Finals. Team resu lts: JPN-218.350, USA-217.300. AA results: T.Chinen 54.70 (JPN), Y.Hatakeda-54.65 (JPN), GreggCurtis-54.25 (USA), S. Watanabe-53.95), J .D.Reive-53.75 (USA), N.Iwai-53.70 (JPN). Other USA team members included D.Durbin and RKieffer.
#2257 $12.95 McDonald 's Am. Cup, Orlando,FL. Prelims and
Finals. Scherbo-56.950 (BLR), Ringnald-55.700 (USA), Wecker-55.175 (GER), Sharipov-55.000 (UKR), Gherman-54.850 (ROM), Wa ller-54.650 (USA), Supola-53.700 (HUN), Centazzo (ITA), Curtis (USA), Umino (JPN), Thomas (GBR), Bravo (ESP), Pluss (SUI), Lopez (MEX), Keswick (USA), Dashuang (CHN) (993) #2252 $19.95
Panasonic PROUD SPO NS OR OF USA GYMNASTICS
Winter Cup Challenge, Colo. Springs. Junior Elite: Compulsory & Optional. Wilson-102.25, Datilio-100.85, Killen-l00.50, Ellis-98.50, Klaus-97.90, Pansy-96.90, Thornton-96.25, Wood-95.55,Stibel-94.15, Masucci-93.15, and others. (SLP format, 5:43) (993) #2251 $16.95
Winter Cup Challenge, Colo. Springs. Senior Compulsory and Optional. Keswick-55.60 , Roethlisberger-54.95, Waller-54.80, Ringnald -53.65, Umphrey-53.55, Curtis-53.30, Asano-53.25, Masucci-53.25, Lynch-52.90, Harriso n-52.80, Durbin-52.45, Meadows-52.15, and others. (SLP format) (993) #2250 $16.95
Rhythmic Rhythmic Challenge, Colo. Springs, CO Senior
Elite: Bushnell-35.75, Hunt-35.35, Davis-35.35, Ward-34 .90, Levinson-34 .70, Tucay-34 .70, Vanderpluym-33.40, H.Lovell-32.80,Alberti-32.50, Bachar-31.80, James-31.1O, Davidovich-30.90. J unior Elite: Fredrickson-33.50, Lim-33.00, Tharp-31.60, Sievers-29.50 (993) #2329 $16.95
Women NEW Am. Classic, Salt LakeCity, March, 1993.
Junior and Senior National Optionals. Junior results: H .Prosser-72.230, M.Arnold-72.6' O.Willis-71.35, A.Muell er-70 .61, D.Barr-70 . 2~
J.Carow-69.99. Senior results: H .Harriman-72.905, AMurakami-71.93, KMonahan-71.855, L.Brown-71.435, M.Leopoldus-70.975, J. Basile-70.940. 0 :12)
#2145 $12.95 NEW Am. Classic, Salt Lake City, March, 1993.
Junior International Optionals. Selec ted routin es including: T.Meyers-37.20, D.Thompso n, 37. 15, J.Thompso n-37.125, E.Johnson-36.70, J.Martini-36.375, E.Diaz-36.35, B.Knaeble-36.325, M.Flammer-36.175. 0 :21)
#2146 $14.95 NEW Am. Classic, Salt Lake City, March, 1993.
Senior International Optionals. Selected routines including: S.Miller (exhibition), KStrug-39.1 0, D. Dawes-39.075, ABorden-38.225; H.H o rnbeek-38 .025, M.Gruggs-38 .00, K.McDennott-37.70, H .Brink-37.25, M.Campi-37.225, AErdos-37.15, M.Webster-36.975. 0 :41)
#2147 $16.95
NEW USA / Japa n A nnua l Dua l Mee t, Hamamatsu City, JPN, March, 1993.
Team and Event Finals. Team results: JPN-148.625, USA-148.325. AA results: M.Kosuge-38.050 (JPN), L.French-37.325 (USA), AChow-37.225 (USA), K. Po well -37. 100 (USA), ESugawara-37.100 (JPN), M.Etoh-36.675 (JPN). The other USA team member was Rachel Rochelli .
#2148 $12.95 McDonald's Am. Cup, Orlando, FL. Prelims and
Finals. Miller-39.268 (USA), Strug-38.168 (USA), Piskun-37.837 (BLR), Xuemei-37.455 (CHN), Portocarrero-37.206 (GUA), Hadarean-36.762 (ROM), Kosuge-35.798 (JPN), Galloway-35T (CAN), Dawes (USA), Borden (USA), Cam (USA), Stobvtcha taia (UKR), Machado (FRA), Molna r (HUN), Hristakieva (BUL) (993)
#2152 $19.95
Mny 1993 TECHNIQUE
Book Review
MOVEMENT ACIIVIIIES FOR EARLyCmLDREN
ment Activities for
Earl) Childhood
Most coaches would agree that it is important for young children to learn about movement. Given a choice, children would opt to learn through movement. Unfortunately many coaches and educators are not inherently skilled to provide purposeful physical activities for young children. Movement Activities for Early Childhood, by Carol
Hammett although written primarily for individuals who may have no formal training in physical educa-
tion, seasoned coaches as well as educators, will find this book refreshing and full of new ideas.
Movemel1t Activities for Early Childhood is divided into four chapters: Locomotor skills, Ball-handling skills, Gymnastics skills and Rhythmic activities. For the three skill areas, a "movement framework" is presented which includes a list of skill themes and movement concepts. Skill themes consist of action words such as walking, running, jumping and hopping. Movement concepts include pathways, levels, directors, space, and intensity and quality of movement, such as forward, clockwise, under, or light movements. Movement concepts are ideas that can be applied to skill themes, thus creating a number of variations. What makes these
SAMPLE GAMES 0
Gymnastic Skills
Skill Theme: JUMPING AND LANDING
Game Name: Jack Be Nimble
Objective: To practice jumping, landing and dramatic play
Vocabulary: Jump, land, over
Equipment: A "candlestick" for each child (made out of bathroom tissue rolls)
Procedure: Ask the children to place their candlesticks on the floor. Together chant the nursery rhyme "Jack Be Nimble."
When the teacher says the words "Jack jump over the candlestick," have everyone jump over their candle. Repeat several times. This activity is particularly appealing to very young children.
Helpful Hint: With children, practice the nursery rhyme before introducing the candlesticks and playing the game.
Safety Idea: Be sure the candlesticks are far enough apart to prevent the children from jumping onto each other.
Variation: Ask the children to suggest different ways to jump, such as sideways, high, fast, and so on. Have all the children try each suggestion.
TECHNIQUE Mny 1993 5
Reviewed by: Christine Ebert USA Gymnastics Educational Services Intern
You may order
this book through
the USA
Gymnastics
Merchandise
Department. Use
the Order Form
on page 2 of this
magazme.
Movement Activities for Early Childhood Carol Hammett
• 1991 • Paper • 138 pp Item #3622 $15.00
Movement Activities for Early Childhood
games so enjoyable for children is that they were created by children! Some of the games were refined somewhat by teachers, but all have been field tested by hundreds of children.
3) interpreted movement to music, known as "creative movement."
The sections on gymnastics and rhythmic activities are particularly useful for preschool / developmental gymnastics coaches. The gymnastics section focuses on developing a child's muscular strength and flexibility, while raising the level of self-confidence and self-esteem. There are 19 games specifically designed for gymnastics development. The section on rhythmic activities offers three ways to involve children in planned activities: 1) movement to music using hand apparatus, such as balls and ribbons; 2) choreographed movement to music using or incorporating traditional songs; and
The author offers some very helpful information including an equipment glossary, sample music resources, and a list of equipment companies with addresses. This information can make the job of finding various equipment and obtaining necessary music for specific games much simpler.
The games in Movement Activities for Early Children are very basic and easy to follow. If you are interested in more advanced games and movements, then Movement Activities may not be of much use to you. However, if you are looking for basic games for young children, then this is the book for you .
6
Lummi Sticks
Game Name:
Tune:
Skills:
Narration:
"This Old Man"
Traditional
SAMPLE GAMES
Rhythmic Activities
Drumming, tapping, shaking, pointing, rolling
~~ . Drumming (6 accented taps or beats)
~. ~t6!'A , v
~
- ~ ,
This old man, he played one.
He played knick-knack on my thumb
With a knick-knack paddy whack,
Give your dog a bone.
This old man came rolling home. ~
Repeat:
I
Tapping sticks together (6 )
Touching the thumb (I )
Shaking (7)
Pointing sticks up
. 7 Rolling (7 )
2. This old man, he played two ... on my shoe ...
3. This old man, he played three ... on my knee .. .
4. This old man, he played four ... on my floor...
5. This old man, he played five .. on my side .. .
(Have the children touch the appropriate spot for each verse.)
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Coaches Education
ACEP LEADER I.EVEL SPORTS SCIENCE CoURSE
USA Gymnastics will be sponsoring
ACEP Sports Science courses at
special rates for gymnastics
professionals. Certified ACEP
instructors who are registered with USA
Gymnastics will conduct these courses.
Successful completion of this course fulfills
one requirement for PDP Level II
Accreditation. Use the form on the following
page to pre-register for the course of your
choice. To guarantee your registration, a
completed registration form must be received
by USA Gymnastics 3 weeks (21 days) prior to
the published course date.
Friday & Saturday, June 25-26, 1993 Fri - 6:30-10:00p.m. Sat -10:00a .m.-1:30p.m. Camp Greenkill, Huguenot, NY Course Instr.: Dave Moskovitz Contact: USA Gymnastics (317) 237-5050
The above course will be held in conjunction with the USA Gymnastics Summer Coaches Workshop.
Saturday & Sunday, June 26-27, 1993 Sat - 3:00-7:00p.m. Sun - 10:00a.m.-2:00p.m. Northeast Family YMCA, 9400 Mill Brook Rd., Louisville, KY 40223 (502) 425-1271 Course Instr.: Steve Schoenbaechler (502) 452-7561
Saturday, July 17, 1993 9:00a.m.-6:00p.m. SS Gymnastics, 12445 E. 39th Ave., Suite 505, Denver, CO 80239 Course Instr.: Betsy Sprague (303) 373-2797
Friday-Sunday, July 3D-August 1, 1993 TBA Course Instr.: Norbert Bendixon (708) 949-8743 The above course will be held in conjunction with the USGF Illinois State Congress.
Friday & Saturday, August 6-7, 1993 Fri - 6:00-9:30p.m. Sat - 8:00a .m.-12:00noon Woodward Camp, P.O. Box 93 R #45, Woodward, PA 16882 (814) 349-5633
Course Instr.: Dave Moskovitz Contact: USA Gymnastics (317) 237-5050 The above course will be held in conjunction with the USA Gymnastics Summer Coaches Workshop.
Friday & Saturday, August 6-7, 1993 Fri - 5:30-9:00p.m. Sat - 1O:30a.m.-5:00p.m. San Fillipe Community Center, Hayward, CA Course Instr.: Susan Robinette (510) 417-0446
Saturday, August 14, 1993 TBA Indianapolis, IN Course Instr.: Ed Gibson (219) 736-5600 Contact: USA Gymnastics (317) 237-5050 The above course will be held in conjunction with the USGF Indillnll State Business Meeting.
Saturday & Sunday, August 21-22, 1993 Sat - 6:00-9:00p.m. Sun - 1O:00a.m.-3:00p.m. Lake Owen Camp, HC 60, Box 60, Cable, WI 54821 (715) 798-3785 Course Instr.: Dave Moskovitz Contact: USA Gymnastics (317) 237-5050 The above course will be 11e1d in conjunction with the USA Gymnastics Summer Coaches Workshop.
Introducin two easy ways to get lo~ w qlesale prices on every Item ill our catalogs!
TECHNIQUE May 1993 7
USGF-ACEP Leader Level Sports Science - Registration Form
Fill in the following form as completely and accurately as possible. please print or type.
Name ________________________________ __ Birthdate _________ Age ___ (min. age is 18 years)
Address, ________________________ _ City ________________ State
Zip ___ _ Phone Nos: Home (_) - _ - __ Work ( ___ ) - _ - __
Social Security No. __ - __ -__ USGF Professional No. ________ _
Safety Certification Status: Are you currently Safety Certified? D Yes D No Expiration date: _I _1_ Course Information: Date: ---------- Location: ______________________________________ _
Course Instructor(s) ___________________________________________ __
Course Fees: 1. The textbook for the Leader Level Sports Science course is Successful Coaching. The textbook is included in the course fee.
Preregistered participants will receive their materials at the course. 2. The course fee is $75. 3. USGF Professional Members may register at the reduced rate of $60. 4. Successful completion of this course ~ulfills the Sport Science requirement for PDP Level II Accreditation.
Payment:
D Check (Payable to USA Gymnastics) Check No. __ _
D MasterCard or D VISA Card No. Exp. Date: _I_I_ Card Holder Name: Signature: ________________________ _
At Elite!
GK, our philosophy
has a Iways been to
put the interests of
our gym-club
customers lirst
our success will
follow. This
commitment has
helped hundreds of
clubs become
successful, and it's
made us the most
asked for name in
gymnastics apparel
and accessories.
8
T593
We've made it
easier than ever to get low
wholesale prices on every
item in our catalogs-from
competitive leotards for your
team to our ever-popular
workout wear; exciting GK
warm ups to men 's wear and
accessories.
In fact, now there
are two easy ways to get low
wholesale prices on every
item in our catalogs.
lour exclusive GK
Consignment Pro
• Shop program
means no
investment and no
risk. Ever!
Choose our GK Con- Each month, we'll
signment Pro Shop program, send you an assortment of ex-
and take advantage of the best citing new leotards and bike
ELITE/GK MAKES IT EASY TO GET LOW
WHOLESALE PRICES ON EVERY ITEM IN
OUR CATALOGS.
way to make your pro shop a shorts from our variety print
success. You 'll get the best, collection to display and sell in
most popular apparel and mer- your pro shop. Your consign-
chandise in the sport. There's ment package is tailored to
no investment and absolutely your gym's specific needs
no risk. Ever! Here's how it (size assortments and quanti-
works. ties) and includes only fresh
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONAL GYMNASTICS FEDERATION (F.I.G.)
OF
• Interna~onal Gymnastics Federa~an
Code of Points
1993-1996
The Codes contain the rules revisions as well as difficulty evaluations for all skills.
MEN #1201
$39.95
WOMEN #1101 $39.95
AVAILABLE JUNE 1 ST
RHYTHMIC #1301
$39.95
D order, use USA Gymnastics form on page 2. For more info, refer to page 22.
let us show you how to get low wholesale prices on every item in our catalogs. Guaranteed! Call toll-free 1-800-345-4087.
merchandise manufactured es
pecially for consignment. And
since you only pay for what
you sell, and you can return
what you don't sell , you have
no risk and no investment.
Ever! It's that easy!
Plus, as a GK Con
signment Pro Shop, you're au
tomatically qualified to pur
chase every item in our cata
logs at low wholesale prices
competitive wear, workout
2 Our Original GK
• ProShop
program puts
you in charge of
your selections
and styles-plus
you get low
chandise from any of our
eleven workout wear collec
tions and our variety print
group.
All it takes is an in i-
tial pro shop order of $400,
low whole-
wholesale prices sale prices
on every item in on every item
our GK catalogs! in our cata-
logs! Plus, with
If you'd rather have our Original GK
wear, basics, warm ups, mens- more control over your selec- Pro Shop program, you can
wear and accessories. Every- tion of merchandise, choose also take advantage of our ex-
thing. our Original GK Pro Shop pro- clusive monthly promotions
Our GK Consign- gram, and you'll control every- that offer super discounts on
ment program is perfect for thing. You pick the styles. You select items throughout the
meets and summer camp pro- pick the colors. You customize year.
grams, too. your own pro shop with mer-
TECHNIQUE May 1993
It's easy to get low
wholesale prices on every
item in our catalogs-and
much more!
For more informa
tion about how you can get
guaranteed low
wholesale prices
on GK apparel and
accessories, call
GK Customer
Service to ll -free
at 1-800-345-4087.
Elite Sportswear, L.P. 1230 Spruce Street Reading , PA 19602
9
Dave Moskovitz Coaching Development Coordinator
DIFHCULlY VS. ABILII'Y T
his article will describe the characteristics of safe and effective competitive routine construction. While coaches and choreographers strive to meet the rigorous requirements for competition, safety should re
main the primary and foremost goal. As the task of routine construction is mastered, coaches will realize that both the safety of the gymnast and the score is maximized.
The governing body for the sport of gymnastics is the Federation Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Among its various responsibilities, the FIG, through Technical Committees (TC), creates the Code of Points, the official rules for competition. While the safety of the gymnast and the development of the sport have al wa ys been important objectives, the new code (1993 edition) includes some very specific changes that are important for the coaches and gymnasts alike.
The FIG Code of Points, Artistic Gymnastics for Men, Article 16 states:
"Basis for the Construction of Optional Exercises
The content of all exercises must conform to the capabilities of the gymnast. The degree of difficulty of an exercise must never be escalated at the expense of correct form and technically correct execution. The following principle is valid: A gymnast must be in full and complete control of his body. For execution of exercises in competition, one of the most important concerns in gymnastics are the prerequisites of safety, elegance and flexibility for an aesthetic performance .
Along with this basic principle, at the same time an appeal is directed toward the gymnasts and the coaches, that for the selection of the exercise parts, the risk of injury is as low as possible and the maintenance of the gymnast's health is placed in the foreground."
The USGF Gymnastics Safety Manual elaborates on this principle in saying that, "The goal is to achieve a reasonable degree of safety that is consistent with the nature of the activity itself and both the skill level and the performance goals of the gymnast." (p. 7) Remember that what is reasonable and prudent must first be determined in the training gym, not during the "hea t of battle" on the competition floor.
This principle is emphasized empirically in other sections of the men's Code. The deduction factor of Exercise Presentation, formerly Execution and some
10
components of Combination, was increased in value from 4.40 to 5.40 points. In addition, the value for Difficulty was reduced from 4.00 to 2.40 points. Therefore, the coach and athlete should view an exercise performed with clean execution and relatively lower difficulty as superior to an exercise with technical and execution errors and relatively higher difficulty. For example:
If a gymnast attempts to perform a double back salto with 1 / 1 turn on floor exercise, D-part, and lands on his hands and knees, he would be deducted 0.40 in exercise presentation and may loose credit for the difficulty value, 0.60. The wise choice would be to perform an additional element of C-value, a double salto, with better technical execution, and therefore, only be lacking 0.20 in difficulty. The net result would be an increase in score, as well as to decrease the risk of injury.
Another tempting addition to the Code are difficulty elements of E-value. These are the most difficult elements and are, therefore, not required in the construction of an optional exercise. Remember,
"The teaching and learning of skills slowly and in a progressive manner is, without question, a fundamental cornerstone to success and safety in gymnastics. It requires appropriate selection of skills to be learned, as well as considerable time and adequate repetition at each phase of the learning sequence. Gymnastics performers should be able to clearly demonstrate "task mastery" over a broad spectrum of core skills before advancing to more complex movements. Proper execution techniques of the appropriate lead-up skills should always serve as an essential criterion for determining whether or not a gymnast should advance on to the next, more complex level." (Safety Manual, p. 79)
Article 18.5 in the Code states:
"Gymnasts with respective requirements and of a high performance level can also utilize the possibility to perform E-parts, even though they are not required.
By means of this, there will be the possibility to better differentiate the performances of the world's best gymnasts, who usually exceed the difficulty requirements for the individual apparatus. Additionally, through the awarding of bonus points, a better differ entiation of their scores will be more probable."
This should be interpreted by both coaches and athletes that the E-parts should only be used when the gymnast has first mastered the required skills of lesser
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
value (A, B, C, and D). The gymnast should also be able to demonstrate proficiency over a wide range of skills prior to attempting these most difficult elements.
Further evidence of the importance that the new Code places on clean performances is found articles 21-25. These articles outline the specific deductions under Exercise Presentation. The Code is very specific, stating clear definitions for all deductions, especially Article 24.1:
"All deviations from the correct position are considered errors in execution and must be evaluated accordingly by the judges. The amount of the deduction for small, medium, or large errors is determined from the degree of deviation from the correct position.
The same deduction is taken each time for the same severity of bending, whether it be the arms, legs or the body."
This is one of the areas where the judges' evaluation is critical in the development and encouragement of safe and appropriate skill performance. All too often, gymnasts receive only a fraction of the possible deduction for poor or inadequate performance. Indirectly, this encourages the gymnast to continue to perform skills which are likely beyond his capability.
Bonus points should be considered the reward for the very best gymnasts. In the past, bonus points (ROV), were so blatantly misused, that they became nearly irrelevant in analyzing the final score of the best athletes, even though substantial content difference existed among performances. The new Code attempts to link the performance of more difficult elements with proper technical execution for the awarding of bonus points. According to Article 27.1:
"Bonus points will be awarded only for exercises which contain at least one 0-part. Thus bonus points serve exclusively as a means for a differentiation among the best and most difficult exercises. Valid here is that Article 16 is maintained-elements and connection are to be performed only with good technical execution."
TECHNIQUE May 1993
With the 1993-96 Code's increased emphaSiS on technical execution and safety it is easy to understand that, for the majority of our gymnasts, bonus points should be a long-term goal not short-term reality.
In addition, the USGF Gymnastics Safety Manual ex-plains that:
"Significant innovations in the design and construction of apparatus and mats by equipment manufacturers, as well as increased and upgraded educational training programs for teachers/coaches, have improved conditions immensely in the last 15 years, but at no time can we relinquish our vigilance in providing for the safety of the performers." (p. 1)
While we as coaches and teachers may have the knowledge and background to train a variety of skills, we must never use that knowledge at the expense of the gymnast's well-being. The variety of safety pits and landing pads available today give the opportunity to safely and effectively teach skills which were only dreams a few years ago. BUT, the gymnast still requires a good deal of time, dedication, and repetitions in order to master these skills. Do not let the confidence and reckless abandon of "pit tumbling" impair your discretion for selecting appropriate competitive skills.
Conclusion The first few months in each quadrennium should
be used as an educational period, not only for the coaches but also for the gymnasts. Remember that, "When one considers the variety of safety awareness factors, none is so critical as that of the preparation, training and education of the members of the coachingstaff." (Safety Manual, p. 5) Coaches must work very hard to interpret the changes in the code and encourage his or her gymnasts to strive for higher levels of performance. As a coach, use your gymnastics common sense and evaluate the best opportunities for improvement based on the Code and your gymnasts' current abilities to perform safely and effectively. Finally, work within the limitations of your facility and technical knowledge.
11
Coaching
The content of all
exercises must
conform to the
capabilities of the
gymnast. The
degree of difficulty
of an exercise
must never be
escalated at the
expense of correct
form and
technically correct
execution. A
gymnast must be
in full and
complete control
of his body. One of
the most
important
concerns zn
gymnastics are
the prerequisites
of safety, elegance
and flexibility for
an aesthetic
performance.
The following
notes were taken
from a lecture
presented by
Christine Still at
the December I
1988 British
National Coaches
Conference.
BEAM PREPARATION 1.
12
Posture and alignment The gymnast must be able to stand straight with good posture.
o , ~,
If the hips move when the gymnast nll1s along the beam, then she will have problems. The hips must face forward along the beam all the time. Here the gymnast (X) has poor turnout of the hips and is unable to walk forward without the hips twisting.
rO f)
I~ X A,I Mobility must be improved to prevent this. If the gymnast is very tight, she must work within her limits as the hips must be square if balance and stability on the beam are to be achieved.
Lying on the floor with the legs bent, the gymnast is
able to get the whole of her back fla t on the floor. She should slowly extend the legs and still keep the middle of her back on the floor. When she has achieved this position, she shou ld then reproduce this same feeling in her body when standing.
rO
I
~ 2.
When walking, the knees should be rotated outwards. Christine encourages a lot of work on just walking on the beam with the hips central and the legs rotated outwards.
rO rO rO
J I J Jll ~ Irl, / The feet should stretch as they come off the beam. The hips must still be kept straight.
The gymnast must be able to balance on the toes. She must not wobble and the ankles must stay straight.
Landing for leaps When landing from a leap, the :51Jmnast should land /n demi plii! as shown. Get the gymnast to hold this shape without doing a leap. Make sure that the knee is pressed over the toes .
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
3.
Pass through this movement while moving along the beam.
Travel to the end of the beam. Maintain correct posture and body shape throughout. Next, progress this to a small leap and hold the landing position. Continue to step through to leap aga in. Be careful tha t the back foot extends immediately after leaving the beam.
Move on to large leaps and accentuate the landing as before. Christine suggested that the arms are held laterally throughou t to ensure that the shoulders are square. Let's look at the technique of the leap. Before the take-off, do not lift the front leg too high.
The front leg lifts higher as the back foot leaves the beam.
TECHNIQUE May 1993
I
I -
t II l
((
4.
to
1 It
It is easier to leap with a bend and then stretch of the front leg. This may be a more suitable technique for the gymnast. Both legs will be ben t before take-off, but as the push leg leaves the beam, it must be extended. The leap will not reach its fu ll potential if this is not so. In the air, both legs should be fully extended at the top of the leap.
,.{) --()
~~b-~ ~ { ;;? II Jumps First, get the gJpl1nast to go through plie pressing the heels down, and then pull up onto the toes.
o
!~ tl % 5 Then bend and jump in the same manner. The jump must be reproduced correctly each time. If you ask for the arms to be in one place, then you should expect them to be there! If the gymnast does not achieve the correct shape, then get her down from the beam to correct this problem.
Have the gJjm nast try to see the beam without dropping her head. This is more difficult if the jump is
performed close to the end of
13
Technique
Meg Warren Association of British Gymnastics Coaches Sherwood House, Hinckley Road Burbage, Leicester LE102AG
Beam Preparation
14
the beam; but if pelformed in the middle, the eyes can easily see the end with the head upright .
'0, 10 ..
~\ ~ ........................ .
=========~ 5.
6.
Agilitt} landings
Check the final position that the gym nast can leap into before the hips twist or the back leg bends.
to to ~ J , • f\~ J\ /J\\~
Once this position has been found , have the gymnast flex the front leg to come to lu nge position. This is the landing position. The gymnast must learn this position before the cartwheel, the back walkover and before the handstand on beam.
Kick to handstand, step down to lunge landing position. Practice this frequently. Have the gymnast watch the first landing foot as it arrives on the beam.
Kicking to handstand
Imagine that the hands and
front foot are tied together with string. When the arms move, so does the front foot .
t~ When on the hands in a handstand, the back must be flat to show a handstand and legs in split . Get the gymnast to spot the beam to come to the classic lunge landing position .
-<=...-- - y'" -J-= Make sure that the gtjll1l1ast is strong in the legs as well as supple (flexible). Have the gtjll1nast lift her leg off a high platform (beam or box).
rO D
,~ I/o I[ 'I I \_
If the head is lifted too high when in a handstand, the shoulders will be forward and not extended.
When kicking to a handstand, the back should flatten ear/yo
7. Back handspring (FF)
Ha ve the gymnast do the FF on the floor, stopping in handstand.
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
8.
p ~\ If \f
~ X (I
~ If the gtjmnast is too arched, she will have problems getting her feet onto the beam.
When preparing for the back handspring, the gtjmnast must have tension in the leg muscles. Have her sit on the floor with the legs tight. The gtjlnnast should do the back handspring with the same feeling .
0\
f~ CA
= - t On the FF landing, make sure tha t the back leg is over the beam. Do not bring the leg down too fast.
___ :7"
~-/ ~"x \\ \\ "'L
When doing two back handsprings in series, the gtjlnnast brings the back foot in close and ready to go into the 2nd.
Turns Half Pivot. The gtjmnast should feel her shoulders going backwards to initiate the turn; rather than the shoulders going across to initiate the turn . (This would give an inward appearance) .
0 rO 0\ J)
~ I (j;, f r/\ «\ ~ A /1\\ 1/ ,,\ J ), / 11
X
TECHNIQUE May 1993
9.
Half turn. Step into position shown below. Hold it, step and then step into this position again . This body position must be venj precise with the toes just touching the shin.
1 [P> ~
Next, progress to step into a half turn . Keep on the toes. Fina lly, develop this into a 1/1 turn . (The gtjmnast will need a little more push-off from the back leg). Note the position (X) below encourages an arched back. It is better for gtjlnnasts do develop the turn in pique or passe position ('1/).
Footnote from Meg Warren
You may think that the
above is a little long winded
just to train a few leaps,
turns, and back handsprings.
I should point out that
Christine Still has coached
perhaps some of the best
beam workers in Britain -
her gtjmnasts have straight
legs in layout saitos, work on
their toes and have legs in
splits and beyond.
15
Technique
This article is
reprinted by
permission from
the Association of
British
Gymnastics
Coaches
Newsletter, June,
1989,pp.1-5.
Steve Whitlock Director of Educational Services and Safety
CLUB RIsK MANAGEMENT COMMI'IwI'EE
Some risk is inherent in any sport such as gymnastics w hich involves height, ro ta tion, a ppara tus
B. van der Smissen (1 990) has identified four general categories into
and dynamics. Acci- OOPS' dents happen and in-juries occur. The pri- • mary purpose of the U.s. Gymnastics Federation Safety Certifica
which all risks may be placed: 1) property exposures; 2) public liability (excluding negligence in program services); 3) public liability (negligence in program services); and 4) business opera ti ons . Doyice J. Cotten (1993) suggests that tion Program is simple-
to reduce the number of accidents and minimize the incidence and severity of injuries to athletes, coaches and spectators. The USGF safety program encourages the d evelopment of safety awareness in the planning and conduct of gymnastics programs and activities. Another objective includes reducing the club's exposure to legal liability.
USA Gymnastics believes that it is a good idea for gymnastics clubs to form a Safety or Risk Management Committee to evaluate and develop a plan of operational p rocedures regarding programs, policies, procedures, and practices. In the simplest form, this committee might consist of an assigned "Risk Manager" such as the Gym Owner and additional members such as the Program Director or Head Coach . This basic group could be expanded to include other members such as a parent's club represen ta tive, an insurance specialist/ advisor, a legal advisor, a medical and /or certified trainer advisor, and perhaps even an athlete representa tive.
Risk management has been defined as "the formal process of assessing exposure to risk and taking whatever action is necessary to minimize its impact. " (National Association of Independent Schools, 1988)
Most gymnastics clubs work hard to develop good relationships w ithin their communities-it is likely that they could easily d raw upon these relationships to identify willing volunteers to serve on your risk management committee.
The club's Risk Ma nagement Committee should mee t regularly-perhaps once each month. Besides developing long range plans for safety, the committee would evaluate past programs, make suggestions for future programs, examine injury pa tterns within the club's history, and serve as a general advoca te for safety.
16
one positive outcome of this committee should be the devel-
opment of a Risk Management Manual for all employees at all levels for
the establishment and implementation of safety policies.
Gymnastics clubs have proven themselves to be good event organizers. If a club plans to conduct a major gymnastics competition such as a state or regional meet, they have time and again demonstrated their ability to coordinate and organize committees for event sponsorship, competition organization, compute) scoring, concessions, judges' hospitality, program sales, and theme decorations. The point here is that a Safety and Risk Management Committee should be an integral part of these efforts. Shouldn 't sa fety be a higher priority than cookie sales?
USA Gymnastics injury data and follow-up competition reports from sanctioned competitions suggest that prior attention to safety concerns might have reduced or eliminated problems and potential risk situations. For example, USA Gymnastics has received reports where spectators were sea ted uncomforta bly close to the competition area, traffic flow was not pre-planned which resulted in gymnasts or specta tors actuall y walking through the competitive area while a gymnast was performing. Over-crowding existed because there was no consideration to handle unexpected numbers of spectators, or emergency fi rst aid services were impeded due to obstructed entrances or crowded parking
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
lots. One of the duties of the Risk Management Committee would be to evaluate important safety considerations prior to the competition event and establish a management plan.
On a more day-to-day gym club operation basis, USA Gymnastics data suggests that many injuries that occur might be avoided if greater attention is given to the establishment and follow-through of basic safety rules and policies. For example, one athlete was recently injured when attempting to adjusting the height of the low bar without the help of her coach. The
parents complained that their daugher was not given specific
• • •
• • •
•
instruction on the correct procedures for adjust-ing the uneven bar height. It should be standard operating procedure that all recreation class and team level gymnasts are given instruction in the proper adjustment of all gymnastics apparatus and guidelines as to when the students should seek assistance from the coach.
USA Gymnastics has also observed instances where, during the hectic pressure of a competition, a gymnast was injured and later claimed -that "my coach d id not set the equipment at my personal proper adjustment. " These situations are often somew ha t controversial as to where responsibility should be placed . However, establishment of a consistent plan suggested by the Risk Management Committee can be helpful.
When I was coaching competitive gymnastics teams at my club in Michigan, I attempted to make it clearly understood and appreciated by my gymnasts, that they had a participatory responsibility to observe and "OK" their bar settings and landing mat placement. In discussions and pre-meet practice competitions with the athletes, to emphasize this point with my gymnasts, I likened the situation to parachuting where the individual who jumps out of an airplane always wants to be the one who packs his/ her own parachute, or the airplane pilot who does a final "walk-around" the plane and then goes through a final check-list before take-off.
TECHNIQUE May 1993
•
The parachutist and the pilot clearly understand and appreciate the importance of proper personal equipment adjustment and desire (or insist) that they play an active part in determining that all is "A-OK." In our gymnastics competitions, I would refer to my notes when setting the bars for each athlete; ask the gymnast for a verbal confirmation of the setting; and finally I'd personally check it one more time. At competitions in a gym facility with unfamiliar equipment, we found it helpful to write each gymnast's bar settings on the back of her hand so that it wouldn't be forgotten in the rush of timed warm-ups. The point is that the gymnast and I had established a prior plan of action and responsibility to ensure that we were both comfortable and confi-
•
•
dent in the apparatus and mat settings. Did we ever screw up? Yes-but, this was usu
ally a result of
• •
• •
one or both of us failing to follow our plan.
As stated at the beginning of this article, accidents happen and injuries occur-however, through the establishment of an active club Safety and Risk Management Committee, the number of occurrences and severity of gymnastics injuries CAN be significant! y red uced to make gymnastics a safer sport and permit the gymnasts and spectators to enjoy the multitude of positive physical, motivational, artistic, and social benefits of "the most beautiful sport in the world."
References Cotten, D.]. (1993). Risk management-a tool for reducing exposure to legal liability. JOPERD, 58-61.
George, G. (1990). USGF Gymnastics Safety Manual, 2nd edition. USGF Publications, Indianapolis, IN.
National Association of Independent Schools. (1988). Risk mal1agement for schools. Boston:Author.
van der Smissen, B. (1990) Lega l liability al1d risk managemel1t for pllblic al1d private entities. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Co.
17
Safety
USA Gymnastics
data suggests
that many injuries
that occur might
be avoided if
grea ter attention
is given to the
establishment and
follow up of basic
safety rules and
policies.
A : lHEFAOS • HOSTCrTY
• Atlanta, Georgia
CONGRESS DATES .p . re-congress sessIOns
• September 8-9, 1993
• Congress Sessions September 9-12, 1993
• CONGRESS HOTEL
• Atlanta Marriott Marquis
1993 265 Peachtree Ctr. Ave.
• Atlanta, GA 30303
• 404-521-0000
USA GYMNASTICS HOTEL RATES • Single/ double $ 99
Triple/ quad $119 • Reservation cut-off date is ATlANTA ATTRAcnONS • August 19,1993. When not attending Congress sessions, participants may want to enjoy some of Atlanta's other attractions. Some sites: • GROUND TRANSPORTATION
Hotel Parking: $12/day • STONE MOUNTAIN MEMORIAL PARK: A 3,200-acre park surrounding the base of the largest
mass of exposed granite in the Western Hemisphere. It's 16 miles east of downtown. • •
MART A (Metropolitan Atlan ta
Rapid Transit Au thority):
• UNDERGROUND ATLANTA: This commercial area situated in an old sub-level train depot has been visited by more than 10 million visitors. • $1.25 one way from
Hartsfield Airport to the station in Peachtree Center
• GEORGIA STATE CAPITOL: Completed in 1889, the dome is 23-karat gold, mined and brought from Dahlonega, Ga., by horse-drawn wagon train.
• •
(which connects to the hotel via
covered wa lkway)
• ZOO ATLANTA: In Grant Park, Atlanta's oldest.
TARGmD SEMINARS SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUR NEEDS
• Women's sessions
• Men's sessions
• Rhythmic sessions
• BUSiness/Management
• Preschool/developmental
• Sport's science
1993 USA CONGRESS BE A PART OF THE EXCITEMENT
• Learn innovative and tested TRAINING TECHNIQUES from top coaches and former Olympians ...
• Hear the latest in SPORTS SCIENCE advances from leading experts ...
• See hundreds of new GYMNASTICS PRODUCTS and the latest equipment.. .
• Visit Atlanta's fabulous UNDERGROUND AND PEACHTREE CENTER next door. ..
• Enjoy the PERFORMANCES of the rhythmic athletes at the WORLD TEAM TRIALS ...
• Gather with FRIENDS at the annual BANQUET ...
• Benefit by NETWORKING AND SHARING ideas with other coaches, gym owners, program ad ministra tors, and judges ...
18
(ONGtliSS (OS1S \>fo'eSS\ono\ Memb
efs
Early Registration ttelei'led ~tiot \0 l\u9· \)
S\1S late Registration ttelei'led n"et l\u9· \ ) S\5l) ~on_membefs S1\l)
Fill out registration form on next page.
THE AnANTA MARRIOTT MARQUIS
• • • • • • • • •
Official Car Rental Agency: Budget Rent a Car of Atlanta Contact: Melanie Parkins 404-530-3000 (call collect)
Atlanta Airport Shuttle: You will receive a $2 discount coupon for round trip service upon register-ing for Congress. Round trip shuttle is $12 with discount coupon. One way from airport to hotel is $8 and the $2 discount coupon will not apply.
Located in the heart of downtown Atlanta's prestigious Peachtree Center, the Marriott Marquis is the most magnificent hotel in the South.
Designed by world-renowned archltect, John Portman, the Marquis features a soaring 50 story interior atrium, glass enclosed bubble elevators and an abundance of greenery and works of art.
Whatever your pleasure, the Marquis offers something for everyone. Fresh seafood at Pompano's, tangy Mexican at La Fuente, sumptuous buffets at The Arbors and international fare at The Atrium Cafe. Champagne by the glass at the elegant Lobby Lounge, live entertainment at The Garden Lounge, breathtaking views from The Grandstand and award winning Champion's Sports Bar.
You can unwind in the hotel's indoor / outdoor pool, work out in the fullyequipped health club, take a sauna or even get a good rub down. You can also go on a shopping spree at the hotel's special collection of very specialized Garden Level shops.
The Marquis is just 20 minutes north of Hartsfield International Airport and a marble covered walkway from Peachtree Center, where Atlanta's MARTA Rapid Rail line can whisk you to many of the area's famous attractions.
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
SEPTEMBER 9-12,1993 • ATLANTA, GEORGIA A
1993 GRESS USA GYMNASTICS
1993 PRE-REGISTRATION FORM Complete one form per person-please photocopy form for additional registrations.
Name __________________________________________________ _
Social Security No. __________________________________________ _
USGF Pro # ______________________ _ Exp. Date ____________ _
Mailing Address __________________________________________ __
City ______________________ __ State ______ _ Zip __________ _
Name of Club Program ______________________________________ _
Day Phone ________________ __ Night Phone __________________ _
Check (.I) appropriate:
Program: 0 Men's Program 0 Women's Program o Rhythmic Program
o Judge Title: 0 Club Owner 0 Coach 0 Administrator
Minimum age for Congress registration is 16 years.
PAYMENT Make check/money order payable to: USA Gymnastics
Amount Enclosed 1-1 $ _____ ----l
Charge to: 0 Visa 0 MasterCard
Card No. __________________________ _
Exp. Date ____ _
Signature ( reqllired) ____________________ _
T593
TECHNIQUE May 1993
CONGRESS COSTS Fee includes:
• 1 Credential for entrance to regular Congress sessions, master clinics, and demonstrations on Thursday afternoon through Saturday. And ...
• Free entrance to the Exhibit Hall featuring the industry's finest products. (Additional day passes into the Exhibit Hall are $5.00 each.)
• 1 Ticket to the annual USGF Banquet. (Additional Banquet tickets for spouses / guests are $40 each-available at registration.)
• 1 Ticket to the Rhythmic World Team Trials (Additional tickets will be available on site.)
Note: You must register separately for the PDP Coaching Accreditation courses, Safety Certification course/exam, Skill Evaluators exam, etc. Forms will be available beginning with the June issue of Technique magazine.
CANCEllATIONS: Registration is
non-refundable after August 15, 1993 NO EXCEPTIONS
No Pre-registrations after August 20, 1993 After August 20,
you must register "on-site."
19
Congres-s
While, it is too
early to offer a
complete
schedule, the
following might
be helpful in your
general planning.
TENTATIVE 1993 CONGRESS SCHEDULE
20
revised 4112 Atlanta, GA
9/8 Wednesday 7:30 am- 9:00 pm
8:30 am- 9:00 pm
3:00 pm- 9:00 pm
9/9 Thursday 7:00 am- 9:00 pm
8:30 am-II :30 am
8:30 am- 1 :30 pm
9:00 am-II :30 am
9/10 Friday
9/11 Saturday
9/12 Sunday
12:00 noon-6:00 pm
12:30 pm- 1:45 pm
2:30 pm- 3:15 pm
3:30 pm- 4:45 pm
5:00 pm- 6:15 pm
5:00 pm- 9:00 pm
6:00 pm-l0:00 pm
7:00 am- 9:00 am
7:00 am- 9:00 pm
11 :00 am- 7:00 pm
8:45 am- 9:45 am
10:00 am-11:15 am
11:30 am-12:30 pm
12:30 pm- 2:00 pm
2:00 pm- 3:15 pm
3:30 pm- 4:45 pm
5:00 pm- 6:15 pm
6:00 pm-lO:OO pm
7:00 pm-lO:OO pm
7:00 am- 9:00 am
7:30 am-12:30 pm
10:00 am- 3:00 pm
8:45 am-l0:00 am
10:15 am-11:30 am
11:30 pm- 1:00 pm
1:00 pm- 2:15 pm
2:30 pm- 3:45 pm
4:00 pm- 5:15 pm
6:15 pm- 7:15 pm
7:30 pm- 9:30 pm
9:30 pm- 1 :00 am
9:00 am-12:30 pm
9:00 am- 3:00 pm
9:30 am-II :30 AM
10:30 pm- 2:30 pm
1 :00 pm- 4:00 pm
Congress Registration Booth open
USGF/ ACEP Sport Science 13.5-hr. LTS Course, Part 1
USGF / ACEP Sport Science 8-hr. Course 1, Part 1
Congress Registration Booth open
USGF/ ACEP Sport Science 8-hr. Course 1, Part 2
USGF / ACEP Sport Science 13.5-hr. L TS Course, Part 2
PDP Level I grandparent course
Exhibit Hall open
Congress session 1 (1:15)
Congress session 2 (1:15)
Congress session 3 (1:15)
Congress session 4 (1:15)
USGF Safety Certification course and exam
Special Group meeting and certifications (Skill Evaluators)
Special Group meetings
Congress Registration Booth open
Exhibit Hall open
Congress session 5 (1:00)
Congress session 6 (1:15)
Congress session 7 (1:15)
Lunch and visit Exhibit Hall
Congress session 8 (1:15)
Congress session 9 (1:15)
Congress session 10 (1:15)
Special Group meetings
USGF / ACEP Sport Science 8-hr. Course 2, Part 1
Special Group meetings
Congress Registration Booth open
Exhibit Hall open
Congress session 11 & Sport Science Symposium (1:15)
Congress session 12 & Sport Science Symposium (1:15)
Lunch and visit Exhibit Hall
Congress session 13 & Sport Science Symposium (1:15)
Congress session 14 & Sport Science Symposium (1:15)
Regional meetings
USA Gymnastics A wards Reception
USA Gymnastics Banquet
Dance
Special Group meetings
USGF / ACEP Sport Science 8-hr. Course 2, Part 2
Meet Director's Course and exam
USGF Safety Certification course and exam
USA Gymnastics Rhythmic World Team Tria ls
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
THE TESTIMONY.
THE TEST. The results are coming in. And the Alpha Factor Aerials program is taking pro shops by storm in every corner of the country. Schools and clubs everywhere are giving us high marks for turning a corner of the gym into a dynamic profit center.
If you already operate a pro shop, it's time to put Alpha Factor Aerials to the test. Our leotards, shirts, and pants are all made with the same durability and legendary craftsmanship of our competitive wear. But with hot prints, fresh styles, and unbeatable price points to outsell those old consignment goods every time.
If you haven't started your pro shop yet, we'll show you how to effectively use our bold displays, posters, and proven merchandising and marketing system that keeps your best sellers in stock. Just write to us on your school or club letterhead, and we'll send you our free brochure.
Alpha Factor Aerials. We're up to the test.
Alpha Factor 333 East Seventh Avenue P.O. Box 709 • York, PA 17405-0709 Phone (717) 852-6920 or 1-800-8ALPHA8
Alpha Factor@ -......
~
AerialsTM © 1992 Tighe Industries, Inc. Member: United States Gymnastics Suppliers Association
I EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS I PuBLICATIONS
Use the order form on page 2 to order an,y of these publications.
Coaching Coachillg YOIlIlg Athletes (1981 , Martens, paper, 200 pp) • This book
introduces and explains the basics of coaching philosophy, sport psychology, teaching sport skill s, sport physiology, sports medi-cine and parent management. #13 $22.00
SeqJ/ent ial Gymuastics II: The Il lstructor'sGJ/ide(1992; Hacker etal, 108 pp) • Used in conjunction with USA Gymnastics PDP Level I Coach Accreditation, this book is designed specifically for the gymnastics teacher to provide basic gymnastics skill progres-sions. #3604 $13.00
Rookie Conches GYlllllnstics Guide (1992, USGF / ACEr, paper, 80 pp) • A combination of coaching advice and gymnastics information for the entry-level gymnastics coach. This book is one of the required texts for USA Gymnastics PDP Levell Coaching Accreditation.
#3608 58.95
Competitive Men FIG Code of Poillts (1992-96, FIG, paper) • The offici al international
competitive guideline book \·vi th skill difficulty ratings. #1201 $39.95
JUlliorOIYlllpic Progralll- JOPC (1992, USA Gymnastics, 3-ring binder, 130 pp) • Includes graded levels of compulsory exercises as well as mod ified optionals. Competitions are conducted at the local, s ta te, regional, and national levels. #1202 $29.95
Olympic Development Progralll- ODP (1992, USA Gymnastics, paper, 41 pp) • This skill s testing program is designed to identify talented and promising gymnasts as well as for the education and training of the coaches. #60 57.50
Competitive Rhythmic FIG Code of Poillts (1 992-96, FIG, bind er, 213pp) • The official inter
nalional competitive guideline book with skill difficulty ratings. #1301 539.95
Competitive Women Compl/ /sory Text (1992-96, USA Gymnastics, 3-ring binder, 203 pp) •
USG F Junior Olympic Compulsory Program, Levels 1-4, 5-7 and 10. USGF Pro-member price: #1111 524.95
FIG Code of Poillts (1992-96, FIG, binder, XX pp) • The official interna tiona l competitive guide line book with skill difficulty rat-ings. #1101 539.95
Elementary & Preschool Make the Team: Gyulll fls tics for Girls (1991 , Whitlock,
NEW paper, 127 pp, Sports Illustrated for Kids: Little, Brown and Co.) • Desig ned for young girls expressing inter
est in gymnas tics, this book includes tips, ad vice, illustrations, and more to help them get started in a sport that is great fu n and great exercise. #3630 55.95
Des iglll'llg Preschool Movement Programs (1992, Sanders, pa per, 152 pp) • Both a detai led guide for developing a preschool/ movement curriculum and a resource containing developmentally appropriate movement act ivities. #3626 516.00
Developmelltnl GY"lHnstics (1 990, O'Quinn, paper, 218 pp) . Gymnastics movement education program for kindergarden th rough 3rd grade. #3605 519.95
Fitness F1I1I:85 Gamesnlld Activities /orChildrm (1992; Foster, Hartinger & Smith; paper; 112 pp) • Provides children with unique and enjoyable ac tivities tha t consider muscular strength, muscula r endurance, nexibil ity, and card iorespiratory fitness. Great for K-8. #3601 $12.00
Grent Gnllles for YOIlIlg Peopte (1991; Gutafson, Wolfe & King; paper; 152 pp) • Contains 60 field-tested ga mes and relays for upper elementary through high school. Included: complete descriptions, gamediagrams,suggestionsformodifications,equipmentneeded, and sa fety tips. #3623 512.00
I C(lII Do GYl1lllastics: Esselltial Skills for Begilllling Gymnasts (1992, Hackere t at paper, 139) • This is the student version of Sequen tial Gymllastics ll. Fully illustrated gymnastics movement sequences activities: Learn to fa ll, Across the floor, Over the vault, On the beam, Around the bars, Rhythmic skill s. #3611 513.00
Movement Activities for Early Childhood (1992, Totsky-Hammett , paper, 152 pp) • 100+ child- tested movement act ivities that make learning new skills fun for preschoolers. Four movement areas: locomotor, ball-handling, gynmastics skill s, and rhythmic activi-ties. #3622 $15.00
The JlI1l1p Rope Primer (1991 , Solis & Bud ris, spi ral, 104 pp) • Part I is an introduction to rope jumping; Part II contains over 175 illust rations of specific skill s; and Part III provides an 8-lesson unit from the basic 2-foot jump to Double Dutch. #3624 $15.00
22
The jl/mp Rope Primer Video (1 991, 1/ 2" VHS) • Video demonstrations of all the jump rope techniques included in the book, making them easy to understand and teach. #3625 $49.95
Gymnastics I Can Do Gymnastics: Essential Skills fo r Intermediate
NEW GY"lllnsts (1 993, Hacker, et al. paper, 179 pp, Masters Press) • The sequel to I Call Do GYlllllastics: Esselilial
Skills for Beginner GYlllllasts. Intermedia te skills for tumbling, vaulting, beam and low bar. The" Advanced Supplement" provides the instructor w ith sugges tions for skill development on uneven bars, parallel bars, rings, and pommel horse as well as more advanced tumbling skills. Great for recrea tion classes! #3600 $14.95
Artistic Gymnastics: A Comprehensive Guide to Performing alld Teachillg Skills for Begillllersalld Aduallced Begitillers (1 991, Turoff, paper, 41 3 pp) . All of the skill s covered in this text are A-level or easier. Each skill is presented with a description of how it should be performed, a short li st of common problems, and teaching sugges-tions. Covers men's and women's events. #50 $21.95
Creatillg Gynlllasfics Pyramids and Bala1/ces (1989, Fodero & Furblur, spiral, 120 pp) • Pyramid building is safe and fun with the thorough instructions and guidelines found in this guide. Choose from 268 carefully illustrated and explained formations.
#3614 $18.00
Dance Choreography for Competitive Gymnastics (1 990, Gu la, paper, 176 pp) • Focuses on how dance techniques can, and should, be applied to the training of gymnasts. The book helps the reader use combinations of dance steps to create complete choreographed sequences for floor and beam. #3628 $21.00
Dallce Workout: 1-5 (1992, USA Gymnastics, spira l, 46 pp) • Educational program designed specifically for the developmental gymnast. The entire program is also available on 1f2" VHS.
#2170 515.00
Dance Trailli llg for Gymnastics (1 988, Pica, cloth, 160 pp) • For gymnasts, coaches and dance instructors. Purpose: to d efin e the role of dance in gymnas tics. #3629 525.00
Gymnastics: A Gllide for Parentsaud Atlifetes (1 992, Feeney, paper, 171 pp) - An excellent book for beginners as well as experienced gymnasts. Contains informa tion to guide parents and athletes in choosing a gymnastics program that "viii best suit their needs. Provides pertinent information on safety, conditioning, and the guidlines of the sport. #3612 $15.00
HealthJFitness Fitness Leaders Halldbook (1 989, Franks & HO\vley, paper, 276 pp) •
For exercise leaders with little formal training but whoare responsible for leading safe and effective fi tness classes. Includes: evaluation, practical competencies, forms, helpful hints, injury preven-tion stra tegies, and much more. #3619 $19.00
Mnrketillg Henlth/Fitlless Services (1 989, Gerson, cloth, 136 pp) • A marketing guid e showing how to enhance the business side of an operation and achieve optimal profit with minimal financia l risk. It takes the readers step-by-step through wri ting and implement-ing a marketing/business plan. #3616 $21.00
Ropics: The Next Ju mp Fonllard ill Fitness (1992, paper, 168 pp) • A great fitness program for all. Includes 34 basic to ad vanced rope techniques and va riations. #3621 $12.95
SCI/iors 011 the Move (1986, Rikkers, spiral , 256 pp) • Selected exercises and health / fitness program for seniors. #3620 $26.00
Nutrition He/pillg Athletes witli Eating Disorders (1993, Thomp
NEW son and Sherman, cloth, 208 pp, Human Kinetics) • This p ractical guide explains how sports medicine
specialis ts, sport psychologists, sports nutritionists, and coaches can identi fy, manage, and prevent the three major ea ting disord ers in athletes: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder not otherwise speci fi ed. #3631 $25.00
Conches GllidetoNlltritiOllalld Weigllt Con trol (1990, Eisenman, paper, 192 pp). A practical guide to sports nutrition which translates the sciences of physiology, biochemistry and nutrition into easily applied information. Includes an excellent chapter on the signs of ea ting disorders. #17 $22.00
Sport (General) joy and Sadness ill Childrell's Sports (1978, Martens, paper, 376 pp).
36 articles based upon pertinence, succinctness & quality of wri ting. The book emphasizes the joy of sports, but also examines those events that create sad ness. #15 $19.95
Posters Bill of Rights for YOl/lIg Atiltetes (1 984, AAHPERD) • Lists 12 impor-
tant rights of a lhletes. #3603 $5.00
5nfety Poster #1: Safety Gllide/illes (USA Gymnastics) #6101 $5.00
Safety Poster #2: Responsibilities of the Gymnast (USA Gymnastics) #6102 $5.00
Safety Poster #3: Mnt Snfety (USA Gymnastics) #6101 $5.00
Safety Poster #4: Snfety First! (USA Gymnastics) #6101 $5.00
Sport Psychology Adv",lces ill Sport Psychology (1992, Willis & Campbell , cloth, 272 pp)
• Text providing broad coverage of research, theory and practical applica tions in exercise psychology. Real-life scenarios help readers understand how to apply theoretical models and research in the fitness setting. #3617 542.00
III Pursuit of Excellence: How to Wi,l iu Sport aud Life Through Mental Trail/illg (1990, Orlick, paper, 208 pp) • Text covering basic sport psychology techniques of concentrat ion, winning, losing, and competing successfully. #14 514.95
Milldset for Willl/illg (Curtis) • This coaching system is designed to improve the mental preparation of athletes. It is an entire mental training program which includes: coaching manual; athlete's log; cassette, and VHS tape. #3603 $69.95
Sport Science Ergogell ic Aids ill Sport (1 983, Williams, doth, 386 pp) • The aids a re
grouped into 5 ca tegories: nutritional , pharmacological, physi-ological, psychological, and mechanica l. #19 $28.95
Livillg AllntolllY (1990, Donnelly, spiral, 231 pp) • Designed for physical education teachers, coaches and / or trainers. Learn about the human body in a manner that is applicable to the daily activities of you r field. #16 519.50
Physiology of Fitlless (1990, Sharkey, paper, 432 pp) • An up-to-date guide to the prescription of exercise for health, fitness & performance. The book is divided into 5 parts: aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, fitness & weight. control, fitness & hea lth, and fitness & li fes tyle. #12 $17.95
Toward an Understanding of Human Performallce (1980, Burke, paper, 3 11 pp) • Readings in exercise physiology for the coach and a thlete. #18 521.00
Sports (General) Dnre to Dren lll (1992, Daggett, cloth, 235 pp) • Tim Daggett's own
account of his pursuit of a gymnastics dream. A positive, motivat-ing and inspiring story. #3615 $18.00
Portrait of nil Atiltete (1 992, Durbin, paper, 88 pp) • This book emphasizes the ideals that make athletes successful in both sports and life. It features advice, motiva tion, and values that help young people understand what athletics can mean to their future.
#3627 58.95
Strength/Conditioning Mell 's 1993 COllditionillg Program - (1993; Sands, et al;
NEW paper, approx. 25 pp, USGF Publica tions) • A com-prehensive conditioning plan designed for the de
mands of men's gymnastics. The components of the plan include the Calisthenic Strength Program, the Flexibility Program, and Injury Prevention Exercises. Periodization charts and illustrations of all of the exercises a re included. #3632 $6.00
Development of the COllditiolling Factors ill Elite Gymllastics (1989, Hullner, paper, 51 pp). This booklet was originally developed for the men's events, but a lso has broad applicability to the women's events. #1212 $16.00
The Fifth Evellt - (1992;Sands, et a l; paper, 42 pp) • A comprehensive conditioning plan designed for the demands of women's gymnastics. The components of the plan include the Calisthenic Strength Program, the Flexibility Program, and Injury Prevention Exer-cises. #3613 512.50
StrengthIPower jllmpillg ill to Plyometrics (1992, Chu, paper, 88 pp) • How to develop
a sa fe plyometric training program. Features 90 fully illustrated example plyometric exercises. #3618 $12.95
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Sports Medicine
SHOULDER COMPLEX: B lOME CHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS G
ymnastics has
long been re
garded as a
well-rounded,
developmental activity, Glenohumeral
Joint
positively entrenched in a
variety of movement
patterns for the entire
body. Increases in
Scapula
Humerus
muscular strength and
endurance, flexibility,
neuromuscular
coordination, agility, and
kinesthetic awareness are
a few of the examples derived from
gymnastic participation. It may be that
gymnastics provides a special
contribution to the development of the
shoulder complex. This contribution is
particularly relevant in societies where
life styles, and most of the sports activities
offered to youth, do not produce adequate
shoulder development. The lack of upper
body development is particularly
applicable to the American society.
Improved athletic performance, and the
opportunity to impact on needed upper
body development, cannot be fully
realized unless the gymnastic community
understands the biomechanical relation
ships between parts of the shoulder
complex.
TECHNIQUE May 1993
TIlE SHOULDER COMPLEX
Shoulder Complex Relationships Shoulder complex defined
The shoulder complex is made up of a combination of the shoulder joint and the shoulder girdle. A shoulder joint is the articulation between the humerus and the glenoid fossa (glenohumeral joint). The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle, scapula, and related ar ticulations. Normal interplay between parts of the shoulder complex provide an important key to successful performance.
Interplay of action Analyzing relationships between the articulations
of the shoulder complex is probably the most challengingstudy of the musculoskeletal structure (Engin, 1980). Effective relationships between the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint provide a compatible interplay of action. A primary outcome is the alignment of the glenoid fossa in an auspicious position for moving the humerus during gymnastic skills. A 2:1 displacement ratio, between the humerus and scapula, is considered to be a favorable interplay (Arnheim and Prentice, 1993; Kreighbaum and Barthels, 1990). An example of the interplay can be applied to performing a swing in the long hang to a kip on the uneven bars or horizontal bar
23
William L. Cornelius, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Education University of North Texas
The shoulder
complex can be
particularly well
suited for
gymnastic
activities.
Anatomical
design allows high
levels of joint
range of motion
(ROM) at the
shoulder joint,
permitting
virtuosity in
performance.
24
events. The humerus flexes at the shoulder joint to a position overhead when swinging for- Subscapularis ward in a long hang. The glenoid fossa must be in a favorable position; therefore, the scapula upwardly rotates to accommo-date this interplay between the humerus and scapula. Without scapula upward rotation, the humerus will be unable to reach a technically correct position during the forward swing. The humerus is then extended ap-proximately 170 degrees, from the long hang to a front support, and the scapula cooperates by rotating downward about 85 degrees.
The initiator Shoulder girdle movements precede humerus
manipulation in many gymnastic skills. This provides a stable base upon which the humerus is able to perform, particularly when the humerus acts against resistance. A number of muscles that move the humerus originate on the scapula; therefore, the scapula must be stabilized. Scapula movers cooperate by initiating movement as the humerus prepares to be manipulated. The stable base (scapula) initiates the gymnastic maneuver by moving in the same direction as the body segment (humerus) to be relocated. This principle is relied upon to create a
ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES
ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLE
firm base upon which the bony segment can be manipulated (Kreighbaum and Barthels, 1990). For example, there are a number of gymnastic skills requiring shoulder joint flexion, similar to that required in performing a pushup from a prone lying position on the floor into a front support. The gymnast would manipulate the body as the resistance. This requires that the scapula initiate the action by abducting. The purpose of this initial shoulder girdle action is to prevent scapula adduction caused by the reaction force of the floor. Consequently, the stable base of the scapula provides necessary cooperation essential in facilitating movements of the humerus.
Joint Range of Motion and Stability
.... ---"'-7'---lnrraspinatus
The shoulder complex can be particularly well suited for gymnastic activities. Anatomical design allows high levels of joint range of motion (ROM) at the shoulder joint, permitting virtuosity in performance. However, high ROM is not necessarily accompanied by the same level of stability. A lower level of stability in this complex occurs because of the nature of the bony articula tions and ligaments. For example, weak stability is present at the shoulder joint with a shallow glenoid fossa and limited ligamentous contributions. It is essential to strengthen the muscles of the shoulder complex in order to increase joint stability. The shoulder complex must rely on mu scula r strength to provide grea ter stabilizing vector magnitudes from muscle force
Teres Minor
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Sports Medicine
resultants. Consequently, rotator cuff muscles are of particular importance in maintaining shoulder joint integrity.
Force couple cooperation Three of the rota tor cuff muscles
(subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor) cooperate with the medial deltoid during abduction of the humerus. This functional unit acts as a force couple in this manipulation. These rotator cuff muscles act to keep the head of the humerus off the scapula (acromion p rocess)
Supraspinatus
Subscapularis
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
when the medial deltoid pulls on the humerus. The medial deltoid is primarily a shoulder joint stabilizer when the arm is positioned in the anatomica l position (at sides of body). The resolution of the medial d eltoid resultant force d em on-strates, therefore, a large stabilizing and a small angular force component, during humerus abduction, from a point at or near the anatomical position. The supraspinatus becomes the primary abductor when the humerus is displaced 60 degrees from the anatomical position. The stabilizing effect produced by the medial deltoid is appropriately neutralized by the three rotator cuff muscles because of their inward and downward line of pull on the humeral head. Consequently, proper shoulder joint integrity is maintained because the rotator cuff muscles keep the humeral head in a functional position for rotation around the anteroposterior axis. Further cooperation is evident from scapula movers as the humerus displaces, from a point of 25 degrees of humerus abduction, to the terminal point in ROM. Shoulder girdle movers manipulate the scapula in to upward rotation, favorably aligning the glenoid fossa for movement of the humerus to a position of full amplitude above the head.
Summary Better understanding biomechanica l relationships
of the shoulder complex may be one of the significant stimuli by which improved gymnastic performance and it's benefits are unleashed. Shoulder complex relationships have much to do with increased ROM and stability. Understanding these relationships act as one of the significant springboards by which improvements in gymnastic performance can be accomplished .
TECHNIQUE May 1993
ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES
References Arnheim, D.O., & Prentice, W.E. (1993). Principles of athletic training (8th ed .). St. Louis: Mosby Year Book.
Engin, A.E. (1980). On the biomechanics of the shoulder complex. Journal of Biomechanics, 13(7), 575-590.
Kreighbaum, K., & Barthels, K.M. (1990). Biomechanics: a qualitative approach for studying human movement (3rd ed .). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Illustrations The illustrations for this article were taken from
Living Anatomy (Second Edition) by JosephE. Donnelly, Ed .D.
This book takes a non-traditional, hands-on approach that helps one learn the essentials of anatomy quickly, easily and more functionally. Students can locate anatomical structures on partners and then learn the structures' functions by manipulating their partner's movements. By becoming anatomy "practitioners," they learn what is relevant and applicable.
Contents The Basics • Upper Extremity • Trunk, Thorax
and Abdomen • Lower Extremity • Internal Anatomy • Microanatomy of Muscle Contraction
Livillg Anatomy is available from USA Gymnastics Merchandise (use the order form on page 2). #16, $19.50.
25
Shoulder complex
relationships have
much to do with
increased ROM
and stability.
Understanding
these relationships
act as one of the
significant
springboards by
which
improvements in
gymnastic
performance can
be accomplished.
Patti Komara
TEN Co MENTS OF TEACHING
lING TO
PRESCHOOLERS
T umbling is the basis for all gymnastics.
Skills learned on this event should be
mastered in a very progressional order
from the most simple to the more difficult. Even
preschool children can master tumbling skills if
presented with proper instruction and in an enthusiastic
manner. I use eight positions including pike, v-sit,
STRADDLE
butterflies, straddle,
squat, lunge, bridge,
(for five year olds and
older only) and Ta-Da! (straight body). Preschoolers
need to learn these positions until they become
instinctive-later on, this will make it easier for them to
understand your directions when learning tumbling
skills. Review these positions at
every class.
Presented below are Ten
Commandments of Teaching
Tumbling to Preschoolers
following these suggestions will
make you and your instructors
better coaches and more effective
teachers.
26
o N E
POSITION FOR MOVEMENT Don't stand in one place and shout out corrections to
the children-follow them down the mat while providing encouraging positive comments. Instead of comments such as, "Your toes aren't pointed. Your knees are bent."-try saying, "GREAT JOB! Next time, can you point your toes like pencil points?" In this instance you've provided positive reinforcement, given them one correction to think about, and you've asked, question. I've found that if you ask children questions, you get thinkers-if you just tell them, you get doers.
T w o
STRUCTURE THE CLASS Prepare and use a skill progression sheet for each
class and for each lesson. At the conclusion of the lesson, record what you've accomplished that day in order to keep an accurate record of skills taught to each class. Set skill goals for each of your classes. It is helpful to provide the parents with a written list of your goals. For example, you may have established the goal of each child doing forward and backward rolls and a cartwheel in three months. Enlist the help of the parents. Give them practice sheets with illustrations to take home and check-off as the children practice. Put together practice calendars to hang on the refrigerator to
encourage daily practice. A practice calendar is a blank calendar where you have put one skill or exercise to do on each day of the month. At the end of the three
months award certificates to show the parents their children's progress. To make preschool classes successful, you need to make it fun for the child, but als(' demonstrate to the parents tha the children have progressed. In this business we have two customers ... we must make both of them happy.
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
T H R E E
TEACH In the Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide, an IDEA for
teaching gymnastics skills was presented.
I Introduce the skill.
D Demonstrate the skill.
E Explain the skill.
A Attend to the athletes practicing the skill.
First, you introduce the skill by getting your students' attention and then naming and explaining the importance of the skill. Then, demonstrate the skill being taught. This is the first of three important senses you'll incorporate into your instruction-visual, auditory and kinesthetic. This allows the gymnasts to SEE a picture of what they will be performing. Next you explain the skill so that they can LISTEN to the description and ask questions. Finally, if you spot them on the skill, they can FEEL the skill and gain confidence to perform it on their own. Incorporate all three senses every time you teach a new skill.
If you are fortunate enough to have the ability to demonstrate the skills yourself, this can help to establish credibility with the parents and children as well. If you are unable to perform a skill correctly, have another coach or someone skilled in gymnastics perform the demonstration, or show a videotape performance of the skill.
TECHNIQUE May 1993
Preschool Gymnastics
F o u R
USE GOOD EQUIPMENT I consider the three keys to success in this business as
facility, curriculum, and staff. You should have the newest, safest and most innovative equipment on the market. A new piece of equipment creates excitement in the gym. Purchase equipment that really makes learning skills easier. For preschoolers the equipment should be colorful and bright. All of the major equipment companies sell "skill builder equipment" such as incline mats, donuts, octagons, and trapezoids. My suggested minimum list of this kind of equipment for teaching preschoolers includes several rainbow panel mats, a Tumblebear Square, a small trapezoid, a 4' wide incline mat, a handstand rail, a set of parallettes, and a cartwheel mat. The more equipment you have,
the greater number of LUNGE students you can ser-
27
Enlist the help of
the parents. Give
them practice
sheets with
illustrations to
take home and
check -off as the
children practice.
Put together
practice calendars
to hang on the
refrigerator to
encourage daily
practice. A
practice calendar
is a blank calendar
where you have
put one skill or
exercise to do on
each day of the
month.
Always tell the
parents about the
extra safety
measures that you
take. Teach the
children safety
landing and
falling drills
before permitting
them on raised
equipment.
V-SIT vice at one time and the easier it is on the instructors. Of course, make sure every instructor is trained and knows the types of drills that can be taught on your equipment. If you have it, use it!-equipment standing idle in the corner of the gym does no one any good. An expenditure on preschool equipment is always a good return on investment.
F I v E
MAKE IT SAFE Always keep safety in mind. Many preschoolers'
parents are leery of gymnastics activities anyway. Always tell the parents about the extra safety measures that you take. Teach the children safety landing and falling drills before permitting them on raised equipment. If you're having the children practice landings and dismounts, inform the children (and the parents) why 4" mats are better for landings than thicker skill cushions. When introducing a new skill, lower the equipment and /or put an 8" skill cushion undernea th for added protection. Always check the spin locks before the students mount the equipment. Make sure your staff is USGF Safety Certified and be "business smart" enough to market this fac t. I suggest that you display your instructors' Safety Certificates in the lobby.
S I x
BUILD in FUN Be enthusiastic w hen you teach I A monotone voice
won't get your students excited about learning new skills. Cheerleaders and actors make grea t teachers because they know that facial expression and voice inflection are important. A coach 's smile can give a great boost to an unsure young athlete. Also, students will only be as excited about your class as you are-if you think teaching is boring, it will show to your students.
28
s E v E N
LIVEN IT UP Of all the Commandments, perhaps this is the most
important-ifitisn't fun, the s tudents won't come back! There are many ways to keep the classes fun. The instructor can wear funny glasses, put on a funny hat, or change her / his vocal accent to make the students laugh. Consider laughter from your students a sign of enjoyment, not waning discipline. Make classes fun by including a variety of activities and a variety of equipment. Use themes such as Outer Space Week, Ninja Turtle Week, or Hollywood Day. In this way, the students can use their imagination while they learn movement and gymnastics skills. All day long preschoolers hear, "Sit still. Be quiet. Don't run." They will find it fun and exciting to have the opportunity to MOVE!
For the older students, skill learning itself is fun. When they climb into the car at the end of the lesson, you want them bubbling over with excitement and enthusiasm as they tell their parent wha t they lea rned . "We did a front handspring today Mom ... it was so cool! We were flipping over a barrel. It was so fun! "
As an instructor, your classes will be as fun as you make them . If you are enthusiastic and excited about your class, then your students will be too . Have fun yourself!
E I G H T
INVOLVE VISUAL CUES When teaching preschool gymnastics, it is often
helpful to use props to assist the children 's hand and foot placement. Use equipment such as rubber hand and footprints, rubber safety spots, targets or shapes. Carpet squares, hula hoops, cones, ropes and even chalked X-marks on the mat can be effective visual cues. The more cueing that is given to a preschooler the more success they w ill achieve-and success promotes positive selfesteem. You can find this kind of equipment at w holesa le compan ies such as Flaghouse, Gym Closet, and Sportime. A reference lis t of some equipment companies is included at the end of this article on page 31. SQUAT
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
BUTTERFLIES N I N E
N EVER be NEGATIVE Research indicates that when teaching any skill, it
must be repeated at least three to five times. Young children find it d ifficult to remember corrections from one lesson to the next. Concentrate on TEACHING instead of simply running through a whole list of skills. I suggest that you make it a goal to teach the students at least one new thing in each class. If the skill for the day is a forward roll, introduce it early in the lesson plan and then reinforce it at the other stations. For instance, after a dismount from the bars, the students can do a forward roll with a great landing-Ta-Da! End the class with relays that start from a forward roll when it is each child 's turn.
Devote part of each class to working on skills that the gymnasts have already learned. Repetition is a necessary part of mastering skills. It's easy in a 45-minu te preschool class to jump around and do different skills instead of taking time to repeat what was taught the prior week. For a preschooler a week seems like a life time and they don't remember what was done the prior week. Always review and then progress. If the children are progressing the parents will recognize the value of the class.
T E N
GIVE ACHIEVABLE GOALS Even the most basic skills to you can become monu
mental tasks to preschoolers, so these are best taught by the part-whole method . It becomes a circle of achievement when you can break the skill down in to achievable parts; therefore raising the children's self-esteem and encouraging them to try something new. Make your program success-oriented by cultivating a feeling of, "Show me something else ... teach me something new."
When you design preschool sta tions, crea te them so the child can immediately achieve the objective and, therefore, understand and internalize another part of the whole skill you are teaching. I've found that often times instructors who themselves had achieved a high level of skill in gymnastics have the hardest time with this suggestion! They assume the children know even
TECHNIQUE May 1993
Preschool Gymnastics
the simplest instruction. Encourage the instructors to break the skill down into component parts and using the eight basic positions which they review at the beginning of every class. The students will find it much easier to learn in this manner.
Other hints When teaching the very young preschoolers during
their fi rst lesson, you might have some children apprehensive and even cry. I permit the parent to come out onto the floor with the apprehensive child. "Teaching with comfort" is a nice philosophy with youngsters. If a child doesn 't participate in a class the parent might approach you with their concerns at the end of the class. Tell the parent to ask the child when they get home what they learned at the class. Even though the child might have sat during the entire class, they will probably still be able to show what the class d id that day! Suggest to the parent that observation was the child 's form of participation for that class.
Discipline can be a problem. If you have a child who is very rowdy and unruly, try this little game. Tell the child it seems he/ she has too much energy and will need to sit on the "energy seat" for a minute so that all this excess energy can drain into the chair. When it is all drained away, he or she can rejoin the others in the group.
There are many ways you can teach tumbling to preschoolers- some teach the skills across a mat, some teach from stations of equipment, and others u tilize a long obstacle course. There are pros and cons to all of the approaches, but I prefer cross mat tumbling. This way I can keep all the students busy at one time, while going u p and down the mat giving corrections and suggestions to each student. Regardless of the method you select, the important thing is for the instructor to maintain close supervision of the entire group while having the opportunity to provide ind ividual feedback to each child.
Us ing these ten commandments will help you be a more effective instructor. Keep them foremost in your mind w hile yo u teach. You've heard it said you can tell a good dance teacher by the dancers she turns out... are you turning out good gymnas ts ? Use these suggestions and wait and see, good luck! TA-DR
29
Patti has owned and operated her own gymnastics school for the last 24 years in Dyer, Indiana. Pa tti has 1500 students in gymnastics, Tumblebear, dance, Step Reebok, cheerleading, swimming and her mobile gymnastics program. Patti has produced over 25 videotapes on instructing preschool and business topics . Her tapes have been sold in every state and eight foreign countries. Ms. Komara is USGF Safety Certified and is a certified aerobics instructor with AFFA and ACE. For more specific information on this topic and many o thers concerning preschool gymnastics and business, contact Patti Komara for her latest catalog of resources. (219)8652274 or 1530 Joliet St., Dyer, IN 46311
Preschool Gymnastics
Next month
Tumbling Skills:
When and How
to Teach Them
TEN FOR
PRESCHOOL TuMBLING
ONE POSITION FOR MOVEMENT
TWO STRUCTURE THE CLASS
THREE T EACH
FOUR USE GOOD EQUIPMENT
FIVE MAKE IT SAFE
SIX BUILD in FUN
SEVEN LIVEN IT UP
EIGHT INVOLVE VISUAL CUES
NINE N EVER be NEGATIVE
TEN GIVE ACHIEVABLE GOALS
NOTE: To help you remember the 10 Commandments, the first letter of each commandment spells out "PreSchool TUMBLING"
Patti Komara's Tumblebear Gym Program a Instructional Videotapes
Patti Komara, national clinician since 1981
7 New 1993 Releases Item #07. New Cartwheel Teaching Ideas .................. ..... .... .... ............................... ...... ...... ..... ..... ... ...•.. .............. .. $29.95
This tape is less than 30 minutes, but you won't believe how many ways there are of teaching a cartwheel to a preschooler!
Item #08. Teaching Tumbling to Preschoolers ..... ................ ...................... ... ......... ...... ........ ......... ... .. .. .. .......... ... .. $39.95 If all you 're looking for is tumbling, this is the tape for you .
Item #09. Bars, Beam & Vault for Preschoolers .... .. ....... .. ... ... ..... . ... ..... .......... ... .. . ........ ..... ... ..... ....... ...... ..... ..... .... . $39.95 If you're stuck for ways to keep kids busy at these areas and need curriculum ideas, try this tape!
Item #12. Teaching Mom & Tot Classes ................................. .......... . ....... .... .. ........ ......... ..... .. . ....... ...................... $39.95 Patti discuses what to teach, how to do it, teachers, and marketing to recruit tots in your classes.
Item #16. Celebrate the Holidays the Gymnastic Way ....... ......... ........... .... .. .. .. ............ ... ... ..... ...... ........ .... ...... . .. . ... . $39.95 How much should we celebrate the holidays? Patti shows you the excitement holidays bring to class, while keeping gymnastics in the lesson.
School-Age Materials Item #26. Special School-Age Lesson Plans & Themes ... .... ....... ....... ......... .... . ..... ............. ... ..... $39.95 fI~
Patti has thrilled you with preschool. Now let her help you with school-age. Patti includes themes to be used 'f1 ~ for ages 6-12. ~~.
Item #27. School-Age Curriculum Sheets for Boys & Girls ........................................................ $29.95 94mnosrf Patti's curriculum includes 3 levels of skills in a progressional order separated for girls and boys ages 6-12. &Firness Cenier~
Use your VISA/Me & order today. We ship within 48 hours (219) 865-2274
30
1530 Joliet Sl. Dyer. IN 463t 1 (219) 865-2274
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Resources
EQUIPMENT & RESOURCE COMPANIES Gymnastics Equipment & Mats American Athletic, Inc. .... .. ..................... (800) 247-3978
Carolina Gym Supply Corp ...... .. ... .... .... (919) 942-4620 Freedom Sports Ltd .......................... ....... (604) 980-4645 Gerstung ................ .. ...... .. ... ..... .. .. ............. (800) 922-3575 Gibson .......................... .. .. .. .. ..................... (800) 275-5999 GMR ..... .. .. ..... ... ......................................... (800) 241-9249
Gym Corp .. ............................................... (800) 451-4345 Gymnastic Supply Corp (GSC) ............. (800) 435-3333 Mancino ................................................. .. . (800) 338-6287 Nissen Sports Academy, Inc. ................. (319) 462-3516
Norbert's Athletic Products, Inc ............ (310) 548-1908 Progressive GymnastiCS ......................... (817) 383-2866 Resilite .............................................. .. ....... (800) 843-6287 Romp-N-Roll Gym Buff/Tiffin Athletic Mats, Inc. ...................................... ..... .... .... ................. (203) 693-4191 Spieth Anderson ........ ...................... ........ (800) 331-8068 USA Gymnastics Supply ........................ (316) 792-2209
PE Equipment (small motor and visual cuing aids) Chime Time .................................... .. ........ (800) 477-5075 Flaghouse ..................... ... .... ..... ........ ...... .. . (800) 221-5185 Gym Closet .......... ................. .. .. ................ (800) 445-8873 Gym Trix, Inc ............ ..... ...... .. ... ... ... ......... (817) 694-4214 Gymtastics ............................. .. ................. (201) 378-3709 Learning Products, Inc. Ideas at Play .. . (314) 997-6400 Physical Fun Products, Inc .... .. .......... .... (915) 542-1153 Rhythmic Gymnastics .......... .. ......... ...... .. (201) 343-7424 Sportime ........................... ... ...................... (800) 283-5700 U.s. Games .................... .. ............. ... ... ...... (800) 327-0484 UCS Inc. .......... .................... ....... ...... ......... (914) 365-2333 VTL (Doug Davis) .... ...... .. ....................... (517) 772-4058 Wee Grip Mini-Bars .......... .. ... .. .... .. ......... (812) 948-7709
Used Equipment Naples Gym Supply .. .... ...... ...... .............. (813) 598-3700 ProgreSSive Gymnastics ..... ..... ............... (214) 436-6541 Ranger Rick ...................................... .. ...... (800) 451-0017
Records, Tapes, Publications Educational Activities ......... ... ................. (800) 645-3739 Floor Express Music ..... ..... .. .. .................. (303) 668-3777 Kimbo Educational ............. ....... .. ..... ... .... (800) 631-2187 Masters Press .......... .............................. .. .. (317) 298-5703 Progressive Sounds ................................ (602) 722- 4372 Tumblebear Enterprises (Patti Komara)(219) 865-2274 United Productions ................................. (800) 535-1800
Stickers, Stamps, Ribbons & Medals A -1 Awards, Inc ....................................... (317) 546-9000 Goller Associates (Medals) ..................... (615) 329-3007 Hodges Badge Company, Inc ... .. ........... (401) 847-2000
TECHNIQUE May 1993
Johnson Specialties ............... ... ...... .. ...... .. (800) 221-6714 Knight Toy & Novelty Co .......... ... .. ........ (516) 378-4360 Stickers & Rewards ..................... .. ........... (800) 228-0040 The Official Sticker Catalog .................. .. (815) 224-2090 The Stamp Pad Co., Inc. ....... .... ............... (612) 263-6646 Volk Corp. (Ribbons) .. .... ....... .................. (800) 521-6799
Tumblebus (mobile gymnastics to daycares) Brenda Scharlow ...................................... (812) 948-7709
Decoration & Props Elite Technology Corp ............. ............ .... (913) 469-5554 International Gymnast Magazine .......... (619) 722-0030 Mahoney Systems .................................... (704) 392-7044 Oriental Trading Co ......... ... ....... .. ........... (800) 228-2269 Stumps ....................................................... (800) 348-5084 U. S . Toy Co., Inc. .................................... (800) 255-6124
Gymnastics Apparel Alpha Factor .. ....................................... .... (717) 252-1578 Baile & Associates, Inc ............................ (303) 259-5808 Bodipax ...................................................... (800) 982-8777 Egan Screenprinting ................................ (805) 964-7197 Elite Sportswear, L.P ................. .. ............ (215) 376-6522 Frank Endo Co ......................................... (213) 770-0193 Gibson, Inc. ...................... ..... .................... (303) 937-1012 International Gymnast Magazine ........ .. (619) 722-0030 Jammin .................... .. ... ............................. (714) 778-3855 Leo's Dancewear Inc. ............................... (312) 889-7700 Nine Nines ......................... ..... .... .............. (609) 467-2705 Norco Athletic Supply ............................ (800) 321-9809 Pegasus Gymnastics Equipment, Inc. ... (303) 424-9696 Reebok International .............................. . (617) 341-5000 Swede-O, Inc. .......... ...... ....................... ..... (612) 674-8301 Tone Zone ............................... .. ...... .. ........ (702) 827-8688 USA Gymnastics .......... .... ... ... .. .. .. ............ (317) 237-5060 Valentines ............................ ....... ............... (503) 635-7460 Walk & Associates /Christian ........ ....... (703) 830-2636 Zin-Kin Sports, Inc. .................................. (714) 641-0880
Gymnastics Insurance City Securities Insurance / USGF ........... (317) 634-4400 K&K Insurance Group, Inc./USGF ....... (219) 455-3000 Market/Rhulen Underwriters & Brokers ............ ... ..................... ... ........ .................. ... (800) 431-1270
Gymnastics Business ProductsNideosl Software Classroom Systems .................................. (615) 984-2221 Collegiate Resource Team ............ .......... (619) 744-8390 Gatorade .................................................... (312) 222-6463 Leaf, Inc. ...... ..... .................. .. .................. .. . (706) 543-8116 School Management Solutions ............... (404) 432-8870
Gymnastics Photos Fitzgerald Photography .......................... (817) 732-4272
31
Source: Patti Komara and 1992 USGF Congress Exhibitors
W.A. Sands, R. Abramowitz, L. Hauge Barber, P. Lemons, R. Cervantez, R. Irvin, J. Major, D. Paine Motor Behavior Research Laboratory, University of Utah
A TwENTY-FOUR YEAR RETROSPECTIVE loOK The probability of repeating on World Championship and Olympic Teams for U.S. Men's Gymnastics
L ong term planning confronts all
coaches and administrators in
modern sport. The best
performances of athletes in international
and national competitions are not usually
random nor haphazard (Bompa, 1984a;
Bompa, 1984b; Bompa, 1990; Harre, 1982;
Martin, 1980; Verkhoshansky, 1985).
Consistently successful, as opposed to
occasionally successful, international
performance is largely dependent on the
quality of training and competence of the
coaches and athletes. However, perhaps
equally important are careful planning of
the efficient use of all training and
performance resources --including athletes
and coaches. It takes time to develop elite
performers. The development of
international athletes, and their longevity
as such, can have a marked impact on
reasonable expectations for international
performance.
Sands and Henschen (1992) analyzed the
probability of repeating on World
Championship and Olympic teams for
female gymnasts from 1968 to 1991. The
present study of the men's international
team membership was a continuation of
this exploratory theme.
32
Methods The World Championship and Olympic Games were
selected as the criterion competitions. This was primarily due to a lack of available historical information on the Pan American, World University Games, and other competitions. Moreover, often the competitions other than World Championship and Olympic Games do not include our best athletes .
Information was collected regarding memberships on these teams from 1968-1992. This period invol ved 17 major international competitions and spanned six quadenniums. Team membership rosters were obtained from surveying various gymnastics magazines an journals and consultation with Mr. Mas Watanabe) Men's Technical Director.
There may have been some oversights, incomplete, or inaccurate individual tallies due to fai ling memories and lack of historical information. Nevertheless, we believe that the resulting analyses reflect the team membership and longevity tendencies of USA Men's Gymnastics.
Each team was composed of seven members. Tallies were made consisting of members of teams who were also members of previous teams. Thus, any athlete who repeated from one major international contest to a succeeding contest was tallied. Therefore, assessments of career longevity were based on ANY athlete repeating from one major international contest to a succeeding contest.
Results The results of the investigation are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 shows the contest that an athlete competed in on the top and the previous com peti tions tha t the same athlete competed in along the side. The number of possible repeat positions was obtained by multiplying the number of competitions by seven, (Le., the number of positions on a team). The sum of each diagonal results in the number of repeating athletes for each succeeding competition. For example, the starred roy in Table 1 shows that in 1985, only two athletes wer able to repeat their team membership from 1984. In 1987 there were also two athletes from 1984, while in 1988 on ly one athlete remained from the 1984 team.
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Table 1 Repeating Athletes Made These Teams
Years
70 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 83 84 85 87 88 89 91 92
682 2 1
702 1
72 2
74 2
76 2
78 2 1 1 1 1 1
79 3 4 3 3 2
~I 80 5 4 4 2
81 4 4 3 1
83 5 4 2 2 1
84 ** 2 2 1 **
85 3 2
87 2
88 2 1 2
89 3 1
91 4
..----
Table 2 Athletes Probability of Repeating
Sum Positions Number of Probability
Repeats Possible Repeaters
2nd Competition 16 112 48 0.43
3rd Competition 15 105 27 0.26
4th Competition 14 98 20 0.20
5th Competition 13 91 10 0.11
6th Competition 12 84 4 0.05
7th Competition 11 77 1 0.01
Table 2 indicates the likelihood of any athlete repeating from a previous competition (Hays, 1981). Although consecutive competitions are often less than one calendar year apart, apparently the probability of any athlete repeating is not extraordinarily high. The probability of repeating from one major international contest to the very next one (i.e., two major international competitions) is approximately 43%. The probability of repeating across three consecutive competitions is approximately 26%, and so forth.
TECHNIQUE May 1993 33
Research
Consistently
successful, as
opposed to
occasionally
successful,
international
performance is
largely dependent
on the quality of
training and
competence of the
coaches and
athletes.
Preparing career
long plans for an
athlete may assist
in determining
when an athlete
will reach
international
competitive status
and how best to
ensure this.
Table 3 Comparison of Proportions - Repeating Athletes
Men's and Women's International Programs
Number of Competitions
With Repeating Athletes
1
2
3
4
5
Discussion Results of these analyses show that the period of
international competition of U.S. male gymnasts is relatively short. On the average, any individual athlete has less than a 50 / 50 chance of returning to the next major international team. However, when compared to the women (Sands & Henschen, 1992), the men have a better chance of repeating across two competitions. The women's probability of repeating across two competitions was only 29%. By a test of proportions (Ferguson, 1971), these results were sta tistically different (2;=-1.74, }2<.05). Table 3 shows the results of proportions analyses (Ferguson, 1971) for repetition across five competitions comparing men and women. One should keep in mind that while doing multiple comparisons the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis may be lowered to avoid making a Type I statistical error (Sokal & James Rohlf, 1969; Huberty & Morris, 1989). Moreover, none of these values were statistically Significant at the p<.01 level suggesting that one or more of the comparisons may be due simply to sampling variation.
Interestingly, four repetitions of international contests remain statistically different at the }2<.05 level. However, at repetitions over five major international contests the statistical significance is no longer maintained.
Interestingly, if one looks closely at the period from approximately 1978 to 1984 apparently there was a
34
2; Probability
-1.74 }2<.05
-1.83 }2<.05
-2.25 }2<,05
-2.25 }2< 05
-1 .27 }2>-05
group of athletes who tended to repeat several years (See Table 1). Also, this period may be regarded as one of the most productive in the history of the men's international gymnastics program. The "stair-step" appearance of Table 1 indicates a quadrennium based career. Moreover, the boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games may have increased the longevity of participation of these male athletes. Although the information from the female athletes does not support the quadrennium careers as much as the men's, the large number of repeating athletes from 1980 to 1984 is consistent (Sands & Henschen, 1992).
Given- the small and consistently decreasing probability of repeating across several major international competitions, only a few athletes who will make the 1996 Olympic team are currently competing internationally. This further amplifies the role of timing in qualifying for any particular international team. Therefore, preparing career-long plans for an athlete may assist in determining when an athlete will reach international competitive status and how best to ensure this.
Conclusion The men's program has shown a greater probability
of repetition of a thletes than the women's program over approximately the same period. The proper career-
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
planning to bring an athlete to peak performance at the right time also appears to be an important consideration for male gymnasts. Although timing appears to be less important for the men than the women (Sands & Henschen, 1992), due to longer careers of men, the timing of peak performance wi thin the men's program still appears to hold significance. Therefore, an appropriate long term plan for male gymnasts would appear to be important for realizing international team membership goals.
References Bompa, T. (1984a, April). Peaking for the major
competition(s) part one. Science Periodical on Research and Technology in Sport , 1-6.
Bompa, T. (1 984b, May) . Peaking for the major competition(s) part two. Science Periodical on Research and Teci1nologJj in Sport, 1-6.
Bompa, T. O. (1990). Theory and methdology of training. (2nd ed .). Dubuque, IA: Kendall / Hunt.
Ferguson, G. A. (1971) . Statistical analysis in Psychology & education (3rd ed.) . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Harre, D. (1982) . Principles of sports training, German Democratic Republic: Sportverlag.
Hays, W. L. (1981). Statistics. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.
Huberty, C. L & Morris, J. D. (1989). Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analyses. Psychological Bulletill , 105(2), 302-308.
Martin, D. (1980). Grundlagen der trainingslehre. Schorndorf, Germany: Verlag Karl Hofmann.
Matveyev, L. (1977). Fundamentals of sports training. Moscow, USSR: Progress Publishers.
Sands, W. A., & Henschen, K. P. (1992). A twenty-three year retrospective look. Technique, 12(2),8-10.
Sokal, R. R., & James Rohlf, F. (1969). Biometry (2nd ed .). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
Verkhoshansky, Y. V. (1985). Programming and organization of training (Translated by A. Charniga, Published by Sportivny Press, Livonia, MI. , 1988). Moscow, USSR: Fizkultura i Spovt.
Research
The men's
program has
shown a greater
probability of
repetition of
athletes than
the women's
program over
approximately
the same period.
Everyone Brings Horne the Gold with Crown!
10-99 100-499 500-999 1000 & up
$1 $1.49 $1 .39
.99¢
TECHNIQUE May 1993
I ) i
12" Marble & Metal Trophy
Only
$4.95 ea.
over 100 pes. $5.95 under 100 pes.
Free Engraving
Specializing in Gymnastics Awards!
To order, or for free catalog oj trophies, plaques & medals, call:
CROWN~TROPHY One Odell Plaza, Dept. GA3Q, Yonkers, NY 10701
1-800-227 -1557 I n NY 914-963-0005
35
Coaches Education
1993 USA GYMNASTICS SUMMER CoACHES WORKSHOP
1993 USA Gymnastics Summer Workshop Daily Schedule (Tentative, subject to change) Additional Dates and Sites to be announced in future issues of Techll;qll l! magazine. • same as "Typical Day at Lake Owen Camp~ - workshop participants interact with regular camp activity as indicated.
Huguenot, NY - June 23-26 Woodward Camp--August 4-7 Wednesday Wednesday
5:30-10:00 USGF Safety Certifica- Participants arrive tion Course & Exam
Thwsday Thwsday 8:30-9:00 Workshop Orientation
9:00-12:00 Oinic 9:00-11:30 Clinic
12:00-1:30 Lunch 11:30-12:30 Lunch
1:30-4:30 Training 1:00-1:30 Mini-clinic
4:30-6:00 Dinner 1:30-3:30 Afternoon Training/
7:00-8:30 Follow-up clinic
Friday 3:30-4:00 Mini-clinic 9:00-12:00 Clinic 4:30-5:30 Dinner 12:00-1:30 Lunch 5:30-9:30 USGP Safety Certifica-1:30-4:30 Training tion Course & Exam
4:30-6:00 Dinner Friday 9:00-11:30 PDPLevei I
6:30-10:00 ACEP Sports Science VideoOinic Course, part 1
12:30-12:30 Lunch Saturday
8:30-10:00 Workshop wrap-up 1:00-1:30 Mini-clinic
10:00-1:00 ACEP Sports Science 1:30-3:30 Afternoon Training/ Course, part 2 clinic
Afternoon Regionailili te 3:30-4:30 Oinic Competition 5:00-6:00 Dinner
7:00-10:00 PDP Level I 6:00-9:30 ACEP Sports Science Video Clinic Course, part 1
Sunday Saturday Regional Elite Competition 8:00-12:00 ACEP Sports Science Participants Depart Coursel part 2
Lake Owen Camp--August 19-22
Thwsday 1:30-5:00 USGF Safety Certifica-
tion Course & Exam
5:00-6:00 Dinner
6:00-6:30 Workshop Orientation
6:30-8:00 Evening Training'
Friday 8:00-9:00 Breakfast
9:15-11:15 Clinic
11 :30-12:30 Lunch
1:00-1:30 Clinic'
1:30-3:30 Supervised Workout"
3:30-4:30 Clinic,Q&A
5:00-6:00 Dinner
6:30-9:00 PDP Level I Video Clinic
Saturday 8:00-9:00 Breakfast
9:15-11:15 Clinic
11 :30-12:30 Lunch
1:00-1:30 Clinic·
1:30-3:30 Supervised Workout"
3:30-4:30 Q & A, discussion
5:00-6:00 Dinner
6:30-9:00 ACEP Sports Science Course, part 1
Sunday 8:00-9:00 Breakfast
9:00-10:00 Clinic Wrap-up
10:00-3:00 ACEP Sports Science Course, part 2
T hree workshops will be conducted this summer. Each is unique and will take advantage of the schedule and activities of the host site:
Camp Greenkill, Huguenot, NY -June 23-26
2. Woodward Camp, Woodward, PA-August 4-7
3. Lake Owen Camp, Cable, WI-August 19-22
Emphasis during the clinic sessions will be skill progressions: cast to handstand, flyaway, giant swing, etc. Clinicians will emphasize technical prerequisites and strength requirements. Following the clinic lectures, participants will be able to put their knowledge to the test during workout sessions. Coaches are encouraged to bring 2-3 athletes along to the workshop-a t Lake Owen and Wood ward, gymnasts should regis~ ter for that specific week of camp; at Huguenot, coache. will receive registration information for their gymnasts.
All housing accomodations and meals w ill be available at the camp sites. Housing registration forms will be sent to all registered participants.
USGF Summer Coaching Workshop-Early Registration Form
Return this registration form to:
USGF Educational Services, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46225
USGF COACH ES EDUCATION
o Huguenot NY o Woodward, PA o Lake Owen, WI
June 23- 26 August 4- 7
August 19- 22
Nome ________________________________________ ___
Address ________________________________________ _
Cily _______ --- Siole ___ _ Zip ____ _
Phone, doy ______________ _ Phone,nighl _______ _
USGF Membership? o Yes o No
USGF Professionol Number ________ __ SS # ________ _
Club Represennng ____________________________________ _
36
Pleose indicole 011 proglOms for which you ore regislering: Pr011lember Non-member
Fees Fees Sub-Ioiol
o Cooching Workshop Fee SliD SIlO
o Sofely Certificonon Course & lesl S 70 S 75
PDP Levell
o Books, lesls ond Video Clinic S 30 S 35
o Video Clinic Only S 5 S 10
o POP Level II Sport Science Course S 60 S 75
TOTAL FEE ENCLOSED:
Moke Checks Poyoble 10 "USA Gymnoslics" o 00 you wonl informolion on olhlele onendonce ? (fees ond occommodonons) Informolion on housing ond meal cosis 01 Comp Greenkill will be moiled 10 regislered workshop porticiponls 010 loler dole. If poying by credil cord
o VISA 0 MoslerCord Signolure ________________________ _
Cord # __________________ __ Expironon OOle ______ __ (1593)
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Coaches Education
PDPATAGLANCE
The United States Gymnastics Federation
toward Level I Accreditation for this accomplishment.
\/\1 -, , '\, - -u.<,,~_u~~
Levell Currently, the following criteria apply for PDP Level
I Accreditation:
1. Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide ($8.95)
The Gymnastics Guide contains information on coaching philosophy, communication, safety and terminology. Also, the Guide provides coaches with sample lesson plans which include skills from Sequential Gymnastics II. Coaches should read the guide and review the principles for teaching gymnastics successfully. A self-test is included when you purchase the guide from USA Gymnastics. Complete the test and return it to USA Gymnastics with a $5.00 processing fee. If you score 80% or higher on the self-test, you will receive a recognition certificate and get credit toward Level I Accreditation for this accomplishment.
2. Sequential Gymnastics II ($13.00)
This book contains an illustrated listing of skill progressions over five movement categories: mat activities, vaulting, balance, swinging and circling, and manipulative activities. Coaches should study the principles of using the sequential program, supervision, organization, equipment, terminology, and landing technique. A self-test is included when you purchase the book from USA Gymnastics. Complete the test and return it to USA Gymnastics with a $5.00 processing fee. If you score 80% or higher on the self-test, you will receive a recognition certificate and get credit
TECHNIQUE May 1993
3. PDP Level I Video Clinic
Coaches are required to participate in a clinic conducted by a Level I Clinic Administrator. The clinic combines the information from the Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide and Sequential Gymnastics II and presents the coach with practical situations in the workbook exercises . At the conclusion of the clinic, participants complete the Video Clinic Application Form, have it signed by the Clinic Administrator, and return it to USA Gymnastics.
When a coach completes all three ofthe above listed requirements, hel she is granted PDP Level I Accreditation and receives a final certificate acknowledging their achievement
as a PDP Level I Accredited coach.
Grandparenting Coaches may opt to apply for Grandparenting at
Levell. This allows the experienced coach to bypass the normal testing procedures for Level I Accreditation. These coaches must attend a special Grandparenting Clinic and complete a resume to verify their accomplishments.
The requirements for Level I Grandparenting include:
1. Minimum 18 years of age;
2. Valid USGF Safety Certification;
3. USGF Professional Membership for at least 2 years;
4. 4-5 years experience as a gymnastics coach or program administrator.
The Level I program was introduced in 1992 by offering numerous Grandparenting courses. Due to the reduced number of special Grandparenting courses being offered, experienced coaches will find it more expedient to go through the normal accreditation process rather than wait for a special Grandparenting course to be offered in their area.
Level I Clinic Administrator
The following criteria are required to become a Level I Clinic Administrator:
1. have achieved Level I Accreditation status;
2. valid USGF Safety Certification;
37
USGP COACHES EDUCATION
Dave Moskovitz Coaching Development Coordinator
American Coaching Effectiveness Program
• Leader Level Coach
This officially recognizes that
has successfully completed the ACEP Leader Level
This achievement contr ibutes to the quality of American sport
and the well-being of ama teur athletes
ACEl'Certifed Instructor ,'CEI' Nationa] DlTt'(:lor
3. current USGF Professional Membership;
4. purchase Level I Instructor's Starter Kit.
The starter kit includes the video tape for the Video Clinic and a pre-pack of 15 workbooks. Additional workbooks may be purchased in sets of 15. The clinic administra tor is responsible for leading the discussions during the clinic and signing all video clinic applications. Clinics may be conducted in a variety of ways: formal state or regional clinics; within local groups or clubs; one-on-one; or individual self-study. Administrators may charge a minimal fee for their services.
Level II Currently, the following criteria apply for PDP Level
II Accreditation:
38
1. ACEP Leader Level Sports Science Clinic. This certification is based on the book Successful Coaching. Coaches must attend an 8-hourclinic conducted by a certified ACEP instructor.
The course elaborates on critical coaching knowledge components including philosophy, psychology, physiology, and management.
2. USGF Safety Certification. Current certification is required in order to achieve and maintain active Level II Accreditation.
The safety course is designed to increase the coach's level of safety awareness. Coaches should be familiar with the USGF Gymnastics Safety Manual prior to the course.
3. USGF Professional Membership. Current membership is required in order to achieve and maintain active Level II Accreditation.
In addition to a variety of member benefits, the professional member receives Technique magazine and discounts on both the Sports Science and Safety courses.
4. J.O. Compulsory Exercises. Coaches must successfully complete a self-test based on the compulsory text for their discipline. * (Available June 1993)
At Level II, the coach's accreditation will be designa ted by program: Men, Women, or Rhythmic. Testing materials will assess the coach's understanding of the compulsory exercise, core skill progressions throughout the program, and basic routine evaluation.
5. Basic Skills Progressions. Coaches must successfully complete a self-test based on specific basic skills materials for their discipline. * (Available June 1993)
At Level II, the coach's accreditation will be designated by program: Men, Women, or Rhythmic. Basic skills materials will be identified. The basic skills tests will stress the proper sequence of skill learning and the importance of safe and effective drills and learning stations.
Grandparenting As with Level I, experienced coaches and adminis
trators will be allowed to grandparent, or by-pass the required gymnastics skills testing for PDP Level II Accreditation (components 4 and 5 above). The ACEP Sports Science Clinic will be required for ALL coaches at Level II. This requirement cannot be waived or bypassed due to the reciprocal relationship with the ACEP certification program. Components 4 and 5 may be waived for those coaches who submit the appropriate a pplica tion form and documentation (see form on p .11) who meet the following minimum criteria:
• Level I Accreditation (strongly recommended)
• USGF Professional Membership
• USGF Safety Certification
• 10-15 years coaching and / or administrative experience
• 5-7 years as a competitive program coach
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
,----------------------------------------1 PDP LEVEL II-GRANDPARENTING APPLICATION
I I I I I
<S> ~
EB - ~~~ d _~,
USGF COACHES EDUCATION
Upon completion of this application, send to:
USA Gymnastics 201 S. Capital Indianapolis, IN 46225 Attn: Coaching Development Coordinator
Please type or print
Name _____________ _ Birthdate __ I __ I __ Age __
Address ______________________________ _
City _______________ _ State __ _ Zip _____ _ _
Phone: Day ( ___ ) - Night ( ___ )-
Social Security No. ___ _ USGF Professional No. _____ _
USGF Safety Certification 0 Yes 0 No Expiration Date ____ _
PDP Level I Accreditation 0 Yes 0 No Site / Date _________ _
ACEP Sport Science Course 0 Yes 0 No Site / Date _________ _
Education Background Inst Grad. Yr. School / College / University Degree Major Area
HS
Univ.
Grad.
Coaching! Administration Experience From To Employer Position Description
Team Coaching Year Level # of Athletes Other
Additional Information
(T393) L ________________________________________ ~
TECHNIQUE May 1993 39
Provisional Edition 1992 AppendixOctober, 1992
CODE OF POINTS General Directives for Special Connections • Special Connections are to be achieved through
diverse combinations of various value parts, through directional changes, among others.
• In this context all gymnastic A, B, C, D/E elements in the Table and all acrobatic A, B, C, D/ E flight elements may be used.
• The order of succession of value parts A, B, C, D / E can be freely chosen.
With the connection of three or more elements, the second element (and those following) may be used a second time.
• "Directional Change" on Beam and Floor is understood as:
A. Long axis turns of 180°, 540°, 900°, etc. with continuation in the same line
B. Counter sa ltos w ith movement execution (back/ forth) forward to backward or backward to forward .
• All connections must be direct; only on Floor can acrobatic connections be indirect.
A. Direct Connections are those in w hich elements/connections are performed without pauses without extra steps/ extra swings.
B. Indirect Connections (only in acrobatic series on Floor), are those in which directly connected A-acrobatic elements with flight phase and hand support (from group 7, i.e., roundoff, flic flac, etc. as preparatory elements) are performed between saltos (Group 8).
• E-element may replace D-element in Special Connections, but the connections will receive the same Bonus Points.
• All other connections must be submitted to FIG / WTC.
Uneven Bars 11.5 - Bonus Points for Special Connections
Additional BP for Special Connections can be given for:
• Mount or Connections w ithin the exercise:
of at least two elements ... either with fli ght phase ... or, wi th long axis (LA) turn of at least 180° in each C element.
• Dismount Connections:
40
the C element before the dismount must contain a flight phase or a turn.
the dismount itself may be with or w ithout LA turn.
Examples:
C+ C = .10
Gia nt with V, turn in the handstand phase + Front gia nt with V, turn after hands tand.
C+ 0 = .10
Cast to handstand with hop in the handstand phase + Jaeger.
0+0 = .20
Stalder backward w ith hop in the handstand + Jaeger.
With connection of three or more elements, the second element and those following may be used a second time. Examples of 3 or more elements:
C + C + C = 0.1 + 0.1
Gia nt w ith V, turn in handstand + Front g iant w ith y, turn in ha ndstand + Double Twisting fl yaway.
C + C + 0 = 0.1 + 0.1
Giant w ith v,- v, turn + Giant w ith '!J turn after + Tkatehev.
C + C + E = 0.1 + 0.1
Cast to handstand with V, turn in handstand + Giant w ith Y, turn after handstand + Double Back fl yaway in stre tched position.
C + 0 + 0 = 0.1 + 0.2
Giant w ith V, turn in ha nd stand + Front g iant with '!J turn after to Eagle g rip + Jaeger.
o + 0 + 0 = 0.2 + 0.2
Fron t g iant w ith '!J turn after to Eagle grip + Front giant in eagle grip w ith bending of hips in las t part of upwa rd swing +
Jaeger.
Balance Beam 12.5.1 - Connections of two or more gymnastic elements or two or more gym / acro elements (or reversed) Examples:
A + 0 =.10
1. Split leap forward + Tour Jete.
2. Forward sa lta from two feet + Sissone.
B + C = .10
1. Flie flac + Straddl e jump.
2. Switch leg leap + s plit leap w ith Y, turn .
B + 0 = .10
1. Tour Je te + Ca t leap w ith y, turn.
2. Tour Jete + Flic fl ac.
C + C = .20 - (Exception: Switch leg leap + switch leg leap = .10)
1. Jum p full turn + Straddle jump.
2. Round off Flic fl ac mount + Straddle jump.
C + B + C = .20 - (Gym / Acro/Gy m or Acro / Gym / Aero)
1. Straddle jump + pike jump in cross position + Side split jump.
2. Switch leg leap + Flic flac + straddle jump.
C + C + C = .30 - (Exception : 3 switch leg lea ps = .20)
1. Jump fu ll turn + straddle jump + Side split jump.
2. Ring lea p or jump + Forward sa lta w ith 1 foot take off +
Straddle jump.
12.5.2 - Connections of two or more of the following elements: • Free aerial wa lkover or ca rtwheel.
• Forward or sideward acrobatic element wi th hand support.
• Forward or sideward sa ito.
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Exa mples:
A (without fli ght) + C = .10
Ca rtwheel + side aeria l.
B + C = .10
Front aeria l + Front handspring.
A (without fli ght) + D = .20
Ca rtw heel + Side salta in pike position.
B + D = .20
Front handspring + Front salta take off 2 fee t.
C + C (a nd more difficult) = .20
Front aerial + Front aerial.
C+ C+ C = .30
Front aerial + Front aerial + Side aerial.
B + C + D = .30
Font handspring + Front salta w ith 1 foot take off + Sa lta forward with 2 foot take off.
12.5.3 - Connections of two flight acrobatic elements • with "directional change" in one ele-
ment or .
• with counter element execution Exa mples:
B + C = .10
1. Front handspring + Chen Flic.
2. Fl ic fla c with Y, turn + Front handspring.
C+ C = .20
1. Front aerial + Gainer salta with y, twist to side of bea m.
2. Flic flac with y, twist + Front aerial.
B + D = .20
1. Front salta with 2 foot take off + Back sa lta tucked position .
2. Front handspring + Y, twisting Flic flac to cross s traddle sit.
12.5.4 - Connections of at least three acrobatic flight elements B + B + C = .10
(Exception: 2 Flic flacs with landing on one or two legs + salta stretched with step out)
1. Flic flac + Flic fl ac + Salta backward with 'I, tw ist dismount.
2. Flic flac + Salta stretched with step out + Flic fl ac.
B+C+C=.10
Flic flac + Salta backward stretched w ith step out + Sa lta backward stretched w ith step out.
B+B+C+C=.20
Cartwheel mount + Flic flac + Sa lta backwa rd stre tched w ith s tep out + Salta backwa rd stretched w ith step out.
B + B + D =.20
Round off + Flic fl ac + Double back tuck d ismount.
C + C+ C =.20
Side aerial + Sa lta backward stretched w ith step out + Salta backwa rd s tretched wi th step out.
B + B + C + D = .30 (a nd more difficult)
Sa lta backwa rd stretched w ith step out + Flic fl ac + Flic flac + Double back tuck dismount.
12.5.1 to 12.5.4 - These apply to mount, dismount and connections within the exercise
TECHNIQUE May 1993
Floor Exercise 13.5.1 - Indirect acrobatic connection of two or more saltos in a C saito series Exa m ples:
C+ C= .10 Round off, Fli c fl ac, sa lta backwa rd w ith 1 y, twis t,
round off, Flic flac, sa lta backwa rd w ith Y, twist
A + A+ C =.10
Font sa lta tucked , rou nd off, whip back, Flic flac, sa lta backward w ith ,;\ twist.
A+ B + C = .10
Front sa lta round off, Flic fl ac, sa lta backwa rd with Y, twist, Flic flac, sa lta backwa rd w ith 1/ 1 twist
A + C+ C = .20
Front sa lta tucked , round off , Fli c fla c, sa lta back wa rd with 1 y, twist, round off, sa lta backwa rd w ith Y, twis t.
A + A + A + C =.20
Front sa lta tucked , round o ff, w hip back, whip back, Flic fl ac ,sa lta backward w ith Y, twis t.
D SALTO SERI ES
Examples:
A + D = .10
Front sa lta tucked , round off, Flic fl ac, d ouble back sa lta tucked with Y, twist in firs t sa lta.
B + 0 = .10
Round off, Flic fl ac, full tw isting whip back, Flic fl ac, sa lta backwa rd w ith 2Y, twist.
C+ D = .20
Round off, Flic fl ac, sa lta backward w ith 'I, twist, round off, Flic fl ac, d ouble back sa lta with Y, twist in first sa lta .
13.5.2 - Direct acrobatic connections of: • Two or three acrobatic flight phase
elements in same directional line (forward or backward); or
• Two saltos with "directional change" in first saito, (also with third acrobatic element); or
• Two counter saltos (also with third acrobatic element).
"A" elements must be saltos. "B" elements (and more difficult) may be executed with or without hand support. Examples:
A + C= .10
1. Front sa lta tucked + Fron t salta in stretched position.
2. Sa lta backward with Y, tw ist + Front salta tucked .
B + C= .10
1. Flyspring + Sa lta forward s tretched .
2. Salta backwa rd with 'I, tw ist + Sa lta forward piked .
B + B + B = .10
1. Y, Twisting w hi p back + Y, twist ing whip back + Sa lta backwa rd with Y, tw ist.
2. Flyspring + Flyspring + Sa lta forwa rd piked .
N B + D = .20
1. Front salta stretched w ith Y, twist + Front sa lta piked.
2. 2'/, tw isting sa lta backward + Front salta tucked.
Women's Judging
N B + A + C = .20
1. Flyspring + Sa lta forward stretched + Salta fo r ward tucked.
2. Y, tw isting w hip back + sa lta backward w ith Y, twist + Salta forwa rd tucked .
B + B +C = .20
1. Y, tw isting w hip back + 'I, twisting whi p back + Sa lta backwa rd with Y, tw ist.
2. Y, twisti ng w hip back + Sa lta backward w ith Y, tw ist + Sa lta fo rwa rd piked.
C + C = .20
1. Sa lta backwa rd with 1 Y, twist + Sa lta fo rwa rd stretched.
2. Salta backwa rd with 'I, twist + Sa lta forwa rd tucked w ith 'IL
C + D = .30 (and more difficult)
1. Salta forwa rd s tretched + Sa lta fo rwa rd s tretched wi th 1/ 1 twist.
2. Salta backward w ith 2Y, tw ist + Sa lta forwa rd stretched .
A + A + 0 =.30 (a nd more difficult)
1. Whip back + w hip back + Double sa lta backwa rd with Y, tw is t in first salta.
2. Salta forwa rd s tretched w ith Y, twist + Salta forward tucked + Salta forward tucked .
13.5.3 - Connections of two different gymnastics or two gym / acro elements (or reversed) Examples:
C+ C =.10
1. Switch leg leap to ring leap + Tou r jete to ring leap.
2. Tuck jump w ith 1'/, tu rn + y, twistin g front handspring.
D + B =.10
1. Strad dle pike jump w ith 'I, turn + Stradd le jump.
2. Tuck jump w ith 'I, turn + Y, twisting Flic fl ac.
D + C =.20
Straddle pike jump w ith Y, turn + Schuschunova.
D + D = .20 Cat leap with 'I, turn + Tuck jump w ith \I, turn.
13.5.4 - Three different gymnastics or three gymnastics / acrobatic elements (gym / acro / gym or acro /gym / acro) Exam ples:
B + C + C =.10
1. Switch leg leap + Switch leg leap to ring lea p + Switch leg leap w ith v. turn.
2. Tuck jump wi th 1 y, tu rn + Y, twisting Flic fl ac + Schuschunova.
C+ C + C= .20 Double turn + jump double turn + Tuck jump w ith 1 Y, turn.
B + B + D = .20
1. Switch leg lea p + Strad d le jump, + Straddl e jump w ith VI turn
2. Tuck jump with 'I, tu rn + Y, twisting Flic fl ac + straddle jump.
B + C + D =.20
Switch leg lea p + Ca t leap with Y, turn + Doubl e turn .
C + C + D = .30 (and more d ifficult)
Triple turn + Double turn + jump Double turn.
41
March 28, 1993 Meeting adjourned 9:30 PM Approved: Mike Jacki, May, 1993
ELfI'E PROGRAM Co E I. ROLLCALL
Region I julie Knight
Region II Brad Loan
Region III Kristi Krafft
Region IV Mike Hunger
Region V Gary Warren
Region VI Byron Knox
Region VII Gary Anderson
Region VIII Tom Cook
ETC Audrey Schweyer
ABC Kathy Feldmann
j.O. Committee Kelli Hill
john Geddert
EPCC Roe Kreutzer
WPD Kathy Kelly
AWPD Tami Holt
R. Kreutzer opened the meeting giving congratulations to the committee for the growth of the elite community and the number of new clubs represented at this classic.
II. TOPS
Dr. William Sands presented a manual to the committee. DisclIssian followed regarding questions about the TOP Program. Brochures will be finali zed and distributed to the Regional Chairmen. Add COlnmon questions.
Calendar (see last minutes)
Sands asked tha t the regional testing measurements be recorded in centimeters. Any testing forms with missing data information will be eliminated from the tabulation of results. It is vita l that the Regional Test Administrator be very familiar with all tests and reporting forms.
Sands explained the philosophy of communication / education of the TOPS program participants. The progra m needs a plan to answer questions and concerns and assis t the coaches and parents. This will be finalized and ready by the TOPS Training Camp.
III. EQUIPMENT ISSUES
Recommendation that up to 8" sk ill cushion be allowed at the Elite National Level. (does not negate any execution errors)
Motion - B. Loan
Second - j. Knight
DEFEATED
Recommendation that an eight inch skill cushion be allowed for release moves on bars and vault for the Elite National Level.
Motion - G. Anderson
Second - j. Knight
PASSED
IV. NATIONAL LEVEL
Gary Warren presented a ca lendar for the ational Level Competitors.
Recommendation to hold a Nationa l Championships for th e national elite level athletes using the following schedule (see attached)
Motion - G. Warren
Second - K. Krafft
PASSED
Recommendation that a sub-committee of A. Schweyer, K. Krafft, J. Knight and M. Grossfeld review and make suggestions to the
42
committee on any necessary amendments to the FIG compulsory deductions for the 1994 season.
Motion - G. Anderson
Second - j. Knight
PASSED
Recommendation that the Age Divisions for the 1994 National Level are:
Jr Level 9-13 Comp II1Element Testing
Sr Level 13 & Over Comp II1Comp Testing
Scores to be determined at Congress.
Motion - G. Warren
Second - G. Anderson
PASSED
40%/60%
30%/70%
Recommendation that the National Gymnastics Festival for the National Level is as follows: Total number of qualifiers in both Senior and Junior Divisions divided by 4, for a North, South, East, West Team (Sport Festival Format).
Motion - G. Warren
Second - G. Anderson
PASSED
Recommendation that the top 20 Seniors and the top 20 Juniors from the National Gymnastics Festival will qualify to the U.S. Cia sics. They will compete optionals only at the Classic Meet for placL ment on the Sr/Jr/Training Squads. Compulsory scores from the National Gymnastics Festival will carry over to the Classic Meet. (No petitions to Classics.)
Motion - G. Warren
Second - G. Anderson
PASSED
Recommendation to change the deduction for the hecht on bars for the Compulsory Testing Program as follows: .50 for fall plus execution errors (in order to "reward" that proper technique has been used even though the athlete has not "touched" the bar -the value of the element will not be taken unless the element is not performed)
Motion - G. Anderson
Second - G. Warren
PASSED
Recommendation that both Elite and Elite National rated judges may be assigned to the National Gymnastics Festival.
Motion - G. Warren
Second - G. Anderson
PASSED
V. QUALIFYING SCORES
Recommendation that qualifying scores for US Classic remain the same for all divisions with 40 Sr.l32 Jr. participants guaranteed.
Motion - K. Krafft
Second - B. Knox
PASSED
Recommendation that a Senior International who did not achieve a 36.00 AA at the American Classic or a 71.00 AA adjusted at their regional competition must qualify from regionals for the U.S. Cia ' sic.
Motion - B. Knox
Second - K. Krafft
PASSED
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
Regional Classics Clinic/ Workout
States
World Champ. 16-23
PROTEcr YOURSELF FROM AIDSAND HEI-ro:TIIS
nfectious diseases such as AIDS and Hepatitis B can be transmitted from one person to another in blood and other body fluids through mucus membranes eyes, nose and
mouth and skin abrasions (cuts, scratches, scrapes and rashes.)
In the athletic arena, the greatest risk comes from blood and any fluid visibly contaminated with blood such as the saliva of an individual who has a cut in the mouth.
Treat all blood as potentially infectious material. This is known as UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS.
Do not put yourself or another person at risk. The responsibility is yours and yours alone.
TECHNIQUE May 1993
Women's Minutes
1st Reg, 2-5 2ndReg. 24-26
Regional
Regional Testing
Injuries
Games 23-8/7
Sport Festival 1-10 Classic 21-24
National Gym. Festival
Regional Testing
USAChamp. 20-21 Congress 24-29
Classic (Opt - only)
• Immediately report and treat all bleeding injuries, no matter how minor.
• Never touch another player's mouth guard.
• Never assist another person who is treating a bleeding injury or cleaning up blood from an injury without wearing protective gloves and clothing.
• Never pick up an injured person's clothing, bandages or equipment without wearing protective gloves, even if blood is not evident.
• Immediately wash with soap and water any area of the body that has come into contact with another person's blood or other body fluids.
• Never share shaving utensils.
• Never share drink containers or dip drink containers in drink fluids.
• Never share towels or another player's clothing or equipment.
Prevention If in doubt, do not touch.
• Dispose of all contaminated* laundry, towels and equipment in properly labeled containment bags.
• Dispose of all contaminated* bandages in a properly labeled infection containment bag.
*Contaminated indicates the presence of blood or other body fluids.
World Trials 11/6-8
Testing
43
Team World Champ. 21-27
Train-ing
Adapted from a community service poster by Sherwood Medical, the manufacturer of Expandover® and Sher-Light® Athletic tape. Sherwood Medical, St. Louis, MO 63103
Women's Minutes
March 7 & 8, 1993 Orlando, Fla .
Minutes
approved:
Mike Jacki,
March,1993
AoHoc COMMII'I'EE I. ROLL CALL Voting Members:
Kevin Brovnl
Tony Gehman Steve Nunno Donna Strauss Michelle Dusserre Roe Kreutzer
Absent Members: Bela Karolyi
Non Voting Advisors: Muriel Grossfeld Steve Whitlock Bill Sands Kathy Kelly Jackie Fie
Guests:
Coaches' Representative Coaches' Representati ve Coaches' Representative Coaches' Representa tive Athletes' Representa tive Chair.
Coaches' Representa tive
National Team Staff Educa tion Serv ices Director Chair., Sports Science Advisory Committee Women's Program Director FlG/ WTC President (absent)
Sandy Knapp Chair., Board of Directors Na ncy Marshall Vice Chair. for Women On behalf of the entire Women's Program, K. Kelly congratulated
S. unno on the fine finish of Shannon Miller and Kerri Strug. All of the coaches were commended for the obvious dedication and effort tha t has been put into the development of increased difficulty of the a thletes routines / skills.
II. REVIEW OF GOALS
After discussion, the committee decided to table this item until the other issues have been discussed.
III. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE REVIEW
Women's program report: 21 competitors won 97 medals in 63 competitions in the 1992 ca lendar year. The Selection Committee was commend ed for its work in assign ing a thletes to competitions where they can be challenged and successful. Coaches and the athletes were commended for this tremendous achievement and for their obvious dedication to program goa ls.
IV. 1993 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
The World Championships schedule was discussed. unno requested that the team depart the country on April 8th for arrival on April 9th. The coaches agreed that the "team" would not participate in the first podium practice scheduled for April 9th . Steve expressed concern about the personal coach credentials. Kelly s ta ted that the Organ izing Committee will allow purchase of FX credentials but that those coaches would only have access to the training halls not the competitive floor. Kelly wi ll attempt to clarify this situation prior to leaving. Michelle Dusserre will travel with the delega tion as Athlete Representative. The Head of Delegati on is Mike Donahue. There will bea meeting of the coaches of the delega tion immediately following the Trials competition in Salt Lake City, UT.
V. ATHLETE/COACHES SUPPORT PROGRAM Kelly explained the Athlete Support Program. Copies of the partici
pation pOints for Bonus Pay distribution were mailed directly to the parents of team members for corrections. The final draft will be distributed to the coaches at the Classic Meet. The Coaches Support Proposa l was d iscussed . Tony Gehman, as the Eli te Coaches Association Representative on the USGF Boa rd of Directors, was charged w ith presented a proposal to the Board in May. The coaches worked with Dr. Sands during the lunch break on the proposa l. Dr. Sands w ill resea rch and compile data and report to the committee at the Classic Meet.
VI. JUDGING ISSUES
The coaches held a lengthy discussion on judging issues. It was decided to establish a Core of Judges to work directly w ith the ational Team and Na ti onal Team Coaches. It is recognized that the judges and coaches need to be working together in pursuit of the same goa ls. The Judges recommended areSchweyer, Grossfeld, Cross, Mulvihill, Weber, and Chencinski. The second tier of judges were discussed with the intent of involving new Na tional Elite Jud ges. This wi ll be finali zed at the next meeting. The coaches requested tha t a Code of Elhics for the Jud ges be w ritten with specific responsibiliti es listed . No direct contact with the a thletes should be initia ted by a judge. Concern was expressed
44
about judges promoting themselves to the Na tional Team Coaches for clinics. This contact should also be initiated by the coach. The following recommendation were made by the coaches. These adaptations to the Code of Pail/Is w ill be in effect for the 1993 Elite season.
I. All "E" elements (ifE element is in addition to required Va lue Parts) on Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, Floor Exercise will receive 0.20 Bonus Points unl ess a FALL occurs. Execution errors ONLY will be d educted.
2. The fo llowing landing deductions will be used for "E" Va ult: Small hop No deductions 1 Step O.OS 2 Step up to 0.10 3Step uptoO.1S 4 Step up to 0.20
VII. NATIONAL TEAM COMPULSORY DEVELOPMENT M. Grossfeld presented a plan for the development of the Elite
compulsory exercises. The plan ca lls for two inter-squad competitions for the Senior Na tional Team and the Olympic Games age eligible Junior National Team. These competitions will be conducted in conjunction w ith a training camp. Proposed dates are ea rly October, November 4-6, and Jan. 14-16, 1994. A lengthy discussion involving the compulsory performance at USA Championships. This is not the decision of the Ad Hoc committee and it was suggested that this issue be brought to the coaches of the Classic competito rs at the Coaches' Meeting.
VIII. USA CHAMPIONSHIPS
The format for the training and competition environment at USA Championships was discussed . The Elite Prog ram Committee r( quested that there bea duplicate wa rm-up fac ility for USA Champio ships. Kelly reported that this issue has been resolved and is included in the format. The judging format that will be utilized at Classic Meet will be reviewed and then a decision w ill be made in volving the format for Championships. It was requ ested that three eight-inch mats be available for Classics and Championships.
IX. APPAREL-SPONSORSHIP
M. Jacki addressed the delega tion at the American Cup and the coaches and athletes had the opportunity to meet with the Reebok and Alpha Factor personnel. The re lationship with these generous sponsors was certainly enhanced by this interface. The athletes and coaches expressed gratitude for a ll the shoes and apparel that has been received. Coaches requested that Kelly work closely w ith some of the coaches in regard to future designs.
X. 1994/95 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
The committee tabled this issue until the goa ls and objectives were discussed.
XI. NEW LEVEL FOR 1994 - NATIONAL ELITE SEASON
Kelly gave an overview of the new concept for competition of thi s level of Elite athletes. The Elite Program Committee w ill be finalizing this at their meeting. Concern was expressed about the "title" of the level.
XII. WORLD UNIVERSITY GAMES
Kell y has been informed tha t the CAA rul es concerning allaround competitors in NCAA meets was altered this yea r and that a university is not req uired to compete anyone as an all-around competi tor. As a result of this ruling, it is possible that very fine collegiate athletes might not have 5 a ll-around scores for petitioning.
Kelly requested that this number be reduced to TWO SCORES. The committee agreed UNANIMOUSLY
XII. TRIALS FOR 1994/95- CLASSICS AND TRIALS - QUALIFICATIONS
Committee tabled this discussion until the goa ls and objecti ves are discussed.
XIII. SELECTION PROCEDURES
Tabled until ti me frame has been established by the Olymp Committee.
XIV. COACHES ETHICS
The committee requested tha t a Code of Ethi cs be written for the Na ti onal Team Coaches.
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
The Women's Technical Committee and National Coaching Staff Present:
An Introduction to the
1993 WOMEN'S CODE OF POINTS FORCOJlC:~~_StIlnDGES _____________ ,
It's Not Too Late 'S'TER NOW FOR THE SYMPOS
\1-.EG' /Ulv[
To consider yourself a true professional you will need to acquire a command of the new rules. This opportunity to learn from and work with the most respected gymnastics experts won't happen again in this quadrennium. TWO TRACKS-ONE FROM THE JUDGES' VIEWPOINT AND ONE FROM THE COACHES-Events will not confilict-Your beam coach can attend both tracks on that event for a complete understanding and perspective of development and evaluation. JOlNT SESSIONS-interfacing both tracks for interesting "debate". DATED
seALL the U~ Be the first to ~¥';RlALS-includtngf t~f TECHNICAL F POINTS. Handouts 0 a FIG CODE a heads included. lectures and over
\ MISS It\ISOPPORTUNITY TO UN DERSTAND THfS)<
COACHES
June 3-6, 1993 • Las Vega$, NV Schedule:
Thursday June 3rd 5:00-7:00 pm
Friday & Saturday June 4th & 5th 9:30 am-5:30 pm
Sunday June 6th 9:30 am- 12:00 noon
Safety Course 1 :00 pm-6:00 pm
Featured Presenters Include:
Linda Beran Marian Dykes
Muriel Grossfeld Cheryl Hamilton
Audrey Schweyer
SEE Y'ALL IN VEGAS! BRIGHT LIGHTS-BRIGHT MINDS-BRIGHT IDEAS
TECHNIQUE May 1993
USGFIWTC SYMPOSIUM 1993 WOMEN'S CODE OF POINTS FOR COACHES AND JUDGES
LAS VEGAS· JUNE 3-6,1993 • REGISTRATION FORM
ame: ______________ _ Telephone: ________ _
Address: ___________________________ _
City: ___ _____ _ ____ _ State: ___ _ Zip Code: ____ _
USGF 0 .: _________ _ SS No. __________ _
Symposium Cost I USGF Pro-members $40.00
I Non members $60.00 I I Please check method of paymell t: I [ [ CHECK (Make checks payable to USA Gymnastics)
I No. Return forms and I checks to:
[ I MC [ I VISA
I USA Gymnastics, I Card Number: Exp. Date: 201 S. Capitol, I Suite 300,
Card Holder's Name: _____________ _ I (prin t) Indianapolis, IN
I SIgnature 46225 I L _______________________ ~ iHOTELRESE~ATIONS-------------1
WTC SYMPOSIUM • LAS VEGAS • JUNE 3-6, 1993
Last Na me: _________ _ First Na me: ____ _ Spouse: ___ _
Address: ____________ _______________ _
City: _____________ _ State: ___ _ Zip Code: _ _ __ _
Telephone: (day) ____ ___ _ (night) __________ _
Room (Please Check One): [ I Single [ I Double [ I Triple
I am traveling with or would like to room nea r _~ _____________ _
I am interested in a pre/ post tour ___________________ _
Please check method of paymell t: (a deposit of SSG/persall is reqllired to gllarn ll tee reservatiolls) [ I CHECK [ I MC [ I VISA [ I AM EX
Card umber: _______ _ Exp. Date: ___ _
Mail to: WORLDTEK TRAVEL
111 Water Street New Haven, cr 06511
Signature: Attn: Maria 1-800--243-1723
L"finlla t iol::!. r~vatio l~ill be sell t IIpo lI:::..eiPt of deposit. __________ :J
45
Women's 1993-1996 Elite Compulsory Clinic
Salt Lake City, UT
This clinic was conducted in conjunction with the 1993 American Classic competition in Salt Lake City, UT, March 25-28, 1993.
Ever since the first presentation of the 1993-96 Premier presentation of the F.I.G. elite compulsory exercises in Indianapolis, held in conjunction with the 1991 World Gymnastics Championships, there has been little F.I.G. information available to the coaches and judges attempting to prepare elite athletes. This was the result of the FIG /WTC needing to take time to evaluate input from the various FIG member federations before finalizing the exercises and the judging expectations and parameters.
While the FIG/WTC still has some final decisions to consider, the USA Gymnastics clinic held in Salt Lake City represented the MOST up-to-date interpretation available. USA Gymnastics has documented the workshop in a 3.5 hour videotape (SLP format). Copies of the Salt LakeCity clinic were sent to National Team Coaches as well as Regional Chairmen. Interested coaches and judges may arrange to view or duplicate a copy of the workshop video through any of these individuals or may ordered a personal copy through the USA Gymnastics Merchandise Department. (Item #2149, $15.95 -call 317-237-5060 and have your MasterCard or Visa information ready)
The clinicians for the workshop included USA Gymnastics National Team Training Staff members Muriel Grossfeld, Arthur Akopyan, Steve Elliott, Tamara Biggs, and Geza Poszar-as well as Roe Kreutzer (EPCC).
WOMEN's Code of Points
"We are already competing using the
new requirements ... where's the Code?"
This has been the BIG question in the minds of many
U.s. judges and coaches. USA Gymnastics is pleased to
announce that the U.s. English version of the official
F.I.G. Code of Points for women's artistic gymnastics
will be available for shipment May 31 . (Item #1101,
$39.95)
46
A note of explanation -
Preparation of the Code of Points is always a long and difficult endeavor that is complicated by FI G approval process and the numerous translations of the material and information. The FIG produced an "official" Code for distribution internationally. The design of this Code was in a new format that included descriptions and explanations in three languages (French, German and English) in a single 8.5" x 11" publication instead of three separate and distinct publications as in the past.
Upon examination of the official trilingual FIG publication, Jackie Fie discovered that the literal English translations from the working German text included numerous syntax errors. Madam Fie solicited the FIG for the right for USA Gymnastics to produce an English-only version of the Code. This task has been undertaken by Jackie Fie with the assistance of many volunteer hours by Mr. Lance Crowley.
While this effort has unfortunately taken additional time in making the Code available to coaches an judges in the U.s., the result is a much more accurate and usable document for the English speaking community. The U.S. English version will be available in the same 8.5" x 11" size as the FIG trilingual version and uses the "official" FIG three-ring binders.
In order to a void increasing the cost of the new Codes during the 1993-96 quadrennium over previous versions, the FIG selected to utilize binders made from a plasticized cardboard material instead of the expensive vinyl covered heavy cardboard binders that were offered in the past. As part of the agreement with the FIG to produce an English language version of the Code, USA Gymnastics had to agree to purchase the preprinted FIG binders.
If you have not done so already, order your new Code now! Our thanks to Jackie Fie for her extra effort and work to insure that the U.S. gymnastics community has access to the best information available for the preparation and training of our international athletes, judges and coaches.
Correction In the article "Teaching the underarmswing
on vaultto beginner gymnasts" by John Wojtczuk (Technique, May, 1993, Vol. 13,#3), the line in the first paragraph, page 14 should have read: "It is generally accepted and coached that the underarm swing is the most efficient technique to use on vaulting."
May 1993 TECHNIQUE
EDUCATION/EVENT CALENDAR Start No. Discip- STI Date dars line Event City CO Contact Phone
5/10/93 MWR Safety Certification Course (8:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m.) Edina MN J.Thompson-Aretz 612-890-9020 5/ 13/ 93 4 W J.O. National - Level 10 Baltimore MD Connie Maloney 317-237-5050 5/14/ 93 3 R Corbeil International Tournament Corbeil FRA Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 5/ 20/ 93 3 W T.O.P. Training Camp (Group 1) Birmingham AL Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 5/21 / 93 4 M Sr. Men's Team Training Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 5/22 / 93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) Chicago IL Monte Kimes 312-347-6770 5/ 22 / 93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (12:30-6:30 p.m.) Tulsa OK Jan Eyman 817-694-4214 5/ 22 / 93 3 W T.O.P. Training Camp (Group 1) Birmingham AL Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 5/ 23 / 93 1 MWR Safety Certifica tion Course (10:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) New Haven CT Bob Beach 203-397-4182 5/ 30 / 93 2 R J.O. Nationals - Rhythmic Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 6/4/93 3 R U.S. Rhythmic Championships Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 -6/3/93 4 W WTC Symposium Las Vegas NY Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 6/6/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (1:00-6:00 p.m.) Las Vegas NY Suzanne Suckow 317-237-5050
6/12/93 2 M World University Games Trials Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 6/12/ 93 7 M 10-11 Age Group Development Team Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 6/17/93 27 M World University Team Preparation Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 6/17/93 4 MW Region VIII Mini-Congress Birmingham AL Inman Academy 205-991-0256 6/17/93 4 MWR ACEP National Conference (Coaching America's Coaches) Indianapolis IN ACEP 217-351-5076 6/19/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-2:00 p .m.) Stroudsburg PA Bruno Klaus 717-629-0244 6/20/93 33M *Men's Senior National Team Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 6/23/93 5 MWR xvrn American Sokol Slet IL Jackie Kourim 708-795-0539 6/23/93 4 MW USGF Coaching Workshop at Camp Greenkill Hugenot NY Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 6/23/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (5:30 p.m.-10:00 p.m.) Huguenot NY Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 6/25/93 2 MWR USGF / ACEP Sport Science Course (6:30-10:30 & 10:00-1 :30) Huguenot NY Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 6/26/93 2 MWR USGF/ ACEP Sport Science Course (3:00-7:00 & 10:00-2:00) Louisville KY S. Schoenbaechler 502-452-7561 6/26/93 2 W Regional Elite Meets Various Sites Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 6/30/93 5 W NAWGJ National Symposium Orlando FL Rene Niccollai 305-755-9197 '6/TBA 2 MW Champions Cup TBA Mike Juszczyk 317-237-5050 *6/TBA 1 MW Champions Cup Exhibition TBA Mike Juszczyk 317-237-5050 7/8 / 93 12 MW World Universi ty Games (1 gymnastics session per day) Buffalo NY Cowan / Kelly 317-237-5050 -
7/17/93 2 W Regional Elite Meets Various sites Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 7/ 17/ 93 1 MWR USGF / ACEP Sport Science Course (9:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.) Denver CO Betsy Sprague 303-373-2797 7/17/ 93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.) Denver CO Betsy Sprague 303-373-2797 7/18/93 2 MW Triangular Exhibition: USA / UKR/BLR San Jose CA Mike Juszczyk 317-237-5050 7/20/93 7 M Junior Elite I & II Development Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 7/ 21/93 1 MW Hilton Challenge (BLR/ UKR / USA) Los Angeles CA Mike Juszczyk 317-237-5050 7/ 21 / 93 4 W Elite Judges Course Tempe AZ Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 7/23/ 93 10 MWR U.s. Olympic Festival San Antonio TX USOC 719-632-5551 7/25/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) Simi Valley CA Jeff Lulla 818-845-0700 7/30/93 3 MWR USGF/ ACEP Sport Science Course (TBA) TBA IL Norbert Bendixon 708-566-4411 7/31/ 93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (10:00 am-2:00 p.m.) Columbus OH Bobbi Montanari 614-457-1279
~ 8/4/93 3 MW USGF Coaching Workshop at Woodward Camp Woodward PA Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 -8/5/93 12 M Jr. National Team Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 8/5/93 4 W U.s. Classic Nationals Austin TX Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 8/5/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (5:30 p.m.-9:30 p.m.) Woodward PA Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 8/6/93 2 MWR USGF/ ACEP Sport Science Course (6:00-9:30 p.m. & 8:00-noon) Woodward PA Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050
8/12/93 6 R Sr. National Team Training Camp Colo.Spgs CO Nora Hitzel 3] 7-237-5050 8/12/93 6 R Junior Olympic Training Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 8/14/93 1 MWR USGF / ACEP Sport Science Course (TBA) Indianapolis IN USA Gymnastics 317-237-5050 8/19/93 4 MW USGF Coaching Workshop at Lake Owen Camp Cable WI Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 8/19/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (1:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.) Cable WI STeve Whitlock 317-237-5050 8/20/93 3 M Region VI Men's Gymnastics Symposium S. Hadley MA Mike Jacobson 508-771-2118 8/ 21/93 2 MWR USGF / ACEP Sport Science Course (6:00-9:00 & 10:00-3:00) Cable WI Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 8/21/93 1 MW Broadcast Trinagular Competition (BLR/UKR/USA) ABC Wide World of Sports 8/25/93 4 MW U.S. Championships Salt Lake City UT Mike Juszczyk 317-237-5050 8/25/93 5 R Junior Elite Training Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 8/27/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (8:00 a.m.-l:00 p.m.) Salt Lake City UT Suzanne Suckow 317-237-5050 8/28/93 3 MW International Gymnastics Symposium Ankara TUR Atilla Orsel (4) 310 44 70 -9/ 9/ 93 4 MWR USA Gymnastics National Congress Atlanta GA Kathy Brown 317-237-5050 9/12 / 93 1 R World Championship Trials Atlanta GA Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 9/ 16/ 93 3 M FIG Men's Coaches/Judges Symposium Logano SUI Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 9/19/ 93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (11:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) New York City NY Joan Hicks 203-924-8666 9/ 28 / 93 6 M Regional Development Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 9/30/ 93 4 W Region V Mini-Congress Cincinnati OH Jeff Metzger 513-489-7575 10/3/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (10:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.) Flemington NJ Cathy Finkel 201-586-1808 -10/3/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (11:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) New York City NY Joan Hicks 203-924-8666
10/15/93 2 W Michigan State Congress Rochester MI Judy Freiheit 313-742-2151 10/25/93 5 R World Championship Team Training Camp TBA Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050
Of> Tenta tive
TECHNIQUE May 1993 47
Non-profit Organization U.s. Postage
PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis, IN
USA GYlllnastics
SAFETY CERTIFICATION Safety Certification Courses
Monday, May 10, 1993 Edina, MN - 8:00 am-1:00 pm TAGS-Edina 5201 Eden Circle Edina, MN 55436 Course Dir.: Julia Thompson-Aretz (612) 890-9020
Saturday, May 22, 1993 Chicago, IL - 9:00 am-4:00 pm Whitney-Young High School 210 S. Loomis Chicago, IL 60607 Course Dir.: M. Kimes (312) 347-6770
Saturday, May 22, 1993 Tulsa, OK-12:30 pm-6:30 pm American Gymnastics of Tulsa 7246 East 38th St. Tulsa, OK 74145 Course Dir.: Jan Eyman (817) 694-4214 Local Contact: Becky Rupe (918) 664-2220
Sunday, May 23, 1993 New Haven, CT-I0:00 am-4:00 pm So. Connecticut State Univ. Fitch Street, Pelz Gym Room #1 New Haven, CT 06515 Course Dir.: Bob Beach (203) 397-4182
Saturday, June 19, 1993 Stroudsburg, PA - 9:00 am-2.00 pm International Gymnastics Camp, Golden Slipper Rd. Stroudsburg, PA 18360 Course Dir.: John Perna Local Contact: B. Klaus (717) 629-0244
Wednesday, June 23, 1993 Hugenot, NY - 5:30 pm -10:00 pm Camp Greenkill, PO Box B Huguenot, NY 12746 Course Dir.: Dave Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 Local phone: (914) 856-4282
This cOllrsewill be held ill COlljllllCtioll with the USA Gyll/llastics Sllllllller Coaches Workshop.
Saturday, July 17, 1993 Denver, CO-9:00 am-6:00 pm SS Gymnastics 12445 E. 39th Ave, Suite 505 Denver, CO 80239 Course Dir.: Betsy Sprague (303) 373-2797
Sunday, July 25, 1993 Simi Valley, CA- 9:00 am-5:00 pm Imagymation Gymnastics 4685 Unit 3G Industrial St. Simi Valley, CA 93063 Course Dir.: Jeff Lulla (818) 845-0700
Saturday, July 31,1993 Columbus, OH -10:00 am-2:00 pm Radisson Hotel Columbus North 4900 Sinclair Rd. Columbus, OH 43229 Course Dir.: Bobbi Montanari (614) 457-1279
This cOllrse will illelllde participallts frolll the YMCA of USA..
Thursday, August 5, 1993 Woodward, PA - 5:30 pm-9:30 pm Woodward Gymnastics Camp P.O. Box 93 Woodward, PA 16882 (812) 349-5633 Course Dir.: Michael Rizzuto / Dave Moskovitz Phone: (317) 237-5050
This COllrse will be held ill COlljllllCtioll with the USA Gyll/llastics Sllllllller Coaches Workshop.
Thursday, August 19, 1993 Cable, WI - 1:30 pm-5:00 pm Lake Owen Camp HC 60, Box 60 Cable, WI 54821 Course Dir.: Steve Whitlock / Dave Moskovi tz Phone: (317) 237-5050
This CO llrse will be held ill CO lljllll Ct ioll with the USA Gy/l/llastics Slimmer Coaches Workshop.
Sunday, October 3, 1993
Flemington, NJ - 10:00 am-6:00 pm Gymnastics Unlimi ted RD#5 Box 80 Flemington, NJ 08822 Course Dir.: C. Finkel (201) 586-1 808
Sunday, October 3, 1993 New York City, NY - 11 :00 am-5:00 pm Sutton Gymnastics 20 Cooper Square New York City, NY 10003 Course Dir.: Joan Hicks (203) 924-8666
.......... --1. lhetextbookfortheCertific:otionCourse
is the USGF GYMNASTICS SAFETY MANUAL This text/reference manual is 10 be purchased and studied prior 10 course participation.
2. The course will take approximately six hours, including the test.
3. Certification is good for four years.
4. The Course/examination fee is $100.00. USA Gymnastics members and second cycle recertification is $75.00. Retest cost is $25.00. For groups of at least 5, contact the USA Gymnastics Department of Safety and Education.
r-------------------------, Participation Registration Form T593
Name: Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. ______________ .SOc. Sec. # ______ _
Address: ________________________ _
City: ______________ State: ______ Zip ___ _
Telephone: (H) (B) _________ _
Course Director: ________________________ _
Course Location: _________________ Date: ____ _
Organization Represented: ___________________ _
If USA Gymnastics Member, List Type and Number ________ _
Form of Payment: 0 Check 0 Visa 0 Mastercard Name on Card: __________ _ Number: ________ _
Expiration Date: ____ _ Signature: ______________ _
Please make checks payable in full to USA Gymnastics Safety Certification Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USA Gymnastics Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225
DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE • FOR OFFICE USE ONLY I I I Registration Form Received: __________________ _
Confirmation Mailed: I L _________________________ ~
1-
)